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Zhang S, Han J, Liu N, Sun J, Chen H, Xia J, Ju H, Liu S. Botrytis cinerea hypovirulent strain △ BcSpd1 induced Panax ginseng defense. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:773-783. [PMID: 38107400 PMCID: PMC10721459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the major fungal diseases in agriculture. Biological methods are preferred over chemical fungicides to control gray mold since they are less toxic to the environment and could induce the resistance to pathogens in plants. In this work, we try to understand if ginseng defense to B. cinerea could be induced by fungal hypovirulent strain △BcSpd1. BcSpd1 encodes Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor which regulates fungal pathogenicity and we recently reported △BcSpd1 mutants reduced fungal virulence. Methods We performed transcriptomic analysis of the host to investigate the induced defense response of ginseng treated by B. cinerea △BcSpd1. The metabolites in ginseng flavonoids pathway were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the antifungal activates were then performed. Results We found that △BcSpd1 enhanced the ginseng defense response when applied to healthy ginseng leaves and further changed the metabolism of flavonoids. Compared with untreated plants, the application of △BcSpd1 on ginseng leaves significantly increased the accumulation of p-coumaric acid and myricetin, which could inhibit the fungal growth. Conclusion B. cinerea △BcSpd1 could effectively induce the medicinal plant defense and is referred to as the biological control agent in ginseng disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Zhang
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junyou Han
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyuan Sun
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huchen Chen
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinglin Xia
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiyan Ju
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shouan Liu
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Xia J, Liu N, Han J, Sun J, Xu T, Liu S. Transcriptome and metabolite analyses indicated the underlying molecular responses of Asian ginseng ( Panax ginseng) toward Colletotrichum panacicola infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1182685. [PMID: 37492771 PMCID: PMC10365858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1182685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable plants and is widely used in China, while ginseng anthracnose is one of the most destructive diseases. Colletotrichum panacicola could infect ginseng leaves and stems and causes serious anthracnose disease, but its mechanism is still unknown. Here, transcriptome and metabolism analyses of the host leaves were conducted to investigate the ginseng defense response affected by C. panacicola. Upon C. panacicola infection, ginseng transcripts altered from 14 to 24 h, and the expression of many defense-related genes switched from induction to repression. Consequently, ginseng metabolites in the flavonoid pathway were changed. Particularly, C. panacicola repressed plant biosynthesis of the epicatechin and naringin while inducing plant biosynthesis of glycitin, vitexin/isovitexin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. This work indicates C. panacicola successful infection of P. ginseng by intervening in the transcripts of defense-related genes and manipulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which might have antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Xia
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Biology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Junyou Han
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Biology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyuan Sun
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Biology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Xu
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Biology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shouan Liu
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Biology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Trabelcy B, Shteindel N, Lalzar M, Izhaki I, Gerchman Y. Bacterial detoxification of plant defence secondary metabolites mediates the interaction between a shrub and frugivorous birds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1821. [PMID: 37002264 PMCID: PMC10066296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plants produce fleshy fruits, attracting fruit-eating animals that disperse the seeds in their droppings. Such seed dispersal results in a conflict between the plant and the animal, as digestion of seeds can be highly beneficial to the animal but reduces plant fitness. The plant Ochradenus baccatus uses the myrosinase-glucosinolates system to protect its seeds. We show that hydrolysis of the O. baccatus fruit glucosinolates by the myrosinase enzyme inhibited digestive enzymes and hampered digestion in naïve individuals of the bird Pycnonotus xanthopygos. However, digestion in birds regularly feeding on O. baccatus fruits was unaffected. We find that Pantoea bacteria, dominating the gut of these experienced birds as well as the fruits, thrive on glucosinolates hydrolysis products in culture. Augmentation of Pantoea protects both naïve birds and plant seedlings from the effects of glucosinolates hydrolysis products. Our findings demonstrate a tripartite interaction, where the plant-bird mutually beneficial interactions are mediated by a communal bacterial tenant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beny Trabelcy
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Nimrod Shteindel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Maya Lalzar
- Bioinformatic Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Izhaki
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Yoram Gerchman
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
- Oranim College, Kiryat Tivon, 3600600, Israel.
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Chen H, Zhang S, He S, A R, Wang M, Liu S. The necrotroph Botrytis cinerea promotes disease development in Panax ginseng by manipulating plant defense signals and antifungal metabolites degradation. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:790-800. [PMID: 36312732 PMCID: PMC9597437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable medicinal plants which is enriched in anti-microbe secondary metabolites and widely used in traditional medicine. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of hosts. B. cinerea could overcome the ginseng defense and cause serious leaf and root diseases with unknown mechanism. Methods We conducted simultaneous transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the host to investigate the defense response of ginseng affected by B. cinerea. The gene deletion and replacement were then performed to study the pathogenic gene in B. cinerea during ginseng - fungi interaction. Results Upon B. cinerea infection, ginseng defense responses were switched from the activation to repression, thus the expression of many defense genes decreased and the biosynthesis of antifungal metabolites were reduced. Particularly, ginseng metabolites like kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin which could inhibit fungi growth were decreased after B. cinerea infection. B. cinerea quercetin dioxygenase (Qdo) involved in catalyzing flavonoids degradation and △BcQdo mutants showed increased substrates accumulation and reduced disease development. Conclusion This work indicates the flavonoids play a role in ginseng defense and BcQdo involves in B. cinerea virulence towards the P. ginseng. B. cinerea promotes disease development in ginseng by suppressing of defense related genes expression and reduction of antifungal metabolites biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shouan Liu
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Fruit secondary metabolites shape seed dispersal effectiveness. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:1113-1123. [PMID: 34509316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) play a central role in seed dispersal and fruit defense, with potential for large impacts on plant fitness and demography. Yet because PSMs can have multiple interactive functions across seed dispersal stages, we must systematically study their effects to determine the net consequences for plant fitness. To tackle this issue, we integrate the role of fruit PSMs into the seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) framework. We describe PSM effects on the quantity and quality of animal-mediated seed dispersal, both in pairwise interactions and diverse disperser communities, as well as trade-offs that occur across dispersal stages. By doing so, this review provides structure to a rapidly growing field and yields insights into a critical process shaping plant populations.
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Whitehead SR, Schneider GF, Dybzinski R, Nelson AS, Gelambi M, Jos E, Beckman NG. Fruits, frugivores, and the evolution of phytochemical diversity. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Whitehead
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | | | - Ray Dybzinski
- School of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola Univ. Chicago IL USA
| | - Annika S. Nelson
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | - Mariana Gelambi
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | - Elsa Jos
- Dept of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State Univ. Logan UT USA
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Schneider GF, Salazar D, Hildreth SB, Helm RF, Whitehead SR. Comparative Metabolomics of Fruits and Leaves in a Hyperdiverse Lineage Suggests Fruits Are a Key Incubator of Phytochemical Diversification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693739. [PMID: 34527005 PMCID: PMC8435686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and leaf herbivores have long been implicated as the major driver of plant secondary metabolite diversity. However, other plant-animal interactions, such as those between fruits and frugivores, may also be involved in phytochemical diversification. Using 12 species of Piper, we conducted untargeted metabolomics and molecular networking with extracts of fruits and leaves. We evaluated organ-specific secondary metabolite composition and compared multiple dimensions of phytochemical diversity across organs, including richness, structural complexity, and variability across samples at multiple scales within and across species. Plant organ identity, species identity, and the interaction between the two all significantly influenced secondary metabolite composition. Leaves and fruit shared a majority of compounds, but fruits contained more unique compounds and had higher total estimated chemical richness. While the relative levels of chemical richness and structural complexity across organs varied substantially across species, fruit diversity exceeded leaf diversity in more species than the reverse. Furthermore, the variance in chemical composition across samples was higher for fruits than leaves. By documenting a broad pattern of high phytochemical diversity in fruits relative to leaves, this study lays groundwork for incorporating fruit into a comprehensive and integrative understanding of the ecological and evolutionary factors shaping secondary metabolite composition at the whole-plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F. Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Gerald F. Schneider,
| | - Diego Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sherry B. Hildreth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Richard F. Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Susan R. Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Nevo O, Valenta K, Kleiner A, Razafimandimby D, Jeffrey JAJ, Chapman CA, Ayasse M. The evolution of fruit scent: phylogenetic and developmental constraints. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:138. [PMID: 33109084 PMCID: PMC7590443 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit scent is increasingly recognized as an evolved signal whose function is to attract animal seed dispersers and facilitate plant reproduction. However, like all traits, fruit scent is likely to evolve in response to conflicting selective pressures and various constraints. Two major constraints are (i) phylogenetic constraints, in which traits are inherited from ancestors rather than adapted to current conditions and (ii) developmental constraints, if phenotypes are limited by the expression of other traits within the individual. We tested whether phylogenetic constraints play a role in fruit scent evolution by calculating the phylogenetic signal in ripe fruits of 98 species from three study sites. We then estimated the importance of developmental constraints by examining whether ripe fruits tend to emit compounds that are chemically similar to, and share biosynthetic pathways with, compounds emitted by conspecific unripe fruits from which they develop. RESULTS We show that closely related taxa are not more similar to each other than to very distinct taxa, thus indicating that fruit scent shows little phylogenetic signal. At the same time, although ripe and unripe fruits of the same species tend to emit different chemicals, they tend to employ chemicals originating from similar biosynthetic pathways, thus indicating that some developmental constraints determine ripe fruit scent. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the complex landscape in which fruit scent has evolved. On one hand, fruit scent evolution is not limited by common ancestry. On the other hand, the range of chemicals that can be employed in ripe fruits is probably constrained by the needs of unripe fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstr 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Annemarie Kleiner
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Diary Razafimandimby
- Faculty of Sciences, Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Juan Antonio James Jeffrey
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037 USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Maynard LD, Slinn HL, Glassmire AE, Matarrita-Carranza B, Dodson CD, Nguyen TT, Burroughs MJ, Dyer LA, Jeffrey CS, Whitehead SR. Secondary metabolites in a neotropical shrub: spatiotemporal allocation and role in fruit defense and dispersal. Ecology 2020; 101:e03192. [PMID: 32892339 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the ecological roles of plant secondary metabolites requires integrative studies that assess both the allocation patterns of compounds and their bioactivity in ecological interactions. Secondary metabolites have been primarily studied in leaves, but many are unique to fruits and can have numerous potential roles in interactions with both mutualists (seed dispersers) and antagonists (pathogens and predators). We described 10 alkenylphenol compounds from the plant species Piper sancti-felicis (Piperaceae), quantified their patterns of intraplant allocation across tissues and fruit development, and examined their ecological role in fruit interactions. We found that unripe and ripe fruit pulp had the highest concentrations and diversity of alkenylphenols, followed by flowers; leaves and seeds had only a few compounds at detectable concentrations. We observed a nonlinear pattern of alkenylphenol allocation across fruit development, increasing as flowers developed into unripe pulp then decreasing as pulp ripened. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that alkenylphenols function to defend fruits from pre-dispersal antagonists and are allocated based on the contribution of the tissue to the plant's fitness, but could also be explained by non-adaptive constraints. To assess the impacts of alkenylphenols in interactions with antagonists and mutualists, we performed fungal bioassays, field observations, and vertebrate feeding experiments. In fungal bioassays, we found that alkenylphenols had a negative effect on the growth of most fungal taxa. In field observations, nocturnal dispersers (bats) removed the majority of infructescences, and diurnal dispersers (birds) removed a larger proportion of unripe infructescences. In feeding experiments, bats exhibited an aversion to alkenylphenols, but birds did not. This observed behavior in bats, combined with our results showing a decrease in alkenylphenols during ripening, suggests that alkenylphenols in fruits represent a trade-off (defending against pathogens but reducing disperser preference). These results provide insight into the ecological significance of a little studied class of secondary metabolites in seed dispersal and fruit defense. More generally, documenting intraplant spatiotemporal allocation patterns in angiosperms and examining mechanisms behind these patterns with ecological experiments is likely to further our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of plant chemical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Maynard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Heather L Slinn
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrea E Glassmire
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | | | - Craig D Dodson
- Department of Chemistry, Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | | | - Megan J Burroughs
- Department of Chemistry, Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Lee A Dyer
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Christopher S Jeffrey
- Department of Chemistry, Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
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10
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Sinno M, Bézier A, Vinale F, Giron D, Laudonia S, Garonna AP, Pennacchio F. Symbiosis disruption in the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), as a potential tool for sustainable control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3199-3207. [PMID: 32358914 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (OLF) is a major agricultural pest, whose control primarily relies on the use of chemical insecticides. Therefore, development of sustainable control strategies is highly desirable. The primary endosymbiotic bacterium of OLF, 'Candidatus Erwinia dacicola', is essential for successful larval development in unripe olive fruits. Therefore, targeting this endosymbiont with antimicrobial compounds may result in OLF fitness reduction and may exert control on natural populations of OLF. RESULTS Here, we evaluate the impact of compounds with antimicrobial activity on the OLF endosymbiont. Copper oxychloride (CO) and the fungal metabolite viridiol (Vi), produced by Trichoderma spp., were used. Laboratory bioassays were carried out to assess the effect of oral administration of these compounds on OLF fitness and molecular analyses (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) were conducted to measure the load of OLF-associated microorganisms in treated flies. CO and Vi were both able to disrupt the symbiotic association between OLF and its symbiotic bacteria, determining a significant reduction in the endosymbiont and gut microbiota load as well as a decrease in OLF fitness. CO had a direct negative effect on OLF adults. Conversely, exposure to Vi significantly undermined larval development of the treated female's progeny but did not show any toxicity in OLF adults. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights into the symbiotic control of OLF and pave the way for the development of more sustainable strategies of pest control based on the use of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sinno
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Annie Bézier
- Research Institute for the Biology of Insect (IRBI) - UMR 7261 CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CNR Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - David Giron
- Research Institute for the Biology of Insect (IRBI) - UMR 7261 CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stefania Laudonia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Antonio P Garonna
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
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12
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Sudheeran PK, Ovadia R, Galsarker O, Maoz I, Sela N, Maurer D, Feygenberg O, Oren Shamir M, Alkan N. Glycosylated flavonoids: fruit's concealed antifungal arsenal. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1788-1798. [PMID: 31598980 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fruit defense against pathogens relies on induced and preformed mechanisms. The present contribution evaluated performed resistance of red and green mango fruit against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and identified the main active antifungal components. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of nonhydrolyzed mango peel extracts identified major anthocyanin peaks of glycosylated cyanidin and methylcyanidin, and flavonol peaks of glycosylated quercetin and kaempferol, which were more abundant on the 'red side' of red mango fruit. Organic extracts of red vs green mango peel were more efficient in inhibiting C. gloeosporioides. Transcriptome analysis of the mango-C. gloeosporioides interaction showed increased expression of glucosidase genes related to both fungal pathogenicity and host defense. Glucosidase treatment of organic peel extract increased its antifungal activity. Additionally, quercetin and cyanidin had significantly higher antifungal activity than their glycosylated derivatives. Peel extract volatiles treated with glucosidase had antifungal activity. GCMS analysis identified 15 volatiles after glucosidase hydrolysis, seven of them present only in red fruit. These results suggest that the fruit obtains a concealed arsenal of glycosylated flavonoids in its peel when they are hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase that is induced in both fungus and host during infection process, become more toxic to the fungal pathogen, inhibiting decay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Sudheeran
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Rinat Ovadia
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Ortal Galsarker
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Dalia Maurer
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Oleg Feygenberg
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Michal Oren Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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Critical Phenological Events Affect Chemical Defense of Plant Tissues: Iridoid Glycosides in a Woody Shrub. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:206-216. [PMID: 31907751 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants are chemically-complex organisms; each individual contains diverse tissue-types, has the ability to differentially allocate secondary metabolites to these tissues and can change this allocation through time. The interaction of variation in chemical defense of different tissue types and variation in chemical defense through time, however, is rarely examined and has not been studied for iridoid glycoside-producing woody plants. In this study, we quantified allocation of iridoid glycosides (IGs) to the leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of 25 individuals of a long-lived shrub (Lonicera x bella Zabel, Caprifoliaceae), at five important phenological timepoints (leaf-out, flowering, fruit appearance, fruit ripening, and fruit dispersal) throughout a growing season. We found that leaves had 2x higher IG concentrations during flowering and fruiting than earlier in the season (after leaf-out), and later in the season (after fruit dispersal). The individual IG driving this increase in leaves during reproduction, secologanin, was also the most abundant IG in semiripe fruits. Flowers and seeds were composed of different proportions of individual IGs than fruits or leaves, but did not change across time and had overall low concentrations of IGs. In L. x bella, phenological events such as flowering and fruiting lead to an increase in leaf chemical defense that is likely to influence interactions with leaf-feeders. Our results stress the importance of considering phenology when sampling plants for the quantification of chemical defenses.
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14
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Baldwin JW, Dechmann DKN, Thies W, Whitehead SR. Defensive fruit metabolites obstruct seed dispersal by altering bat behavior and physiology at multiple temporal scales. Ecology 2020; 101:e02937. [PMID: 31750543 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The paradoxical presence of toxic chemical compounds in ripe fruits represents a balance between plant enemies and allies: chemical traits can defend seeds against antagonistic herbivores, seed predators, or fungal pathogens, but also can impose costs by repelling mutualistic seed dispersers, although the costs are often difficult to quantify. Seeds gain fitness benefits from traveling far from the parent plant, as they can escape from parental competition and elude specialized herbivores as well as pathogens that accumulate on adult plants. However, seeds are difficult to follow from their parent plant to their final destination. Thus, little is known about the factors that determine seed dispersal distance. We investigated this potential cost of fruit secondary compounds, reduced seed dispersal distance, by combining two data sets from previous work on a Neotropical bat-plant dispersal system (bats in the genus Carollia and plants in the genus Piper). We used data from captive behavioral experiments, which show how amides in ripe fruits of Piper decrease the retention time of seeds and alter food choices. With new analyses, we show that these defensive secondary compounds also delay the time of fruit removal. Next, with a behaviorally annotated bat telemetry data set, we quantified post-feeding movements (i.e., seed dispersal distances). Using generalized additive mixed models we found that seed dispersal distances varied nonlinearly with gut retention times as well as with the time of fruit removal. By interrogating the model predictions, we identified two novel mechanisms by which fruit secondary compounds can impose costs in terms of decreased seed dispersal distances: (1) small-scale reductions in gut retention time and (2) causing fruits to forgo advantageous bat activity peaks that confer high seed dispersal distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Baldwin
- Department of Public Health, School of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA.,Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Dina K N Dechmann
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, 78315, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá
| | - Wibke Thies
- Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ GmbH), Eschborn, 65760, Germany
| | - Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, MC 0390, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
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15
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Wetzel WC, Whitehead SR. The many dimensions of phytochemical diversity: linking theory to practice. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:16-32. [PMID: 31724320 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Research on the ecological and evolutionary roles of phytochemicals has recently progressed from studying single compounds to examining chemical diversity itself. A key conceptual advance enabling this progression is the use of species diversity metrics for quantifying phytochemical diversity. In this perspective, we extend the theory developed for species diversity to further our understanding of what exactly phytochemical diversity is and how its many dimensions impact ecological and evolutionary processes. First, we discuss the major dimensions of phytochemical diversity - richness, evenness, functional diversity, and alpha, gamma and beta diversity. We describe their potential independent roles in biotic interactions and the practical challenges associated with their analysis. Second, we re-analyse the published and unpublished datasets to reveal that the phytochemical diversity experienced by an organism (or observed by a researcher) depends strongly on the scale of the interaction and the total amount of phytochemicals involved. We argue that we must account for these frames of reference to meaningfully understand diversity. Moving from a general notion of phytochemical diversity as a single measure to a precise definition of its multidimensional and multiscale nature yields overlooked testable predictions that will facilitate novel insights about the evolutionary ecology of plant biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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16
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Ni M, Gu K, Hassan B, Ning D, Zheng Y, Qi Y, Xu Y. Effect of oviposition by Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice. BRAZ J BIOL 2019; 80:641-647. [PMID: 31644657 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.218661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among fruits and fruit products, oranges and orange juice are the most widely consumed worldwide. However, the effects of pest infestation of oranges on the quality of orange juice are not yet known. To evaluate the effect of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice, we measured changes in the vitamin C (Vc) concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after the introduction of fruit fly eggs. Ten days after the eggs were introduced (larvae removed), the concentration of Vc in orange juice was 18.65 µg/mL, which was 9.16 µg/mL lower than that measured in healthy orange juice. In addition, the total phenol content decreased by 46.519 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g to 9.748 mg GAE/g. Furthermore, the free-radical scavenging activity decreased from 22.297% to 5.393%. Correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between Vc concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after B. dorsalis infestation. The decrease in Vc concentration, total phenol content and free-radical scavenging activity indicated that B. dorsalis changed the quality of orange juice by affecting the antioxidant activity of the juice after the oranges were infested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ni
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - K Gu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - B Hassan
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D Ning
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Zheng
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Qi
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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18
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19
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Itoh H, Tago K, Hayatsu M, Kikuchi Y. Detoxifying symbiosis: microbe-mediated detoxification of phytotoxins and pesticides in insects. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:434-454. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms degrade natural and artificial toxic compounds, and confer toxin resistance on insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideomi Itoh
- Bioproduction Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hokkaido
- Sapporo 062-8517
- Japan
| | - Kanako Tago
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
- Tsukuba 305-8604
- Japan
| | - Masahito Hayatsu
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
- Tsukuba 305-8604
- Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hokkaido
- Sapporo 062-8517
- Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture
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20
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Enterococci Mediate the Oviposition Preference of Drosophila melanogaster through Sucrose Catabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13420. [PMID: 29044155 PMCID: PMC5647369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose, one of the main products of photosynthesis in plants, functions as a universal biomarker for nutritional content and maturity of different fruits across diverse ecological niches. Drosophila melanogaster congregates to lay eggs in rotting fruits, yet the factors that influence these decisions remains uncovered. Here, we report that lactic acid bacteria Enterococci are critical modulators to attract Drosophila to lay eggs on decaying food. Drosophila-associated Enterococci predominantly catabolize sucrose for growing their population in fly food, and thus generate a unique ecological niche with depleted sucrose, but enriched bacteria. Female flies navigate these favorable oviposition sites by probing the sucrose cue with their gustatory sensory neurons. Acquirement of indigenous microbiota facilitated the development and systemic growth of Drosophila, thereby benefiting the survival and fitness of their offspring. Thus, our finding highlights the pivotal roles of commensal bacteria in influencing host behavior, opening the door to a better understanding of the ecological relationships between the microbial and metazoan worlds.
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21
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Hien DFDS, Dabiré KR, Roche B, Diabaté A, Yerbanga RS, Cohuet A, Yameogo BK, Gouagna LC, Hopkins RJ, Ouedraogo GA, Simard F, Ouedraogo JB, Ignell R, Lefevre T. Plant-Mediated Effects on Mosquito Capacity to Transmit Human Malaria. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005773. [PMID: 27490374 PMCID: PMC4973987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecological context in which mosquitoes and malaria parasites interact has received little attention, compared to the genetic and molecular aspects of malaria transmission. Plant nectar and fruits are important for the nutritional ecology of malaria vectors, but how the natural diversity of plant-derived sugar sources affects mosquito competence for malaria parasites is unclear. To test this, we infected Anopheles coluzzi, an important African malaria vector, with sympatric field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum, using direct membrane feeding assays. Through a series of experiments, we then examined the effects of sugar meals from Thevetia neriifolia and Barleria lupilina cuttings that included flowers, and fruit from Lannea microcarpa and Mangifera indica on parasite and mosquito traits that are key for determining the intensity of malaria transmission. We found that the source of plant sugar meal differentially affected infection prevalence and intensity, the development duration of the parasites, as well as the survival and fecundity of the vector. These effects are likely the result of complex interactions between toxic secondary metabolites and the nutritional quality of the plant sugar source, as well as of host resource availability and parasite growth. Using an epidemiological model, we show that plant sugar source can be a significant driver of malaria transmission dynamics, with some plant species exhibiting either transmission-reducing or -enhancing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kounbobr R. Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Benjamin Roche
- UMISCO lab (Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes), UMI IRD/UPMC 209, Bondy, France
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC lab (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR Université Montpellier, CNRS 5290, IRD 224, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France
| | - Bienvenue K. Yameogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Louis-Clément Gouagna
- MIVEGEC lab (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR Université Montpellier, CNRS 5290, IRD 224, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France
| | - Richard J. Hopkins
- University of Greenwich, Natural Resource Institute–Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frédéric Simard
- MIVEGEC lab (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR Université Montpellier, CNRS 5290, IRD 224, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Bosco Ouedraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Thierry Lefevre
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC lab (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR Université Montpellier, CNRS 5290, IRD 224, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France
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22
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Fruit Odor as A Ripeness Signal for Seed-Dispersing Primates? A Case Study on Four Neotropical Plant Species. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:323-8. [PMID: 27039380 PMCID: PMC4869761 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits contain a myriad of secondary metabolites that may fulfill various non-mutually exclusive ecological functions. Among them are defense against pathogens and herbivores, manipulation of frugivores’ gut retention time, or controlling the germination process. In addition, it has been suggested that aroma compounds may be used as fruit-selection cues by frugivores, and that plants may be under selection to provide a reliable signal for ripeness to seed-dispersal vectors through ripe fruit aroma. A previous project demonstrated that fruit odor of two Neotropical primate-dispersed plant species can be used by primates to identify ripe fruits. Here, we provide data supporting the hypothesis that olfactory conspicuousness of ripeness in these two species may be an evolved signal rather than a cue exploited by primates. We analyzed the odors of ripe and unripe fruits of the two species along with odors of two sympatric species whose main dispersal vector is passerine birds. We show that only primate-dispersed species significantly change their odor profiles upon ripening. Thus, odor of bird-dispersed species is not informative regarding their ripeness level and is likely to fulfill other functions. We discuss these data in light of the multiple hypotheses for the presence of fruit secondary metabolites, and we offer a roadmap for future studies to establish the hypothesis that fruit odor is an evolved signal for ripeness.
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23
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Comparative Herbivory Rates and Secondary Metabolite Profiles in the Leaves of Native and Non-Native Lonicera Species. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:1069-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Whitehead SR, Quesada MFO, Bowers MD. Chemical tradeoffs in seed dispersal: defensive metabolites in fruits deter consumption by mutualist bats. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Whitehead
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Colorado UCB 334, Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | | | - M. Deane Bowers
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Colorado UCB 334, Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Museum of Natural History, Univ. of Colorado UCB 218, Boulder CO 80309 USA
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25
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Ben-Yosef M, Pasternak Z, Jurkevitch E, Yuval B. Symbiotic bacteria enable olive fly larvae to overcome host defences. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150170. [PMID: 26587275 PMCID: PMC4632588 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ripe fruit offer readily available nutrients for many animals, including fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their associated rot-inducing bacteria. Yet, during most of their ontogeny, fruit remain chemically defended and effectively suppress herbivores and pathogens by high levels of secondary metabolites. Olive flies (Bactrocera oleae) are uniquely able to develop in unripe olives. Unlike other frugivorous tephritids, the larvae maintain bacteria confined within their midgut caeca. We examined the interaction between larvae, their associated bacteria, and fruit chemical defence, hypothesizing that bacterial contribution to larval development is contingent on the phenology of fruit defensive chemistry. We demonstrate that larvae require their natural complement of bacteria (Candidatus Erwinia dacicola: Enterobacteriaceae) in order to develop in unripe olives. Conversely, when feeding on ripe fruit, larval development proceeds independently of these bacteria. Our experiments suggest that bacteria counteract the inhibitory effect of oleuropein-the principal phenolic glycoside in unripe olives. In light of these results, we suggest that the unique symbiosis in olive flies, compared with other frugivorous tephritids, is understood by considering the relationship between the fly, bacteria and fruit chemistry. When applied in an evolutionary context, this approach may also point out the forces which shaped symbioses across the Tephritidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ben-Yosef
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zohar Pasternak
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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26
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Zungu MM, Downs CT. Effects of tannins on fruit selection in three southern African frugivorous birds. Behav Processes 2014; 111:84-9. [PMID: 25522953 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tannins are common secondary compounds in plant material and are known for their ability to bind to protein which reduces nitrogen availability in the diet. In fruits, these compounds are responsible for their astringency which is thought to result in reduced food intake. In this study, the repellent effects of tannins were examined in three species of frugivorous birds: red-winged starlings Onychognathus morio, speckled mousebirds Colius striatus and Cape white-eyes Zosterops virens. Birds were fed artificial fruit diets containing varying levels of tannins in paired choice tests with the amount of food eaten by birds used to determine preference. Red-winged starlings were attracted to the control diet, indifferent to the medium tannin diet and deterred by the high tannin diet whereas speckled mousebirds and Cape white-eyes were not deterred at all concentrations. The discrepancy in the results was attributed to differences in taste sensitivity, tolerance levels and detoxification mechanisms of secondary compounds between species. Because fruit selection and ultimately fruit removal rates affect plant community composition, the disparity in the results suggests that frugivorous birds do not contribute equally to plant community dynamics. However, plant secondary compounds in fruits are diverse and their effects are similarly diverse and there is potential that different groups of secondary compounds generate disparate effects. Similar studies on other types of secondary compounds may thus contribute towards a broader understanding of the role of secondary compounds in mediating fruit-frugivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqoba M Zungu
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville, 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Colleen T Downs
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville, 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
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27
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Hominids adapted to metabolize ethanol long before human-directed fermentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:458-63. [PMID: 25453080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404167111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleogenetics is an emerging field that resurrects ancestral proteins from now-extinct organisms to test, in the laboratory, models of protein function based on natural history and Darwinian evolution. Here, we resurrect digestive alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH4) from our primate ancestors to explore the history of primate-ethanol interactions. The evolving catalytic properties of these resurrected enzymes show that our ape ancestors gained a digestive dehydrogenase enzyme capable of metabolizing ethanol near the time that they began using the forest floor, about 10 million y ago. The ADH4 enzyme in our more ancient and arboreal ancestors did not efficiently oxidize ethanol. This change suggests that exposure to dietary sources of ethanol increased in hominids during the early stages of our adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle. Because fruit collected from the forest floor is expected to contain higher concentrations of fermenting yeast and ethanol than similar fruits hanging on trees, this transition may also be the first time our ancestors were exposed to (and adapted to) substantial amounts of dietary ethanol.
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28
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Baldwin JW, Whitehead SR. Fruit secondary compounds mediate the retention time of seeds in the guts of Neotropical fruit bats. Oecologia 2014; 177:453-66. [PMID: 25262120 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants often recruit frugivorous animals to transport their seeds; however, gut passage can have varying effects on plant fitness depending on the physical and chemical treatment of the seed, the distance seeds are transported, and the specific site of deposition. One way in which plants can mediate the effects of gut passage on fitness is by producing fruit secondary compounds that influence gut-retention time (GRT). Using frugivorous bats (Carollia perspicillata: Phyllostomidae) and Neotropical plants in the genus Piper, we compared GRT of seeds among five plant species (Piper colonense, Piper peltatum, Piper reticulatum, Piper sancti-felicis, and Piper silvivagum) and investigated the role of fruit amides (piperine, piplartine and whole fruit amide extracts from P. reticulatum) in mediating GRT. Our results showed interspecific differences in GRT; P. reticulatum seeds passed most slowly, while P. silvivagum and P. colonense seeds passed most rapidly. Piplartine and P. reticulatum amide extracts decreased GRT, while piperine had no effect. In addition, we examined the effects of GRT on seed germination success and speed in laboratory conditions. For germination success, the effects were species specific; germination success increased with GRT for P. peltatum but not for other species. GRT did not influence germination speed in any of the species examined. Plant secondary compounds have primarily been studied in the context of their defensive role against herbivores and pathogens, but may also play a key role in mediating seed dispersal interactions.
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29
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Pringle RM, Goheen JR, Palmer TM, Charles GK, DeFranco E, Hohbein R, Ford AT, Tarnita CE. Low functional redundancy among mammalian browsers in regulating an encroaching shrub (Solanum campylacanthum) in African savannah. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20140390. [PMID: 24789900 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large herbivorous mammals play an important role in structuring African savannahs and are undergoing widespread population declines and local extinctions, with the largest species being the most vulnerable. The impact of these declines on key ecological processes hinges on the degree of functional redundancy within large-herbivore assemblages, a subject that has received little study. We experimentally quantified the effects of three browser species (elephant, impala and dik-dik) on individual- and population-level attributes of Solanum campylacanthum (Solanum incanum sensu lato), an encroaching woody shrub, using semi-permeable exclosures that selectively removed different-sized herbivores. After nearly 5 years, shrub abundance was lowest where all browser species were present and increased with each successive species deletion. Different browsers ate the same plant species in different ways, thereby exerting distinct suites of direct and indirect effects on plant performance and density. Not all of these effects were negative: elephants and impala also dispersed viable seeds and indirectly reduced seed predation by rodents and insects. We integrated these diffuse positive effects with the direct negative effects of folivory using a simple population model, which reinforced the conclusion that different browsers have complementary net effects on plant populations, and further suggested that under some conditions, these net effects may even differ in direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, , Laramie, WY 82070, USA, Department of Biology, University of Florida, , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, , Davis, CA 95616, USA, Mpala Research Centre, , Nanyuki, Kenya, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, USA
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30
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Whitehead SR, Bowers MD. Chemical ecology of fruit defence: synergistic and antagonistic interactions among amides fromPiper. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Whitehead
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - M. D. Bowers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Museum of Natural History; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
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31
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Whitehead SR, Jeffrey CS, Leonard MD, Dodson CD, Dyer LA, Bowers MD. Patterns of Secondary Metabolite Allocation to Fruits and Seeds in Piper reticulatum. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:1373-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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