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Osman AH, Darkwah S, Kotey FCN, Odoom A, Hotor P, Dayie NTKD, Donkor ES. Reservoirs of Nosocomial Pathogens in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2024; 18:11786302241243239. [PMID: 38828046 PMCID: PMC11141231 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241243239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Nosocomial pathogens are known to exacerbate morbidity and mortality in contemporary critical healthcare. Hospital fomites, which include inanimate surfaces, have been identified as "breeding grounds" for pathogens that cause nosocomial infections. This systematic review aimed to deliver incisive insights on nosocomial pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs) and the role of fomites as potential reservoirs for their transmission. Method An extensive exploration of electronic databases, including PubMed and Scopus, from 1990 to 2023, was carried out between 25th and 29th May 2023, per standard PRISMA guidelines. Information were extracted from articles that reported on fomites in the ICU. Studies that did not quantitatively report the fomite contamination, and those that exclusively took samples from patients in the ICU were excluded from the analysis. Results About 40% of the total samples collected on fomites from all the studies yielded microbial growth, with species of Staphylococcus being the most predominant. Other prevalent microbes were Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida spp., Enterococcus sp., and Enterobacter sp. The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) had the highest proportion of contaminated fomites. Among known fomites, the sphygmomanometer exhibited a 100% detection rate of nosocomial pathogens. This included E. aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS), E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, and MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa were commonly isolated on fomites in the ICUs. Conclusion Many fomites that are readily used in patient care in the ICU harbour nosocomial pathogens. The most common fomite appeared to be mobile phones, sphygmomanometers, and stethoscopes, with Staphylococcus being the most common contaminant. Consequently, the need for rigorous disinfection and sterilization protocols on fomites in the ICU cannot be overemphasized. Additionally, heightened awareness on the subject among health professionals is crucial to mitigating the risk and burden of nosocomial infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Halim Osman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Darkwah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fleischer C N Kotey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alex Odoom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prince Hotor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nicholas T K D Dayie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric S Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
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Emelyanenko AM, Omran FS, Teplonogova MA, Chernukha MY, Avetisyan LR, Tselikina EG, Putsman GA, Zyryanov SK, Butranova OI, Emelyanenko KA, Boinovich LB. An Antimicrobial Copper-Plastic Composite Coating: Characterization and In Situ Study in a Hospital Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4471. [PMID: 38674057 PMCID: PMC11050275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A method has been proposed for creating an operationally durable copper coating with antimicrobial properties for the buttons of electrical switches based on the gas dynamic spray deposition of copper on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic. It is shown that during the coating process, a polymer film is formed on top of the copper layer. Comparative in situ studies of microbial contamination have shown that the copper-coated buttons have a significant antimicrobial effect compared to standard buttons. Analysis of swabs over a 22-week study in a hospital environment showed that the frequency of contamination for a copper-coated button with various microorganisms was 2.7 times lower than that of a control button. The presented results allow us to consider the developed copper coating for plastic switches an effective alternative method in the fight against healthcare-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M. Emelyanenko
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
| | - Fadi S. Omran
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
| | - Maria A. Teplonogova
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Y. Chernukha
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 18 Gamaleya St., 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Lusine R. Avetisyan
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 18 Gamaleya St., 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Eugenia G. Tselikina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 18 Gamaleya St., 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Gleb A. Putsman
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- City Clinical Hospital No. 24, Moscow City Health Department, 10 Pistsovaya St., 127015 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey K. Zyryanov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I. Butranova
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill A. Emelyanenko
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
| | - Ludmila B. Boinovich
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
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Williams TC, Asselin E, Mazzulli T, Woznow T, Hamzeh H, Nahkaie D, Waisman D, Stojkova B, Dixon R, Bryce E, Charles M. One-year trial evaluating the durability and antimicrobial efficacy of copper in public transportation systems. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6765. [PMID: 38514805 PMCID: PMC10958017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Surfaces on transit vehicles are frequently touched and could potentially act as reservoirs for micro-organism transmission. Regular cleaning and disinfection to minimize the spread of micro-organisms is operationally challenging due to the need to keep vehicles in circulation. The application of copper (Cu) alloys to high- touch surfaces could help reduce the risk of cross-contamination, however, little is known about the durability and efficacy of engineered copper surfaces after prolonged use. Three Cu products (decal, thermal fabrication, and alloy covers) were assessed over a 12-month period. These Cu products were randomly installed on 110 stanchions on three buses and four train (SkyTrain) cars in Vancouver and three buses, two subway cars, and two streetcars in Toronto with mirrored control surfaces directly opposite. Bacterial counts (Colony forming units, CFU) and ATP bioluminescence (ATPB) were measured every two months after peak morning routes. Durability of the Cu products were assessed monthly through visual inspection and colorimetry assays or by ex-situ microscopy. Cu products on stanchions reduced the mean colony forming units (CFU) of all vehicles by 42.7% in the mean CFU (0.573 (CI 95% 0.453-0.726), p-value < 0.001) compared to control surfaces. The three Cu products exhibited an overall 87.1% reduction in the mean ATPB readings (0.129 (CI 95% 0.059-0.285, p-value < 0.001) compared to controls. Surface Cu concentration for all three products was consistent throughout the 12-month period. Electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) cross-sectional analysis showed no change in thickness or dealloying of Cu products, however SEM top-down analysis revealed substantial carbon accumulation on all surfaces. Cu products installed on transit vehicles maintained antimicrobial efficacy and durability after 12 months of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Williams
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edouard Asselin
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tracey Woznow
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hadi Hamzeh
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Davood Nahkaie
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Biljana Stojkova
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Richard Dixon
- Community & Healthcare Acquired Infection Reduction (CHAIR), Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Bryce
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marthe Charles
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver General Hospital, 1116 - 855 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Aillón-García P, Parga-Landa B, Guillén-Grima F. Effectiveness of copper as a preventive tool in health care facilities. A systematic review. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:1038-1048. [PMID: 36842712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant clinical and economic burden on health systems worldwide. Copper alloys have been certified by the US EPA as solid antimicrobial materials, but their effectiveness in reducing HAIs is not well established OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to assess copper surfaces in situ efficacy in reducing health care's microbial burden compared to control surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted using three electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, with the keywords "copper" and "surfaces" and "antimicrobial" and "antibacterial" and "infections." Studies from 2010 to 2022 were included. The quality of the studies was independently screened and assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. RESULTS A total of 56 articles were screened, with 8 included in the review and 7, added from references. Two third of the studies report a significant reduction in the microbial burden on copper objects compared to control objects. The 2 studies with the highest scores on NOS evaluation indicated that using copper or copper alloys in healthcare settings can effectively decrease the number of bacterial contaminations on touch surfaces. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the potential effectiveness of copper as a preventive tool in healthcare facilities, but further studies and longer trials are needed to establish a relationship between copper and reduced nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aillón-García
- Rectorado Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Blanca Parga-Landa
- Departamento de Arquitectura, Construcción y Sistemas Oceánicos Navales. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Navales. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Guillén-Grima
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Area of Epidemiology and Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology Group, Navarra Institute of Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER-OBN, Madrid, Pamplona, Spain
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Iskandar K, Pecastaings S, LeGac C, Salvatico S, Feuillolay C, Guittard M, Marchin L, Verelst M, Roques C. Demonstrating the In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial Activity of Oxide Mineral Microspheres: An Innovative Technology to Be Incorporated into Porous and Nonporous Materials. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041261. [PMID: 37111747 PMCID: PMC10144421 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of surfaces treated with zinc and/or magnesium mineral oxide microspheres is a patented technology that has been demonstrated in vitro against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency and sustainability of the technology in vitro, under simulation-of-use conditions, and in situ. The tests were undertaken in vitro according to the ISO 22196:2011, ISO 20473:2013, and NF S90-700:2019 standards with adapted parameters. Simulation-of-use tests evaluated the robustness of the activity under worst-case scenarios. The in situ tests were conducted on high-touch surfaces. The in vitro results show efficient antimicrobial activity against referenced strains with a log reduction of >2. The sustainability of this effect was time-dependent and detected at lower temperatures (20 ± 2.5 °C) and humidity (46%) conditions for variable inoculum concentrations and contact times. The simulation of use proved the microsphere's efficiency under harsh mechanical and chemical tests. The in situ studies showed a higher than 90% reduction in CFU/25 cm2 per treated surface versus the untreated surfaces, reaching a targeted value of <50 CFU/cm2. Mineral oxide microspheres can be incorporated into unlimited surface types, including medical devices, to efficiently and sustainably prevent microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Iskandar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology-Lebanon (INSPECT-LB), Beirut 6573, Lebanon
| | - Sophie Pecastaings
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline LeGac
- FONDEREPHAR, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Mylène Guittard
- Pylote SAS, 22 Avenue de la Mouyssaguèse, 31280 Drémil-Lafage, France
| | - Loïc Marchin
- Pylote SAS, 22 Avenue de la Mouyssaguèse, 31280 Drémil-Lafage, France
| | - Marc Verelst
- CEMES, UPR CNRS 8011, 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, CEDEX, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Roques
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- FONDEREPHAR, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31062 Toulouse, France
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6
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Weber J, Henssler L, Zeman F, Pfeifer C, Alt V, Nerlich M, Huber M, Herbst T, Koller M, Schneider-Brachert W, Kerschbaum M, Holzmann T. Nanosilver/DCOIT-containing surface coating effectively and constantly reduces microbial load in emergency room surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2023; 135:90-97. [PMID: 36958698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonization of near-patient surfaces in hospitals plays an important role as a source of healthcare-associated infections. Routine disinfection methods only result in short-term elimination of pathogens. AIM To investigate the efficiency of a newly developed antimicrobial coating containing nanosilver in long-term reduction of bacterial burden in hospital surfaces to close the gap between routine disinfection cycles. METHODS In this prospective, double-blinded trial, frequently touched surfaces of a routinely used treatment room in an emergency unit of a level-I hospital were treated with a surface coating (nanosilver/DCOIT-coated surface, NCS) containing nanosilver particles and another organic biocidal agent (4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, DCOIT), whereas surfaces of another room were treated with a coating missing both the nanosilver- and DCOIT-containing ingredient and served as control. Bacterial contamination of the surfaces was examined using contact plates and liquid-based swabs daily for a total trial duration of 90 days. After incubation, total microbial counts and species were assessed. FINDINGS In a total of 2880 antimicrobial samples, a significant reduction of the overall bacterial load was observed in the NCS room (median: 0.31 cfu/cm2; interquartile range: 0.00-1.13) compared with the control coated surfaces (0.69 cfu/cm2; 0.06-2.00; P < 0.001). The nanosilver- and DCOIT-containing surface coating reduced the relative risk of a critical bacterial load (defined as >5 cfu/cm2) by 60% (odds ratio 0.38, P < 0.001). No significant difference in species distribution was detected between NCS and control group. CONCLUSION Nanosilver-/DCOIT-containing surface coating has shown efficiency for sustainable reduction of bacterial load of frequently touched surfaces in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weber
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - L Henssler
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - F Zeman
- Center of Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Pfeifer
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, Innklinikum Altötting-Mühldorf, Altötting, Germany
| | - V Alt
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Nerlich
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Huber
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Herbst
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Koller
- Center of Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - W Schneider-Brachert
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Kerschbaum
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Holzmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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A Copper-Responsive Two-Component System Governs Lipoprotein Remodeling in Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0039022. [PMID: 36622228 PMCID: PMC9879112 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00390-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are membrane-associated proteins with a characteristic acylated N-terminal cysteine residue anchoring C-terminal globular domains to the membrane surface. While all lipoproteins are modified with acyl chains, the number, length, and position can vary depending on host. The acylation pattern also alters ligand recognition by the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) protein family, a signaling system that is central to bacterial surveillance and innate immunity. In select Listeria monocytogenes isolates carrying certain plasmids, copper exposure converts the lipoprotein chemotype into a weak TLR2 ligand through expression of the enzyme lipoprotein intramolecular acyltransferase (Lit). In this study, we identify the response regulator (CopR) from a heavy metal-sensing two-component system as the transcription factor that integrates external copper levels with lipoprotein structural modifications. We show that phosphorylated CopR controls the expression of three distinct transcripts within the plasmid cassette encoding Lit2, prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt2), putative copper resistance determinants, and itself (the CopRS two-component system). CopR recognizes a direct repeat half-site consensus motif (TCTACACA) separated by 3 bp that overlaps the -35 promoter element. Target gene expression and lipoprotein conversion were not observed in the absence of the response regulator, indicating that CopR phosphorylation is the dominant mechanism of regulation. IMPORTANCE Copper is a frontline antimicrobial used to limit bacterial growth in multiple settings. Here, we demonstrate how the response regulator CopR from a plasmid-borne two-component system in the opportunistic pathogen L. monocytogenes directly induces lipoprotein remodeling in tandem with copper resistance genes due to extracellular copper stress. Activation of CopR by phosphorylation converts the lipoprotein chemotype from a high- to low-immunostimulatory TLR2 ligand. The two-component system-mediated coregulation of copper resistance determinants, in tandem with lipoprotein biosynthesis demonstrated here in L. monocytogenes, may be a common feature of transmissible copper resistance cassettes found in other Firmicutes.
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8
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Effects of Ageing in Disinfectant Solution on the Corrosion Resistance and Antimicrobial Behavior of Copper Alloys. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030981. [PMID: 36770646 PMCID: PMC9921941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This work studies two copper-based alloys as potential antimicrobial weapons for sectors where surface hygiene is essential. Effects of different alloying elements addition at the same Cu content (92.5% by weight) on the corrosion resistance and the antibacterial performance of two copper alloys were studied in an aerated disinfectant solution (0.25% v/v Aniosurf Premium (D)) by electrochemical corrosion, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) and antibacterial tests. Results showed that the nature of the alloying elements had a clear influence on the corrosion resistance and antibacterial performance. Electrochemical impedance results and surface analyses demonstrate the presence of organic compounds bound on the substrate and that a film covers part of the total active surface and may act as a protective barrier by preventing the interaction between metal and solution, decreasing the antimicrobial performance of copper-based materials. Low zinc and silicon contents in copper alloys allows for better aging behavior in D solution while maintaining good antibacterial performance. The XPS and ToF-SIMS results indicated that artificial aging in disinfectant enhanced Cu enrichment in the organic film formed, which could effectively stimulate the release of Cu ions from the surface.
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9
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Benmamoun Z, Wyhopen T, Li Y, Ducker WA. Mechanism and Efficacy of Cu 2O-Treated Fabric. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1633. [PMID: 36421277 PMCID: PMC9686972 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria can remain viable on fabrics for several days and therefore are a source of infection. Antimicrobial fabrics are a potential method of reducing such infections, and advances in antimicrobial fabrics can be enhanced by knowledge of how the fabric kills bacteria. Metal oxides have been considered and used as antimicrobial ingredients in self-sanitizing surfaces, including in clinical settings. In this work, we examine how the addition of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) particles to polypropylene fibers kills bacteria. First, we show that the addition of the Cu2O particles reduces the viability of common hospital pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, by 99.9% after 30 min of contact with the treated polypropylene. Then, we demonstrate that the main killing effect is due to the drying of the bacteria onto the cuprous oxide particles. There is also a weaker effect due to free Cu+ ions that dissolve into the liquid. Other dissolved species were unimportant. Chelation of these Cu+ ions in soluble form or precipitation removes their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Benmamoun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Trent Wyhopen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - You Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - William A. Ducker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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10
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Boyd SM, Rhinehardt KL, Ewunkem AJ, Harrison SH, Thomas MD, Graves JL. Experimental Evolution of Copper Resistance in Escherichia coli Produces Evolutionary Trade-Offs in the Antibiotics Chloramphenicol, Bacitracin, and Sulfonamide. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060711. [PMID: 35740118 PMCID: PMC9219993 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistant bacteria have prompted the need for antibiotic alternatives. To address this problem, significant attention has been given to the antimicrobial use and novel applications of copper. As novel applications of antimicrobial copper increase, it is important to investigate how bacteria may adapt to copper over time. Here, we used experimental evolution with re-sequencing (EER-seq) and RNA-sequencing to study the evolution of copper resistance in Escherichia coli. Subsequently, we tested whether copper resistance led to rifampicin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin, and/or sulfonamide resistance. Our results demonstrate that E. coli is capable of rapidly evolving resistance to CuSO4 after 37 days of selection. We also identified multiple de novo mutations and differential gene expression patterns associated with copper, most notably those mutations identified in the cpx gene. Furthermore, we found that the copper resistant bacteria had decreased sensitivity when compared to the ancestors in the presence of chloramphenicol, bacitracin, and sulfonamide. Our data suggest that the selection of copper resistance may inhibit growth in the antimicrobials tested, resulting in evolutionary trade-offs. The results of our study may have important implications as we consider the antimicrobial use of copper and how bacteria may respond to increased use over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sada M. Boyd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 612 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristen L. Rhinehardt
- Department of Computational Data Science and Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Akamu J. Ewunkem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Win-ston-Salem, NC 27110, USA;
| | - Scott H. Harrison
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (S.H.H.); (M.D.T.); (J.L.G.J.)
| | - Misty D. Thomas
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (S.H.H.); (M.D.T.); (J.L.G.J.)
| | - Joseph L. Graves
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (S.H.H.); (M.D.T.); (J.L.G.J.)
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11
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Kiel A, Kaltschmidt BP, Asghari E, Hütten A, Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C. Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Nano-Copper Added PLA Suited for 3D Printed Face Masks. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020439. [PMID: 35208893 PMCID: PMC8875673 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 Pandemic leads to an increased worldwide demand for personal protection equipment in the medical field, such as face masks. New approaches to satisfy this demand have been developed, and one example is the use of 3D printing face masks. The reusable 3D printed mask may also have a positive effect on the environment due to decreased littering. However, the microbial load on the 3D printed objects is often disregarded. Here we analyze the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli on suspected antimicrobial Plactive™ PLA 3D printing filaments and non-antimicrobial Giantarm™ PLA. To characterize the biofilm-forming potential scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Confocal scanning electron microscopy (CLSM) and colony-forming unit assays (CFU) were performed. Attached cells could be observed on all tested 3D printing materials. Gram-negative strains P. aeruginosa and E. coli reveal a strong uniform growth independent of the tested 3D filament (for P. aeruginosa even with stressed induced growth reaction by Plactive™). Only Gram-positive S. aureus shows strong growth reduction on Plactive™. These results suggest that the postulated antimicrobial Plactive™ PLA does not affect Gram-negative bacteria species. These results indicate that reusable masks, while better for our environment, may pose another health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kiel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.); (E.A.); (B.K.)
| | - Bernhard Peter Kaltschmidt
- Department of Thin Films and Physics of Nanostructures, Center of Spinelectronic Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (B.P.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Ehsan Asghari
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.); (E.A.); (B.K.)
| | - Andreas Hütten
- Department of Thin Films and Physics of Nanostructures, Center of Spinelectronic Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (B.P.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.); (E.A.); (B.K.)
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.K.); (E.A.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Coia JE, Wilson JA, Bak A, Marsden GL, Shimonovich M, Loveday HP, Humphreys H, Wigglesworth N, Demirjian A, Brooks J, Butcher L, Price JR, Ritchie L, Newsholme W, Enoch DA, Bostock J, Cann M, Wilson APR. Joint Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) and Infection Prevention Society (IPS) guidelines for the prevention and control of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare facilities. J Hosp Infect 2021; 118S:S1-S39. [PMID: 34757174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK
| | - J A Wilson
- Richard Wells Research Centre, University of West London, London, UK; Infection Prevention Society, Seafield, UK
| | - A Bak
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK.
| | | | - M Shimonovich
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - H P Loveday
- Richard Wells Research Centre, University of West London, London, UK; Infection Prevention Society, Seafield, UK
| | - H Humphreys
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Wigglesworth
- Infection Prevention Society, Seafield, UK; East Kent Hospitals University, NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, UK
| | - A Demirjian
- Healthcare-associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Public Health England, London, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Brooks
- Infection Prevention Society, Seafield, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - L Butcher
- Infection Prevention Society, Seafield, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - J R Price
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - L Ritchie
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK
| | - W Newsholme
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - D A Enoch
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Clinical Microbiology & Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - M Cann
- Lay Member, UK; MRSA Action UK, Preston, UK
| | - A P R Wilson
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
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13
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Christenson EC, Cronk R, Atkinson H, Bhatt A, Berdiel E, Cawley M, Cho G, Coleman CK, Harrington C, Heilferty K, Fejfar D, Grant EJ, Grigg K, Joshi T, Mohan S, Pelak G, Shu Y, Bartram J. Evidence Map and Systematic Review of Disinfection Efficacy on Environmental Surfaces in Healthcare Facilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11100. [PMID: 34769620 PMCID: PMC8582915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) contribute to patient morbidity and mortality with an estimated 1.7 million infections and 99,000 deaths costing USD $28-34 billion annually in the United States alone. There is little understanding as to if current environmental surface disinfection practices reduce pathogen load, and subsequently HAIs, in critical care settings. This evidence map includes a systematic review on the efficacy of disinfecting environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities. We screened 17,064 abstracts, 635 full texts, and included 181 articles for data extraction and study quality assessment. We reviewed ten disinfectant types and compared disinfectants with respect to study design, outcome organism, and fourteen indictors of study quality. We found important areas for improvement and gaps in the research related to study design, implementation, and analysis. Implementation of disinfection, a determinant of disinfection outcomes, was not measured in most studies and few studies assessed fungi or viruses. Assessing and comparing disinfection efficacy was impeded by study heterogeneity; however, we catalogued the outcomes and results for each disinfection type. We concluded that guidelines for disinfectant use are primarily based on laboratory data rather than a systematic review of in situ disinfection efficacy. It is critically important for practitioners and researchers to consider system-level efficacy and not just the efficacy of the disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Christenson
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ryan Cronk
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
- ICF, Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Helen Atkinson
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Aayush Bhatt
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Emilio Berdiel
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Michelle Cawley
- Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.C.); (K.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Grace Cho
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Collin Knox Coleman
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Cailee Harrington
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kylie Heilferty
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Don Fejfar
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Emily J. Grant
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Karen Grigg
- Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.C.); (K.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Tanmay Joshi
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Suniti Mohan
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Grace Pelak
- Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.C.); (K.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Yuhong Shu
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.C.C.); (R.C.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (G.C.); (C.K.C.); (C.H.); (K.H.); (D.F.); (E.J.G.); (T.J.); (S.M.); (Y.S.)
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9DY, UK
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14
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Choi SI, Chang MS, Kim T, Chung KH, Bae S, Kim SH, Yoon CJ, Kim YK, Woo JH. Evaluation of copper alloys for reducing infection by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium in intensive care unit and in vitro. Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36:1204-1210. [PMID: 34399571 PMCID: PMC8435501 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Multi-drug resistant pathogens are increasing among healthcare-associated infections. It is well known that copper and copper alloys have antimicrobial activity. We evaluated the activity of copper against bacteria in a hospital setting in Korea. METHODS This study was conducted in a laboratory and medical intensive care unit (ICU). Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) were inoculated onto copper, copper alloy and stainless steel plates. After 24 hours of incubation, colony-forming units (CFU) were counted in the laboratory. Two similar rooms were chosen in the ICU; one room had copper-containing surface, and the other room contained items with a stainless steel surfaces. Items were sampled weekly for 8 weeks when the rooms were not crowded and when the rooms were busier with healthcare workers or visitors. RESULTS In vitro time-kill curves showed copper or, a copper alloy yielded a significant reduction in MRSA and VRE CFUs over 15 minutes. Upon exposure to stainless steel plates, CFUs were slowly reduced for 24 hours. In vivo, MRSA CFUs were lower in rooms with copper-containing surfaces compared with controls, both after cleaning and after patients had received visitors (p < 0.05). Analysis of VRE revealed similar results, but VRE CFUs from copper-containing surfaces of drug carts in the ICU did not decrease significantly. CONCLUSION Copper has antimicrobial activity and appears to reduce the number of multi-drug resistant microorganisms in a hospital environment. This finding suggests the potential of the use of copper fittings, instruments and surfaces in hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Im Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang,
Korea
| | - Mee Soo Chang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Uijeongbu,
Korea
| | - Taeeun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu,
Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Chung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu,
Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Chan Jin Yoon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Young Kyoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jun Hee Woo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu,
Korea
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15
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Abraham J, Dowling K, Florentine S. Can Copper Products and Surfaces Reduce the Spread of Infectious Microorganisms and Hospital-Acquired Infections? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3444. [PMID: 34206230 PMCID: PMC8269470 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen transfer and infection in the built environment are globally significant events, leading to the spread of disease and an increase in subsequent morbidity and mortality rates. There are numerous strategies followed in healthcare facilities to minimize pathogen transfer, but complete infection control has not, as yet, been achieved. However, based on traditional use in many cultures, the introduction of copper products and surfaces to significantly and positively retard pathogen transmission invites further investigation. For example, many microbes are rendered unviable upon contact exposure to copper or copper alloys, either immediately or within a short time. In addition, many disease-causing bacteria such as E. coli O157:H7, hospital superbugs, and several viruses (including SARS-CoV-2) are also susceptible to exposure to copper surfaces. It is thus suggested that replacing common touch surfaces in healthcare facilities, food industries, and public places (including public transport) with copper or alloys of copper may substantially contribute to limiting transmission. Subsequent hospital admissions and mortality rates will consequently be lowered, with a concomitant saving of lives and considerable levels of resources. This consideration is very significant in times of the COVID-19 pandemic and the upcoming epidemics, as it is becoming clear that all forms of possible infection control measures should be practiced in order to protect community well-being and promote healthy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Abraham
- School of Engineering, Information Technology and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
| | - Kim Dowling
- School of Engineering, Information Technology and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Singarayer Florentine
- Future Regions Research Centre, School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
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16
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Xiong S, Zhang P, Xia Y, Zou Q, Jiang M, Gai J. Unique antimicrobial/thermally conductive polymer composites for use in medical electronic devices. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si‐Wei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Qian Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Meng‐ying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jing‐Gang Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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17
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Antimicrobial efficacy and durability of copper formulations over one year of hospital use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 43:79-87. [PMID: 33715655 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate 3 formulations of copper (Cu)-based self-sanitizing surfaces for antimicrobial efficacy and durability over 1 year in inpatient clinical areas and laboratories. DESIGN Randomized control trial. SETTING We assessed 3 copper formulations: (1) solid alloy 80% Cu-20% Ni (integral copper), (2) spray-on 80% Cu-20% Ni (spray-on) and (3) 16% composite copper-impregnated surface (CIS). In total, 480 coupons (1 cm2) of the 3 products and control surgical grade (AISI 316) stainless steel were inserted into gaskets and affixed to clinical carts used in patient care areas (including emergency and maternity units) and on microbiology laboratory bench work spaces (n = 240). The microbial burden and assessment of resistance to wear, corrosion, and material compatibility were determined every 3 months. Participants included 3 tertiary-care Canadian adult hospital and 1 pediatric-maternity hospital. RESULTS Copper formulations used on inpatient units statistically significantly reduced bacterial bioburden compared to stainless steel at months 3 and 6. Only the integral copper product had significantly less bacteria than stainless steel at month 12. No statistically significant differences were detected in microbial burden between copper formulations and stainless-steel coupons on microbiology laboratory benches where bacterial counts were low overall. All mass changes and corrosion rates of the formulations were acceptable by engineering standards. CONCLUSIONS Copper surfaces vary in their antimicrobial efficacy after 1 year of hospital use. Frequency of cleaning and disinfection influence the impact of copper; the greatest reduction in microbial bioburden occurred in clinical areas compared to the microbiology laboratory where cleaning and disinfection were performed multiple times daily.
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18
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Dauvergne E, Mullié C. Brass Alloys: Copper-Bottomed Solutions against Hospital-Acquired Infections? Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030286. [PMID: 33801855 PMCID: PMC7999369 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper has been used for its antimicrobial properties since Antiquity. Nowadays, touch surfaces made of copper-based alloys such as brasses are used in healthcare settings in an attempt to reduce the bioburden and limit environmental transmission of nosocomial pathogens. After a brief history of brass uses, the various mechanisms that are thought to be at the basis of brass antimicrobial action will be described. Evidence shows that direct contact with the surface as well as cupric and cuprous ions arising from brass surfaces are instrumental in the antimicrobial effectiveness. These copper ions can lead to oxidative stress, membrane alterations, protein malfunctions, and/or DNA damages. Laboratory studies back up a broad spectrum of activity of brass surfaces on bacteria with the possible exception of bacteria in their sporulated form. Various parameters influencing the antimicrobial activity such as relative humidity, temperature, wet/dry inoculation or wear have been identified, making it mandatory to standardize antibacterial testing. Field trials using brass and copper surfaces consistently report reductions in the bacterial bioburden but, evidence is still sparse as to a significant impact on hospital acquired infections. Further work is also needed to assess the long-term effects of chemical/physical wear on their antimicrobial effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dauvergne
- Laboratoire AGIR-UR UPJV 4294, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80037 Amiens, France;
- FAVI Limited Company, 80490 Hallencourt, France
| | - Catherine Mullié
- Laboratoire AGIR-UR UPJV 4294, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80037 Amiens, France;
- Laboratoire Hygiène, Risque Biologique et Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, 80025 Amiens, France
- Correspondence:
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19
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Wylie MP, Irwin NJ, Howard D, Heydon K, McCoy CP. Hot-melt extrusion of photodynamic antimicrobial polymers for prevention of microbial contamination. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 214:112098. [PMID: 33276276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks within healthcare facilities can exacerbate patient illness and, in some cases, can be fatal. Contaminated surfaces and medical devices can act as a reservoir for transmission of pathogens and have been linked to the rising incidence of healthcare-acquired infections. Antimicrobial surfaces can reduce microbial contamination and transmission and have emerged as a crucial component in healthcare infection control in recent years. The aim of this study was to manufacture antimicrobial polymer surfaces containing the photosensitiser, toluidine blue O (TBO), using hot-melt extrusion (HME). Several concentrations of TBO were combined with a range of medically relevant polymers via HME. TBO-polymer extrudates displayed no significant differences in thermal properties and surface wettability relative to non-loaded polymers. Minimal leaching of TBO from the surface was confirmed through in vitro release studies. Antibacterial activity was observed to vary according to the polymer and concentration of incorporated TBO, with PEBAX® polymers modified with 0.1% w/w TBO demonstrating promising reductions of >99.9% in viable bacterial adherence of a range of common nosocomial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli. This study demonstrates the use of HME as a facile alternative method to common encapsulation strategies for the production of light-activated antimicrobial polymer surfaces. This method can be easily translated to large-scale manufacture and, in addition, the polymers constitute promising antimicrobial base materials for the rapidly growing additive manufacturing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Wylie
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Nicola J Irwin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - David Howard
- IPC - Innovative Polymer Compounds, Midlands Gateway Business Park, Streamstown Road, Kilbeggan, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Katie Heydon
- IPC - Innovative Polymer Compounds, Midlands Gateway Business Park, Streamstown Road, Kilbeggan, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Colin P McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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20
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Shah KW, Huseien GF. Inorganic nanomaterials for fighting surface and airborne pathogens and viruses. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abc706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nowadays, the deadly viruses (including the latest coronavirus) and pathogens transmission became the major concern worldwide. Efforts have been made to combat with these fatal germs transmitted by the airborne, human-to-human contacts and contaminated surfaces. Thus, the antibacterial and antiviral materials have been widely researched. Meanwhile, the development of diverse nanomaterials with the antiviral traits provided several benefits to counter the threats from the surface and airborne viruses especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on these facts, this paper overviewed the advantages of various nanomaterials that can disinfect and deactivate different lethal viruses transmitted through the air and surfaces. The past development, recent progress, future trends, environmental impacts, biocidal effects and prospects of these nanomaterials for the antiviral coating applications have been emphasized.
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21
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Azuma K, Yanagi U, Kagi N, Kim H, Ogata M, Hayashi M. Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:66. [PMID: 33143660 PMCID: PMC7607900 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new zoonotic agent that emerged in December 2019, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This infection can be spread by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic carriers. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily via respiratory droplets during close person-to-person contact in a closed space, especially a building. This article summarizes the environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including a strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a building environment. SARS-CoV-2 can persist on surfaces of fomites for at least 3 days depending on the conditions. If SARS-CoV-2 is aerosolized intentionally, it is stable for at least several hours. SARS-CoV-2 is inactivated rapidly on surfaces with sunlight. Close-contact aerosol transmission through smaller aerosolized particles is likely to be combined with respiratory droplets and contact transmission in a confined, crowded, and poorly ventilated indoor environment, as suggested by some cluster cases. Although evidence of the effect of aerosol transmission is limited and uncertainty remains, adequate preventive measures to control indoor environmental quality are required, based on a precautionary approach, because COVID-19 has caused serious global damages to public health, community, and the social economy. The expert panel for COVID-19 in Japan has focused on the "3 Cs," namely, "closed spaces with poor ventilation," "crowded spaces with many people," and "close contact." In addition, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan has been recommending adequate ventilation in all closed spaces in accordance with the existing standards of the Law for Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings as one of the initial political actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, specific standards for indoor environmental quality control have not been recommended and many scientific uncertainties remain regarding the infection dynamics and mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in closed indoor spaces. Further research and evaluation are required regarding the effect and role of indoor environmental quality control, especially ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Azuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, 589-8511 Japan
| | - U Yanagi
- Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, 163-8677 Japan
| | - Naoki Kagi
- Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550 Japan
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, 351-0197 Japan
| | - Masayuki Ogata
- Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397 Japan
| | - Motoya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Space Design, Division of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-6826 Japan
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22
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Azuma K, Yanagi U, Kagi N, Kim H, Ogata M, Hayashi M. Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control. Environ Health Prev Med 2020. [PMID: 33143660 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00904-2/tables/5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new zoonotic agent that emerged in December 2019, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This infection can be spread by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic carriers. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily via respiratory droplets during close person-to-person contact in a closed space, especially a building. This article summarizes the environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including a strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a building environment. SARS-CoV-2 can persist on surfaces of fomites for at least 3 days depending on the conditions. If SARS-CoV-2 is aerosolized intentionally, it is stable for at least several hours. SARS-CoV-2 is inactivated rapidly on surfaces with sunlight. Close-contact aerosol transmission through smaller aerosolized particles is likely to be combined with respiratory droplets and contact transmission in a confined, crowded, and poorly ventilated indoor environment, as suggested by some cluster cases. Although evidence of the effect of aerosol transmission is limited and uncertainty remains, adequate preventive measures to control indoor environmental quality are required, based on a precautionary approach, because COVID-19 has caused serious global damages to public health, community, and the social economy. The expert panel for COVID-19 in Japan has focused on the "3 Cs," namely, "closed spaces with poor ventilation," "crowded spaces with many people," and "close contact." In addition, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan has been recommending adequate ventilation in all closed spaces in accordance with the existing standards of the Law for Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings as one of the initial political actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, specific standards for indoor environmental quality control have not been recommended and many scientific uncertainties remain regarding the infection dynamics and mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in closed indoor spaces. Further research and evaluation are required regarding the effect and role of indoor environmental quality control, especially ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Azuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - U Yanagi
- Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, 163-8677, Japan
| | - Naoki Kagi
- Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ogata
- Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Motoya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Space Design, Division of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-6826, Japan
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Monette A, Mouland AJ. Zinc and Copper Ions Differentially Regulate Prion-Like Phase Separation Dynamics of Pan-Virus Nucleocapsid Biomolecular Condensates. Viruses 2020; 12:E1179. [PMID: 33081049 PMCID: PMC7589941 DOI: 10.3390/v12101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a rapidly growing research focus due to numerous demonstrations that many cellular proteins phase-separate to form biomolecular condensates (BMCs) that nucleate membraneless organelles (MLOs). A growing repertoire of mechanisms supporting BMC formation, composition, dynamics, and functions are becoming elucidated. BMCs are now appreciated as required for several steps of gene regulation, while their deregulation promotes pathological aggregates, such as stress granules (SGs) and insoluble irreversible plaques that are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment of BMC-related diseases will greatly benefit from identification of therapeutics preventing pathological aggregates while sparing BMCs required for cellular functions. Numerous viruses that block SG assembly also utilize or engineer BMCs for their replication. While BMC formation first depends on prion-like disordered protein domains (PrLDs), metal ion-controlled RNA-binding domains (RBDs) also orchestrate their formation. Virus replication and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) packaging dynamics involving nucleocapsid (NC) proteins and their orthologs rely on Zinc (Zn) availability, while virus morphology and infectivity are negatively influenced by excess Copper (Cu). While virus infections modify physiological metal homeostasis towards an increased copper to zinc ratio (Cu/Zn), how and why they do this remains elusive. Following our recent finding that pan-retroviruses employ Zn for NC-mediated LLPS for virus assembly, we present a pan-virus bioinformatics and literature meta-analysis study identifying metal-based mechanisms linking virus-induced BMCs to neurodegenerative disease processes. We discover that conserved degree and placement of PrLDs juxtaposing metal-regulated RBDs are associated with disease-causing prion-like proteins and are common features of viral proteins responsible for virus capsid assembly and structure. Virus infections both modulate gene expression of metalloproteins and interfere with metal homeostasis, representing an additional virus strategy impeding physiological and cellular antiviral responses. Our analyses reveal that metal-coordinated virus NC protein PrLDs initiate LLPS that nucleate pan-virus assembly and contribute to their persistence as cell-free infectious aerosol droplets. Virus aerosol droplets and insoluble neurological disease aggregates should be eliminated by physiological or environmental metals that outcompete PrLD-bound metals. While environmental metals can control virus spreading via aerosol droplets, therapeutic interference with metals or metalloproteins represent additional attractive avenues against pan-virus infection and virus-exacerbated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monette
- Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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24
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Horn H, Niemeyer B. Aerosol disinfection of bacterial spores by peracetic acid on antibacterial surfaces and other technical materials. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:1200-1203. [PMID: 32173125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of aerosol disinfection processes based on peracetic acid (PAA) might differ depending on the surface targeted. Especially antibacterial, oligodynamic materials have to be regarded as they could cause elevated decomposition of PAA. AIM This study aimed on the determination of differences in disinfection effectiveness using PAA caused by the treated material. METHODS Aerosol disinfection of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores was performed on the antibacterial, oligodynamic materials copper and brass in comparison to stainless steel and aluminium as well as polyvinylchloride, wood, and ceramics. Additionally, the influence of the materials on the decomposition reaction of PAA was evaluated. RESULTS For aluminium and stainless steel as well as ceramics and polyvinylchloride, a disinfection of 106 spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus on 40 cm² was obtained by the employment of 60 mL aerosolized disinfectant/m³ on laboratory scale (0.5 m³). For the application on the oligodynamic materials copper and brass an over 30% higher amount of disinfectant was necessary to achieve significant disinfection results, than for the other material surfaces. In contrast to aluminium and stainless steel, copper and brass caused elevated decomposition of PAA what seems to be the reason for the lowered disinfection effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Applying aerosol disinfection processes, in addition to parameters such as room size and geometry, the treated materials have to be considered when determining the necessary amount of disinfectant.
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25
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Chatterjee P, Williams MD, Coppin JD, Allton Y, Choi H, Martel JAD, Zeber JE, Nelson RE, Donskey CJ, Jinadatha C. Effectiveness of Copper-Impregnated Solid Surfaces on Lowering Microbial Bio-Burden Levels in an Acute Care Hospital. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa238. [PMID: 32766381 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial bio-burden on high-touch surfaces in patient rooms may lead to acquisition of health care-associated infections in acute care hospitals. This study examined the effect of a novel copper-impregnated solid material (16%-20% copper oxide in a polymer-based resin) on bacterial contamination on high-touch surfaces in patient rooms in an acute care hospital. Methods Five high-touch surfaces were sampled for aerobic bacterial colonies (ABCs) 3 times per day over a 3-day period in 16 rooms with copper installed and 16 rooms with standard noncopper laminate installed on high-touch surfaces. A Bayesian multilevel negative binomial regression model was used to compare ABC plate counts from copper-impregnated surfaces with standard hospital laminate surfaces. Results The mean and median (interquartile range [IQR]) ABC counts from copper-impregnated surfaces were 25.5 and 11 (4-27), and for standard hospital laminate surfaces they were 60.5 and 29 (10-74.3). The negative binomial regression model-estimated incidence rate for ABC counts on plates taken from copper-impregnated surfaces was 0.40 (0.21-0.70) times the incidence rate of ABC counts on plates taken from standard hospital laminate surfaces. Conclusions Copper-impregnated solid surfaces may reduce the level of microbial contamination on high-touch surfaces in patient rooms in the acute care environment, as our study demonstrated a decline in microbial bio-burden on samples taken from copper-impregnated compared with standard hospital laminate high-touch surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Chatterjee
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Marjory D Williams
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - John D Coppin
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Yonhui Allton
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Hosoon Choi
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Julie Ann D Martel
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - John E Zeber
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas, USA.,University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard E Nelson
- IDEAS Center, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Curtis J Donskey
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chetan Jinadatha
- Department of Medicine, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA
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26
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Pietsch F, O'Neill AJ, Ivask A, Jenssen H, Inkinen J, Kahru A, Ahonen M, Schreiber F. Selection of resistance by antimicrobial coatings in the healthcare setting. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:115-125. [PMID: 32535196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial touch surfaces have been introduced in healthcare settings with the aim of supporting existing hygiene procedures, and to help combat the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, concerns have been raised over the potential selection pressure exerted by such surfaces, which may drive the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights studies that indicate risks associated with resistance on antimicrobial surfaces by different processes, including evolution by de-novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer, and species sorting of inherently resistant bacteria dispersed on to antimicrobial surfaces. The review focuses on antimicrobial surfaces made of copper, silver and antimicrobial peptides because of the practical application of copper and silver, and the promising characteristics of antimicrobial peptides. The available data point to a potential for resistance selection and a subsequent increase in resistant strains via cross-resistance and co-resistance conferred by metal and antibiotic resistance traits. However, translational studies describing the development of resistance to antimicrobial touch surfaces in healthcare-related environments are rare, and will be needed to assess whether and how antimicrobial surfaces lead to resistance selection in these settings. Such studies will need to consider numerous variables, including the antimicrobial concentrations present in coatings, the occurrence of biofilms on surfaces, and the humidity relevant to dry-surface environments. On-site tests on the efficacy of antimicrobial coatings should routinely evaluate the risk of selection associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pietsch
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department of Materials and Environment, Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Berlin, Germany
| | - A J O'Neill
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A Ivask
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - H Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - J Inkinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - M Ahonen
- Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology, WANDER Nordic Water and Materials Institute, Rauma, Finland.
| | - F Schreiber
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department of Materials and Environment, Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Berlin, Germany.
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Mitra D, Kang ET, Neoh KG. Antimicrobial Copper-Based Materials and Coatings: Potential Multifaceted Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:21159-21182. [PMID: 31880421 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface contamination by microbes leads to several detrimental consequences like hospital- and device-associated infections. One measure to inhibit surface contamination is to confer the surfaces with antimicrobial properties. Copper's antimicrobial properties have been known since ancient times, and the recent resurgence in exploiting copper for application as antimicrobial materials or coatings is motivated by the growing concern about antibiotic resistance and the pressure to reduce antibiotic use. Copper, unlike silver, demonstrates rapid and high microbicidal efficacy against pathogens that are in close contact under ambient indoor conditions, which enhances its range of applicability. This review highlights the mechanisms behind copper's potent antimicrobial property, the design and fabrication of different copper-based antimicrobial materials and coatings comprising metallic copper/copper alloys, copper nanoparticles or ions, and their potential for practical applications. Finally, as the antimicrobial coatings market is expected to grow, we offer our perspectives on the implications of increased copper release into the environment and the potential ecotoxicity effects and possibility of development of resistant genes in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debirupa Mitra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576
| | - Koon Gee Neoh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576
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28
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Marik PE, Shankaran S, King L. The effect of copper-oxide-treated soft and hard surfaces on the incidence of healthcare-associated infections: a two-phase study. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:265-271. [PMID: 32068014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper-oxide-impregnated linens and hard surfaces within the hospital environment have emerged as a novel technology to reduce environmental contamination and thereby potentially reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs). METHODS This was a two-phase study. Phase 1 was a prospective, cluster-randomized, cross-over clinical trial in which one pod (eight beds) of our general ICU (GICU) utilized copper-oxide-impregnated linens whereas the other pod (eight beds) used standard hospital linens. Phase 2 was a two-year before-after study, following the relocation of three ICUs into a new ICU tower in which all the hard surfaces were treated with copper oxide (in addition to copper-impregnated linens). HCAIs were recorded using the National Healthcare Safety Network definitions. FINDINGS A total of 1282 patients were enrolled in phase 1. There was no difference in the rate of HCAI between the patients who received standard compared with copper oxide linen. In phase 2 there was a significant reduction in the number of infections due to Clostridioides difficile (2.4 per 1000 vs 0.7 per 1000 patient-days; incidence rate ratio: 3.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.4-8.7; P = 0.002) but no difference in the rate of central-line-associated bloodstream infections nor of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. CONCLUSION Copper-oxide-impregnated linens alone had no effect on the rate of HCAI. Our data suggest that copper-oxide-treated hard surfaces reduced the rate of infections due to C. difficile; however, important confounders cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Marik
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
| | - S Shankaran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L King
- Infection Prevention and Control Coordinator, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk, VA, USA
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29
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Zhang X, Yang C, Yang K. Contact Killing of Cu-Bearing Stainless Steel Based on Charge Transfer Caused by the Microdomain Potential Difference. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:361-372. [PMID: 31804793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The addition of copper makes the Cu-bearing stainless steel (SS) possess excellent antibacterial properties. However, the antibacterial mechanism of the Cu-bearing SS is still not accurately understood and recognized. On the one hand, the concentration of released antibacterial Cu ions from its surface is insufficient to generate such an effect. On the other hand, due to the limited Cu content, the area of copper toxicity that can be contacted with bacteria is also much less than that of pure Cu. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the way of bacterial inactivation caused by Cu-bearing SS from the view of the charge transfer. The results showed that the continuous and effective contact between bacteria and Cu-bearing SS is the key to induce the bacteria-killing effect so that the cathode electrons generated by the potential difference of the material microdomain can cause the proton depletion in the bacterial cells, thereby disturbing the respiratory chain and energy generation of the bacterial cells. The proton depletion reaction also catalyzed the conversion of Cu(II) into Cu(I). Cu(I) not only destroys the iron-sulfur protein but also undergoes the redox reaction with Cu(II) to produce reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative damage to cells, eventually accelerating the bacterial death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Shenyang 110016 , China
- Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Chunguang Yang
- Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016 , China
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30
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Inkinen J, Ahonen M, Iakovleva E, Karppinen P, Mielonen E, Mäkinen R, Mannonen K, Koivisto J. Contamination detection by optical measurements in a real-life environment: A hospital case study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960069. [PMID: 31613045 PMCID: PMC7065611 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic dirt on touch surfaces can be biological contaminants (microbes) or nutrients for those but is often invisible by the human eye causing challenges for evaluating the need for cleaning. Using hyperspectral scanning algorithm, touch surface cleanliness monitoring by optical imaging was studied in a real-life hospital environment. As the highlight, a human eye invisible stain from a dirty chair armrest was revealed manually with algorithms including threshold levels for intensity and clustering analysis with two excitation lights (green and red) and one bandpass filter (wavelength λ = 500 nm). The same result was confirmed by automatic k-means clustering analysis from the entire dirty data of visible light (red, green and blue) and filters 420 to 720 nm with 20 nm increments. Overall, the collected touch surface samples (N = 156) indicated the need for cleaning in some locations by the high culturable bacteria and adenosine triphosphate counts despite the lack of visible dirt. Examples of such locations were toilet door lock knobs and busy registration desk armchairs. Thus, the studied optical imaging system utilizing the safe visible light area shows a promising method for touch surface cleanliness evaluation in real-life environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Inkinen
- Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Applied PhysicsComplex Systems and MaterialsAaltoFinland
| | - Merja Ahonen
- Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of TechnologyWANDER Nordic Water and Materials InstituteRaumaFinland
| | - Evgenia Iakovleva
- Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Applied PhysicsComplex Systems and MaterialsAaltoFinland
| | - Pasi Karppinen
- Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Applied PhysicsComplex Systems and MaterialsAaltoFinland
| | - Eelis Mielonen
- Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Applied PhysicsComplex Systems and MaterialsAaltoFinland
| | - Riika Mäkinen
- Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of TechnologyWANDER Nordic Water and Materials InstituteRaumaFinland
| | - Katriina Mannonen
- Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of TechnologyWANDER Nordic Water and Materials InstituteRaumaFinland
| | - Juha Koivisto
- Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Applied PhysicsComplex Systems and MaterialsAaltoFinland
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Colin M, Charpentier E, Klingelschmitt F, Bontemps C, De Champs C, Reffuveille F, Gangloff SC. Specific antibacterial activity of copper alloy touch surfaces in five long-term care facilities for older adults. J Hosp Infect 2019; 104:283-292. [PMID: 31809775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogens involved in healthcare-associated infections can quickly spread in the environment, particularly to frequently touched surfaces, which can be reservoirs for pathogens. AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate naturally occurring bacterial contamination on touch surfaces in five French long-term care facilities and to compare bacterial populations recovered from copper and control surfaces. METHODS More than 1300 surfaces were sampled. The collected bacteria were identified to obtain a global view of the cultivable bacterial populations colonizing touch surfaces. Haemolytic colonies and putative pathogens were also screened using specific agar plates and then identified with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. In total, more than 3400 colonies were analysed. FINDINGS Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were the two predominant genera present on touch surfaces, respectively occurring on 51.8% and 48.0% of control surfaces. In these facilities with relatively low bioburden, copper surfaces efficiently reduced the occurrence frequencies of three genera: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Roseomonas. Pathogenic species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium were observed in very few samples. In addition, meticillin-resistant S. aureus was observed on five control surfaces and one copper surface. CONCLUSION Contamination of healthcare facilities touch surfaces can be the source for the spread of bacteria through the institution. This in situ study shows that the frequency of the contamination as well as the specific bacterial population bioburden is reduced on copper alloy surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colin
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691 Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site Osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé, France
| | - E Charpentier
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691 Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site Osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé, France; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, Service de Microbiologie, France
| | - F Klingelschmitt
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691 Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site Osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé, France
| | - C Bontemps
- Dynamique des génomes et adaptation microbienne, UMR1128, Université de Lorraine, INRA Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - C De Champs
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Santé, Laboratoire de Bactériologie - Virologie - Hygiène hospitalière, CHU Reims, 51100 Reims, France
| | - F Reffuveille
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691 Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site Osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé, France; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, Service de Microbiologie, France
| | - S C Gangloff
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691 Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site Osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé, France; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, Service de Microbiologie, France.
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Suen LKP, Lung VYT, Boost MV, Au-Yeung CH, Siu GKH. Microbiological evaluation of different hand drying methods for removing bacteria from washed hands. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13754. [PMID: 31551459 PMCID: PMC6760209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper drying of hands after washing is an integral part of hand hygiene. An experimental study on 30 subjects using multiple comparisons of six hand drying methods including 1) drying on own clothes, 2) drying with one paper towel, 3) drying with two paper towels, 4) drying with a warm air dryer while holding hands stationary for 20 s, 5) drying with a warm air dryer while hand rubbing for 20 s, and 6) drying with a jet air dryer until complete dryness was achieved. It aimed to determine the effectiveness of different hand drying methods for removing bacteria from washed hands, so as to identify the optimum method using minimum resources. Our study demonstrated that the use of jet air dryers is the best method to eliminate bacteria on hands, whereas drying hands on one's own clothes is the least effective. Drying hands in a stationary position could remove more bacteria than rubbing hands when using a warm air dryer for 20 s, which mimics people's usual hand-drying practice. No significant difference in bacteria reduction was detected between the use of one or two paper towels for hand drying; therefore, using fewer resources is recommended to maintain environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna K P Suen
- Squina International Centre for Infection Control, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Vanessa Y T Lung
- Squina International Centre for Infection Control, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Maureen V Boost
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Cypher H Au-Yeung
- Squina International Centre for Infection Control, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Gilman K H Siu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Riordan L, Smith EF, Mills S, Hudson J, Stapley S, Nikoi ND, Edmondson S, Blair J, Peacock AF, Scurr D, Forster G, de Cogan F. Directly bonding antimicrobial peptide mimics to steel and the real world applications of these materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The Use of Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent in Health Care, Including Obstetrics and Gynecology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:32/4/e00125-18. [PMID: 31413046 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00125-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care-associated infections (HAIs) are a global problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Controlling the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a major public health challenge, and antimicrobial resistance has become one of the most important global problems in current times. The antimicrobial effect of copper has been known for centuries, and ongoing research is being conducted on the use of copper-coated hard and soft surfaces for reduction of microbial contamination and, subsequently, reduction of HAIs. This review provides an overview of the historical and current evidence of the antimicrobial and wound-healing properties of copper and explores its possible utility in obstetrics and gynecology.
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Zerbib S, Vallet L, Muggeo A, de Champs C, Lefebvre A, Jolly D, Kanagaratnam L. Copper for the Prevention of Outbreaks of Health Care-Associated Infections in a Long-term Care Facility for Older Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019; 21:68-71.e1. [PMID: 30954421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the efficacy of copper as an antimicrobial agent by comparing incidence rates during outbreaks in areas equipped vs not equipped with copper surfaces in a long-term facility for dependent older adults (nursing home). DESIGN Prospective observational pilot study in a nursing home. SETTING AND PARTICIPANT All persons resident in the nursing home belonging to Reims University Hospital, from February 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016, were included. METHODS Incidence rates for health care-related infections during outbreaks occurring during the study period were compared between the wing that was equipped and the wing that was not equipped with copper surfaces. Results are expressed as relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS During the study period, 556 residents were included; average age was 85.4 ± 9.2 years, and 76% were women. Four outbreaks occurred during the study period: 1 influenza, 1 keratoconjunctivitis, and 2 gastroenteritis outbreaks. The risk of hand-transmitted health care-associated infection was significantly lower in the area equipped with copper surfaces (RR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.5). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In our study, copper was shown to reduce the incidence of hand-transmitted health care-associated infections and could represent a relatively simple measure to help prevent HAIs in nursing homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zerbib
- Unité d'Aide Méthodologique, CHU de Reims, Reims, France.
| | - Lydie Vallet
- Equipe Opérationnelle Hygiène, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Anaëlle Muggeo
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Christophe de Champs
- Equipe Opérationnelle Hygiène, CHU de Reims, Reims, France; Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | | | - Damien Jolly
- Unité d'Aide Méthodologique, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
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Hemdan BA, El Nahrawy AM, Mansour AFM, Hammad ABA. Green sol-gel synthesis of novel nanoporous copper aluminosilicate for the eradication of pathogenic microbes in drinking water and wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9508-9523. [PMID: 30729438 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We used a green sol-gel synthesis method to fabricate a novel nanoporous copper aluminosilicate (CAS) material. Nanoporous CAS was characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission transmission and scanning electron microscopies (FE-TEM/FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and optical analyses. The CAS was also evaluated for use as a promising disinfectant for the inactivation of waterborne pathogens. The antimicrobial action and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this CAS disinfectant were determined against eight microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger). An antimicrobial susceptibility testing of CAS was measured. Results of disc diffusion method pointed out that the diameters of the zone using well diffusion were wider than disc diffusion methods, and the findings also showed that the MIC of the CAS disinfectant against E. coli, S. enterica, and P. aeruginosa was 100 mg/L within 20 min of contact time. Meanwhile, the MIC of the CAS disinfectant was 100 mg/L within 40 min of contact time for the other strains. The efficacy of antimicrobial action (100%) reached within 20 to 40 min against all tested microbes. Herein, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of CAS disinfectant showed no toxicity for human and bacterial cells. It can be concluded that nanoporous CAS is a promising, economically, and worthy weapon for water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Ahmed Hemdan
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Amany Mohamed El Nahrawy
- Solid-State Physics Department, Physics Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Fatah M Mansour
- Solid-State Physics Department, Physics Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ali Belal Abou Hammad
- Solid-State Physics Department, Physics Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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Montero DA, Arellano C, Pardo M, Vera R, Gálvez R, Cifuentes M, Berasain MA, Gómez M, Ramírez C, Vidal RM. Antimicrobial properties of a novel copper-based composite coating with potential for use in healthcare facilities. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:3. [PMID: 30627427 PMCID: PMC6321648 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have a major impact on public health worldwide. Particularly, hospital surfaces contaminated with bacterial pathogens are often the origin of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of HAIs. It has been demonstrated that copper surfaces reduce the microbial burden of high touch surfaces in the hospital environment. Here we report the antimicrobial characterization of a novel composite coating with embedded copper particles, named Copper Armour™. Methods The Copper Armour™ bactericidal activity was evaluated in in vitro assays against several bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Additionally, its antimicrobial properties were also evaluated in a pilot study over a nine-week period at an adult intensive care unit. For this, four high touch surfaces, including bed rails, overbed table, bedside table and IV Pole, were coated with Cooper Armour™, and its microbial burden was determined over a nine-week period. Results Copper Armour™ coated samples showed an in vitro reduction in bacterial burden of > 99.9% compared to control samples. Moreover, pilot study results indicate that Copper Armour™ significantly reduces the level of microbial contamination on high-touch surfaces in the hospital environment, as compared with standard surfaces. Conclusions Based on its antimicrobial properties, Copper Armour™ is a novel self-sanitizing coating that exhibits bactericidal activity against important human pathogens and significantly reduces the microbial burden of hospital surfaces. This composite could be used as a self-sanitizing coating to complement infection control strategies in healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Montero
- 1Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Arellano
- 1Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mirka Pardo
- 1Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa Vera
- 2Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ricardo Gálvez
- 3Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Cifuentes
- 3Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María A Berasain
- 3Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Roberto M Vidal
- 1Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,5Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Colin M, Klingelschmitt F, Charpentier E, Josse J, Kanagaratnam L, De Champs C, Gangloff SC. Copper Alloy Touch Surfaces in Healthcare Facilities: An Effective Solution to Prevent Bacterial Spreading. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122479. [PMID: 30563265 PMCID: PMC6317222 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the healthcare environment, microorganisms' cross-transmission between inanimate surfaces and patients or healthcare workers can lead to healthcare-associated infections. A recent interest has grown to create antimicrobial copper touch surfaces, in order to counteract microbial spread in the healthcare environment. For the first time, five French long-term care facilities were at 50% fitted with copper alloys door handles and handrails. Related to the environmental bacterial contamination, 1400 samples were carried out on copper and control surfaces over three years after copper installation. In addition, some copper door handles were taken from the different facilities, and their specific activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was tested in vitro. In comparison to control surfaces, copper door handles and handrails revealed significantly lower contamination levels. This difference was observed in the five long-term care facilities and it persists through the three years of the study. High and extreme levels of bacterial contamination were less frequent on copper surfaces. Although, the antibacterial activity of copper surfaces against MRSA was lowered after three years of regular use, it was still significant as compared to inert control surfaces. Therefore, copper containing surfaces are promising actors in the non-spreading of environmental bacterial contamination in healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Colin
- Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, EA 4691, SFR CAP-Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Flora Klingelschmitt
- Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, EA 4691, SFR CAP-Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Emilie Charpentier
- Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, EA 4691, SFR CAP-Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
- Service de Microbiologie, UFR pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Jérôme Josse
- Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, EA 4691, SFR CAP-Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
| | | | - Christophe De Champs
- Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Sophie C Gangloff
- Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, EA 4691, SFR CAP-Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
- Service de Microbiologie, UFR pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
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Kim MH, Lee SG, Kim KS, Heo YJ, Oh JE, Jeong SJ. Environmental disinfection with photocatalyst as an adjunctive measure to control transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a prospective cohort study in a high-incidence setting. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:610. [PMID: 30509196 PMCID: PMC6276245 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental disinfection with continuously antimicrobial surfaces could offer superior control of surface bioburden. We sought to decide the efficacy of photocatalyst antimicrobial coating in reducing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acquisition in high incidence setting. Methods We performed prospective cohort study involving patients hospitalized in medical intensive care unit. A titanium dioxide-based photocatalyst was coated on high touch surfaces and walls. Five months of pre-intervention data were compared with five months of post-intervention data. The incidence rates of multidrug-resistant organism acquisition and the rates of hospital-acquired blood stream infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and Clostridium difficile–associated diseases were compared using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results In total, 621 patients were included. There was significant decrease in MRSA acquisition rate after photocatalyst coating (hazard ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.14–0.99; p = 0.04). However, clinical identification of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii did not decrease significantly. The hazard of contracting hospital-acquired pneumonia during the intervention period compared to baseline period was 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.23–0.94; p = 0.03). Conclusions In conclusion, MRSA rate was significantly reduced after photocatalyst coating. We provide evidence that photocatalyst disinfection can be an adjunctive measure to control MRSA acquisition in high-incidence settings. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN31972004). Registered retrospectively on November 19, 2018. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3555-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, 180-2Seohyeon-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-774, South Korea
| | - Seong Gyu Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, 180-2Seohyeon-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-774, South Korea
| | - Ki Sook Kim
- Department of Infection Control Office, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, 180-2Seohyeon-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-774, South Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Heo
- Department of Infection Control Office, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, 180-2Seohyeon-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-774, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Nursing, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, 180-2Seohyeon-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-774, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Effect of copper-impregnated linens on multidrug-resistant organism acquisition and Clostridium difficile infection at a long-term acute-care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 39:1384-1386. [PMID: 30231949 PMCID: PMC7063582 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Copper-impregnated surfaces and linens have been shown to reduce
infections and multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) acquisition in healthcare
settings. However, retrospective analyses of copper linen deployment at a 40-bed
long-term acute-care hospital demonstrated no significant reduction in
incidences of healthcare facility-onset Clostridium difficile
infection or MDRO acquisition.
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Steinhauer K, Meyer S, Pfannebecker J, Teckemeyer K, Ockenfeld K, Weber K, Becker B. Antimicrobial efficacy and compatibility of solid copper alloys with chemical disinfectants. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200748. [PMID: 30096209 PMCID: PMC6086424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemical disinfection is state of the art in preventing spread of infectious agents in the healthcare setting. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of solid copper alloy surfaces against various microorganisms have recently been substantiated. Thus, antimicrobially active copper surfaces may serve as an additional barrier against distribution of pathogenic microorganisms and be combined with chemical disinfection measures in the hospital. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate on a quantitative basis whether the combination of chemical disinfectants with copper alloy surfaces results in an overall compromised, combined or even synergistic antimicrobial efficacy. METHODS Experiments were carried out using the quantitative carrier test devised by the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM) to study antimicrobial efficacy of chemical disinfectants. Requirements for microbicidal efficacy as defined by prEN 14885 were applied. The chemical disinfectants tested in our study contained alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol), quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chloride) and glutaraldehyde as actives. Quantitative carrier tests were carried out on different carriers (tiles, copper alloy discs, stainless steel discs) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Kocuria rhizophila and Candida albicans as test organisms. RESULTS For the alcohol-based disinfectant no difference in antimicrobial efficacy was observed when applied to antimicrobial active copper alloy carriers, tiles or stainless steel discs. For all test organisms microbial contamination was reduced to the detection limit of < 1 log (CFU/ml) within a contact time of 2 min indicating a ≥ 5 log reduction for the tested bacteria and a ≥ 4 log reduction for the yeast, as being requested for chemical disinfectants by prEN 14885. In order to elucidate a potential synergism the chemical disinfectant based on quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chloride) and glutaraldehyde was used at a sub-effective concentration. Hence, no complete reduction of microbial contamination was achieved on stainless steel or tile carriers for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Interestingly, when using copper alloy carriers complete reduction indicating a ≥ 5 log reduction for P. aeruginosa and a ≥ 4 log reduction for C. albicans was detected. Thus, data of this study indicates that solid copper alloy surfaces and disinfectants synergize. CONCLUSIONS According to this data, commercially available disinfectants based on alcohol, quaternary ammonium compounds and aldehyde can effectively be combined in a dual strategy with solid copper alloy surfaces to reduce microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Steinhauer
- Research & Regulatory Affairs, Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonja Meyer
- Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences, Department Life Science Technologies, Microbiology, Lemgo, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannebecker
- Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences, Department Life Science Technologies, Microbiology, Lemgo, Germany
| | - Karin Teckemeyer
- Research & Regulatory Affairs, Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - Klaus Ockenfeld
- Environment and Health, Deutsches Kupferinstitut Berufsverband e.V., Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Weber
- Research & Regulatory Affairs, Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - Barbara Becker
- Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences, Department Life Science Technologies, Microbiology, Lemgo, Germany
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Antimicrobial properties of ternary eutectic aluminum alloys. Biometals 2018; 31:759-770. [PMID: 29946993 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several Escherichia coli deletion mutants of the Keio collection were selected for analysis to better understand which genes may play a key role in copper or silver homeostasis. Each of the selected E. coli mutants had a deletion of a single gene predicted to encode proteins for homologous recombination or contained functions directly linked to copper or silver transport or transformation. The survival of these strains on pure copper surfaces, stainless steel, and alloys of aluminum, copper and/or silver was investigated. When exposed to pure copper surfaces, E. coli ΔcueO was the most sensitive, whereas E. coli ΔcopA was the most resistant amongst the different strains tested. However, we observed a different trend in sensitivities in E. coli strains upon exposure to alloys of the system Al-Ag-Cu. While minor antimicrobial effects were detected after exposure of E. coli ΔcopA and E. coli ΔrecA to Al-Ag alloys, no effect was detected after exposure to Al-Cu alloys. The release of copper ions and cell-associated copper ion concentrations were determined for E. coli ΔcopA and the wild-type E. coli after exposure to pure copper surfaces. Altogether, compared to binary alloys, ternary eutectic alloys (Al-Ag-Cu) had the highest antimicrobial effect and thus, warrant further investigation.
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Miola M, Cochis A, Kumar A, Arciola CR, Rimondini L, Verné E. Copper-Doped Bioactive Glass as Filler for PMMA-Based Bone Cements: Morphological, Mechanical, Reactivity, and Preliminary Antibacterial Characterization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E961. [PMID: 29882763 PMCID: PMC6025430 DOI: 10.3390/ma11060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To promote osteointegration and simultaneously limit bacterial contamination without using antibiotics, we designed innovative composite cements containing copper (Cu)-doped bioactive glass powders. Cu-doped glass powders were produced by a melt and quenching process, followed by an ion-exchange process in a Cu salt aqueous solution. Cu-doped glass was incorporated into commercial polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based cements with different viscosities. The realized composites were characterized in terms of morphology, composition, leaching ability, bioactivity, mechanical, and antibacterial properties. Glass powders appeared well distributed and exposed on the PMMA surface. Composite cements showed good bioactivity, evidencing hydroxyapatite precipitation on the sample surfaces after seven days of immersion in simulated body fluid. The leaching test demonstrated that composite cements released a significant amount of copper, with a noticeable antibacterial effect toward Staphylococcus epidermidis strain. Thus, the proposed materials represent an innovative and multifunctional tool for orthopedic prostheses fixation, temporary prostheses, and spinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miola
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Enrica Verné
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Tarlo SM, Arif AA, Delclos GL, Henneberger P, Patel J. Opportunities and obstacles in translating evidence to policy in occupational asthma. Ann Epidemiol 2018; 28:392-400. [PMID: 28434545 PMCID: PMC5953844 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Occupational asthma (OA), a common respiratory disorder in Western countries, is caused by exposures at the workplace. It is part of a broader definition of work-related asthma (WRA) that also includes pre-existing asthma aggravated by substances present in the workplace environment, and it is potentially preventable. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate preventive measures for occupational asthma by case studies. METHODS In three case studies we discuss preventive measures that have been associated with reductions in incidence of occupational asthma from natural rubber latex and from diisocyanates as supported by published literature. We also discuss challenges in relation to asthma from cleaning products in healthcare work. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Several preventive measures have been associated with reduction in incidence of occupational asthma from natural rubber latex and from diisocyanates, and may provide lessons for prevention of other causes of occupational asthma. Cleaning products remain an unresolved problem at present with respect to asthma risks but potential measures include the use of safer products and safer applications such as avoidance of spray products, use of occupational hygiene methods such as improving local ventilation, and when appropriate, the use of personal protective devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Tarlo
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ahmed A Arif
- UNC Charlotte, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charlotte, NC
| | - George L Delclos
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston
| | | | - Jenil Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston
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45
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New insights on antimicrobial efficacy of copper surfaces in the healthcare environment: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:1130-1138. [PMID: 29605564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a major public health issue. The potential of antimicrobial copper surfaces in reducing HAIs' rates is of interest but remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the activity of copper surfaces (colony-forming unit (CFU)/surface, both in vitro and in situ) as well as clinical studies. In vitro study protocols were analysed through a tailored checklist developed specifically for this review, in situ studies and non-randomized clinical studies were assessed using the ORION (Outbreak Reports and Intervention studies Of Nosocomial infection) checklist and randomized clinical studies using the CONSORT guidelines. METHODS The search was conducted using PubMed database with the keywords 'copper' and 'surfaces' and 'healthcare associated infections' or 'antimicrobial'. References from relevant articles, including reviews, were assessed and added when appropriate. Articles were added until 30 August 2016. Overall, 20 articles were selected for review including 10 in vitro, eight in situ and two clinical studies. RESULTS Copper surfaces were found to have variable antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in situ, although the heterogeneity in the designs and the reporting of the results prevented conclusions from being drawn regarding their spectrum and activity/time compared to controls. Copper effect on HAIs incidence remains unclear because of the limited published data and the lack of robust designs. Most studies have potential conflicts of interest with copper industries. CONCLUSIONS Copper surfaces have demonstrated an antimicrobial activity but the implications of this activity in healthcare settings are still unclear. No clear effect on healthcare associated infections has been demonstrated yet.
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Vincent M, Duval RE, Hartemann P, Engels-Deutsch M. Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1032-1046. [PMID: 29280540 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, the interest for antimicrobial agents has recently increased again in public health. Copper was recognized in 2008 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the first metallic antimicrobial agent. This led to many investigations of the various properties of copper as an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agent. This review summarizes the latest findings about 'contact killing', the mechanism of action of copper nanoparticles and the different ways micro-organisms develop resistance to copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vincent
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès Nancy, France
| | - R E Duval
- CNRS, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Nancy, France.,ABC Platform®, Nancy, France
| | - P Hartemann
- Faculté de Médecine, EA 7298, ERAMBO, DESP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Engels-Deutsch
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès Nancy, France.,Faculté de Médecine, EA 7298, ERAMBO, DESP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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47
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Saphier M, Silberstein E, Shotland Y, Popov S, Saphier O. Prevalence of Monovalent Copper Over Divalent in Killing Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:426-430. [PMID: 29260302 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study opens the investigation series focused on antimicrobial effects of copper (Cu) compared to silver (Ag), which is currently used to treat wound infection in burn victims as well as in chronic wounds. Noticeably, in its ionized state, Cu is more commonly present as Cu2+ rather than as Cu+, while electronic configuration similarity of Cu+ and Ag+ indicates that actually it may be the active state. To test this hypothesis, effect of Cu+ and Cu2+, using Ag+ ions and metallic copper as controls on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, was examined under anaerobic conditions. Cu+ was produced by two different methods, and its effect on microorganism growth was tested using a syringe and Petri dish methods. It was found that the presence of Cu+ causes a dramatic depletion in the viability of both microorganisms. Metallic copper did not have any effect on the viability, whereas Cu2+ and Ag+ ions had much lower activity than Cu+ ions. Minimal inhibitory concentration of Cu+ for E. coli was twice lower than that of Cu2+. The obtained results show that Cu+ proves to be a potent antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eldad Silberstein
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Oshra Saphier
- Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Hahn C, Hans M, Hein C, Mancinelli RL, Mücklich F, Wirth R, Rettberg P, Hellweg CE, Moeller R. Pure and Oxidized Copper Materials as Potential Antimicrobial Surfaces for Spaceflight Activities. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:1183-1191. [PMID: 29116818 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms can lead to persistent infections and degrade a variety of materials, and they are notorious for their persistence and resistance to eradication. During long-duration space missions, microbial biofilms present a danger to crew health and spacecraft integrity. The use of antimicrobial surfaces provides an alternative strategy for inhibiting microbial growth and biofilm formation to conventional cleaning procedures and the use of disinfectants. Antimicrobial surfaces contain organic or inorganic compounds, such as antimicrobial peptides or copper and silver, that inhibit microbial growth. The efficacy of wetted oxidized copper layers and pure copper surfaces as antimicrobial agents was tested by applying cultures of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus cohnii to these metallic surfaces. Stainless steel surfaces were used as non-inhibitory control surfaces. The production of reactive oxygen species and membrane damage increased rapidly within 1 h of exposure on pure copper surfaces, but the effect on cell survival was negligible even after 2 h of exposure. However, longer exposure times of up to 4 h led to a rapid decrease in cell survival, whereby the survival of cells was additionally dependent on the exposed cell density. Finally, the release of metal ions was determined to identify a possible correlation between copper ions in suspension and cell survival. These measurements indicated a steady increase of free copper ions, which were released indirectly by cells presumably through excreted complexing agents. These data indicate that the application of antimicrobial surfaces in spaceflight facilities could improve crew health and mitigate material damage caused by microbial contamination and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that cuprous oxide layers were superior to pure copper surfaces related to the antimicrobial effect and that cell density is a significant factor that influences the time dependence of antimicrobial activity. Key Words: Contact killing-E. coli-S. cohnii-Antimicrobial copper surfaces-Copper oxide layers-Human health-Planetary protection. Astrobiology 17, 1183-1191.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hahn
- 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine , Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - M Hans
- 2 Functional Materials, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - C Hein
- 3 Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - R L Mancinelli
- 4 Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - F Mücklich
- 2 Functional Materials, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - R Wirth
- 5 Microbiology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Rettberg
- 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine , Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - C E Hellweg
- 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine , Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - R Moeller
- 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine , Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
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49
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Environmental cleaning and disinfection of patient areas. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 67:52-57. [PMID: 29102556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthcare setting is predisposed to harbor potential pathogens, which in turn can pose a great risk to patients. Routine cleaning of the patient environment is critical to reduce the risk of hospital-acquired infections. While many approaches to environmental cleaning exist, manual cleaning supplemented with ongoing assessment and feedback may be the most feasible for healthcare facilities with limited resources.
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50
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Souli M, Antoniadou A, Katsarolis I, Mavrou I, Paramythiotou E, Papadomichelakis E, Drogari-Apiranthitou M, Panagea T, Giamarellou H, Petrikkos G, Armaganidis A. Reduction of Environmental Contamination With Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria by Copper-Alloy Coating of Surfaces in a Highly Endemic Setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017; 38:765-771. [PMID: 28473010 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2017.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of copper-coating in reducing environmental colonization in an intensive-care unit (ICU) with multidrug-resistant-organism (MDRO) endemicity DESIGN Interventional, comparative crossover trial SETTING The general ICU of Attikon University hospital in Athens, Greece PATIENTS Those admitted to ICU compartments A and B during the study period METHODS Before any intervention (phase 1), the optimum sampling method using 2 nylon swabs was validated. In phase 2, 6 copper-coated beds (ie, with coated upper, lower, and side rails) and accessories (ie, coated side table, intravenous [i.v.] pole stands, side-cart handles, and manual antiseptic dispenser cover) were introduced as follows: During phase 2a (September 2011 to February 2012), coated items were placed next to noncoated ones (controls) in both compartments A and B; during phase 2b (May 2012 to January 2013), all copper-coated items were placed in compartment A, and all noncoated ones (controls) in compartment B. Patients were randomly assigned to available beds. Environmental samples were cultured quantitatively for clinically important bacteria. Clinical and demographic data were collected from medical records. RESULTS Copper coating significantly reduced the percentage of colonized surfaces (55.6% vs 72.5%; P<.0001), the percentage of surfaces colonized by MDR gram-negative bacteria (13.8% vs 22.7%; P=.003) or by enterococci (4% vs 17%; P=.014), the total bioburden (2,858 vs 7,631 cfu/100 cm2; P=.008), and the bioburden of gram-negative isolates, specifically (261 vs 1,266 cfu/100 cm2; P=.049). This effect was more pronounced when the ratio of coated surfaces around the patient was increased (phase 2b). CONCLUSIONS Copper-coated items in an ICU setting with endemic high antimicrobial resistance reduced environmental colonization by MDROs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:765-771.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Souli
- 14th Department of Internal Medicine,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
| | - Anastasia Antoniadou
- 14th Department of Internal Medicine,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
| | - Ioannis Katsarolis
- 14th Department of Internal Medicine,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
| | - Irini Mavrou
- 22nd Department of Critical Care,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
| | - Elisabeth Paramythiotou
- 22nd Department of Critical Care,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
| | - Evangelos Papadomichelakis
- 22nd Department of Critical Care,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
| | - Maria Drogari-Apiranthitou
- 14th Department of Internal Medicine,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
| | - Theofano Panagea
- 14th Department of Internal Medicine,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
| | - Helen Giamarellou
- 36th Department of Internal Medicine,Diagnostic and Therapeutic Center of Athens "Hygeia,"Athens,Greece
| | - George Petrikkos
- 14th Department of Internal Medicine,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
| | - Apostolos Armaganidis
- 22nd Department of Critical Care,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,School of Medicine,University General Hospital Attikon,Athens,Greece
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