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Cortes S, Farhat E, Talarico G, Mennigen JA. The dynamic transcriptomic response of the goldfish brain under chronic hypoxia. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101233. [PMID: 38608489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential to fuel aerobic metabolism. Some species evolved mechanisms to tolerate periods of severe hypoxia and even anoxia in their environment. Among them, goldfish (Carassius auratus) are unique, in that they do not enter a comatose state under severely hypoxic conditions. There is thus significant interest in the field of comparative physiology to uncover the mechanistic basis underlying hypoxia tolerance in goldfish, with a particular focus on the brain. Taking advantage of the recently published and annotated goldfish genome, we profile the transcriptomic response of the goldfish brain under normoxic (21 kPa oxygen saturation) and, following gradual reduction, constant hypoxic conditions after 1 and 4 weeks (2.1 kPa oxygen saturation). In addition to analyzing differentially expressed protein-coding genes and enriched pathways, we also profile differentially expressed microRNAs (miRs). Using in silico approaches, we identify possible miR-mRNA relationships. Differentially expressed transcripts compared to normoxia were either common to both timepoints of hypoxia exposure (n = 174 mRNAs; n = 6 miRs), or exclusive to 1-week (n = 441 mRNAs; n = 23 miRs) or 4-week hypoxia exposure (n = 491 mRNAs; n = 34 miRs). Under chronic hypoxia, an increasing number of transcripts, including those of paralogous genes, was downregulated over time, suggesting a decrease in transcription. GO-terms related to the vascular system, oxidative stress, stress signalling, oxidoreductase activity, nucleotide- and intermediary metabolism, and mRNA posttranscriptional regulation were found to be enriched under chronic hypoxia. Known 'hypoxamiRs', such as miR-210-3p/5p, and miRs such as miR-29b-3p likely contribute to posttranscriptional regulation of these pathways under chronic hypoxia in the goldfish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cortes
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, K1N6N5 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - E Farhat
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, K1N6N5 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ggm Talarico
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, K1N6N5 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J A Mennigen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, K1N6N5 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Johansen A, Thiede B, Anonsen JH, Nilsson GE. Phosphoproteomic changes in response to anoxia are tissue-specific in the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp ( Carassius carassius). Front Physiol 2024; 15:1407834. [PMID: 38872833 PMCID: PMC11170284 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1407834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a freshwater fish, can survive chronic anoxia for several months at low temperatures. Consequently, anoxia-related physiological and biochemical adaptations in this species have been studied for more than half a century. Still, despite for the well-known role of protein phosphorylation in regulating cellular processes, no studies have comprehensively characterized the phosphoproteome in crucian carp. In this study, we report the global phosphoproteome in crucian carp brain and liver during anoxia and reoxygenation. By applying a bottom-up proteomic approach on enriched phosphopeptides we found that the brain phosphoproteome shows surprisingly few changes during anoxia-reoxygenation exposure with only 109 out of 4200 phosphopeptides being differentially changed compared to normoxic controls. By contrast, in the liver 395 out of 1287 phosphopeptides changed. Although most changes occurred in the liver phosphoproteome, the pattern of changes indicated metabolic depression and decreased translation in both brain and liver. We also found changes in phosphoproteins involved in apoptotic regulation and reactive oxygen species handling in both tissues. In the brain, some of the most changed phosphopeptides belonged to proteins involved in central nervous system development and neuronal activity at the synaptic cleft. Changed phosphoproteins specific for liver tissue were related to glucose metabolism, such as glycolytic flux and glycogenolysis. In conclusion, protein phosphorylation in response to anoxia and reoxygenation showed both common and tissue-specific changes related to the functional differences between brain and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Haug Anonsen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Research Centre AS, Climate and Environment Department, Stavanger, Norway
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Zhang Y, Qin C, Wang J, Yang L, Yan X, Zhi S, Nie G. Phosphofructokinase family genes in grass carp: Molecular identification and tissue-specific expression in response to glucose, insulin and glucagon. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 269:110898. [PMID: 37673204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that glucose serves as the primary energy source for organisms. However, fish exhibit persistent postprandial hyperglycemia and are thought to have low glucose tolerance. Glycolysis serves as the ubiquitous pathway for glucose catabolism, with phosphofructokinase (PFK) acting as a crucial rate-limiting enzyme in this process and playing an indispensable role. PFK is classified into three isoforms based on their major expression sites, i.e., PFKM (skeletal muscle type), PFKL (liver type) and PFKP (platelet type). In this study, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was used as animal model and the open reading frame (ORF) sequences of six PFK genetic isoforms of grass carp were cloned. Real-time PCR was used to detect its tissue distribution, and expression changes in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin and glucagon injection experiments. The results showed that the ORF of pfkla, pfklb, pfkma, pfkmb, pfkpa and pfkpb genes was 2343, 2340, 2355, 2331, 2364 and 2349 bp in length, respectively. The results of tissue distribution showed that pfkla and pfklb, homologous to mammalian pfkl, exhibited low expression levels in the liver of grass carp, but were expressed at the highest level in the brain. Muscle-type pfkma and pfkmb mRNA were found to be highly expressed in both red and white muscle, with pfkmb also exhibiting high expression levels in the heart, while platelet type pfkpa and pfkpb showed high mRNA abundances in the brain and heart. Oral glucose administration stimulated pfkma and pfkmb mRNA expression in the red muscle, and up-regulated pfklb mRNA levels in the liver at 3 h post treatment, but it suppressed liver-type and platelet-type PFK genes expression in the brain. The expression of pfkmb in white muscle and pfkmb and pfkpb in heart were promoted by insulin, whereas the expression of pfkla and pfkpb in the brain, pfkma and pfkmb in the red muscle, pfkma in the white muscle, and pfklb in the liver was suppressed by insulin. As for glucagon, it inhibited pfkma and pfkmb mRNA expression in the red muscle, as well as pfklb in the liver, but it up-regulated PFK genes expression in most tissues detected, such as brain (pfklb, pfkpa and pfkpb), white muscle (pfkma and pfkmb), liver (pfkla) and heart (pfkmb and pfkpb). Our results suggest that PFK family genes have different or even opposite expression patterns in response to glucose, insulin and glucagon stimulation in various tissues of grass carp, which may contribute to glucose intolerance in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
| | - Chaobin Qin
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
| | - Junli Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xiao Yan
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Shaoyang Zhi
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Guoxing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
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Epigenetic and post-transcriptional repression support metabolic suppression in chronically hypoxic goldfish. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5576. [PMID: 35368037 PMCID: PMC8976842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Goldfish enter a hypometabolic state to survive chronic hypoxia. We recently described tissue-specific contributions of membrane lipid composition remodeling and mitochondrial function to metabolic suppression across different goldfish tissues. However, the molecular and especially epigenetic foundations of hypoxia tolerance in goldfish under metabolic suppression are not well understood. Here we show that components of the molecular oxygen-sensing machinery are robustly activated across tissues irrespective of hypoxia duration. Induction of gene expression of enzymes involved in DNA methylation turnover and microRNA biogenesis suggest a role for epigenetic transcriptional and post-transcriptional suppression of gene expression in the hypoxia-acclimated brain. Conversely, mechanistic target of rapamycin-dependent translational machinery activity is not reduced in liver and white muscle, suggesting this pathway does not contribute to lowering cellular energy expenditure. Finally, molecular evidence supports previously reported chronic hypoxia-dependent changes in membrane cholesterol, lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function via changes in transcripts involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, β-oxidation, and mitochondrial fusion in multiple tissues. Overall, this study shows that chronic hypoxia robustly induces expression of oxygen-sensing machinery across tissues, induces repressive transcriptional and post-transcriptional epigenetic marks especially in the chronic hypoxia-acclimated brain and supports a role for membrane remodeling and mitochondrial function and dynamics in promoting metabolic suppression.
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Marandel L, Plagnes-Juan E, Marchand M, Callet T, Dias K, Terrier F, Père S, Vernier L, Panserat S, Rétaux S. Nutritional regulation of glucose metabolism-related genes in the emerging teleost model Mexican tetra surface fish: a first exploration. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191853. [PMID: 32257342 PMCID: PMC7062055 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Astyanax mexicanus has gained importance as a laboratory model organism for evolutionary biology. However, little is known about its intermediary metabolism, and feeding regimes remain variable between laboratories holding this species. We thus aimed to evaluate the intermediary metabolism response to nutritional status and to low (NC) or high (HC) carbohydrate diets in various organs of the surface-dwelling form of the species. As expected, glycaemia increased after feeding. Fish fed the HC diet had higher glycaemia than fish fed the NC diet, but without displaying hyperglycaemia, suggesting that carbohydrates are efficiently used as an energy source. At molecular level, only fasn (Fatty Acid Synthase) transcripts increased in tissues after refeeding, suggesting an activation of lipogenesis. On the other hand, we monitored only moderate changes in glucose-related transcripts. Most changes observed were related to the nutritional status, but not to the NC versus HC diet. Such a metabolic pattern is suggestive of an omnivorous-related metabolism, and this species, at least at adult stage, may adapt to a fish meal-substituted diet with high carbohydrate content and low protein supply. Investigation to identify molecular actors explaining the efficient use of such a diet should be pursued to deepen our knowledge on this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marandel
- INRAE, Université de Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Elisabeth Plagnes-Juan
- INRAE, Université de Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Michael Marchand
- INRAE, Université de Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Therese Callet
- INRAE, Université de Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Karine Dias
- INRAE, Université de Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Frederic Terrier
- INRAE, Université de Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Père
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Louise Vernier
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stephane Panserat
- INRAE, Université de Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Dean M, Hunt J, McDougall L, Rose J. Uterine glycogen metabolism in mink during estrus, embryonic diapause and pregnancy. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:438-46. [PMID: 25225159 PMCID: PMC4284318 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined uterine glycogen content, metabolizing enzyme expression and activity in the mink, a species that exhibits obligatory embryonic diapause, resulting in delayed implantation. Gross uterine glycogen concentrations were highest in estrus, decreased 50% by diapause and 90% in pregnancy (P ≤ 0.05). Endometrial glycogen deposits, which localized primarily to glandular and luminal epithelia, decreased 99% between estrus and diapause (P ≤ 0.05) and were nearly undetectable in pregnancy. Glycogen synthase and phosphorylase proteins were most abundant in the glandular epithelia. Glycogen phosphorylase activity (total) in uterine homogenates was higher during estrus and diapause, than pregnancy. While glycogen phosphorylase protein was detected during estrus and diapause, glycogen synthase was almost undetectable after estrus, which probably contributed to a higher glycogenolysis/glycogenesis ratio during diapause. Uterine glucose-6-phosphatase 3 gene expression was greater during diapause, when compared to estrus (P ≤ 0.05) and supports the hypothesis that glucose-6-phosphate resulting from phosphorylase activity was dephosphorylated in preparation for export into the uterine lumen. The relatively high amount of hexokinase-1 protein detected in the luminal epithelia during estrus and diapause may have contributed to glucose trapping after endometrial glycogen reserves were depleted. Collectively, our findings suggest to us that endometrial glycogen reserves may be an important source of energy, supporting uterine and conceptus metabolism up to the diapausing blastocyst stage. As a result, the size of uterine glycogen reserves accumulated prior to mating may in part, determine the number of embryos that survive to the blastocyst stage, and ultimately litter size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dean
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83201, USA
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Bolinger MT, Rodnick KJ. Differential effects of temperature and glucose on glycogenolytic enzymes in tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 171:26-33. [PMID: 24704523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathways and regulatory mechanisms of glycogenolysis remain relatively unexplored in non-mammalian vertebrates, especially poikilotherms. We studied the temperature sensitivity and inhibition of glycogenolytic enzymes in liver, ventricle, and white muscle of rainbow trout acclimated to 14 °C. Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and acid α-glucosidase (GAA) activities were measured in homogenates of tissues at physiological temperatures (4, 14, and 24 °C), and in the presence of allosteric inhibitor, glucose. Higher GP versus GAA activity in all three tissues suggested a predominance of phosphorolytic glycogenolysis over the lysosomal glucosidic pathway. GP activities at 14 °C were ~2-fold higher in the ventricle and white muscle versus the liver and selectively increased by AMP in striated muscle. Conversely, the activities of GAA and lysosomal marker acid phosphatase were 8- to 10-fold higher in the liver compared with the ventricle and white muscle. Thermal sensitivity (Q10) was increased for GP in all tissues below 14 °C and decreased in striated muscle in the absence of AMP above 14 °C. GAA had lower Q10 values than GP below 14 °C, and, unlike GP, Q10s for GAA were not different between tissues or affected by temperature. Both GP (in the absence of AMP) and GAA were inhibited by glucose in a dose-dependent manner, with the lowest IC50 values observed in the white muscle (1.4 and 6.3 mM, respectively). In conclusion, despite comparatively low kinetic potential, lysosomal GAA might facilitate glycogenolysis at colder body temperatures in striated muscle and intracellular glucose could limit phosphorolytic and glucosidic glycogenolysis in multiple tissues of the rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Bolinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209-8007, USA
| | - Kenneth J Rodnick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209-8007, USA.
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Mandic M, Speers-Roesch B, Richards JG. Hypoxia tolerance in sculpins is associated with high anaerobic enzyme activity in brain but not in liver or muscle. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 86:92-105. [PMID: 23303324 DOI: 10.1086/667938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We assessed hypoxia tolerance in 11 species of fish from the superfamily Cottoidea (commonly called sculpins) that are known to differ in their critical O(2) tensions (P(crit)) and examined whether hypoxia tolerance correlated with larger substrate stores and higher maximal activity of enzymes associated with anaerobic adenosine triphosphate production (especially glycolysis). Among the sculpins studied, there was large variation in time to loss of equilibrium (LOE(50)) at 6.4 ± 0.1 torr, with values ranging between 25 and 538 min, and the variation in LOE(50) was correlated with P(crit). Our measures of time to LOE(50) and P(crit) were regressed against maximal enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and citrate synthase (CS) as well as the concentrations of glycogen, glucose, and creatine phosphate in the brain, liver, and white muscle. In the brain, there was a phylogenetically independent relationship between P(crit) and tissue LDH, PK, CPK, and CS activities expressed relative to tissue mass. Hypoxia-tolerant sculpins (those with low P(crit) values) had higher levels of brain LDH, PK, CPK, and CS than did hypoxia-sensitive sculpins. Similarly, LOE(50) regressed against brain LDH, PK, and CPK activities expressed relative to tissue mass, with the more hypoxia-tolerant species (i.e., those with higher LOE(50)) having higher enzyme activities. However, when the phylogenetic relationship among our sculpins was taken into account, only the relationship between hypoxia tolerance and LDH activity remained significant. When enzyme activities were expressed relative to total soluble protein in the tissue, the only relationships that remained were between brain LDH activity and P(crit) and LOE(50). In liver and white muscle, there were no relationships between the measures of hypoxia tolerance and enzyme activity or metabolite content. Overall, our analysis suggests that hypoxia-tolerant sculpins maintain higher maximal activities of some of the enzymes involved in anaerobic metabolism in the brain, and this may be an adaptation to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Mandic
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Kumar S, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Subramanian S, Priyadarshi H, Kumar V. High dietary protein combats the stress of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to heat shock. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 37:1005-1019. [PMID: 21573753 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The amelioration effect of high dietary protein against stress was evaluated in Labeo rohita fingerlings, exposed to heat shock. Two hundred and forty fingerlings (6.57 ± 0.04 g, average weight ± SE) were randomly distributed into 4 treatment groups, each with 4 replicates was fed with either of four diets containing different levels of protein (20, 30, 40 or 45%). Water temperatures of all the treatments were within the range of 25.5-26.5°C throughout the experimental period of 30 days. After 30 days of feeding, fish were given heat shock by exposing to 38°C for 2 h. Heat shock significantly decreased (P < 0.05) liver glycogen content in treatment groups fed with 20 and 30% dietary protein, whereas unaffected in the 40 and 45% protein-fed groups. Heat shock significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum glucose and cortisol level in all the treatments. The 40 and 45% dietary protein-fed groups registered significantly higher survival (%) after the heat shock compared with their lower-protein counterparts. Heat shock increased the glycolytic, gluconeogenic, protein metabolic and antioxidative enzymes to cope up with thermal stress. Our results indicate that high-protein diet (≥40%) combats the stress due to heat shock in Labeo rohita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivendra Kumar
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rajendra Agricultural University, Madhopur, Bihar, India.
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Vornanen M, Haverinen J. Seasonality of glycogen phosphorylase activity in crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.). J Comp Physiol B 2011; 181:917-26. [PMID: 21512743 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in the activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), a rate-limiting enzyme of glycogen degradation, were examined in an anoxia-tolerant fish species, the crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.). In muscle and brain, the activity of GP remained constant throughout the year when tested at 25°C. In contrast, the activities of liver and heart GP displayed striking increases in summer. When seasonal temperature changes are taken into account, the activity of GP during the anoxic mid-winter is only 4-6% of its summer time activity in the muscle, heart and liver, and 13% in brain. In winter-acclimatized fish, experimental anoxia (1-6 weeks) caused sustained depression of the GP activity in heart and gills. In liver and muscle, a transient depression of GP activity occurred during the first week of anoxia but later GP activity recovered back to the normoxic level. GP of the brain was completely resistant to anoxia. In all studied tissues, the constitutive activity of GP is more than sufficient to degrade glycogen deposits during winter anoxia without anoxia-induced activation of GP. The seemingly paradoxical summer-time increase in the activity of liver and heart GP could be related to active life-style of the summer-acclimatized fish (growth, reproduction), the increased demand of energy and molecular precursors of anabolic metabolism being satisfied by preferential degradation of glycogen. The high glycogen content of winter-acclimatized crucian carp is not associated with the elevated GP activity or anoxic activation of GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Vornanen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
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de Fraga LS, da Silva RSM, Zancan DM. Control of carbohydrate metabolism in an anoxia-tolerant nervous system. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL GENETICS AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 313:539-547. [PMID: 20960558 DOI: 10.1002/jez.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anoxia-tolerant animal models are crucial to understand protective mechanisms during low oxygen excursions. As glycogen is the main fermentable fuel supporting energy production during oxygen tension reduction, understanding glycogen metabolism can provide important insights about processes involved in anoxia survival. In this report we studied carbohydrate metabolism regulation in the central nervous system (CNS) of an anoxia-tolerant land snail during experimental anoxia exposure and subsequent reoxygenation. Glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis from glucose, and the key enzymes of glycogen metabolism, glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP), were analyzed. When exposed to anoxia, the nervous ganglia of the snail achieved a sustained glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis levels, which seems important to maintain neural homeostasis. However, the activities of GS and GP were reduced, indicating a possible metabolic depression in the CNS. During the aerobic recovery period, the enzyme activities returned to basal values. The possible strategies used by Megalobulimus abbreviatus CNS to survive anoxia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Smith RW, Cash P, Ellefsen S, Nilsson GE. Proteomic changes in the crucian carp brain during exposure to anoxia. Proteomics 2009; 9:2217-29. [PMID: 19322784 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During exposure to anoxia, the crucian carp brain is able to maintain normal overall protein synthesis rates. However, it is not known if there are alterations in the synthesis or expression of specific proteins. This investigation addresses this issue by comparing the normoxic and anoxic brain proteome. Nine proteins were found to be reduced by anoxia. Reductions in the glycolytic pathway proteins creatine kinase, fructose biphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase reflect the reduced production and requirement for adenosine tri-phosphate during anoxia. In terms of neural protection, voltage-dependent anion channel, a protein associated with neuronal apoptosis, was reduced, along with gefiltin, a protein associated with the subsequent need for neuronal repair. Additionally the expression of proteins associated with neural degeneration and impaired cognitive function also declined; dihydropyrimidinase-like protein-3 and vesicle amine transport protein-1. One protein was found to be increased by anoxia; pre-proependymin, the precursor to ependymin. Ependymin fulfils multiple roles in neural plasticity, memory formation and learning, neuron growth and regeneration, and is able to reverse the possibility of apoptosis, thus further protecting the anoxic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smith
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Fish cover a large size range, from milligrams to tonnes, and many of them are regularly exposed to large variations in ambient oxygen levels. For more than half a century, there have been various, often divergent, claims regarding the effect of body size on hypoxia tolerance in fish. Here, we attempt to link old and new empirical data with the current understanding of the physiological mechanisms behind hypoxia tolerance. Three main conclusions are drawn: (1) body size per se has little or no impact on the ability to take up oxygen during hypoxic conditions, primarily because the respiratory surface area matches metabolic rate over a wide size range. If size-related differences are seen in the ability for oxygen uptake in a species, these are likely to reflect adaptation to different life-styles or habitat choice. (2) During severe hypoxia and anoxia, where fish have to rely on anaerobic ATP production (glycolysis) for survival, large individuals have a clear advantage over smaller ones, because small fish will run out of glycogen or reach lethal levels of anaerobic end-products (lactate and H(+)) much faster due to their higher mass-specific metabolic rate. (3) Those fish species that have evolved extreme adaptations to hypoxia, including haemoglobins with exceptionally high oxygen affinities and an alternative anaerobic end-product (ethanol), reveal that natural selection can be a much more powerful determinant of hypoxia tolerance than scaling of physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran E Nilsson
- Physiology Programme, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1041, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Lushchak VI, Bagnyukova TV, Lushchak OV, Storey JM, Storey KB. Diethyldithiocarbamate injection induces transient oxidative stress in goldfish tissues. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 170:1-8. [PMID: 17662702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of intraperitoneal injection of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) on free radical processes were examined in brain, liver and kidney of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Levels of oxidatively modified lipids and proteins as well as the activities of antioxidant and associated enzymes were measured. Intraperitoneal injection of DDC at a concentration of 0.01 mg/g wet mass decreased SOD activities by about 30-50% after 48 and 168 h compared to corresponding sham-injected values. This treatment resulted in transient oxidative stress. Lipid peroxide content increased after DDC injection at all time points in the kidney, after 48 h in the liver and was elevated in most experimental groups in the brain. Thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (end products of lipid peroxidation) rose within the first 48 h after injection, but returned to initial levels after 168 h. Two other indices of oxidative stress were also transiently modified: protein carbonyl levels in the brain and kidney increased 24h post-injection, and the low-molecular mass thiol content was reduced over the same period in all tissues examined. Activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase showed differential responses to DDC treatment that rebounded by 168 h post-injection. Glutathione peroxidase activities were reduced by 60, 45 and 65% in the brain, liver and kidney, respectively, after 24h but rebounded thereafter. After 48 h post-injection with DDC significant decreases were also seen in liver and kidney catalase, GST activities in all three tissues, and kidney GR and G6PDH activities. In some cases, catalase, GST, GR and G6PDH activities transiently increased after 24 h. It was concluded that DDC injection depleted SOD and simultaneously stimulated lipid peroxidation, but did not require compensatory enhancement of other enzymatic defenses. Different actions of the superoxide anion in cellular metabolism and possible consequences of the impairment of superoxide dismutase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry, Precarpathian National University Named After Vassyl Stefanyk, 57 Shevchenko Str, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
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17
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Martínez ML, Landry C, Boehm R, Manning S, Cheek AO, Rees BB. Effects of long-term hypoxia on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:3851-61. [PMID: 16985201 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to generate a comprehensive, multi-tissue perspective of the effects of chronic hypoxic exposure on carbohydrate metabolism in the Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis. Fish were held at approximately 1.3 mg l(-1) dissolved oxygen (approximately 3.6 kPa) for 4 weeks, after which maximal activities were measured for all glycolytic enzymes in four tissues (white skeletal muscle, liver, heart and brain), as well as for enzymes of glycogen metabolism (in muscle and liver) and gluconeogenesis (in liver). The specific activities of enzymes of glycolysis and glycogen metabolism were strongly suppressed by hypoxia in white skeletal muscle, which may reflect decreased energy demand in this tissue during chronic hypoxia. In contrast, several enzyme specific activities were higher in liver tissue after hypoxic exposure, suggesting increased capacity for carbohydrate metabolism. Hypoxic exposure affected fewer enzymes in heart and brain than in skeletal muscle and liver, and the changes were smaller in magnitude, perhaps due to preferential perfusion of heart and brain during hypoxia. The specific activities of some gluconeogenic enzymes increased in liver during long-term hypoxic exposure, which may be coupled to increased protein catabolism in skeletal muscle. These results demonstrate that when intact fish are subjected to prolonged hypoxia, enzyme activities respond in a tissue-specific fashion reflecting the balance of energetic demands, metabolic role and oxygen supply of particular tissues. Furthermore, within glycolysis, the effects of hypoxia varied among enzymes, rather than being uniformly distributed among pathway enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery L Martínez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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18
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Lushchak VI, Bagnyukova TV, Lushchak OV, Storey JM, Storey KB. Hypoxia and recovery perturb free radical processes and antioxidant potential in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissues. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1319-30. [PMID: 15778094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hypoxia exposure and subsequent normoxic recovery on the levels of lipid peroxides (LOOH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), carbonylproteins, total glutathione levels, and the activities of six antioxidant enzymes were measured in brain, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Hypoxia exposure (25% of normal oxygen level) for 5h generally decreased the levels of oxidative damage products, but in liver TBARS content were elevated. Hypoxia stimulated increases in the activities of catalase (by 1.7-fold) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (by 1.3-fold) in brain supporting the idea that anticipatory preparation takes place in order to deal with the oxidative stress that will occur during reoxygenation. In liver, only GPx activity was reduced under hypoxia and reoxygenation while other enzymes were unaffected. Kidney showed decreased activity of GPx under aerobic recovery but superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase responded with sharp increases in activities. Skeletal muscle showed minor changes with a reduction in GPx activity under hypoxia exposure and an increase in SOD activity under recovery. Responses by antioxidant defenses in carp organs appear to include preparatory increases during hypoxia by some antioxidant enzymes in brain but a more direct response to oxidative insult during recovery appears to trigger enzyme responses in kidney and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vassyl Stefanyk Precarpathian University, 57 Shevchenko Str., 76025 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
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19
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Sollid J, Kjernsli A, De Angelis PM, Røhr AK, Nilsson GE. Cell proliferation and gill morphology in anoxic crucian carp. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1196-201. [PMID: 15919732 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00267.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Is DNA replication/cell proliferation in vertebrates possible during anoxia? The oxygen dependence of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) could lead to a stop in DNA synthesis, thereby making anoxic DNA replication impossible. We have studied this question in an anoxia-tolerant vertebrate, the crucian carp (Carassius carassius), by examining 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels in the gills, intestinal crypts, and liver. We exposed crucian carp to 1 and 7 days of anoxia followed by 7 days of reoxygenation. There was a reduced incidence of S-phase cells (from 12.2 to 5.0%) in gills during anoxia, which coincided with a concomitant increase of G(0) cells. Anoxia also decreased the number of S-phase cells in intestine (from 8.1 to 1.8%). No change in the fraction of S-phase cells ( approximately 1%) in liver was found. Thus new S-phase cells after 7 days of anoxia were present in all tissues, revealing a considerable rate of DNA synthesis. Subsequently, the oxygen-dependent subunit of crucian carp RNR (RNRR2) was cloned. We found no differences in amino acids involved in radical generation and availability of the iron center compared with mouse, which could have explained reduced oxygen dependence. Furthermore, the amount of RNRR2 mRNA in gills did not decrease throughout anoxia exposure. These results indicate that crucian carp is able to sustain some cell proliferation in anoxia, possibly because RNRR2 retains its tyrosyl radical in anoxia, and that the replication machinery is still maintained. Although hypoxia triggers a 7.5-fold increase of respiratory surface area in crucian carp, this response was not triggered in anoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørund Sollid
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, PO Box 1041, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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20
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De Fraga LS, Da Silva RSM, Achaval M, Zancan DM. Carbohydrate metabolism in the central nervous system of the megalobulimus oblongus snail during anoxia exposure and post-anoxia recovery. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2004; 301:968-78. [PMID: 15562446 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of anoxic exposure and the post-anoxia aerobic recovery period on carbohydrate metabolism in the central nervous system (CNS) of the land snail Megalobulimus oblongus, an anoxia-tolerant land gastropod, were studied. The snails were exposed to anoxia for periods of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18, or 24 hr. In order to study the post-anoxia recovery phase, snails exposed to a 3-hr period of anoxia were returned to aerobic conditions for 1.5, 3, 6, or 15 hr. Glycogen and glucose concentrations in the CNS, hemolymph glucose concentration, and glycogen phosphorylase (active form, GPa) activity in the CNS were analyzed. Anoxia does not significantly affect the concentration of CNS glucose but induces hyperglycemia and a reduction of CNS GPa activity. The glycogen concentration was decreased at 12 hr of anoxia; however, by 18 and 24 hr in anoxia, the glycogen content was not significantly different from basal control values. During the post-anoxia period, the reduction in GPa activity and the increased hemolymph glucose concentration induced by anoxia returned to control values. These results suggest that the CNS of M. oblongus may use hemolymph glucose to fulfill the metabolic demands during anoxia. However, the hypothesis of tissue metabolic arrest cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano S De Fraga
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparada e Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia de Invertebrados, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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21
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Nikinmaa M. Oxygen-dependent cellular functions--why fishes and their aquatic environment are a prime choice of study. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 133:1-16. [PMID: 12160868 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the variability of oxygen tension in aquatic, especially the freshwater environment, oxygen has been a major force in the evolution of fishes. Their long evolutionary history, and the present different oxygen requirements between species, and acclimatory responses to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions make fishes prime models in the study of oxygen-dependent cellular functions and their regulation. In the present article oxygen-dependent membrane transport, cellular signalling, energy metabolism, gene expression and apoptosis are reviewed with an emphasis on available results on fish. Available data on oxygen sensing are described and examples on the cascade from sensing oxygen to its physiological effects are given. From the data it is clear that hitherto fish have not been utilised in the study of oxygen-dependent cellular regulation as much as their evolutionary history and present oxygen requirements would give possibilities to. Even more generally, oxygen has hitherto seldom been a carefully controlled key variable in experimental cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Nikinmaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014, Turku, Finland.
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22
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent research on the metabolic function of fish brain. Fish brain is isolated from the systemic circulation by a blood-brain barrier that allows the transport of glucose, monocarboxylates and amino acids. The limited information available in fishes suggests that oxidation of exogenous glucose and oxidative phosphorylation provide most of the ATP required for brain function in teleosts, whereas oxidation of ketones and amino acids occurs preferentially in elasmobranchs. In several agnathans and benthic teleosts brain glycogen levels rather than exogenous glucose may be the proximate glucose source for oxidation. In situations when glucose is in limited supply, teleost brains utilize other fuels such as lactate or ketones. Information on use of lipids and amino acids as fuels in fish brain is scarce. The main pathways of brain energy metabolism are changed by several effectors. Thus, several parameters of brain energy metabolism have been demonstrated to change post-prandially in teleostean fishes. The absence of food in teleosts elicits profound changes in brain energy metabolism (increased glycogenolysis and use of ketones) in a way similar to that demonstrated in mammals though delayed in time. Environmental factors induce changes in brain energy parameters in teleosts such as the enhancement of glycogenolysis elicited by pollutants, increased capacity for anaerobic glycolysis under hypoxia/anoxia or changes in substrate utilization elicited by adaptation to cold. Furthermore, several studies demonstrate effects of melatonin, insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, cortisol or catecholamines on energy parameters of teleost brain, although in most cases the results are quite preliminary being difficult to relate the effects of those hormones to physiological situations. The few studies performed with the different cell types available in the nervous system of fish allow us to hypothesize few functional relationships among those cells. Future research perspectives are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, E-36200, Vigo, Spain.
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23
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Gracey AY, Troll JV, Somero GN. Hypoxia-induced gene expression profiling in the euryoxic fish Gillichthys mirabilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1993-8. [PMID: 11172064 PMCID: PMC29370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is important in both biomedical and environmental contexts and necessitates rapid adaptive changes in metabolic organization. Mammals, as air breathers, have a limited capacity to withstand sustained exposure to hypoxia. By contrast, some aquatic animals, such as certain fishes, are routinely exposed and resistant to severe environmental hypoxia. Understanding the changes in gene expression in fishes exposed to hypoxic stress could reveal novel mechanisms of tolerance that may shed new light on hypoxia and ischemia in higher vertebrates. Using cDNA microarrays, we have studied gene expression in a hypoxia-tolerant burrow-dwelling goby fish, Gillichthys mirabilis. We show that a coherent picture of a complex transcriptional response can be generated for a nonmodel organism for which sequence data were unavailable. We demonstrate that: (i) although certain shifts in gene expression mirror changes in mammals, novel genes are differentially expressed in fish; and (ii) tissue-specific patterns of expression reflect the different metabolic roles of tissues during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Gracey
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950-3094, USA.
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24
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Fabbri E, Capuzzo A, Moon TW. The role of circulating catecholamines in the regulation of fish metabolism: an overview. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART C, PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY 1998; 120:177-92. [PMID: 9827031 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(98)10017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The physiological role of the catecholamines (CA), adrenaline and noradrenaline in fish has been frequently reviewed, but the metabolic consequences of these hormones have received less attention. The purpose of this review is to examine the recent literature dealing with CA actions on whole fish and tissue metabolism. The CA increase glucose production both in vivo and in vitro, at least in isolated hepatocytes. Although the data are less clear, lipid mobilization is also a consequence of elevated circulating CA. The difficulty with using the whole fish for such studies is that CA may alter other circulating hormone levels, CA turnover in the circulation quickly, and it is difficult to define precisely the tissue being affected. Much of our understanding is derived, therefore, from the study of isolated tissues, and especially the hepatocyte. Catecholamines stimulate both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes isolated from a large number of fish species. This review examines the steps involved in the signal transduction system, from the binding of CA to alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors to the ultimate effects of specific enzyme phosphorylation. Recent literature demonstrates that the complexity of the adrenoceptor system noted for mammals, also is expressed in fish. Adrenoceptor subtypes are specific to species, to tissues and to function of the tissues, and these issues are discussed especially as they are related to external and to internal stressors. Future research will pursue better definitions of the adrenoceptor systems, molecular biology of the components of these receptor systems and development of alternative cell models. There still remains a poor explanation of the reason for the diversity of adrenoceptor systems, and there are a number of fish systems that may provide unique opportunities to understand this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fabbri
- Department of Biology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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25
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Lushchak VI, Bahnjukova TV, Storey KB. Effect of hypoxia on the activity and binding of glycolytic and associated enzymes in sea scorpion tissues. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:1059-67. [PMID: 9777012 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of hypoxia on the levels of glycogen, glucose and lactate as well as the activities and binding of glycolytic and associated enzymes to subcellular structures was studied in brain, liver and white muscle of the teleost fish, Scorpaena porcus. Hypoxia exposure decreased glucose levels in liver from 2.53 to 1.70 mumol/g wet weight and in muscle led to its increase from 3.64 to 25.1 mumol/g wet weight. Maximal activities of several enzymes in brain were increased by hypoxia: hexokinase by 23%, phosphoglucoisomerase by 47% and phosphofructokinase (PFK) by 56%. However, activities of other enzymes in brain as well as enzymes in liver and white muscle were largely unchanged or decreased during experimental hypoxia. Glycolytic enzymes in all three tissues were partitioned between soluble and particulate-bound forms. In several cases, the percentage of bound enzymes was reduced during hypoxia; bound aldolase in brain was reduced from 36.4 to 30.3% whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase fell from 55.7 to 28.7% bound. In muscle PFK was reduced from 57.4 to 41.7% bound. Oppositely, the proportion of bound aldolase and triosephosphate isomerase increased in hypoxic muscle. Phosphoglucomutase did not appear to occur in a bound form in liver and bound phosphoglucomutase disappeared in muscle during hypoxia exposure. Anoxia exposure also led to the disappearance of bound fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in liver, whereas a bound fraction of this enzyme appeared in white muscle of anoxic animals. The possible function of reversible binding of glycolytic enzymes to subcellular structures as a regulatory mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Lushchak
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Ivano-Frankivsk State Medical Academy, Ukraine
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26
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Hylland P, Milton S, Pek M, Nilsson GE, Lutz PL. Brain Na+/K+-ATPase activity in two anoxia tolerant vertebrates: crucian carp and freshwater turtle. Neurosci Lett 1997; 235:89-92. [PMID: 9389603 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and freshwater turtles (Trachemys scripta) are among the very few vertebrates that can survive extended periods of anoxia. The major problem for an anoxic brain is energy deficiency. In the brain, the Na+/K+-ATPase is the single most ATP consuming enzyme, being responsible for maintaining ion gradients. We here show that the Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the turtle brain is reduced by 31% in telencephalon and by 34% in cerebellum after 24 h of anoxia. Both changes were reversed upon reoxygenation. By contrast, the Na+/K+-ATPase activities were maintained in the anoxic crucian carp brain. These results support the notion that crucian carp and turtles use divergent strategies for anoxic survival. The fall in Na+/K+-ATPase activities displayed by the turtle is likely to be related to the strong depression of brain electric and metabolic activity utilized as an anoxic survival strategy by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hylland
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
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27
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Abstract
The existence and the regulatory mechanisms of the Pasteur effect in facultative anaerobic metazoa are discussed. There are three reasons for the controversy surrounding this phenomenon. 1) The different definitions of the Pasteur effect, 2) the antagonistic effect of metabolic depression and its species specific response to hypoxia, as well as 3) the laboratory-specific differences in the experimental procedures for analyzing the Pasteur effect and its regulation. This review aims to clarify the confusion about the existence of the Pasteur effect in facultative anaerobic metazoa and to offer possible molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schmidt
- Institut für Tierphysiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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28
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Storey KB. Metabolic adaptations supporting anoxia tolerance in reptiles: recent advances. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 113:23-35. [PMID: 8936040 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)02043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal survival during severe hypoxia and/or anoxia is enhanced by a variety of biochemical adaptations including adaptations of fermentative pathways of energy production and, most importantly, the ability to sharply reduce metabolic rate by 5-20 fold and enter a hypometabolic state. The biochemical regulation of metabolic arrest is proving to have common molecular principles that extend across phylogenetic lines and that are conserved in different types of arrested states (not only anaerobiosis but also estivation, hibernation, etc.). Our new studies with anoxia-tolerant vertebrates have identified a variety of regulatory mechanisms involved in both metabolic rate depression and in the aerobic recovery process using as models the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta elegans and garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Mechanisms include: 1) post-translational modification of cellular and functional proteins by reversible phosphorylation and changes in protein kinase (PKA, PKC) and/or phosphatase activities to regulate this, 2) reversible enzyme binding associations with subcellular structural elements, 3) differential gene expression and/or mRNA translation producing new mRNA variants and new protein products, 4) changes in protease activity, particularly the multicatalytic proteinase complex, and 5) both constitutive and anoxia-induced modifications to cellular antioxidant systems to deal with oxidative stress during the anoxic-aerobic transition of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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29
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Lutz PL, Nilsson GE, Peréz-Pinzón MA. Anoxia tolerant animals from a neurobiological perspective. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 113:3-13. [PMID: 8936038 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)02046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the mechanisms for brain anoxia survival seen in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and a few species of freshwater turtle (Chrysemys and Trachemys species). Comparisons are made with the hypoxic tolerant mammalian neonate brain. In the anoxic tolerant species the basic strategy for anoxia survival appears to be the maintenance of ion gradients, and thereby the avoidance of anoxic depolarization. Important facilitating factors involve having huge glycogen stores, increased blood supply to the brain, the suppression of electrical activity, increased release of inhibitory neuromodulators and neurotransmitters, upregulation of inhibitory neuroreceptors, the down-regulation of excitatory ion conductance and the down-regulation of Ca2+ channels. By contrast, for the mammalian neonate the most important causes of its increased hypoxia tolerance may be just simple consequences of the comparatively undifferentiated state of the brain of the newborn, with its lower energy requirements, slower decline in ATP and lower excitability levels acting to delay depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Lutz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton 33141, U.S.A.
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30
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Chapter 4 Tissue carbohydrate metabolism, gluconeogenesis and hormonal and environmental influences. METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1873-0140(06)80007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Chapter 2 Oxygen availability: Brain defence mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1873-0140(06)80028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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Analysis of enzyme regulation via reversible phosphorylation and enzyme binding interactions with macromolecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-82033-4.50057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Cardiac Energy Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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34
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35
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Baanante I, Garcia de Frutos P, Bonamusa L, Fernandez F. Regulation of fish glycolysis—gluconeogenesis: role of fructose 2,6 P2 and PFK-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90077-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Foster GD, Moon TW. The role of glycogen phosphorylase in the regulation of glycogenolysis by insulin and glucagon in isolated eel (Anguilla rostrata) hepatocytes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 8:299-309. [PMID: 24220919 DOI: 10.1007/bf00003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of porcine, scombroid, and salmon insulins, and bovine and anglerfish glucagons on glycogen depletion and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activities were examined in freshly isolated American eel (Anguilla rostrata) hepatocytes. Eel liver GPase in crude homogenates was activated (increase in % GPase a) by phosphorylating conditions and was rapidly inactivated (less than 1 h) when a phosphatase inhibitor (fluoride) was absent. Caffeine inhibits, and AMP activates, the b form of GPase consistent with their effects on rat liver GPase. Both mammalian and fish glucagons increased glucose production in eel hepatocytes, but had more ambiguous effects on glycogen levels and GPase activities. The magnitude of bovine glucagon effects were dependent on the initial glycogen content of the cells; only at glycogen concentrations less than approximately 70 μmoles.g(-1) did glucagon significantly increase % GPase a. Anglerfish glucagon significantly increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentrations by 90% at 10(-7) M, but had no effects at 10(-9) M and 10(-8) M. Scombroid and salmon insulins maintained hepatocyte glycogen concentrations and decreased glucose production, with these effects more pronounced at low (10(-9) to 10(-8) M) rather than high (10(-7) M) hormone concentrations. Porcine and salmon insulins decreased total GPase and % GPase a activities, and salmon insulin decreased CAMP levels, but only at 10(-8) M (by 44%).Glycogen is, therefore, depleted by glucagon and maintained by insulin in freshly isolated American eel hepatocytes, and these changes are accomplished, at least in part, by changes in the activities of GPase. Changes in cAMP do not explain all of the observed hormone effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Foster
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Foster GD, Moon TW. Control of key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes by insulin and glucagon in freshly isolated hepatocytes of the Marine teleostHemitripterus americanus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402540109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Brooks SP, Storey KB. Phosphofructokinase from a vertebrate facultative anaerobe: effects of temperature and anoxia on the kinetic parameters of the purified enzyme from turtle white muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1037:161-4. [PMID: 2137714 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low temperature and anoxia were determined on phosphofructokinase (PFK) purified from white skeletal muscle of the freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta. These effects were assayed by comparing PFK kinetic constants measured at a high (20 degrees C) and low (6 degrees C) temperature using enzyme obtained from animals held under normoxic and anoxic conditions. When assayed at 20 degrees C, PFK from anoxic animals had a lower Ka for phosphate, a lower Ka for AMP and showed no inhibition with increasing concentrations of ATP (up to 10 mM) when compared to enzyme from normoxic animals. At 6 degrees C, anoxic enzyme had a higher Km for fructose 6-phosphate and a higher I50 value for citrate with respect to normoxic enzyme. Decreasing temperature also had a differential effect on PFK kinetic parameters depending on the source of the enzyme. When normoxic enzymes were compared at 20 and 6 degrees C, the enzyme measured at 6 degrees C showed a lower Km for ATP and a lower Ka for AMP. Comparison of anoxic enzymes at these two temperatures showed that anoxic PFK at 6 degrees C had a higher Ka for phosphate, a higher Ka for AMP, and a larger Hill coefficient. A comparison of maximal velocities at varying temperature showed that normoxic enzyme (Q10 = 2.22) was more temperature sensitive than the anoxic enzyme (Q10 = 1.80). It is possible to interconvert the normoxic and anoxic forms of PFK by incubating normoxic enzyme with the active subunit of protein kinase, suggesting that the kinetic changes observed during anoxia resulted from enzyme phosphorylation. These data are discussed with respect to the mechanisms underlying white muscle function during diving and hibernation in red-eared turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Brooks
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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García de Frutos P, Bonamusa L, Fernández F, Baanante IV. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in liver of Sparus aurata: influence of nutritional state. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 96:63-5. [PMID: 2142067 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90342-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (fru-2,6-P2) has been measured in liver and muscle of gilthead sea bream fish, Sparus aurata. 2. The fru-2,6-P2 levels in liver depend on the diet given to the fish: in fish fed a high carbohydrate diet, the fru-2,6-P2 levels are higher than any one previously reported. These changes are associated with differences in the phosphofructokinase 2 activity. 3. Fru-2,6-P2 levels has also been measured in liver of Sparus aurata after different fasting periods. In starved fish, fru-2,6-P2 did not decrease as sharply as in rat. The values found in fish starved for 20 days were similar to those reported for rats that had been starved for 24 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- P García de Frutos
- Unitat de Bioquimica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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ULTSCH GORDONR. ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HIBERNATION AND OVERWINTERING AMONG FRESHWATER FISHES, TURTLES, AND SNAKES. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1989.tb00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Foster GD, Storey KB, Moon TW. The regulation of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase by insulin and glucagon in isolated hepatocytes of the American eel. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989; 73:382-9. [PMID: 2538379 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic characteristics of American eel liver 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1) and the effects of porcine insulin, bovine glucagon, and dibutyryl-cAMP were studied. At 0.1 mM ATP, kinetics were sigmoidal with respect to fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P) concentrations and the S0.5 (F-6-P) increased with higher ATP concentrations. At 2 mM F-6-P, optimal ATP concentrations were 0.1 mM, with maximal inhibition at 0.5 mM. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) offset ATP inhibition and activated the enzyme, changing F-6-P kinetic curves from sigmoidal to hyperbolic. At 2 mM F-6-P and 0.1 mM ATP the Fru-2,6-P2 activation curve was hyperbolic with a Ka of approximately 1 microM. In isolated hepatocytes, porcine insulin decreased the sensitivity of PFK-1 to ATP, an effect that was offset when bovine glucagon was also present. Insulin, alone and with glucagon, increased the Fru-2,6-P2 activation ratio. In the presence of glucagon, insulin increased Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations in hepatocytes. These effects suggest that PFK-1 is a potential regulatory point for hormones in the control of carbohydrate metabolism in the American eel liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Foster
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Heath AG. Anaerobic and aerobic energy metabolism in brain and liver tissue from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402480203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Role of covalent modification in the control of glycolytic enzymes in response to environmental anoxia in goldfish. J Comp Physiol B 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00691013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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