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Bonti E, Zerva IK, Koundourou C, Sofologi M. The High Rates of Comorbidity among Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Reconsidering the Clinical Utility of Distinct Diagnostic Categories. J Pers Med 2024; 14:300. [PMID: 38541042 PMCID: PMC10971064 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The boundaries between neurodevelopmental disorders are often indistinct, even among specialists. But do these boundaries exist, or do experts struggle to distinguish and categorize symptoms in order to arrive at a dominant diagnosis while comorbidity continually leaves questions about where each disorder ends and begins? What should be reconsidered? The introduction of the term 'spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders' could pave the way for a re-appraisal of the clinical continuum of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study aims to highlight the problems that emerge in the field of the differential diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders and propose a renegotiation of the distinctiveness criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bonti
- First Psychiatric Clinic, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, “Papageorgiou” General Hospital, Pavlos Melas, 564 29 Agios Pavlos, Greece;
- School of Education, Special Education Department, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| | - Irini K. Zerva
- School of Education, Special Education Department, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
- First Psychiatric Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christiana Koundourou
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos 8042, Cyprus; (C.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Sofologi
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos 8042, Cyprus; (C.K.); (M.S.)
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Education School, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
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2
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Martins-Silva T, Bauer A, Matijasevich A, Munhoz TN, Barros AJD, Santos IS, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Murray J. Early risk factors for conduct problem trajectories from childhood to adolescence: the 2004 Pelotas (BRAZIL) Birth Cohort. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:881-895. [PMID: 37097345 PMCID: PMC10126565 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Conduct problems are associated with an increased risk of a wide range of physical, mental, and social problems. However, there is still uncertainty about how early risk factors differentiate different developmental patterns of conduct problems and whether findings replicate across diverse social contexts. We aimed to identify developmental trajectories of conduct problems, and test early risk factors, in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort in Brazil. Conduct problems were measured at ages 4, 6, 11, and 15 years from caregiver reports on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Conduct problem trajectories were estimated using group-based semi-parametric modeling (n = 3938). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between early risk factors and conduct problem trajectories. We identified four trajectories: three with elevated conduct problems, including early-onset persistent (n = 150; 3.8%), adolescence-onset (n = 286; 17.3%), and childhood-limited (n = 697; 17.7%), and one with low conduct problems (n = 2805; 71.2%). The three elevated conduct problem trajectories were associated with a wide range of sociodemographic risk factors, prenatal smoking, maternal mental health, harsh parenting, childhood trauma, and child neurodevelopmental risk factors. Early-onset persistent conduct problems were particularly associated with trauma, living without a father figure, and attention difficulties. The four trajectories of conduct problems from ages 4 to 15 years in this Brazilian cohort have similar longitudinal patterns to those identified in high-income countries. The results confirm previous longitudinal research and developmental taxonomic theories on the etiology of conduct problems in a Brazilian sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Martins-Silva
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Alicia Matijasevich
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago N Munhoz
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Aluísio J D Barros
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Iná S Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Joseph Murray
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
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Gubbels J, Assink M, van der Put CE. Protective Factors for Antisocial Behavior in Youth: What is the Meta-Analytic Evidence? J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:233-257. [PMID: 37794287 PMCID: PMC10764587 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Although both risk and protective factors are important components of etiological theories for antisocial behavior, far less is known about protective factors and their impact. This review summarized primary studies on the impact of different protective factors for antisocial behavior in youth. In total, 305 studies reporting on 1850 potentially protective factors were included. Each extracted factor was first classified into one of 77 mutually exclusive groups of similar factors (referred to as domains), after which a three-level meta-analysis was conducted to determine the protective effect of each domain. A significant and negative effect was found for 50 domains, which were therefore designated as being truly protective. The largest impact (r < -0.20) was found for higher levels of conservativeness, self-transcendence, life satisfaction, involvement in romantic relationships, the capacity to reflect or mentalize, peer relationships quality, prosocial peers, prosocial values, agreeableness, school self-esteem, parental control, general resilience, and social skills. Analyses revealed that the impact of some of the 77 domains was moderated by the youth's age (five domains) and gender (four domains) as well as the severity of antisocial behavior they exhibit (two domains), indicating that the impact of these domains differs across subgroups of antisocial youth. Given the substantial number of factors that were identified as being protective for antisocial behavior in youth, this study discusses implications for future directions, assessment strategies, and (preventive) interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Gubbels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark Assink
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia E van der Put
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tataw D, Nolan J, Kim SH. Micro-level Factors Associated with Youth Drug Use Among an Urban at-Risk Youth Sample. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01839-4. [PMID: 37884855 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth drug use has reached global epidemic proportions with unequal distribution among communities with low income, immigrants, or ethnic status. PURPOSE This study seeks to understand the association between micro-level factors and youth drug use behavior among 2693 low-income, ethnic, and immigrant youths in Pomona, CA, USA. The study uneath's unique evidence and intervention elements necessary to resolve youth drug use in Pomona. METHODS We used social cognitive theory as a conceptual framework, and performed correlation and multiple linear regression analysis in a cross-sectional design. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results reveal that attitudes, perceptions, and behavior related to friends, participants, family, and adults in the participant's life and ease of access to drugs are associated with youth drug use. Variables related to friends and participants show a relatively stronger association with youth drug use in comparison to variables related to parents and adults in participants' lives. Equally, drug and non-drug antisocial behavior of friends and participants show a stronger association with youth drug use relative to prosocial behavior. Also, when a diverse set of predictor variables are combined together, their association to the outcome variable is stronger than that of a single variable. RECOMMENDATIONS Future interventions in Pomona should prioritize strategies which target participants and friends over activities targeting parents and adults. Interventions targeting antisocial behavior should be prioritized over prosocial behavior. Program implementers should also develop unique evidence and tools which will help parents influence the drug use behavior of youths in Pomona and similar communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tataw
- School of Allied Health, College of Health and Human Services, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA.
| | - Joseph Nolan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Suk-Hee Kim
- School of Social Work, College of Health and Human Services, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
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Dayan H, Shoham R, Berger I, Khoury-Kassabri M, Pollak Y. Features of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and antisocial behaviour in a general population-based sample of adults. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2023; 33:172-184. [PMID: 37057691 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to be a risk factor for antisocial and delinquent behaviour, but there is still a lack of information on how features of ADHD relate to offending behaviour among adults not already defined by their offending. AIMS Our aim was to add to knowledge about relationships between ADHD and antisocial behaviour among adults in the general population by answering the following questions: (A) Does the level of self-reported ADHD features relate to criminal and non-criminal antisocial behaviour? (B) To what extent are self-ratings of ADHD features independent of socio-demographic features previously identified as predictors of antisocial behaviour? METHODS A sample of adults was originally recruited to study public response to the COVID-19 outbreak through an online panel to be representative of the Israeli population. Among other scales, the 2025 participants completed an ADHD self-report scale, an antisocial behaviour self-report scale and a socio-demographic questionnaire probing for age, gender, urbanity, place of birth, socioeconomic status (education and income), family status (being in a relationship and having children) and religiosity. RESULTS Higher mean totals for the inattention and hyperactivity ADHD scale scores were associated with higher mean antisocial behaviour scores. These relationships were only slightly affected by socio-demographic variables, including sex, age, education and income. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that not only may features of ADHD, even below a diagnostic threshold, constitute a risk factor for antisocial behaviour, but also that the self-rated levels of these problems covary. These findings are important for informing the early detection of risk of antisocial behaviour in the general population and its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haym Dayan
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Itai Berger
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Assuta Ashdod University Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
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Chkhirodze G, Chkhaberidze N, Pitskhelauri N, Tskaroveli G, Chikhladze N. STUDY OF DRIVER'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS ROAD SAFETY IN GEORGIA. ONE HEALTH & RISK MANAGEMENT 2023; 4:46-50. [PMID: 37476033 PMCID: PMC10358184 DOI: 10.38045/ohrm.2023.2.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Road traffic injuries are a global public health challenges and a leading cause of death and disability. This study examines the relationships between road traffic accident involvement, driving behaviors, and drivers' attitudes towards traffic safety in Georgia. Material and methods Behavior of 200 Georgian drivers were reported using a self-administered questionnaire. The criteria for inclusion in the study were residency of Georgia and at least one year of driving experience. Results A total of 200 Georgian drivers were interviewed. 59% of study participants felt that the road safety had not improved at all over the past ten years. 94% of respondents were involved in a road traffic accident as a driver. 99% of male drivers and 84% of female drivers have been fined for speeding in the last three years. 95% of males and 51% of females have experienced driving under the influence of alcohol once, and 2% of males and 43% of females have never driven under the influence of alcohol. Conclusions The study demonstrated that alcohol consumption, using mobile phones while driving and speeding are very common among drivers in Georgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Chkhirodze
- Faculty of Medicine, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Chkhaberidze
- Faculty of Medicine, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nato Pitskhelauri
- Faculty of Medicine, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Giorgi Tskaroveli
- Faculty of Medicine, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Chikhladze
- Faculty of Medicine, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Carpena MX, Paula CS, Loret de Mola C, Hessel P, Avendano M, Evans-Lacko S, Matijasevich A. Combining cash transfers and cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce antisocial behavior in young men: A mediation analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Liberia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0273891. [PMID: 36930663 PMCID: PMC10022758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions that combine cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with unconditional cash transfers (UCT) reduce the risk of antisocial behavior (ASB), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this paper, we test the role of psychological and cognitive mechanisms in explaining this effect. We assessed the mediating role of executive function, self-control, and time preferences. METHODS We used data from the Sustainable Transformation of Youth in Liberia, a community-based randomized controlled trial of criminally engaged men. The men were randomized into: Group-1: control (n = 237); and Group-2: CBT+UCT (n = 207). ASB was measured 12-13 months after the interventions were completed, and the following mediators were assessed 2-5 weeks later: (i) self-control, (ii) time preferences and (iii) executive functions. We estimated the natural direct effect (NDE) and the natural indirect effect (NIE) of the intervention over ASB. RESULTS Self-control, time preferences and a weighted index of all three mediators were associated with ASB scores, but the intervention influenced time preferences only [B = 0.09 95%CI (0.03; 0.15)]. There was no evidence that the effect of the intervention on ASB was mediated by self-control [BNIE = 0.007 95%CI (-0.01; 0.02)], time preferences [BNIE = -0.02 95%CI (-0.05; 0.01)], executive functions [BNIE = 0.002 95%CI (-0.002; 0.006)] or the weighted index of the mediators [BNIE = -0.0005 95%CI (-0.03; 0.02)]. CONCLUSIONS UCT and CBT lead to improvements in ASB, even in the absence of mediation via psychological and cognitive functions. Findings suggest that the causal mechanisms may involve non-psychological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Xavier Carpena
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Science and Health, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Silvestre Paula
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento e Centro Mackenzie de Pesquisa sobre a Infância e Adolescência- Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM), São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Christian Loret de Mola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Philipp Hessel
- Swiss Center for Tropical and Public Health, Household Economics and Health Systems Research Unit, Basel, CH, Switzerland
- Universidad de los Andes, Alberto Lleras Camargo School of Government, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Avendano
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Evans-Lacko
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Matijasevich
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Martins RC, Gonçalves H, Blumenberg C, Könsgen B, Houvèssou GM, Carone C, Gil JD, Lautenschläger P, Wehrmeister FC, Menezes AMB, Murray J. School Performance and Young Adult Crime in a Brazilian Birth Cohort. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 8:647-668. [PMID: 36632057 PMCID: PMC9825356 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-022-00214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Poor school performance may increase the risk of crime and violence via effects on self-esteem, risky behaviours, peer networks, and perceived stakes in society. Despite very high rates of violence in Latin America, no longitudinal research has addressed this issue in the region. Two aspects of educational performance (grade repetition and school completion) were examined during adolescence in a population-based Brazilian birth cohort study (n = 3584). Violent and non-violent crime were measured at age 22 years in confidential self-reports; sociodemographic, family, and individual confounders were measured between birth and age 11 years, and potential mediators were measured at age 18 years. The prevalence of violent and non-violent crimes at 22 years was 8.2% and 3.3%, respectively, referring to acts in the previous twelve months. For youth repeating school grades three times or more, the odds of violent crime were 2.4 (95%CI: 1.6-3.6) times higher than for those who had not repeated any school grade. Youth completing school had a lower risk for both violent (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.4-0.7) and non-violent crime (OR = 0.3; 95%CI: 0.2-0.5), compared to those who did not finish school by the expected age. The protective effect of completing school was independent of the number of grades previously repeated. In conclusion, repeating school grades was associated with increased risk for crime; however, successfully managing to complete school by the expected age was an important protective factor against crime, even after multiple grade repetitions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40865-022-00214-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Costa Martins
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Marechal Deodoro, 1160 – 3 floor, Centro, Pelotas, RS 96020-220 Brazil
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Cauane Blumenberg
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Könsgen
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Gbènankpon M. Houvèssou
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Carone
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Jesus David Gil
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Lautenschläger
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Fernando C. Wehrmeister
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Baptista Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Joseph Murray
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Marechal Deodoro, 1160 – 3 floor, Centro, Pelotas, RS 96020-220 Brazil
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Tataw D, Kim SH. Antisocial Behavior and Attitudes Towards Antisocial Behavior after a Five-Year Municipal Youth and Family Master Plan in Pomona, California, USA. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 37:655-678. [PMID: 35642340 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2022.2072037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within an integrated conceptual framework made up of social cognitive theory, theory of fundamental causes, and the risk and protective factor approach, we assess reported antisocial behavior and favorable attitudes toward antisocial behavior among youths and parents in a high-school sample after the implementation of a Youth and Family Master Plan in Pomona, California, USA from 2005 to 2009. We perform z tests for same students (8th grade 2005 and 12th grade 2009), same grade (8th,10th, and 12th grade), inter-grade, same year, and overall, 2005 to 2009 comparisons for Pomona, Los Angeles, and US national samples. It was hypothesized that after five years of implementation, Pomona Youth and Family Master Plan (PYFMP) activities will reduce antisocial behavior and favorable parental and youth attitudes toward antisocial behavior. Within a p-value of 05, z-test results show a decline in youth antisocial behavior among youths in the Pomona sample. Patterns in youth antisocial behavior were not consistent with youth favorable attitudes toward antisocial behavior but were consistent with perceived parental favorable attitudes toward antisocial behavior. Though youth favorable attitudes toward antisocial behavior were generally rising within the Pomona data, when compared to the rates of change in Los Angeles and US, Pomona rates of change were lower. Intra and inter jurisdictional patterns above could be attributed to the community multicomponent interventions of the PYFMP. They also align with assumptions and explanations offered in the integrated conceptual framework, which suggest a mediating role for environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tataw
- School of Allied Health, College of Health and Human Services, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky, USA
| | - Suk-Hee Kim
- School of Social Work, College of Health and Human Services, Northern Kentucky University, USA
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Murray AL, Nagin D, Obsuth I, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. Young Adulthood Outcomes of Joint Mental Health Trajectories: A Group-Based Trajectory Model Analysis of a 13-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:1083-1096. [PMID: 34059956 PMCID: PMC9470602 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Developmental trajectories of common mental health issues such as ADHD symptoms, internalising problems, and externalising problems can often be usefully summarised in terms of a small number of 'developmental subtypes' (e.g., 'childhood onset', 'adolescent onset') that may differ in their profiles or levels of clinically meaningful variables such as etiological risk factors. However, given the strong tendency for symptoms in these domains to co-occur, it is important to consider not only developmental subtypes in each domain individually, but also the joint developmental subtypes defined by symptoms trajectories in all three domains together (e.g., 'late onset multimorbid', 'pure internalising', 'early onset multimorbid'). Previous research has illuminated the joint developmental subtypes of ADHD symptoms, internalising problems, and externalising problems that emerge from normative longitudinal data using methods such as group-based trajectory modelling, as well as predictors of membership in these developmental subtypes. However, information on the long-term outcomes of developmental subtype membership is critical to illuminate the likely nature and intensity of support needs required for individuals whose trajectories fit different developmental subtypes. We, therefore, evaluated the relations between developmental subtypes previously derived using group-based trajectory modelling in the z-proso study (n = 1620 with trajectory data at ages 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15) and early adulthood outcomes. Individuals with multimorbid trajectories but not 'pure' internalising problem elevations showed higher levels of social exclusion and delinquency at age 20. These associations held irrespective of the specific developmental course of symptoms (e.g., early versus late onset versus remitting). There was also some evidence that intimate partner violence acts as a form of heterotypic continuity for earlier externalising problems. Results underline the need for early intervention to address the pathways that lead to social exclusion and delinquency among young people with multiple co-occurring mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Clinical Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Ziebold C, Evans-Lacko S, Andrade MCR, Hoffmann MS, Fonseca L, Barbosa MG, Pan PM, Miguel E, Bressan RA, Rohde LA, Salum GA, de Jesus Mari J, Gadelha A. Childhood individual and family modifiable risk factors for criminal conviction: a 7-year cohort study from Brazil. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13381. [PMID: 35927553 PMCID: PMC9352677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crime is a major public problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and its preventive measures could have great social impact. The extent to which multiple modifiable risk factors among children and families influence juvenile criminal conviction in an LMIC remains unexplored; however, it is necessary to identify prevention targets. This study examined the association between 22 modifiable individual and family exposures assessed in childhood (5-14 years, n = 2511) and criminal conviction at a 7-year follow-up (13-21 years, n = 1905, 76% retention rate) in a cohort of young people in Brazil. Population attributable risk fraction (PARF) was computed for significant risk factors. Criminal convictions were reported for 81 (4.3%) youths. Although most children living in poverty did not present criminal conviction (89%), poverty at baseline was the only modifiable risk factor significantly associated with crime (OR 4.14, 99.8% CI 1.38-12.46) with a PARF of 22.5% (95% CI 5.9-36.1%). It suggests that preventing children's exposure to poverty would reduce nearly a quarter of subsequent criminal convictions. These findings highlight the importance of poverty in criminal conviction, as it includes several deprivations and suggest that poverty eradication interventions during childhood may be crucial for reducing crime among Brazilian youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ziebold
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Major Maragliano, 241-Vila Mariana, São Paulo, 04017-030, Brazil.
| | - Sara Evans-Lacko
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
| | | | - Maurício Scopel Hoffmann
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Lais Fonseca
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Major Maragliano, 241-Vila Mariana, São Paulo, 04017-030, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ghossain Barbosa
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Major Maragliano, 241-Vila Mariana, São Paulo, 04017-030, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mario Pan
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Major Maragliano, 241-Vila Mariana, São Paulo, 04017-030, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Euripedes Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Major Maragliano, 241-Vila Mariana, São Paulo, 04017-030, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil
- ADHD Outpatient and Developmental Psychiatry Programs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Jair de Jesus Mari
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Major Maragliano, 241-Vila Mariana, São Paulo, 04017-030, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Major Maragliano, 241-Vila Mariana, São Paulo, 04017-030, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil
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Lazo-Legrand MF, Palomino-Torres R, Chacon-Torrico H, Garayar-Peceros H, Alarco JJ. Exposición a violencia en el hogar y victimización por acoso escolar en adolescentes peruanos. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00070922. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xes070922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Con el objetivo de evaluar la asociación entre la exposición a la violencia en el hogar y la victimización por acoso escolar en adolescentes peruanos de 12 a 17 años, durante el año 2019, se realizó un estudio transversal de análisis de datos secundario de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Sociales (ENARES) de 2019. La variable independiente fue la exposición a violencia en el hogar y la variable dependiente fue la victimización por acoso escolar, que incluyó al acoso psicológico y físico. Además, se incluyeron posibles variables de confusión. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multinomial y se estimaron razones de riesgo relativo (RRR) con sus intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%). En todos los cálculos se consideró el muestreo complejo de la ENARES 2019. Se incluyeron datos de 1.569 adolescentes peruanos. El 38,1% estuvo expuesto a violencia en el hogar, mientras que el 37,9% fue víctima solo de acoso psicológico, el 3,4% solo de acoso físico y el 22,4% de ambos tipos de acoso escolar. Los adolescentes, que siempre o casi siempre estuvieron expuestos a la violencia en el hogar, tuvieron 4,8 veces la probabilidad de ser víctimas de acoso escolar (RRR = 4,80; IC95%: 2,44-9,42), ajustado por múltiples variables de confusión. En Perú, los adolescentes peruanos de 12 a 17 años que estuvieron expuestos a violencia en el hogar tuvieron mayor probabilidad de ser víctimas de acoso escolar. Estos resultados deben llamar la atención de los decisores en políticas públicas de protección infantil.
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13
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Dowdall N, Murray L, Skeen S, Marlow M, De Pascalis L, Gardner F, Tomlinson M, Cooper PJ. Book-Sharing for Parenting and Child Development in South Africa: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Child Dev 2021; 92:2252-2267. [PMID: 34716710 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of a parenting intervention on children's cognitive and socioemotional development in a group of caregivers and their 21-to-28-month-old children in a low-income South African township. A randomized controlled trial compared an experimental group (n = 70) receiving training in dialogic book-sharing (8 weekly group sessions) with a wait-list control group (n = 70). They were assessed before the intervention, immediately following it, and at a six month follow-up. The intervention had positive effects on child language and attention, but not behavior problems, prosocial behavior, or theory of mind. Intervention caregivers were less verbally and psychologically harsh, showed more sensitivity and reciprocity and more complex cognitive talk. This program benefitted parenting and child development and holds promise for low-income contexts.
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Wolfowicz M, Litmanovitz Y, Weisburd D, Hasisi B. Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2021; 17:e1174. [PMID: 37133261 PMCID: PMC10121227 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Two of the most central questions in radicalization research are, (1) why do some individuals radicalize when most of those from the same groups or exposed to similar conditions do not? and (2) why do radicalized individuals turn to radical violence while the majority remain inert? It has been suggested that the answer to both questions lie in the cumulative and interactive effects of a range of risk factors. While risk assessment and counter-radicalization take a risk-protective factor approach, there is widespread debate as to what these factors are and which are most important. Objectives This review has two primary objectives.1) To identify what the putative risk and protective factors for different radicalization outcomes are, without any predeterminations.2) To synthesize the evidence and identify the relative magnitude of the effects of different factors.The review's secondary objectives are to:1) Identify consistencies in the estimates of factors across different radicalization outcomes.2) Identify whether any significant heterogeneity exists within factors between (a) geographic regions, and (b) strains of radicalizing ideologies. Search Methods Over 20 databases were searched for both published and gray literature. In order to provide a more comprehensive review, supplementary searches were conducted in two German and one Dutch database. Reference harvesting was conducted from previous reviews and contact was made with leading researchers to identify and acquire missing or unpublished studies. Selection Criteria The review included observational studies assessing the outcomes of radical attitudes, intentions, and/or radical behaviors in OECD countries and which provided sufficient data to calculate effect sizes for individual-level risk and protective factors. Data Collection and Analysis One-hundred and twenty-seven studies, containing 206 samples met the inclusion criteria and provided 1302 effect sizes pertaining to over 100 different factors. Random effects meta-analyses were carried out for each factor, and meta-regression and moderator analysis were used to explore differences across studies. Results Studies were primarily cross-sectional, with samples representing 20 countries OECD countries. Most studies examined no specific radicalizing ideology, while others focussed on specific ideologies (e.g., Islamist, right-wing, and left-wing ideologies). The studies generally demonstrated low risk of bias and utilized validated or widely acceptable measures for both indicators and outcomes. With some exceptions, sociodemographic factors tend to have the smallest estimates, with larger estimates for experiential and attitudinal factors, followed by traditional criminogenic and psychological factors. Authors' Conclusions While sociodemographic factors are the most commonly examined factors (selective availability), they also tend to have the smallest estimates. So too, attitudinal and even experiential factors, do not have effect sizes of the magnitude that could lead to significant reductions in risk through targeting by interventions. Conversely, traditional criminogenic factors, as well as psychological factors tend to display the largest estimates. These findings suggest the need to broaden the scope of factors considered in both risk assessment and intervention, and this review provides much needed evidence for guiding the selection of factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolfowicz
- Faculty of Law, Institute of CriminologyHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Yael Litmanovitz
- Faculty of Law, Institute of CriminologyHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - David Weisburd
- Faculty of Law, Institute of CriminologyHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- Department of Criminology, Law and SocietyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginiaUSA
| | - Badi Hasisi
- Faculty of Law, Institute of CriminologyHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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15
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Kuper JL, Turanovic JJ. Undoing resilience: immigrant status and poor health following incarceration. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2021; 9:5. [PMID: 33547520 PMCID: PMC7866741 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-021-00129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, foreign-born persons often have better health outcomes than their native-born peers, despite exposure to adversity. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether this pattern extends to the consequences of life events, such as incarceration, that separate immigrants from their supportive networks and increase exposure to adversity. Accordingly, using four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, hierarchical generalized linear models were used to examine within-individual changes in self-rated health following first incarceration (N = 31,202 person-waves). RESULTS The results showed that incarceration was associated with modest health declines that were similar in magnitude for immigrant and native-born persons. Supplemental analyses revealed that these effects did not vary by immigrant race or ethnicity, or by age at immigration. The only exception was for immigrants from low- and middle-income countries, who were marginally less likely to experience health declines following incarceration. CONCLUSIONS In general, incarceration appears to be similarly health damaging for immigrants and non-immigrants. These findings raise important questions about how incarceration is linked to health declines for foreign- and native-born populations and emphasize the importance of access to healthcare for individuals released from correctional facilities. More research is needed, however, to further examine the cumulative impacts of incarceration on immigrants' health across the life course, and to assess a broader spectrum of health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Kuper
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 112 S. Copeland Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Jillian J Turanovic
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 112 S. Copeland Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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16
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Valdebenito S, Murray A, Hughes C, Băban A, Fernando AD, Madrid BJ, Ward C, Osafo J, Dunne M, Sikander S, Walker SP, Thang VV, Tomlinson M, Fearon P, Shenderovich Y, Marlow M, Chathurika D, Taut D, Eisner M. Evidence for Better Lives Study: a comparative birth-cohort study on child exposure to violence and other adversities in eight low- and middle-income countries - foundational research (study protocol). BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034986. [PMID: 33039982 PMCID: PMC7552842 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Violence against children is a health, human rights and social problem affecting approximately half of the world's children. Its effects begin at prenatal stages with long-lasting impacts on later health and well-being. The Evidence for Better Lives Study (EBLS) aims to produce high-quality longitudinal data from cities in eight low- and middle-income countries-Ghana, Jamaica, Pakistan, the Philippines, Romania, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Vietnam-to support effective intervention to reduce violence against children. EBLS-Foundational Research (EBLS-FR) tests critical aspects of the planned EBLS, including participant recruitment and retention, data collection and analysis. Alongside epidemiological estimates of levels and predictors of exposure to violence and adversity during pregnancy, we plan to explore mechanisms that may link exposure to violence to mothers' biological stress markers and subjective well-being. METHODS AND ANALYSES EBLS-FR is a short longitudinal study with a sample of 1200 pregnant women. Data are collected during the last trimester of pregnancy and 2 to 6 months after birth. The questionnaire for participating women has been translated into nine languages. Measures obtained from mothers will include, among others, mental and physical health, attitudes to corporal punishment, adverse childhood experiences, prenatal intimate partner violence, substance use and social/community support. Hair and dry blood spot samples are collected from the pregnant women to measure stress markers. To explore research participation among fathers, EBLS-FR is recruiting 300 fathers in the Philippines and Sri Lanka. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study received ethical approvals at all recruiting sites and universities in the project. Results will be disseminated through journal publications, conferences and seminar presentations involving local communities, health services and other stakeholders. Findings from this work will help to adjust the subsequent stages of the EBLS project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valdebenito
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aja Murray
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Hughes
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Adriana Băban
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Bernadette J Madrid
- Child Protection Unit, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Catherine Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Joseph Osafo
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Dunne
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Siham Sikander
- Global Health Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Susan P Walker
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Vo Van Thang
- Institute for Community Health Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Thừa Thiên-Huế, Viet Nam
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yulia Shenderovich
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marguerite Marlow
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Diana Taut
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Wolfowicz M, Litmanovitz Y, Weisburd D, Hasisi B. PROTOCOL: Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2020; 16:e1102. [PMID: 37131918 PMCID: PMC8356320 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This systematic review seeks to collate and synthesize putative risk and protective factors for the different outcomes of radicalization. Methodology Drawing on an established theoretical framework, we will categorize putative risk and protective factors as they relate to the domains of radical attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. We will utilize meta-analytic techniques to develop a rank-order of factors according to effect size. Meta-regression and sub-group analyses will be used to assess sources of heterogeneity. Implications The results of the review are intended to inform evidence-based policy in the areas of both assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolfowicz
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of LawThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount ScopusJerusalemIsrael
| | - Yael Litmanovitz
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of LawThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount ScopusJerusalemIsrael
| | - David Weisburd
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of LawThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount ScopusJerusalemIsrael
| | - Badi Hasisi
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of LawThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount ScopusJerusalemIsrael
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18
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Shenderovich Y, Cluver L, Eisner M, Murray AL. Moderators of treatment effects in a child maltreatment prevention programme in South Africa. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 106:104519. [PMID: 32485323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has found mixed results on whether the most disadvantaged families benefit as much as less disadvantaged families from parenting interventions designed to reduce child maltreatment, and little in known in low-income settings. OBJECTIVE In this study, we test the effects of child, caregiver, household, and community characteristics as treatment moderators of intervention outcomes - child maltreatment and parenting practices. We test characteristics previously examined elsewhere as well as factors relevant to the South African context. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This analysis includes adolescents (ages 10-18) and their caregivers (N = 552 pairs) who participated in a randomised trial of a parenting programme in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. METHODS Data from the caregiver and adolescent standardised questionnaires collected at baseline, post-test (1-month post-intervention), and follow-up (5-9 months) were analysed using longitudinal multilevel analyses. We tested seven hypothesised moderators for each of the primary outcomes through interactions of treatment effect with baseline moderators. RESULTS No moderator effects were statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons testing. Hence, in line with several recent studies examining moderation effects in parenting programmes, our study suggests that parenting interventions aiming to reduce child maltreatment and promote parenting skills in low- and middle-income countries may be similarly effective for families facing various levels of economic, social, and health risk factors. CONCLUSIONS It may be useful to explicitly power trials for testing moderator effects, study different types of moderators and use person-centred analyses to further understand variations in treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shenderovich
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, CB3 9DA, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, CB3 9DA, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, CB3 9DA, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Room F16, Psychology Building, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.
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Hughes N, Ungar M, Fagan A, Murray J, Atilola O, Nichols K, Garcia J, Kinner S. Health determinants of adolescent criminalisation. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:151-162. [PMID: 31956016 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several conditions related to health and development in adolescence can increase the risk that a young person will be exposed to the criminal justice system. Such determinants include neurodevelopmental disability, poor mental health, trauma, and experiences of maltreatment. Furthermore, the risk of exposure to the criminal justice system seems to be amplified by social marginalisation and inequality, such that young people are made susceptible to criminal behaviour and criminalisation by a combination of health difficulties and social disadvantages. This Review presents evidence on the health determinants of criminalisation among adolescents, providing a persuasive case for policy and practice reform, including for investment in approaches to prevent criminalisation on the basis of health and developmental difficulties, and to better address related needs once within a criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hughes
- Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael Ungar
- School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Abigail Fagan
- Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Olayinka Atilola
- College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kitty Nichols
- Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joana Garcia
- School of Social Work, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stuart Kinner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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20
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Murray J, Santos IS, Bertoldi AD, Murray L, Arteche A, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Cruz S, Anselmi L, Martins R, Altafim E, Soares TB, Andriotti MG, Gonzalez A, Oliveira I, da Silveira MF, Cooper P. The effects of two early parenting interventions on child aggression and risk for violence in Brazil (The PIÁ Trial): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:253. [PMID: 31046826 PMCID: PMC6498476 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are at high risk for exposure to violence and later violent behaviour. The World Health Organization has declared an urgent need for the evaluation and implementation of low-cost parenting interventions in LMICs to prevent violence. Two areas of significant early risk are harsh parenting and poor child cognitive and socio-emotional development. Parenting interventions suitable for LMIC contexts have been developed targeting these risk factors and have been shown to have promising effects. However, their impact on child aggression, a key precursor of violence, has yet to be determined. The Pelotas Trial of Parenting Interventions for Aggression (PIÁ) has been designed to address this issue. METHODS We are conducting a randomised controlled trial to evaluate two early parenting interventions for mothers of children aged between 30 and 42 months in a Brazilian city. The first of these, dialogic book-sharing (DBS), aims to promote child cognitive and socio-emotional development; and the second, the ACT Raising Safe Kids Program (ACT), is designed to reduce harsh parenting. These interventions are being compared with a control group receiving neither intervention. Three hundred and sixty-nine families in a birth cohort are being randomly allocated to one of the three groups (DBS, ACT, Control). Facilitators deliver the interventions to groups of five to 10 mothers at weekly sessions for 8 weeks in DBS and 9 weeks in ACT. Independent assessments of parenting and child development are being made before the interventions, shortly afterwards, and at follow-up 6 months later. The primary outcome is child aggression, and the two main secondary outcomes are: (1) child cognitive and socio-emotional development and (2) harsh parenting. Longer-term outcomes will be investigated as the birth cohort is followed into late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. DISCUSSION The Pelotas Trial of Parenting Interventions for Aggression (PIÁ) aims to evaluate the impact of two early parenting interventions on child aggression and several other key risk factors for the development of violence, including aspects of parenting and child cognition and socio-emotional functioning. The study is being carried out in a LMIC context where violence constitutes a major social and health burden. Since the two interventions are brief and, with modest levels of training, readily deliverable in LMIC settings, a demonstration that they benefit parenting and reduce risk factors for violence would be of major significance. TRIAL REGISTRATION Brazilian Ministry of Health Register of Clinical Trials, ID: RBR-2kwfsk . Registered on 6 June 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Iná S. Santos
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Andréa D. Bertoldi
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Lynne Murray
- University of Reading, Reading, UK
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adriane Arteche
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Suélen Cruz
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Luciana Anselmi
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Rafaela Martins
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Elisa Altafim
- Postgraduate Programme in Mental Health, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Isabel Oliveira
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | | | - Peter Cooper
- University of Reading, Reading, UK
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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