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Kirschman LJ, Eastman HM, Irovic FJ, Nix NA, Bui LTK, Blackmon SL, Greenlee JS, Lamichhane R, Mabuce JD, McAllister HK, Nevill LF, Redinger P, Rivers NI, Sprague JL. An improved method to assess the encapsulation response in arthropods. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 156:104670. [PMID: 38945435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Ecoimmunology explores how ecological factors and evolutionary processes influence immune responses across various taxa and how immune responses trade-off with other traits. Studying immune responses requires biologically meaningful immunoassays applicable to a broad range of taxa and are sensitive enough to detect changes in the immune response. Useful immunoassays should also correlate with immunocompetence and fitness. The encapsulation response, a complex immune mechanism in arthropods, serves as a robust method for ecoimmunological investigations. However, traditional methods to test the encapsulation response can require long training. This study introduces an innovative, cost-effective method for assessing the encapsulation immune response in arthropods, which simplifies the procedure by reducing the training time and skill required. Our modified device utilizes a pen and syringe assembly for inserting monofilaments into arthropod larvae. We compared our device against traditional methods. Despite the new method being 22% faster, it did not compromise the accuracy or effectiveness of the encapsulation response when compared with traditional techniques, demonstrating similar degrees of melanization and encapsulation. Our method allowed for more accessible participation by less experienced researchers, such as undergraduates, facilitating their involvement in ecoimmunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Kirschman
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA.
| | - Hannah M Eastman
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Frank J Irovic
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Nix
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Ly Tuan Kiet Bui
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Sydney L Blackmon
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Jaylen S Greenlee
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Rubina Lamichhane
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Jack D Mabuce
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Hannah K McAllister
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Lilly F Nevill
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Peyton Redinger
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Nia I Rivers
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Jackson L Sprague
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
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Archer CR, Weldon CW. Editorial: Diet, nutrition and insect responses to environmental change. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1415809. [PMID: 38737402 PMCID: PMC11082436 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1415809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ruth Archer
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christopher W. Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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Morimoto J. Optimum ratio of dietary protein and carbohydrate that maximises lifespan is shared among related insect species. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14067. [PMID: 38093527 PMCID: PMC10928577 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals often regulate the intake and quantity of nutrients to maximise fitness through life-history traits such as lifespan, but we still lack a proper understanding of how specific nutrients influence these traits. Here, I developed an algorithm which allowed me to create a nutrient-specific database from literature data, and investigated how the requirements of protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) needed to maximise lifespan evolved across nine insect species. I found moderate evidence of a phylogenetic signal on the optimal ratio of protein to carbohydrate ratio (PC ratio) that maximised lifespan, suggesting that optimal PC ratio for lifespan could have evolved non-independently among related species. I also found evidence for weak-to-strong sex-specific optimal PC ratios for lifespan, suggesting that sex-specific nutritional needs to maximise lifespan can emerge and persist in some species. Although limited in the number of species, the approach adopted here is portable to experiments withn number of nutrients and, thus, can be used in complex comparative precision nutrition studies for insights into the evolution of animal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Morimoto
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Aberdeen, King's CollegeAberdeenUK
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e ConservaçãoUniversidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaBrazil
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Crean AJ, Pulpitel TJ, Pini T, Rickard JP, de Graaf SP, Senior AM, Simpson SJ, Wali JA. Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diets Reduce Body Weight and Sperm Count but Increase Sperm Motility in Mice. J Nutr 2024; 154:60-68. [PMID: 37984745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male reproduction is impacted by both over- and under-nutrition, demonstrated by animal studies using high-fat and low-protein dietary interventions. Little is known about the impacts of low-fat, high-carb diets and types of dietary carbohydrates on sperm traits. OBJECTIVES Using a nutritional geometry approach, we investigated the effects of partially or completely substituting glucose for fructose in isocaloric diets containing either 10%, 20%, or 30% fat (by energy) on sperm traits in mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed 1 of 15 experimental diets for 18 wk starting from 8 wk of age. Reproductive organs were then harvested, and sperm concentration, motility, and velocity were measured using Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis. RESULTS Increasing dietary fat from 10% to 30% while maintaining energy density at 14.3 kJ/g and protein content at 20% resulted in increased body weight and sperm production but reduced the percentage of motile sperm. Body weight and seminal vesicle weight were maximized on diets containing a 50:50 mix of fructose and glucose, but carbohydrate type had few significant impacts on epididymal sperm traits. CONCLUSIONS The opposing impacts of dietary fat on mouse sperm quantity and quality observed suggest that male fertility may not be optimized by a single diet; rather, context-specific dietary guidelines targeted to specific concerns in semen quality may prove useful in treating male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Crean
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Tamara J Pulpitel
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taylor Pini
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica P Rickard
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon P de Graaf
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jibran A Wali
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, New South Wales, Australia
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Narayan VP, Wasana N, Wilson AJ, Chenoweth SF. Misalignment of plastic and evolutionary responses of lifespan to novel carbohydrate diets. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231732. [PMID: 38234441 PMCID: PMC10791524 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Diet elicits varied effects on longevity across a wide range of animal species where dietary discordance between an organisms' evolutionary and developmental dietary history is increasingly recognized to play a critical role in shaping lifespan. However, whether such changes, predominantly assessed in a single generation, lead to evolutionary shifts in lifespan remains unclear. In this study, we used an experimental evolution approach to test whether changes in an organisms' evolutionary and developmental dietary history, specifically carbohydrate content, causes lifespan evolution in Drosophila serrata. After 30 generations, we investigated the evolutionary potential of lifespan in response to four novel diets that varied systematically in their ratio of carbohydrate-protein content. We also examined developmental plasticity effects using a set of control populations that were raised on the four novel environments allowing us to assess the extent to which plastic responses of lifespan mirrored adaptive responses observed following experimental evolution. Both high- and low-carbohydrate diets elicited plastic effects on lifespan; however, the plastic responses for lifespan to developmental diets bore little resemblance to the evolved responses on evolutionary diets. Understanding the dietary conditions regulating the match/mismatch of plastic and evolved responses will be important in determining whether a particular match/mismatch combination is adaptive for lifespan. While the differences in evolutionary diet by developmental diet interactions are only beginning to be elucidated, this study lays the foundation for future investigations of carbohydrate contributions to evolved and plastic effects on health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram P. Narayan
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Nidarshani Wasana
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alastair J. Wilson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Stephen F. Chenoweth
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Rho MS, Lee KP. Mapping the nutritional landscape in the yellow mealworm: testing the nutrient-mediated life-history trade-offs. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245522. [PMID: 37493055 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Animals must acquire an ideal amount and balance of macronutrients to optimize their performance, health and fitness. The nutritional landscape provides an integrative framework for analysing how animal phenotypes are associated with multiple nutritional components. Here, we applied this powerful approach to examine how the intake of protein and carbohydrate affects nutrient acquisition and performance in the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) reared on one of 42 synthetic foods varying in protein and carbohydrate content. Tenebrio molitor larvae increased their food consumption rate in response to nutrient dilution, but this increase was not sufficient to fully compensate for the dilution. Diluting the food nutrient content with cellulose reduced the efficiency of post-ingestive nutrient utilization, further restricting macronutrient acquisition. Tenebrio molitor larvae utilized macronutrients most efficiently at a protein to carbohydrate (P:C) ratio of 1.77:1, but became less efficient at imbalanced P:C ratios. Survivorship was high at high protein intake and fell with decreasing protein intake. Pupal mass and growth rate exhibited a bell-shaped landscape, with the nutritional optima being located around protein-biased P:C ratios of 1.99:1 to 2.03:1 and 1.66:1 to 2.86:1, respectively. The nutritional optimum for development time was also identified at high P:C ratios (1.66:1 to 5.86:1). Unlike these performance traits, lipid content was maximized at carbohydrate-biased P:C ratios of 1:3.88 to 1:3.06. When given a food choice, T. molitor larvae self-composed a slightly carbohydrate-biased P:C ratio of 1:1.24, which lies between the P:C ratios that maximize performance and lipid content. Our findings indicate the occurrence of a nutrient-mediated trade-off between performance and energy storage in this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Suk Rho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Malod K, Archer CR, Hunt J, Nicolson SW, Weldon CW. Selection on female reproductive schedules in the marula fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Diptera: Tephritidae) affects dietary optima for female reproductive traits but not lifespan. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1166753. [PMID: 38469485 PMCID: PMC10926420 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1166753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Introduction A changing environment can select on life-history traits and trade-offs in a myriad of ways. For example, global warming may shift phenology and thus the availability of host-plants. This may alter selection on survival and fertility schedules in herbivorous insects. If selection on life-histories changes, this may in turn select for altered nutrient intake, because the blend of nutrients organisms consume helps determine the expression of life-history traits. However, we lack empirical work testing whether shifts in the timing of oviposition alter nutrient intake and life-history strategies. Methods We tested in the marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra, how upward-selection on the age of female oviposition, in comparison with laboratory adapted control flies, affects the sex-specific relationship between protein and carbohydrate intake and life-history traits including lifespan, female lifetime egg production and daily egg production. We then determined the macronutrient ratio consumed when flies from each selection line and sex were allowed to self-regulate their intake. Results Lifespan, lifetime egg production and daily egg production were optimised at similar protein to carbohydrate (P:C) ratios in flies from both selection lines. Likewise, females and males of both lines actively defended similar nutrient intake ratios (control =1:3.6 P:C; upward-selected = 1:3.2 P:C). Discussion Our results are comparable to those in non-selected C. cosyra, where the optima for each trait and the self-selected protein to carbohydrate ratio observed were nearly identical. The nutrient blend that needs to be ingested for optimal expression of a given trait appeared to be well conserved across laboratory adapted and experimentally selected populations. These results suggest that in C. cosyra, nutritional requirements do not respond to a temporal change in oviposition substrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Malod
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - C. Ruth Archer
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan W. Nicolson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Christopher W. Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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Morimoto J. Nutrigonometry IV: Thales' theorem to measure the rules of dietary compromise in animals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7466. [PMID: 37156830 PMCID: PMC10167223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet specialists and generalists face a common challenge: they must regulate the intake and balance of nutrients to achieve a target diet for optimum nutrition. When optimum nutrition is unattainable, organisms must cope with dietary imbalances and trade-off surplus and deficits of nutrients that ensue. Animals achieve this through compensatory rules that dictate how to cope with nutrient imbalances, known as 'rules of compromise'. Understanding the patterns of the rules of compromise can provide invaluable insights into animal physiology and behaviour, and shed light into the evolution of diet specialisation. However, we lack an analytical method for quantitative comparisons of the rules of compromise within and between species. Here, I present a new analytical method that uses Thales' theorem as foundation, and that enables fast comparisons of the rules of compromise within and between species. I then apply the method on three landmark datasets to show how the method enables us to gain insights into how animals with different diet specialisation cope with nutrient imbalances. The method opens new avenues of research to understand how animals cope with nutrient imbalances in comparative nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Morimoto
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, Scotland.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 82590-300, Brazil.
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Parker AL, Albright A, Kingsolver JG, Legault G. Predicting age and mass at maturity from feeding behavior and diet in Manduca sexta: An empirical test of a life history model. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9848. [PMID: 36844672 PMCID: PMC9944182 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding for most animals involves bouts of active ingestion alternating with bouts of no ingestion. In insects, the temporal patterning of bouts varies widely with resource quality and is known to affect growth, development time, and fitness. However, the precise impacts of resource quality and feeding behavior on insect life history traits are poorly understood. To explore and better understand the connections between feeding behavior, resource quality, and insect life history traits, we combined laboratory experiments with a recently proposed mechanistic model of insect growth and development for a larval herbivore, Manduca sexta. We ran feeding trials for 4th and 5th instar larvae across different diet types (two hostplants and artificial diet) and used these data to parameterize a joint model of age and mass at maturity that incorporates both insect feeding behavior and hormonal activity. We found that the estimated durations of both feeding and nonfeeding bouts were significantly shorter on low-quality than on high-quality diets. We then explored how well the fitted model predicted historical out-of-sample data on age and mass of M. sexta. We found that the model accurately described qualitative outcomes for the out-of-sample data, notably that a low-quality diet results in reduced mass and later age at maturity compared with high-quality diets. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of diet quality on multiple components of insect feeding behavior (feeding and nonfeeding) and partially validate a joint model of insect life history. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to insect herbivory and discuss ways in which our model could be improved or extended to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Parker
- University of North Carolina – Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Anna Albright
- University of North Carolina – Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Geoffrey Legault
- University of North Carolina – Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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Famished Frugivores or Choosy Consumers: A Generalist Frugivore (Wild Bornean Orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Leaves Available Fruit for Nonfruit Foods. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Letendre C, Rios‐Villamil A, Williams A, Rapkin J, Sakaluk SK, House CM, Hunt J. Evolution of immune function in response to dietary macronutrients in male and female decorated crickets. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1465-1474. [PMID: 36129960 PMCID: PMC9826279 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although dietary macronutrients are known to regulate insect immunity, few studies have examined their evolutionary effects. Here, we evaluate this relationship in the cricket Gryllodes sigillatus by maintaining replicate populations on four diets differing in protein (P) to carbohydrate (C) ratio (P- or C-biased) and nutritional content (low- or high-nutrition) for >37 generations. We split each population into two; one maintained on their evolution diet and the other switched to their ancestral diet. We also maintained populations exclusively on the ancestral diet (baseline). After three generations, we measured three immune parameters in males and females from each population. Immunity was higher on P-biased than C-biased diets and on low- versus high-nutrition diets, although the latter was most likely driven by compensatory feeding. These patterns persisted in populations switched to their ancestral diet, indicating genetic divergence. Crickets evolving on C-biased diets had lower immunity than the baseline, whereas their P-biased counterparts had similar or higher immunity than the baseline, indicating that populations evolved with dietary manipulation. Although females exhibited superior immunity for all assays, the sexes showed similar immune changes across diets. Our work highlights the important role that macronutrient intake plays in the evolution of immunity in the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Letendre
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alejandro Rios‐Villamil
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alexandria Williams
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondNew South WalesAustralia,Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondNew South WalesAustralia
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Scott K. Sakaluk
- School of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalIllinoisUSA
| | - Clarissa M. House
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondNew South WalesAustralia
| | - John Hunt
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondNew South WalesAustralia,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
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Morimoto J, Conceição P, Smoczyk K. Nutrigonometry III: curvature, area and differences between performance landscapes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:221326. [PMID: 36465681 PMCID: PMC9709515 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition is one of the underlying factors necessary for the expression of life-histories and fitness across the tree of life. In recent decades, the geometric framework (GF) has become a powerful framework to obtain biological insights through the construction of multidimensional performance landscapes. However, to date, many properties of these multidimensional landscapes have remained inaccessible due to our lack of mathematical and statistical frameworks for GF analysis. This has limited our ability to understand, describe and estimate parameters which may contain useful biological information from GF multidimensional performance landscapes. Here, we propose a new model to investigate the curvature of GF multidimensional landscapes by calculating the parameters from differential geometry known as Gaussian and mean curvatures. We also estimate the surface area of multidimensional performance landscapes as a way to measure landscape deviations from flat. We applied the models to a landmark dataset in the field, where we also validate the assumptions required for the calculations of curvature. In particular, we showed that linear models perform as well as other models used in GF data, enabling landscapes to be approximated by quadratic polynomials. We then introduced the Hausdorff distance as a metric to compare the similarity of multidimensional landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Morimoto
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Aberdeen, King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 82590-300, Brazil
- Institute of Differential Geometry, Riemann Centre for Geometry and Physics, Welfengarten 1, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Pedro Conceição
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Aberdeen, King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Knut Smoczyk
- Institute of Differential Geometry, Riemann Centre for Geometry and Physics, Welfengarten 1, Hannover 30167, Germany
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Ruth Archer C, Bunning H, Rapkin J, Jensen K, Moore PJ, House CM, Del Castillo E, Hunt J. Ovarian apoptosis is regulated by carbohydrate intake but not by protein intake in speckled cockroaches. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 143:104452. [PMID: 36309083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
When the likelihood of reproducing successfully is low, any prior investment in developing oocytes may be wasted. One means of recouping this investment is oosorption - where ova are absorbed and resources salvaged so they can be re-allocated to other traits. Food-limited female speckled cockroaches (Nauphoeta cinerea) appear to use this strategy. However, it is unclear if total food intake or the availability of specific nutrients induces this process. Here, we used the geometric framework of nutrition to determine how protein, carbohydrate and energy intake affect levels of ovarian apoptosis and necrosis (controlled versus uncontrolled cell death) in the terminal oocytes of female N. cinerea. We then compare the effects of nutrient intake on apoptosis (a key step towards oosorption) and offspring production to better understand the relationship between diet, apoptosis and female fitness. We found that even when food was abundant, females experienced high levels of apoptosis if their diet lacked carbohydrate. Necrosis was reduced when energy intake was high, but largely irrespective of nutrient ratio. Offspring production peaked on a low protein, high carbohydrate nutrient ratio (1P:7.96C), similar to that which minimized apoptosis (1P:7.34C) but not in the region of nutrient space that minimized necrosis. Thus, females consuming an ideal nutrient blend for reproduction can invest heavily in their current brood without needing to salvage nutrients from developing ova. However, offspring production was more dependent on carbohydrate consumption than apoptosis was, suggesting that the importance of carbohydrate in reproduction goes beyond regulating oosorption. This reliance on carbohydrate for female reproduction may reflect the unusual reproductive and nutritional physiology of speckled cockroaches; attributes that make this species an exciting model for understanding how diet regulates reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruth Archer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Harriet Bunning
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK; Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Patricia J Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Enrique Del Castillo
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, 357 Leonhard Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK; School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia.
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14
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McPherson S, Wada-Katsumata A, Hatano E, Silverman J, Schal C. Nutritional condition affects tergal gland secretion and courtship success of male cockroaches. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271344. [PMID: 35921282 PMCID: PMC9348660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An integral part of the courtship sequence of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) involves the male raising his wings to expose tergal glands on his dorsum. When a female cockroach feeds on the secretion of these glands, she is optimally positioned for mating. Core chemical components have been identified, but the effect of male diet on the quality of the tergal gland secretion remains unexplored. After validating the pivotal role of tergal feeding in mating, we starved or fed reproductively mature males for one week. We then paired each male with a sexually receptive female and observed their interactions through an infrared-sensitive camera. While starvation had no effect on male courtship behavior, it did influence the duration of female tergal feeding and mating outcomes. Females fed longer on the gland secretion of fed males, and fed males experienced greater mating success than starved males (73.9% vs. 48.3%, respectively). These results suggest that the quality of the tergal gland secretions, and by association mating success, are dependent on the nutritional condition of the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha McPherson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ayako Wada-Katsumata
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Hatano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jules Silverman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Morimoto J. Nutrigonometry II: Experimental strategies to maximize nutritional information in multidimensional performance landscapes. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9174. [PMID: 35949523 PMCID: PMC9353123 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals regulate their nutrient consumption to maximize the expression of fitness traits with competing nutritional needs ("nutritional trade-offs"). Nutritional trade-offs have been studied using a response surface modeling approach known as the Geometric Framework for nutrition (GF). Current experimental design in GF studies does not explore the entire area of the nutritional space resulting in performance landscapes that may be incomplete. This hampers our ability to understand the properties of the performance landscape (e.g., peak shape) from which meaningful biological insights can be obtained. Here, I tested alternative experimental designs to explore the full range of the performance landscape in GF studies. I compared the performance of the standard GF design strategy with three alternatives: hexagonal, square, and random points grid strategies with respect to their accuracy in reconstructing baseline performance landscapes from a landmark GF dataset. I showed that standard GF design did not reconstruct the properties of baseline performance landscape appropriately particularly for traits that respond strongly to the interaction between nutrients. Moreover, the peak estimates in the reconstructed performance landscape using standard GF design were accurate in terms of the nutrient ratio but incomplete in terms of peak shape. All other grid designs provided more accurate reconstructions of the baseline performance landscape while also providing accurate estimates of nutrient ratio and peak shape. Thus, alternative experimental designs can maximize information from performance landscapes in GF studies, enabling reliable biological insights into nutritional trade-offs and physiological limits within and across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Morimoto
- Institute of MathematicsKing's College, University of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e ConservaçãoUniversidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaBrazil
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16
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Dinh H, Lundbäck I, Kumar S, Than AT, Morimoto J, Ponton F. Sugar-rich larval diet promotes lower adult pathogen load and higher survival after infection in a polyphagous fly. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276376. [PMID: 35904096 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is a central factor influencing immunity and resistance to infection, but the extent to which nutrition during development affects adult responses to infections is poorly understood. Our study investigated how the nutritional composition of the larval diet affects the survival, pathogen load, and food intake of adult fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni, after septic bacterial infection. We found a sex-specific effect of larval diet composition on survival post-infection: survival rate was higher and bacterial load was lower for infected females fed sugar-rich larval diet compared with females fed protein-rich larval diet, an effect that was absent in males. Both males and females were heavier when fed a balanced larval diet compared to protein- or sugar-rich diet, while body lipid reserves were higher in the sugar-rich larval diet compared with other diets. Body protein reserve was lower for sugar-rich larval diets compared to other diets in males, but not females. Both females and males shifted their nutrient intake to ingest a sugar-rich diet when infected compared with sham-infected flies without any effect of the larval diet, suggesting that sugar-rich diets can be beneficial to fight off bacterial infection as shown in previous literature. Overall, our findings show that nutrition during early life can shape individual fitness in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Dinh
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Ida Lundbäck
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Sheemal Kumar
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Anh The Than
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.,Department of Entomology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam
| | - Juliano Morimoto
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 82590-300, Brazil
| | - Fleur Ponton
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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17
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Sieksmeyer T, He S, Esparza-Mora MA, Jiang S, Petrašiūnaitė V, Kuropka B, Banasiak R, Julseth MJ, Weise C, Johnston PR, Rodríguez-Rojas A, McMahon DP. Eating in a losing cause: limited benefit of modified macronutrient consumption following infection in the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:67. [PMID: 35585501 PMCID: PMC9118584 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-pathogen interactions can lead to dramatic changes in host feeding behaviour. One aspect of this includes self-medication, where infected individuals consume substances such as toxins or alter their macronutrient consumption to enhance immune competence. Another widely adopted animal response to infection is illness-induced anorexia, which is thought to assist host immunity directly or by limiting the nutritional resources available to pathogens. Here, we recorded macronutrient preferences of the global pest cockroach, Blatta orientalis to investigate how shifts in host macronutrient dietary preference and quantity of carbohydrate (C) and protein (P) interact with immunity following bacterial infection. RESULTS We find that B. orientalis avoids diets enriched for P under normal conditions, and that high P diets reduce cockroach survival in the long term. However, following bacterial challenge, cockroaches significantly reduced their overall nutrient intake, particularly of carbohydrates, and increased the relative ratio of protein (P:C) consumed. Surprisingly, these behavioural shifts had a limited effect on cockroach immunity and survival, with minor changes to immune protein abundance and antimicrobial activity between individuals placed on different diets, regardless of infection status. CONCLUSIONS We show that cockroach feeding behaviour can be modulated by a pathogen, resulting in an illness-induced anorexia-like feeding response and a shift from a C-enriched to a more P:C equal diet. However, our results also indicate that such responses do not provide significant immune protection in B. orientalis, suggesting that the host's dietary shift might also result from random rather than directed behaviour. The lack of an apparent benefit of the shift in feeding behaviour highlights a possible reduced importance of diet in immune regulation in these invasive animals, although further investigations employing pathogens with alternative infection strategies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Sieksmeyer
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstr. 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, German Institute of Food Technology (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Shulin He
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstr. 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Alejandra Esparza-Mora
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstr. 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shixiong Jiang
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstr. 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vesta Petrašiūnaitė
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstr. 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald Banasiak
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mara Jean Julseth
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstr. 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul R Johnston
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstr. 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandro Rodríguez-Rojas
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstr. 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Internal Medicine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplätz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstr. 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Letendre C, Duffield KR, Sadd BM, Sakaluk SK, House CM, Hunt J. Genetic covariance in immune measures and pathogen resistance in decorated crickets is sex and pathogen specific. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1471-1488. [PMID: 35470433 PMCID: PMC9545791 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Insects are important models for studying immunity in an ecological and evolutionary context. Yet, most empirical work on the insect immune system has come from phenotypic studies meaning we have a limited understanding of the genetic architecture of immune function in the sexes. We use nine highly inbred lines to thoroughly examine the genetic relationships between a suite of commonly used immune assays (haemocyte count, implant encapsulation, total phenoloxidase activity, antibacterial zone of inhibition and pathogen clearance) and resistance to infection by three generalist insect pathogens (the gram‐negative bacterium Serratia marcescens, the gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus cereus and the fungus Metarhizium robertsii) in male and female Gryllodes sigillatus. There were consistent positive genetic correlations between haemocyte count, antibacterial and phenoloxidase activity and resistance to S. marcescens in both sexes, but these relationships were less consistent for resistance to B. cereus and M. robertsii. In addition, the clearance of S. marcescens was genetically correlated with the resistance to all three pathogens in both sexes. Genetic correlations between resistances to the different pathogen species were inconsistent, indicating that resistance to one pathogen does not necessarily mean resistance to another. Finally, while there is ample genetic (co)variance in immune assays and pathogen resistance, these genetic estimates differed across the sexes and many of these measures were not genetically correlated across the sexes, suggesting that these measures could evolve independently in the sexes. Our finding that the genetic architecture of immune function is sex and pathogen specific suggests that the evolution of immune function in male and female G. sigillatus is likely to be complex. Similar quantitative genetic studies that measure a large number of assays and resistance to multiple pathogens in both sexes are needed to ascertain if this complexity extends to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Letendre
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Duffield
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America.,Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United States of America
| | - Ben M Sadd
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Scott K Sakaluk
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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19
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Limberger GM, Esteves KP, Halal LM, Nery LEM, da Fonseca DB. Chronic immune challenge is detrimental to female survival, feeding behavior, and reproduction in the field cricket Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775). J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:423-434. [PMID: 35195757 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Physiological trade-offs among expensive fitness-related traits, such as reproduction and immunity, are common in life histories of animals. An immune challenge can have different effects on female reproduction mediated by resource allocation and acquisition. In this study, employing a widely used method to challenge the insect immune system (nylon implant), we assessed the effects of mounting a chronic immune response simulating three successive immune assaults on survival and reproduction of mated females of Gryllus assimilis. We also verified feeding behavior following an implantation, which can be important in explaining trade-off dynamics in terms of energy acquisition. For this, three experimental groups were designed (Control, Sham, and Implant) with oviposition rates, egg morphometry, and nymph vigour observed over 3 weeks, at which ovarian mass and unlaid eggs were quantified from remaining individuals. The results showed that chronic implants were detrimental to female survival and reproduction throughout the experiments; Surgical Sham had no effect on survival compared to the control, but did on reproductive aspects such as oviposition rates and hatchling vigour. These negative effects on reproduction in Sham disappeared in the last experimental week, but still strong in the implanted females. Such immune challenge affected the feeding behavior of implanted females by reducing food consumption compared to control after infection, which is probably explained by illness-induced anorexia that takes place to maximize the immune system performance as a part of sickness behavior, exacerbating the adverse effects observed on reproduction (i.e., fewer and smaller eggs, and low vigour of nymphs) and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Limberger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil.
| | | | - Lamia Marques Halal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Maia Nery
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
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20
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Carey MR, Archer CR, Rapkin J, Castledine M, Jensen K, House CM, Hosken DJ, Hunt J. Mapping sex differences in the effects of protein and carbohydrates on lifespan and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster: is measuring nutrient intake essential? Biogerontology 2022; 23:129-144. [PMID: 35122572 PMCID: PMC8888493 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how diet affects reproduction and survival is a central aim in evolutionary biology. Although this relationship is likely to differ between the sexes, we lack data relating diet to male reproductive traits. One exception to this general pattern is Drosophila melanogaster, where male dietary intake was quantified using the CApillary FEeder (CAFE) method. However, CAFE feeding reduces D. melanogaster survival and reproduction, so may distort diet-fitness outcomes. Here, we use the Geometric Framework of Nutrition to create nutrient landscapes that map sex-specific relationships between protein, carbohydrate, lifespan and reproduction in D. melanogaster. Rather than creating landscapes with consumption data, we map traits onto the nutrient composition of forty agar-based diets, generating broad coverage of nutrient space. We find that male and female lifespan was maximised on low protein, high carbohydrate blends (~ 1P:15.9C). This nutrient ratio also maximised male reproductive rates, but females required more protein to maximise daily fecundity (1P:1.22C). These results are consistent with CAFE assay outcomes. However, the approach employed here improved female fitness relative to CAFE assays, while effects of agar versus CAFE feeding on male fitness traits depended on the nutrient composition of experimental diets. We suggest that informative nutrient landscapes can be made without measuring individual nutrient intake and that in many cases, this may be preferable to using the CAFE approach. The most appropriate method will depend on the question and species being studied, but the approach adopted here has the advantage of creating nutritional landscapes when dietary intake is hard to quantify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Carey
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - Meaghan Castledine
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Department of Animal Science - ANIS Nutrition, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Hawkes M, Lane SM, Rapkin J, Jensen K, House C, Sakaluk SK, Hunt J. Intralocus sexual conflict over optimal nutrient intake and the evolution of sex differences in life span and reproduction. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Sarah M. Lane
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences Animal Behaviour Research Group University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Silkeborg Denmark
| | - Clarissa M. House
- School of Science Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Scott K. Sakaluk
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal IL USA
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- School of Science Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
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22
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Reyes-Ramírez A, Rocha-Ortega M, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Feeding and condition shifts after encountering a pathogen. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Feeding behaviour is a dynamic process, especially if an individual is dealing with an infection. Here, we used Tenebrio molitor beetles to evaluate the effects of changes in diet macronutrients (protein:carbohydrate) on: (i) feeding behaviour before and after infection (using the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii) in males; and (ii) body condition, measured as the amount of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the body, in males and females. Given that females also depend on the nutrients from the spermatophore, we also addressed the impact on female condition of using spermatophores from males whose diets differed in macronutrients whether they were confronting an infection. We found that males with different diets and regardless of their infection status, and females with different diets, all consumed less of the protein-rich diet but more of the carbohydrate-rich diet. In addition, infection in males produced anorexia. The infection resulted in males and the females they mated with, with fewer body proteins and lipids. This suggests that unlike studies in other insects, T. molitor does not consume large amounts of protein during the adult stage, even during an infection. Females’ condition depended strongly on that of their mates, improving even when paired with infected males. This implies that females may be using the nutrients that the males transfer during mating for maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
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23
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Treidel LA, Clark RM, Lopez MT, Williams CM. Physiological demands and nutrient intake modulate a trade-off between dispersal and reproduction based on age and sex of field crickets. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:239063. [PMID: 33912953 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Animals adjust resource acquisition throughout life to meet changing physiological demands of growth, reproduction, activity and somatic maintenance. Wing-polymorphic crickets invest in either dispersal or reproduction during early adulthood, providing a system in which to determine how variation in physiological demands, determined by sex and life history strategy, impact nutritional targets, plus the consequences of nutritionally imbalanced diets across life stages. We hypothesized that high demands of biosynthesis (especially oogenesis in females) drive elevated resource acquisition requirements and confer vulnerability to imbalanced diets. Nutrient targets and allocation into key tissues associated with life history investments were determined for juvenile and adult male and female field crickets (Gryllus lineaticeps) when given a choice between two calorically equivalent but nutritionally imbalanced (protein- or carbohydrate-biased) artificial diets, or when restricted to one imbalanced diet. Flight muscle synthesis drove elevated general caloric requirements for juveniles investing in dispersal, but flight muscle quality was robust to imbalanced diets. Testes synthesis was not costly, and life history investments by males were insensitive to diet composition. In contrast, costs of ovarian synthesis drove elevated caloric and protein requirements for adult females. When constrained to a carbohydrate-biased diet, ovary synthesis was reduced in reproductive morph females, eliminating their advantage in early life fecundity over the dispersal morph. Our findings demonstrate that nutrient acquisition modulates dispersal-reproduction trade-offs in an age- and sex-specific manner. Declines in food quality will thus disproportionately affect specific cohorts, potentially driving demographic shifts and altering patterns of life history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Treidel
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca M Clark
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Sienna College, Department of Biology, Loudonville, NY 12211, USA
| | - Melissa T Lopez
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Caroline M Williams
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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24
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Gómez-Moracho T, Durand T, Pasquaretta C, Heeb P, Lihoreau M. Artificial Diets Modulate Infection Rates by Nosema ceranae in Bumblebees. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010158. [PMID: 33445614 PMCID: PMC7827189 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites alter the physiology and behaviour of their hosts. In domestic honey bees, the microsporidia Nosema ceranae induces energetic stress that impairs the behaviour of foragers, potentially leading to colony collapse. Whether this parasite similarly affects wild pollinators is little understood because of the low success rates of experimental infection protocols. Here, we present a new approach for infecting bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) with controlled amounts of N. ceranae by briefly exposing individual bumblebees to parasite spores before feeding them with artificial diets. We validated our protocol by testing the effect of two spore dosages and two diets varying in their protein to carbohydrate ratio on the prevalence of the parasite (proportion of PCR-positive bumblebees), the intensity of parasites (spore count in the gut and the faeces), and the survival of bumblebees. Overall, insects fed a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet showed the highest parasite prevalence (up to 70%) but lived the longest, suggesting that immunity and survival are maximised at different protein to carbohydrate ratios. Spore dosage did not affect parasite infection rate and host survival. The identification of experimental conditions for successfully infecting bumblebees with N. ceranae in the lab will facilitate future investigations of the sub-lethal effects of this parasite on the behaviour and cognition of wild pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gómez-Moracho
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.D.); (C.P.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tristan Durand
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.D.); (C.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Cristian Pasquaretta
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.D.); (C.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Philipp Heeb
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, ENSFEA, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Mathieu Lihoreau
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.D.); (C.P.); (M.L.)
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25
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Wen L, Jiao X, Liu F, Zhang S, Li D. High-lipid prey reduce juvenile survivorship and delay egg laying in a small linyphiid spider Hylyphantes graminicola. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb237255. [PMID: 33161380 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prey proteins and lipids greatly impact predator life-history traits. However, life-history plasticity offers predators the opportunity to tune the life-history traits in response to the limited macronutrients to allocate among traits. A fast-growing predator species with a strict maturation time may be more likely to consume nutritionally imbalanced prey. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of the protein-to-lipid ratio in prey on a small sheet web-building spider, Hylyphantes graminicola, with a short life span, using adult Drosophila melanogaster as the prey. By manipulating the macronutrient content of the prey to generate three prey types with different protein-to-lipid ratios (i.e. high, intermediate and low), we demonstrated that the majority of the spiders that consumed only these flies could reach full maturity. However, juvenile spiders that consumed high-lipid (low protein-to-lipid ratio) flies had a higher rate of mortality than those consuming medium-protein and high-protein flies. The prey protein-to-lipid ratio had no significant effects on the developmental duration and size at maturity. Although the prey protein-to-lipid ratio had no significant influence on mating behaviour and female fecundity, females reared on high-lipid flies exhibited a significant delay in oviposition compared with those reared on high-protein flies. We conclude that high-lipid prey has negative effects on the survival and reproductive function of H. graminicola Our study thus provides clear evidence that low plasticity with fast development to a certain size means a high nutritional requirement for protein at a cost of lower survival and prolonged time to egg laying when prey have low protein-to-lipid content in H. graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelei Wen
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Fengxiang Liu
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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26
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del Castillo E, Chen P, Meyers A, Hunt J, Rapkin J. Confidence regions for the location of response surface optima: the R package OptimaRegion. COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610918.2020.1823412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique del Castillo
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering and Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering and Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Adam Meyers
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering and Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science and Health, Western Sidney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - James Rapkin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwal, UK
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27
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Duffield KR, Hampton KJ, Houslay TM, Rapkin J, Hunt J, Sadd BM, Sakaluk SK. Macronutrient intake and simulated infection threat independently affect life history traits of male decorated crickets. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11766-11778. [PMID: 33144999 PMCID: PMC7593159 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional geometry has advanced our understanding of how macronutrients (e.g., proteins and carbohydrates) influence the expression of life history traits and their corresponding trade-offs. For example, recent work has revealed that reproduction and immune function in male decorated crickets are optimized at very different protein:carbohydrate (P:C) dietary ratios. However, it is unclear how an individual's macronutrient intake interacts with its perceived infection status to determine investment in reproduction or other key life history traits. Here, we employed a fully factorial design in which calling effort and immune function were quantified for male crickets fed either diets previously demonstrated to maximize calling effort (P:C = 1:8) or immune function (P:C = 5:1), and then administered a treatment from a spectrum of increasing infection cue intensity using heat-killed bacteria. Both diet and a simulated infection threat independently influenced the survival, immunity, and reproductive effort of males. If they called, males increased calling effort at the low infection cue dose, consistent with the terminal investment hypothesis, but interpretation of responses at the higher threat levels was hampered by the differential mortality of males across infection cue and diet treatments. A high protein, low carbohydrate diet severely reduced the health, survival, and overall fitness of male crickets. There was, however, no evidence of an interaction between diet and infection cue dose on calling effort, suggesting that the threshold for terminal investment was not contingent on diet as investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R. Duffield
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics SectionSchool of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalILUSA
- Present address:
Crop Bioprotection Research UnitUnited States Department of AgricultureNational Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research ServicePeoriaILUSA
| | - Kylie J. Hampton
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics SectionSchool of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalILUSA
- Present address:
Crop Bioprotection Research UnitUnited States Department of AgricultureNational Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research ServicePeoriaILUSA
| | | | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- School of Science and Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - Ben M. Sadd
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics SectionSchool of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalILUSA
| | - Scott K. Sakaluk
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics SectionSchool of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalILUSA
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28
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Kim KE, Jang T, Lee KP. Combined effects of temperature and macronutrient balance on life-history traits in Drosophila melanogaster: implications for life-history trade-offs and fundamental niche. Oecologia 2020; 193:299-309. [PMID: 32418116 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Temperature and nutrition are amongst the most influential environmental determinants of Darwinian fitness in ectotherms. Since the ongoing climate warming is known to alter nutritional environments encountered by ectotherms, a precise understanding of the integrated effects of these two factors on ectotherm performance is essential for improving the accuracy of predictions regarding how ectotherms will respond to climate warming. Here we employed response surface methodology to examine how multiple life-history traits were expressed across a grid of environmental conditions representing full combinations of six ambient temperatures (13, 18, 23, 28, 31, 33 °C) and eight dietary protein:carbohydrate ratios (P:C = 1:16, 1:8, 1:4, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 8:1) in Drosophila melanogaster. Different life-history traits were maximized in different regions in the two-dimensional temperature-nutrient space. The optimal temperature and P:C ratio identified for adult lifespan (13 °C and 1:16) were lower than those for early-life female fecundity (28 °C and 4:1). Similar divergence in thermal and nutritional optima was found between body mass at adult emergence (18 °C and P:C 1:1) and the rate of pre-adult development (28 °C and P:C 4:1). Pre-adult survival was maximized over a broad range of temperature (18-28 °C) and P:C ratio (1:8-8:1). These results indicate that the occurrence of life-history trade-offs is regulated by both temperature and dietary P:C ratio. The estimated measure of fitness was maximized at 23 °C and P:C 2:1. Based on the shape of the response surface constructed for this estimated fitness, we characterized the fundamental thermal and nutritional niche for D. melanogaster with unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keonhee E Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Open Data for Open Questions in Comparative Nutrition. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040236. [PMID: 32283710 PMCID: PMC7240530 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Achieving a better understanding of the consequences of nutrition to animal fitness and human health is a major challenge of our century. Nutritional ecology studies increasingly use nutritional landscapes to map the complex interacting effects of nutrient intake on animal performances, in a wide range of species and ecological contexts. Here, we argue that opening access to these hard-to-obtain, yet considerably insightful, data is fundamental to develop a comparative framework for nutrition research and offer new quantitative means to address open questions about the ecology and evolution of nutritional processes.
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30
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Rostant WG, Mason JS, de Coriolis JC, Chapman T. Resource-dependent evolution of female resistance responses to sexual conflict. Evol Lett 2020; 4:54-64. [PMID: 32055411 PMCID: PMC7006461 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict can promote the evolution of dramatic reproductive adaptations as well as resistance to its potentially costly effects. Theory predicts that responses to sexual conflict will vary significantly with resource levels—when scant, responses should be constrained by trade‐offs, when abundant, they should not. However, this can be difficult to test because the evolutionary interests of the sexes align upon short‐term exposure to novel environments, swamping any selection due to sexual conflict. What is needed are investigations of populations that are well adapted to both differing levels of sexual conflict and resources. Here, we used this approach in a long‐term experimental evolution study to track the evolution of female resistance to sexual conflict in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In resource‐rich regimes, high‐conflict females evolved resistance to continual exposure to males. There was no difference in baseline survival, consistent with the idea that responses evolving under nutritional abundance experienced no trade‐offs with resistance. In the poor resource regimes, the ability of high‐conflict females to evolve resistance to males was severely compromised and they also showed lower baseline survival than low‐conflict females. This suggested high‐conflict females traded off somatic maintenance against any limited resistance they had evolved in response to sexual conflict. Overall, these findings provide experimental support for the hypothesis that evolutionary responses to sexual conflict are critically dependent upon resource levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne G Rostant
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| | - Janet S Mason
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| | | | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
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31
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Metcalf CJE, Roth O, Graham AL. Why leveraging sex differences in immune trade-offs may illuminate the evolution of senescence. Funct Ecol 2020; 34:129-140. [PMID: 32063662 PMCID: PMC7006808 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system affects senescence (declines in probabilities of survival or reproduction with age), by shaping late age vulnerability to chronic inflammatory diseases and infections. It is also a dynamic interactive system that must balance competing demands across the life course. Thus, immune system function remains an important frontier in understanding the evolution of senescence.Here, we review our expanding mechanistic understanding of immune function over the life course, in the context of theoretical predictions from life-history evolution. We are especially interested in stage- and sex-dependent costs and benefits of investment in the immune system, given differential life-history priorities of the life stages and sexes.We introduce the costs likely to govern immune allocation across the life course. We then discuss theoretical expectations for differences between the sexes and their likely consequences in terms of how the immune system is both modulated by and may modulate senescence, building on information from life-history theory, experimental immunology and demography.We argue that sex differences in immune function provide a potentially powerful probe of selection pressures on the immune system across the life course. In particular, differences in 'competing' and 'caring' between the sexes have evolved across the tree of life, providing repeated instances of divergent selection pressures on immune function occurring within the same overall bauplan.We conclude by detailing an agenda for future research, including development of theoretical predictions of the differences between the sexes under an array of existing models for sex differences in immunity, and empirical tests of such predictions across the tree of life. A free http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13458/suppinfo can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Roth
- GEOMAR, Marine Evolutionary EcologyHelmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
| | - Andrea L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
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32
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Hudson AL, Moatt JP, Vale PF. Terminal investment strategies following infection are dependent on diet. J Evol Biol 2019; 33:309-317. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali L. Hudson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Joshua P. Moatt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Pedro F. Vale
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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33
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Ng SH, Simpson SJ, Simmons LW. Sex differences in nutrient intake can reduce the potential for sexual conflict over fitness maximization by female and male crickets. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:1106-1116. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hwee Ng
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney SydneyNSW Australia
| | - Leigh W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
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34
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Hitchcock DJ, Andersen T, Varpe Ø, Borgå K. Effects of Maternal Reproductive Investment on Sex-Specific Pollutant Accumulation in Seabirds: A Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7821-7829. [PMID: 31136156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Avian egg production demands resources such as lipids and proteins. Relative egg size and mass varies across species, reflecting differences in maternal investment. This variability may affect the maternal transfer of anthropogenic pollutants including lipophilic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and protein-associated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and mercury (Hg). We conducted a meta-analysis on seabirds and investigated whether interspecies variation in maternal investment contributes toward skewed pollutant concentration ratios between males and females, as Cmale/Cfemale (80 studies). Overall concentrations of PCBs and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were 1.6 and 1.3 times higher, respectively, in males than females, whereas mercury was similar between sexes. Few studies compared females and eggs ( n = 6), highlighting a knowledge gap. We found that an increasing maternal investment as a clutch-to-female mass ratio resulted in lower PCB concentrations in females than in males during the incubation period, but no sex-specific differences were observed for mercury and PFOS. Egg production is both a lipid dominated and protein-limited process. Females transfer lipophilic pollutants more easily to eggs, and to a higher degree with increasing maternal investment, but feeding ecology may be more important. Interspecies variation in maternal pollutant transfer may lead to negative effects scaling from an offspring to population level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Andersen
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , 0316 Oslo , Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Arctic Biology , University Centre in Svalbard , 9171 Longyearbyen , Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research , 5006 Bergen , Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , 0316 Oslo , Norway
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35
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Morimoto J, Lihoreau M. Quantifying Nutritional Trade-Offs across Multidimensional Performance Landscapes. Am Nat 2019; 193:E168-E181. [DOI: 10.1086/701898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Miyashita A, Lee TYM, McMillan LE, Easy R, Adamo SA. Immunity for nothing and the eggs for free: Apparent lack of both physiological trade-offs and terminal reproductive investment in female crickets (Gryllus texensis). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209957. [PMID: 31091239 PMCID: PMC6519836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Should females alter their reproductive strategy when attacked by pathogens? Two hypotheses provide opposite predictions. Terminal reproductive investment theory predicts that reproduction should increase when the risk of death increases. However, physiological trade-offs between reproduction and immune function might be expected to produce a decrease in reproduction during a robust immune response. There is evidence for both hypotheses. We examine whether age determines the effect of an immune challenge on reproductive strategy in long-winged females of the Texas field cricket, Gryllus texensis, when fed an ecologically valid (i.e. limited) diet. The limited diet reduced reproductive output. However, even under resource-limited conditions, immune challenge had no effect on the reproductive output of young or middle-aged females. Both reproductive output and immune function (lysozyme-like activity and phenoloxidase (PO) activity) increased with age, which is contrary to both hypotheses. We hypothesize that PO activity is pleiotropic and represents an investment in both reproduction and immune function. Three proPO genes (identified in a published RNA-seq dataset (transcriptome)) were expressed either in the fat body or the ovaries (supporting the hypothesis that PO is bifunctional). The possible bifunctionality of PO suggests that it may not be an appropriate immune measure for studies on immune/reproductive trade-offs. This study also suggests that the threshold for terminal reproductive investment may not decrease prior to senescence in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyashita
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Ting Yat Marco Lee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Laura E. McMillan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Russell Easy
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shelley A. Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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37
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Morimoto J, Nguyen B, Dinh H, Than AT, Taylor PW, Ponton F. Crowded developmental environment promotes adult sex-specific nutrient consumption in a polyphagous fly. Front Zool 2019; 16:4. [PMID: 30820236 PMCID: PMC6379967 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fitness of holometabolous insects depends largely on resources acquired at the larval stage. Larval density is an important factor modulating larval resource-acquisition, influencing adult survival, reproduction, and population maintenance. To date, however, our understanding of how larval crowding affects adult physiology and behaviour is limited, and little is known about how larval crowding affects adult non-reproductive ecological traits. Here, larval density in the rearing environment of the polyphagous fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (‘Queensland fruit-fly’) was manipulated to generate crowded and uncrowded larval treatments. The effects of larval crowding on pupal weight, adult emergence, adult body weight, energetic reserves, fecundity, feeding patterns, flight ability, as well as adult predation risk were investigated. Results Adults from the crowded larval treatment had lower adult emergence, body weight, energetic reserves, flight ability and fecundity compared to adults from the uncrowded larval treatment. Adults from the crowded larval treatment had greater total food consumption (i.e., consumption of yeast plus sucrose) relative to body weight for both sexes compared to adults from the uncrowded treatment. Furthermore, males from the crowded treatment consumed more yeast relative to their body weight than males from the uncrowded treatment, while females from the crowded treatment consumed more sucrose relative to their body weight than females from the uncrowded treatment. Importantly, an interaction between the relative consumptions of sucrose and yeast and sex revealed that the density of conspecifics in the developmental environment differentially affects feeding of adult males and females. We found no effect of larval treatment on adult predation probability. However, males were significantly more likely to be captured by ants than females. Conclusion We show that larvae crowding can have important implications to ecological traits in a polyphagous fly, including traits such as adult energetic reserve, flight ability, and adult sex-specific nutrient intake. Our findings contextualise the effects of larval developmental conditions into a broad ecological framework, hence providing a better understanding of their significance to adult behaviour and fitness. Furthermore, the knowledge presented here can help us better understanding downstream density-dependent effects of mass rearing conditions of this species, with potential relevance to Sterile Insect Technique. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-019-0302-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Morimoto
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Binh Nguyen
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Hue Dinh
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Anh The Than
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia.,2Department of Entomology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Fleur Ponton
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
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38
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Wilson JK, Ruiz L, Davidowitz G. Dietary Protein and Carbohydrates Affect Immune Function and Performance in a Specialist Herbivore Insect (Manduca sexta). Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:58-70. [DOI: 10.1086/701196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Ng SH, Simpson SJ, Simmons LW. Macronutrients and micronutrients drive trade‐offs between male pre‐ and postmating sexual traits. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hwee Ng
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental SciencesThe University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Leigh W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
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40
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Rapkin J, Jensen K, House CM, Wilson AJ, Hunt J. Genotype-by-sex-by-diet interactions for nutritional preference, dietary consumption, and lipid deposition in a field cricket. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:361-373. [PMID: 30089778 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in feeding behaviour, especially the overconsumption of calories, has led to a rise in the rates of obesity, diabetes, and other associated disorders in humans and a range of animals inhabiting human-influenced environments. However, understanding the relative contribution of genes, the nutritional environment, and their interaction to dietary intake and lipid deposition in the sexes still remains a major challenge. By combining nutritional geometry with quantitative genetics, we determined the effect of genes, the nutritional environment, and their interaction on the total nutritional preference (TP), total diet eaten (TE), and lipid mass (LM) of male and female black field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) fed one of four diet pairs (DPs) differing in the ratio of protein to carbohydrate and total nutritional content. We found abundant additive genetic variance for TP, TE, and LM in both sexes and across all four DPs, with significant genetic correlations between TE and TP and between TP and LM in males. We also found significant genotype-by-DP and genotype-by-sex-by-DP interactions for each trait and significant genotype-by-sex interactions for TE and LM. Complex interactions between genes, sex, and the nutritional environment, therefore, play an important role in nutrient regulation and lipid deposition in T. commodus. This finding may also help explain the increasing rate of obesity and the maintenance of sex differences in obesity observed across many animal species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Department of Bioscience, Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Clarissa M House
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bay 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK. .,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bay 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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Lihoreau M, Gómez-Moracho T, Pasquaretta C, Costa JT, Buhl C. Social nutrition: an emerging field in insect science. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 28:73-80. [PMID: 30551770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition is thought to be a major driver of social evolution, yet empirical support for this hypothesis is scarce. Here we illustrate how conceptual advances in nutritional ecology illuminate some of the mechanisms by which nutrition mediates social interactions in insects. We focus on experiments and models of nutritional geometry and argue that they provide a powerful means for comparing nutritional phenomena across species exhibiting various social ecologies. This approach, initially developed to study the nutritional behaviour of individual insects, has been increasingly used to study insect groups and societies, leading to the emerging field of social nutrition. We discuss future directions for exploring how these nutritional mechanisms may influence major social transitions in insects and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lihoreau
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI); CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Tamara Gómez-Moracho
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI); CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristian Pasquaretta
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI); CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - James T Costa
- Highlands Biological Station, 265 N. Sixth Street, Highlands, NC 28741, USA; Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA
| | - Camille Buhl
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Southern Australia 5005, Australia
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Jang T, Lee KP. Comparing the impacts of macronutrients on life-history traits in larval and adult Drosophila melanogaster: the use of nutritional geometry and chemically defined diets. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.181115. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.181115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein and carbohydrate are the two major macronutrients that exert profound influences over fitness in many organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster. Our understanding of how these macronutrients shape the components of fitness in D. melanogaster has been greatly enhanced by the use of nutritional geometry, but most nutritional geometric analyses on this species have been conducted using semi-synthetic diets that are not chemically well-defined. Here we combined the use of nutritional geometry and chemically defined diets to compare the patterns of larval and adult life-history traits expressed across 34 diets systematically varying in protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio and in protein plus carbohydrate (P+C) concentration. The shape of the response surfaces constructed for all larval and adult traits differed significantly from one another, with the nutritional optima being identified at P:C 1:4 for lifespan (P+C 120 g l−1), 1:2 for egg-to-adult viability (120 g l−1), 1:1 for female body mass at adult eclosion (240 g l−1) and lifetime fecundity (360 g l−1), 2:1 for larval developmental rate (60 g l−1), and 8:1 for egg production rate (120 g l−1). Such divergence in nutritional optima among life-history traits indicates that D. melanogaster confined to a single diet cannot maximize the expression of these traits simultaneously and thus may face a life-history trade-off. Our data provide the most comprehensive and nutritionally explicit analysis of the impacts of macronutrients on life-history traits in D. melanogaster and support the emerging notion that the fundamental trade-offs among life-history traits are mediated by macronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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