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Guo Y, Liu Z, Feng S, Cai H, Zhang Q. Clinical Viability of an Active Spot Scanning Beam Delivery System With a Newly Developed Carbon-Ion Treatment Planning System. Adv Radiat Oncol 2024; 9:101503. [PMID: 38883996 PMCID: PMC11177064 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2024.101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although active spot scanning irradiation technique is theoretically superior to passive-scattered broad beam irradiation with respect to normal tissue sparing, corroborations of the clinical benefit of carbon-ion spot scanning have remained scarce. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and clinical implementation of an active spot scanning beam calculation algorithm in a homemade carbon-ion treatment planning system by comparing it with a conventional passive uniform scanning technique. Methods and Materials Carbon-ion plans were initially formulated using spot/uniform scanning methods in 22 participants enrolled in a prospective observational clinical trial. Subsequently, 2 additional plans were designed, resulting in 3 carbon-ion plans for each participant: uniform and spot scanning with miniridge filters of 2 mm and 4 mm, respectively. Results The findings revealed no significant differences in dose homogeneity; however, significant differences in dose conformity were found between the active and passive scanning plans. For dose drop-off outside the target volume, the average gradient index values were 1.94 (95% CI, 1.79%-2.09%), 1.87 (95% CI, 1.73%-2.01%), and 3.20 (95% CI, 2.80%-3.61%) for the miniridge filters of 2 mm and 4 mm, and uniform scanning plans, respectively. The pretreatment tumor volume was 124.7 cm3 (range, 54.2-234 cm3), and the average shrinkage observed was 38.4% (95% CI, 17.6%-59.4%). Seven participants experienced grade 1 acute toxicity, and 4 experienced grade 2 acute toxicity. However, none of the patients developed grade 3 acute toxicity. Conclusions Increasing evidence suggests that potential clinical advantages of spot scanning delivery underlie its technical characteristics. As one among the few institutions currently using carbon-ion radiation therapy, the investigation also provides promising safety and efficacy outcomes from the initial groups of treated participants, thereby contributing to the established clinical evidence supporting the effectiveness and superiority of carbon-ion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Shifang Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiuning Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
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Hoegen-Saßmannshausen P, Naumann P, Hoffmeister-Wittmann P, Ben Harrabi S, Seidensaal K, Weykamp F, Mielke T, Ellerbrock M, Habermehl D, Springfeld C, Dill MT, Longerich T, Schirmacher P, Mehrabi A, Chang DH, Hörner-Rieber J, Jäkel O, Haberer T, Combs SE, Debus J, Herfarth K, Liermann J. Carbon ion radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma provides excellent local control: The prospective phase I PROMETHEUS trial. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:101063. [PMID: 38737600 PMCID: PMC11087711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2024.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be treated by stereotactic body radiotherapy. However, carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is more effective for sparing non-tumorous liver. High linear energy transfer could promote therapy efficacy. Japanese and Chinese studies on hypofractionated CIRT have yielded excellent results. Because of different radiobiological models and the different etiological spectrum of HCC, applicability of these results to European cohorts and centers remains questionable. The aim of this prospective study was to assess safety and efficacy and to determine the optimal dose of CIRT with active raster scanning based on the local effect model (LEM) I. Methods CIRT was performed every other day in four fractions with relative biological effectiveness (RBE)-weighted fraction doses of 8.1-10.5 Gy (total doses 32.4-42.0 Gy [RBE]). Dose escalation was performed in five dose levels with at least three patients each. The primary endpoint was acute toxicity after 4 weeks. Results Twenty patients received CIRT (median age 74.7 years, n = 16 with liver cirrhosis, Child-Pugh scores [CP] A5 [n = 10], A6 [n = 4], B8 [n = 1], and B9 [n = 1]). Median follow up was 23 months. No dose-limiting toxicities and no toxicities exceeding grade II occurred, except one grade III gamma-glutamyltransferase elevation 12 months after CIRT, synchronous to out-of-field hepatic progression. During 12 months after CIRT, no CP elevation occurred. The highest dose level could be applied safely. No local recurrence developed during follow up. The objective response rate was 80%. Median overall survival was 30.8 months (1/2/3 years: 75%/64%/22%). Median progression-free survival was 20.9 months (1/2/3 years: 59%/43%/43%). Intrahepatic progression outside of the CIRT target volume was the most frequent pattern of progression. Conclusions CIRT of HCC yields excellent local control without dose-limiting toxicity. Impact and implications To date, safety and efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma have only been evaluated prospectively in Japanese and Chinese studies. The optimal dose and fractionation when using the local effect model for radiotherapy planning are unknown. The results are of particular interest for European and American particle therapy centers, but also of relevance for all specialists involved in the treatment and care of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, as we present the first prospective data on carbon ion radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma outside of Asia. The excellent local control should encourage further use of carbon ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and design of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Trials Registration The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01167374).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hoegen-Saßmannshausen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Naumann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Xcare Praxis für Strahlentherapie, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Paula Hoffmeister-Wittmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Semi Ben Harrabi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Seidensaal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Weykamp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Mielke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malte Ellerbrock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Habermehl
- Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Klinik Gießen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christoph Springfeld
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael T. Dill
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Intoxication, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Experimental Hepatology, Inflammation and Cancer Research Group, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - De-Hua Chang
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Hörner-Rieber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Jäkel
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haberer
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie E. Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Herfarth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Liermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Liu CW, Kolano AM, Gray T, Stephans KL, Videtic GMM, Farr JB, Xia P. Cyclotron and linear accelerator generated scanning proton beams for lung cancer SBRT: Interplay effects and mitigations. Med Phys 2024; 51:3985-3994. [PMID: 38683935 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy for moving targets is known to be impacted by interplay effects between the scanning beam and organ motion. While respiratory motion in the thoracic region is the major cause for organ motion, interplay effects depend on the delivery characteristics of proton accelerators. PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of different types of PBS proton accelerators and spot sizes on interplay effects, mitigations, and plan quality for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Twenty NSCLC patients treated with photon SBRT were selected to represent varying tumor volumes and respiratory motion amplitudes (median: 0.6 cm with abdominal compression) for this retrospective study. For each patient, plans were created using: (1) cyclotron-generated proton beams (CPB) with spot sizes of σ = 2.7-7.0 mm; (2) linear accelerator proton beams (LPB) (σ = 2.9-5.5 mm); and (3) linear accelerator proton minibeams (LPMB) (σ = 0.9-3.9 mm). The energy switching time is one second for CPB, and 0.005 s for LPMB and LPB. Plans were robustly optimized on the gross tumor volume (GTV) using each individual phase of four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scans. Initially, single-field optimization (SFO) plans were evaluated; if the plan quality did not meet the dosimetric requirement, multi-field optimization (MFO) was used. MFO plans were created for all patients for comparisons. For each patient, all plans were normalized to have the same dose received by 99% of the GTV. Interplay effects were evaluated by computing the dose on 10 breathing phases, based on the spot distribution. Volumetric repainting (VR) was performed 2-6 times for each plan. We compared volume receiving 100% of the prescribed dose (V100%RX) of the GTV, and normal lung V20Gy. RESULTS Twelve of 20 plans can be optimized sufficiently with SFO. SFO plans were less sensitive to the interplay effect compared to MFO plans in terms of target coverage for both LPB and LPMB. The following comparisons showed results utilizing the MFO technique. In the interplay evaluation without repainting, the mean V100%RX of the GTV were 99.42 ± 0.6%, 97.52 ± 3.9%, and 94.49 ± 7.3% for CPB, LPB, and LPMB plans, respectively. Following VR (2 × for CPB; 3 × for LPB; 5 × for LPMB), V100%RX of the GTV were improved (on average) by 0.13%, 1.84%, and 4.63%, respectively, achieving the acceptance criteria of V100%RX > 95%. Because of fast energy switch in linear accelerator proton machines, the delivery time for VR plans was the lowest for LPB plans, while delivery time for LPMB was on average 1 min longer than CPB plans. The advantage of small spot machines was better sparing in normal lung V20Gy, even when VR was applied. CONCLUSION In the absence of repainting, proton machines with large spot sizes generated more robust plans against interplay effects. The number of VR increased with decreasing spot sizes to achieve the acceptance criteria. VR improved the plan robustness against interplay effects for modalities with small spot sizes and fast energy changes, preserving the low dose sparing aspect of the LPMB, even when motion is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Wen Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna M Kolano
- Applications of Detectors and Accelerators to Medicine (ADAM) SA, Meyrin, Switzerland
- Advanced Oncotherapy (AVO) plc, London, UK
| | - Tara Gray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin L Stephans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory M M Videtic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan B Farr
- Applications of Detectors and Accelerators to Medicine (ADAM) SA, Meyrin, Switzerland
- Advanced Oncotherapy (AVO) plc, London, UK
| | - Ping Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Tominaga Y, Suga M, Takeda M, Yamamoto Y, Akagi T, Kato T, Tokumaru S, Yamamoto M, Oita M. Comparing interplay effects in scanned proton therapy of lung cancer: Free breathing with various layer and volume rescanning versus respiratory gating with different gate widths. Phys Med 2024; 120:103323. [PMID: 38461635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2024.103323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated interplay effects and treatment time (TT) in scanned proton therapy for lung cancer patients. We compared free-breathing (FB) approaches with multiple rescanning strategies and respiratory-gating (RG) methods with various gating widths to identify the superior irradiation technique. METHODS Plans were created with 4/1, 2/2, and 1/4 layered/volume rescans of FB (L4V1, L2V2, and L1V4), and 50%, 30%, and 10% gating widths of the total respiratory curves (G50, G30, and G10) of the RG plans with L4V1. We calculated 4-dimensional dynamic doses assuming a constant sinusoidal curve for six irradiation methods. The reconstructed doses per fraction were compared with planned doses in terms of dose differences in 99% clinical-target-volume (CTV) (ΔD99%), near-maximum dose differences (ΔD2%) at organs-at-risk (OARs), and TT. RESULTS The mean/minimum CTV ΔD99% values for FB were -1.0%/-4.9%, -0.8%/-4.3%, and -0.1%/-1.0% for L4V1, L2V2, and L1V4, respectively. Those for RG were -0.3%/-1.7%, -0.1%/-1.0%, and 0.0%/-0.5% for G50, G30, and G10, respectively. The CTV ΔD99% of the RGs with less than 50% gate width and the FBs of L1V4 were within the desired tolerance (±3.0%), and the OARs ΔD2% for RG were lower than those for FB. The mean TTs were 90, 326, 824, 158, 203, and 422 s for L4V1, L2V2, L1V4, G50, G30, and G10, respectively. CONCLUSIONS FB (L4V1) is the most efficient treatment, but not necessarily the optimal choice due to interplay effects. To satisfy both TT extensions and interplay, RG with a gate width as large as possible within safety limits is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tominaga
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical Co. Hakuhokai, Osaka Proton Therapy Clinic, 27-9 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
| | - Masaki Suga
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, 1-2-1, Kouto, Shingucho, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Mikuni Takeda
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, 1-2-1, Kouto, Shingucho, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, 1-2-1, Kouto, Shingucho, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Takashi Akagi
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Support, 1-2-1, Kouto, Shingucho, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kato
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; Department of Radiation Physics and Technology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Fukushima 172, Yatsuyamada 7 Chome, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8052, Japan
| | - Sunao Tokumaru
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, 1-2-1, Kouto, Shingucho, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Michinori Yamamoto
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical Co. Hakuhokai, Osaka Proton Therapy Clinic, 27-9 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Masataka Oita
- Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Belikhin M, Shemyakov A, Chernyaev A, Pryanichnikov A. Dosimetric Evaluation of Target Motion Effects in Spot-Scanning Proton Therapy: A Phantom Study. Int J Part Ther 2024; 11:100013. [PMID: 38757083 PMCID: PMC11095096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpt.2024.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate intrafractional motion effects as a function of peak-to-peak motion and period during single-field, single-fraction and single-field, multifraction irradiation of the moving target in spot-scanning proton therapy. Materials and Methods An in-house dynamic phantom was used to simulate peak-to-peak motion of 5, 10, and 20 mm with periods of 2, 4, and 8 seconds. The dose distribution in the moving target was measured using radiochromic films. During the perpendicular motion, the film was fixed and moved perpendicular to the beam direction without changing the water equivalent thickness (WET). During longitudinal motion, the film was fixed and moved along the beam direction, causing a change in WET. Gamma index analysis was used with criteria of 3%/3 mm and 3%/2 mm to analyze the dose distributions. Results For single-fraction irradiation, varying the period did not result in a significant difference in any of the metrics used (P > .05), except for the local dose within the planning target volume (P < .001). In contrast, varying peak-to-peak motion was significant (P < .001) for all metrics except for the mean planning target volume dose (P ≈ .88) and the local dose (P ≈ .47). The perpendicular motion caused a greater decrease in gamma passing rate (3%/3 mm) than WET variations (65% ± 5% vs 85% ± 4%) at 20 mm peak-to-peak motion. Conclusion The implementation of multifraction irradiation allowed to reduce hot and cold spots but did not reduce dose blurring. The motion threshold varied from 7 to 11 mm and depended on the number of fractions, the type of motion, the acceptance criteria, and the calculation method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Belikhin
- JSC Protom, Protvino, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Alexander Pryanichnikov
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Knäusl B, Belotti G, Bertholet J, Daartz J, Flampouri S, Hoogeman M, Knopf AC, Lin H, Moerman A, Paganelli C, Rucinski A, Schulte R, Shimizu S, Stützer K, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Czerska K. A review of the clinical introduction of 4D particle therapy research concepts. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2024; 29:100535. [PMID: 38298885 PMCID: PMC10828898 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2024.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Many 4D particle therapy research concepts have been recently translated into clinics, however, remaining substantial differences depend on the indication and institute-related aspects. This work aims to summarise current state-of-the-art 4D particle therapy technology and outline a roadmap for future research and developments. Material and methods This review focused on the clinical implementation of 4D approaches for imaging, treatment planning, delivery and evaluation based on the 2021 and 2022 4D Treatment Workshops for Particle Therapy as well as a review of the most recent surveys, guidelines and scientific papers dedicated to this topic. Results Available technological capabilities for motion surveillance and compensation determined the course of each 4D particle treatment. 4D motion management, delivery techniques and strategies including imaging were diverse and depended on many factors. These included aspects of motion amplitude, tumour location, as well as accelerator technology driving the necessity of centre-specific dosimetric validation. Novel methodologies for X-ray based image processing and MRI for real-time tumour tracking and motion management were shown to have a large potential for online and offline adaptation schemes compensating for potential anatomical changes over the treatment course. The latest research developments were dominated by particle imaging, artificial intelligence methods and FLASH adding another level of complexity but also opportunities in the context of 4D treatments. Conclusion This review showed that the rapid technological advances in radiation oncology together with the available intrafractional motion management and adaptive strategies paved the way towards clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knäusl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Belotti
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jenny Bertholet
- Division of Medical Radiation Physics and Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Daartz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mischa Hoogeman
- Department of Medical Physics & Informatics, HollandPTC, Delft, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Radiotherapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antje C Knopf
- Institut für Medizintechnik und Medizininformatik Hochschule für Life Sciences FHNW, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Haibo Lin
- New York Proton Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Astrid Moerman
- Department of Medical Physics & Informatics, HollandPTC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Paganelli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antoni Rucinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Reinhard Schulte
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University
| | - Shing Shimizu
- Department of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kristin Stützer
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology – OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Czerska
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Stengl C, Panow K, Arbes E, Muñoz ID, Christensen JB, Neelsen C, Dinkel F, Weidner A, Runz A, Johnen W, Liermann J, Echner G, Vedelago J, Jäkel O. A phantom to simulate organ motion and its effect on dose distribution in carbon ion therapy for pancreatic cancer. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:245013. [PMID: 37918022 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Carbon ion radiotherapy is a promising radiation technique for malignancies like pancreatic cancer. However, organs' motion imposes challenges for achieving homogeneous dose delivery. In this study, an anthropomorphicPancreasPhantom forIon-beamTherapy (PPIeT) was developed to simulate breathing and gastrointestinal motion during radiotherapy.Approach. The developed phantom contains a pancreas, two kidneys, a duodenum, a spine and a spinal cord. The shell of the organs was 3D printed and filled with agarose-based mixtures. Hounsfield Units (HU) of PPIeTs' organs were measured by CT. The pancreas motion amplitude in cranial-caudal (CC) direction was evaluated from patients' 4D CT data. Motions within the obtained range were simulated and analyzed in PPIeT using MRI. Additionally, GI motion was mimicked by changing the volume of the duodenum and quantified by MRI. A patient-like treatment plan was calculated for carbon ions, and the phantom was irradiated in a static and moving condition. Dose measurements in the organs were performed using an ionization chamber and dosimetric films.Main results. PPIeT presented tissue equivalent HU and reproducible breathing-induced CC displacements of the pancreas between (3.98 ± 0.36) mm and a maximum of (18.19 ± 0.44) mm. The observed maximum change in distance of (14.28 ± 0.12) mm between pancreas and duodenum was consistent with findings in patients. Carbon ion irradiation revealed homogenous coverage of the virtual tumor at the pancreas in static condition with a 1% deviation from the treatment plan. Instead, the dose delivery during motion with the maximum amplitude yielded an underdosage of 21% at the target and an increased uncertainty by two orders of magnitude.Significance. A dedicated phantom was designed and developed for breathing motion assessment of dose deposition during carbon ion radiotherapy. PPIeT is a unique tool for dose verification in the pancreas and its organs at risk during end-to-end tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stengl
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Panow
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric Arbes
- Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Iván D Muñoz
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Jeppe B Christensen
- Department of Radiation Safety and Security, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Christian Neelsen
- Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin D-10117, Germany
| | - Fabian Dinkel
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Artur Weidner
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Armin Runz
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wibke Johnen
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Liermann
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gernot Echner
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - José Vedelago
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Oliver Jäkel
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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8
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Actis O, Mayor A, Meer D, Rechsteiner U, Bolsi A, Lomax AJ, Weber DC. A bi-directional beam-line energy ramping for efficient patient treatment with scanned proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:175001. [PMID: 37506707 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acebb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective.The treatment of mobile tumours using Pencil Beam Scanning (PBS) has become more prevalent in the last decade. However, to achieve the same beam delivery quality as for static tumours, treatments have to be combined with motion mitigation techniques, not limited but including, breath hold, gating and re-scanning, which typically prolong treatment time. In this article we present a novel method of bi-directional energy modulation and demonstrate our initial experience in improvement of treatment efficiency. Approach.At Paul Scherrer Institute Gantry 2 mobile tumours are treated by combining PBS with gating and volumetric re-scanning (VR), where the target volume is irradiated multiple times. Initial implementation of VR used only descending beam energies, creating a substantial dead time due to the beam-line initialization (ramping) before each re-scan. In 2019 we commissioned an energy meandering strategy that allows us to avoid beam line ramping in-between energy series while maintaining beam delivery quality.Main results.The measured beam parameters difference for both energy sequence are in the order of the typical daily variations: 0.2 mm in beam position and 0.2 mm in range. Using machine log files, we performed point-to-point dose difference calculations between original and new applications where we observed dose differences of less than 2%. After three years of operation employing bi-directional energy modulation, we have analysed the individual beam delivery time for 181 patients and have compared this to simulations of the timing behaviour assuming uni-directional energy sequence application. Depending on treatment complexity, we obtained plan delivery time reductions of up to 55%, with a median time gain of 17% for all types of treatments.Significance. Bi-directional energy modulation can help improving patient treatment efficiency by reducing delivery times especially for complex and specialised irradiations. It could be implemented in many existing facilities without significant additional hardware upgrades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Actis
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Mayor
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
| | - David Meer
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
| | - Urs Rechsteiner
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
| | | | - Antony John Lomax
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Damien Charles Weber
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
- University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
- University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Belikhin M, Pryanichnikov A, Balakin V, Shemyakov A, Zhogolev P, Chernyaev A. High-speed low-noise optical respiratory monitoring for spot scanning proton therapy. Phys Med 2023; 112:102612. [PMID: 37329740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate a novel optical markerless respiratory sensor for surface guided spot scanning proton therapy and to measure its main technical characteristics. METHODS The main characteristics of the respiratory sensor including sensitivity, linearity, noise, signal-to-noise, and time delay were measured using a dynamic phantom and electrical measuring equipment on a laboratory stand. The respiratory signals of free breathing and deep-inspiration breath-hold patterns were acquired for various distances with a volunteer. A comparative analysis of this sensor with existing commercially available and experimental respiratory monitoring systems was carried out based on several criteria including principle of operation, patient contact, application to proton therapy, distance range, accuracy (noise, signal-to-noise ratio), and time delay (sampling rate). RESULTS The sensor provides optical respiratory monitoring of the chest surface over a distance range of 0.4-1.2 m with the RMS noise of 0.03-0.60 mm, SNR of 40-15 dB (for motion with peak-to-peak of 10 mm), and time delay of 1.2 ± 0.2 ms. CONCLUSIONS The investigated optical respiratory sensor was found to be appropriate to use in surface guided spot scanning proton therapy. This sensor combined with a fast respiratory signal processing algorithm may provide accurate beam control and a fast response in patients' irregular breathing movements. A careful study of correlation between the respiratory signal and 4DCT data of tumor position will be required before clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Belikhin
- JSC Protom., Protvino 142281, Russian Federation; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander Pryanichnikov
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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10
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Spautz S, Haase L, Tschiche M, Makocki S, Richter C, Troost EG, Stützer K. Comparison of 3D and 4D robustly optimized proton treatment plans for non-small cell lung cancer patients with tumour motion amplitudes larger than 5 mm. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2023; 27:100465. [PMID: 37449022 PMCID: PMC10338142 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2023.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose There is no consensus about an ideal robust optimization (RO) strategy for proton therapy of targets with large intrafractional motion. We investigated the plan robustness of 3D and different 4D RO strategies. Materials and methods For eight non-small cell lung cancer patients with clinical target volume (CTV) motion >5 mm, different RO approaches were investigated: 3DRO considering the average CT (AvgCT) with a target density override, 4DRO considering three/all 4DCT phases, and 4DRO considering the AvgCT and three/all 4DCT phases. Robustness against setup/range errors, interplay effects based on breathing and machine log file data for deliveries with/without rescanning, and interfractional anatomical changes were analyzed for target coverage and OAR sparing. Results All nominal plans fulfilled the clinical requirements with individual CTV coverage differences <2pp; 4DRO without AvgCT generated the most conformal dose distributions. Robustness against setup/range errors was best for 4DRO with AvgCT (18% more passed error scenarios than 3DRO). Interplay effects caused fraction-wise median CTV coverage loss of 3pp and missed maximum dose constraints for heart and esophagus in 18% of scenarios. CTV coverage and OAR sparing fulfilled requirements in all cases when accumulating four interplay scenarios. Interfractional changes caused less target misses for RO with AvgCT compared to 4DRO without AvgCT (≤42%/33% vs. ≥56%/44% failed single/accumulated scenarios). Conclusions All RO strategies provided acceptable plans with equally low robustness against interplay effects demanding other mitigation than rescanning to ensure fraction-wise target coverage. 4DRO considering three phases and the AvgCT provided best compromise on planning effort and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Spautz
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Fetscherstraße 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Leon Haase
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Fetscherstraße 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Tschiche
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, PF 50, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Makocki
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, PF 50, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Fetscherstraße 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, PF 50, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology – OncoRay, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69192 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther G.C. Troost
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Fetscherstraße 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, PF 50, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology – OncoRay, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69192 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and; Helmholtz Association / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69192 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Stützer
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Fetscherstraße 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology – OncoRay, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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11
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Tryggestad E, Li H, Rong Y. 4DCT is long overdue for improvement. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023; 24:e13933. [PMID: 36866617 PMCID: PMC10113694 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Tryggestad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Rong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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12
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Hong Z, Zhang W, Cai X, Yu Z, Sun J, Wang W, Lin L, Zhao J, Cheng J, Zhang G, Zhang Q, Jiang G, Wang Z. Carbon ion radiotherapy with pencil beam scanning for hepatocellular carcinoma: Long-term outcomes from a phase I trial. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:976-983. [PMID: 36310409 PMCID: PMC9986066 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the feasibility of the pencil beam scanning technique of carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) in the setting of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and establishes the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) calculated by the Local Effect Model version I (LEM-I) with a dose escalation plan. The escalated relative biological effectiveness-weighted dose levels included 55, 60, 65, and 70 Gy in 10 fractions. Active motion management techniques were employed, and several measures were applied to mitigate the interplay effect induced by a moving target. CIRT was planned with the LEM-I-based treatment planning system and delivered by raster scanning. Offline PET/CT imaging was used to verify the beam range. Offline adaptive replanning was performed whenever required. Twenty-three patients with a median tumor size of 4.3 cm (range, 1.7-8.5 cm) were enrolled in the present study. The median follow-up time was 56.1 months (range, 5.7-74.4 months). No dose limiting toxicity was observed until 70 Gy, and MTD had not been reached. No patients experienced radiation-induced liver disease within 6 months after the completion of CIRT. The overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 91.3%, 81.9%, and 67.1% after CIRT, respectively. The local progression-free survival and progression-free survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 100%, 94.4%, and 94.4% and 73.6%, 59.2%, and 37.0%, respectively. The raster scanning technique could be used to treat HCC. However, caution should be exercised to mitigate the interplay effect. CIRT up to 70 Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks was safe and effective for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshan Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lienchun Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoliang Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
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13
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Duetschler A, Prendi J, Safai S, Weber DC, Lomax AJ, Zhang Y. Limitations of phase-sorting based pencil beam scanned 4D proton dose calculations under irregular motion. Phys Med Biol 2022; 68. [PMID: 36571234 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca9b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.4D dose calculation (4DDC) for pencil beam scanned (PBS) proton therapy is typically based on phase-sorting of individual pencil beams onto phases of a single breathing cycle 4DCT. Understanding the dosimetric limitations and uncertainties of this approach is essential, especially for the realistic treatment scenario with irregular free breathing motion.Approach.For three liver and three lung cancer patient CTs, the deformable multi-cycle motion from 4DMRIs was used to generate six synthetic 4DCT(MRI)s, providing irregular motion (11/15 cycles for liver/lung; tumor amplitudes ∼4-18 mm). 4DDCs for two-field plans were performed, with the temporal resolution of the pencil beam delivery (4-200 ms) or with 8 phases per breathing cycle (500-1000 ms). For the phase-sorting approach, the tumor center motion was used to determine the phase assignment of each spot. The dose was calculated either using the full free breathing motion or individually repeating each single cycle. Additionally, the use of an irregular surrogate signal prior to 4DDC on a repeated cycle was simulated. The CTV volume with absolute dose differences >5% (Vdosediff>5%) and differences in CTVV95%andD5%-D95%compared to the free breathing scenario were evaluated.Main results.Compared to 4DDC considering the full free breathing motion with finer spot-wise temporal resolution, 4DDC based on a repeated single 4DCT resulted inVdosediff>5%of on average 34%, which resulted in an overestimation ofV95%up to 24%. However, surrogate based phase-sorting prior to 4DDC on a single cycle 4DCT, reduced the averageVdosediff>5%to 16% (overestimationV95%up to 19%). The 4DDC results were greatly influenced by the choice of reference cycle (Vdosediff>5%up to 55%) and differences due to temporal resolution were much smaller (Vdosediff>5%up to 10%).Significance.It is important to properly consider motion irregularity in 4D dosimetric evaluations of PBS proton treatments, as 4DDC based on a single 4DCT can lead to an underestimation of motion effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Duetschler
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, CH, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, CH, Switzerland
| | - J Prendi
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, CH, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, CH, Switzerland
| | - S Safai
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, CH, Switzerland
| | - D C Weber
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, CH, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, CH, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, CH, Switzerland
| | - A J Lomax
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, CH, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, CH, Switzerland
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14
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Maradia V, Colizzi I, Meer D, Weber DC, Lomax AJ, Actis O, Psoroulas S. Universal and dynamic ridge filter for pencil beam scanning particle therapy: a novel concept for ultra-fast treatment delivery. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac9d1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. In pencil beam scanning particle therapy, a short treatment delivery time is paramount for the efficient treatment of moving targets with motion mitigation techniques (such as breath-hold, rescanning, and gating). Energy and spot position change time are limiting factors in reducing treatment time. In this study, we designed a universal and dynamic energy modulator (ridge filter, RF) to broaden the Bragg peak, to reduce the number of energies and spots required to cover the target volume, thus lowering the treatment time. Approach. Our RF unit comprises two identical RFs placed just before the isocenter. Both RFs move relative to each other, changing the Bragg peak’s characteristics dynamically. We simulated different Bragg peak shapes with the RF in Monte Carlo simulation code (TOPAS) and validated them experimentally. We then delivered single-field plans with 1 Gy/fraction to different geometrical targets in water, to measure the dose delivery time using the RF and compare it with the clinical settings. Main results. Aligning the RFs in different positions produces different broadening in the Bragg peak; we achieved a maximum broadening of 2.5 cm. With RF we reduced the number of energies in a field by more than 60%, and the dose delivery time by 50%, for all geometrical targets investigated, without compromising the dose distribution transverse and distal fall-off. Significance. Our novel universal and dynamic RF allows for the adaptation of the Bragg peak broadening for a spot and/or energy layer based on the requirement of dose shaping in the target volume. It significantly reduces the number of energy layers and spots to cover the target volume, and thus the treatment time. This RF design is ideal for ultra-fast treatment delivery within a single breath-hold (5–10 s), efficient delivery of motion mitigation techniques, and small animal irradiation with ultra-high dose rates (FLASH).
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15
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Schneider S, Stefanowicz S, Jentsch C, Lohaus F, Thiele J, Haak D, Valentini C, Platzek I, G. C. Troost E, Hoffmann AL. Reduction of intrafraction pancreas motion using an abdominal corset compatible with proton therapy and MRI. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2022; 38:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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16
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Suh YG, Noh JM, Lee DY, Kim TH, Bayasgalan U, Pyo H, Moon SH. Proton Beam Therapy versus Photon Radiotherapy for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153627. [PMID: 35892885 PMCID: PMC9329768 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SABR) is accepted as a standard of care for patients who are not candidates for surgery in stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SABR has shown encouraging disease control and acceptable toxicity in peripherally located stage I NSCLC. However, for centrally located tumors around the proximal bronchial tree or for tumors located close to the chest wall, toxicities by SABR are not negligible. Therefore, proton beam therapy (PBT), which provides better organ at risk (OAR) sparing than photon radiotherapy by the Bragg peak, was tested and investigated to reduce radiation-induced toxicities in stage I NSCLC. Here, we compared 112 and 117 stage I NSCLC patients who underwent PBT and photon radiotherapy, respectively. PBT showed significantly lower lung and heart radiation exposure than photon radiotherapy without worsening disease control. PBT could be an effective treatment to reduce long-term toxicities of the lung and heart. Abstract Proton beam therapy (PBT) and photon radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were compared in terms of clinical outcomes and dosimetry. Data were obtained from patients who underwent PBT or photon radiotherapy at two institutions—the only two facilities where PBT is available in the Republic of Korea. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and propensity score-matched analyses were used to compare local progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Survival and radiation exposure to the lungs were compared in the matched population. Of 289 patients included in the analyses, 112 and 177 underwent PBT and photon radiotherapy, respectively. With a median follow-up duration of 27 months, the 2-year local PFS and OS rates were 94.0% and 83.0%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, a biologically effective dose (BED10, using α/β = 10 Gy) of ≥125 cobalt gray equivalents was significantly associated with improved local PFS and OS. In the matched analyses, the local PFS and OS did not differ between groups. However, PBT showed significantly lower lung and heart radiation exposure in the mean dose, V5, and V10 than photon radiotherapy. PBT significantly reduced radiation exposure to the heart and lungs without worsening disease control in stage I NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Gun Suh
- Proton Therapy Center, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (Y.-G.S.); (D.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (U.B.)
| | - Jae Myoung Noh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Doo Yeul Lee
- Proton Therapy Center, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (Y.-G.S.); (D.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (U.B.)
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Proton Therapy Center, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (Y.-G.S.); (D.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (U.B.)
| | - Unurjargal Bayasgalan
- Proton Therapy Center, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (Y.-G.S.); (D.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (U.B.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, Ulaanbaatar 13370, Mongolia
| | - Hongryull Pyo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- Proton Therapy Center, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (Y.-G.S.); (D.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (U.B.)
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (S.H.M.)
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Simeonov Y, Weber U, Schuy C, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Penchev P, Flatten V, Zink K. Development, Monte Carlo simulations and experimental evaluation of a 3D range-modulator for a complex target in scanned proton therapy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35226887 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop and manufacture a 3D range-modulator (3D RM) for a complex target contour for scanned proton therapy. The 3D RM is considered to be a viable technique for the very fast dose application in patient-specific tumors with only one fixed energy. The RM was developed based on a tumor from a patient CT and manufactured with high-quality 3D printing techniques with both polymer resin and aluminum. Monte Carlo simulations were utilized to investigate its modulating properties and the resulting dose distribution. Additionally, the simulation results were validated with measurements at the Marburg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre. For this purpose, a previously developed water phantom was used to conduct fast, automated high-resolution dose measurements. The results show a very good agreement between simulations and measurements and indicate that highly homogeneous dose distributions are possible. The delivered dose is conformed to the distal as well as to the proximal edge of the target. The 3D range-modulator concept combines a high degree of dose homogeneity and conformity, comparable to standard IMPT with very short irradiation times, promising clinically applicable dose distributions for lung and/or FLASH treatment, comparable and competitive to those from conventional irradiation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Simeonov
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Giessen, Germany.,Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uli Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Biophysics division, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Biophysics division, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rita Engenhart-Cabillic
- University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Ion Beam Therapy Center (MIT), Marburg, Germany
| | - Petar Penchev
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Giessen, Germany.,Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Flatten
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Giessen, Germany.,Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Ion Beam Therapy Center (MIT), Marburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Zink
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Giessen, Germany.,University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Ion Beam Therapy Center (MIT), Marburg, Germany
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18
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He P, Li Q. Impact of Different Synchrotron Flattop Operation Modes on 4D Dosimetric Uncertainties for Scanned Carbon-Ion Beam Delivery. Front Oncol 2022; 12:806742. [PMID: 35223486 PMCID: PMC8873937 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.806742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The characteristic of pulsed beam delivery for synchrotron-based carbon-ion radiotherapy has led to the emergence of many scanning scenarios in order to improve the treatment efficiency and accuracy of moving target volume. Here, we aim to evaluate a novel breathing guidance motion mitigation performance under different synchrotron flattop operation modes in carbon-ion radiotherapy. Methods With the use of twelve 4DCT datasets of lung cancer patients who had been treated with respiratory-gated carbon-ion pencil beam therapy, range-adapted internal target volume (raITV) plans were optimized. Under the fixed flattop with single-energy and extended flattop with multi-energy synchrotron operation modes, the 4D treatments with breathing guidance and free breathing-based gated phase-controlled rescanning (PCR) beam delivery were simulated. Dose metrics (D95 and D5–D95 in clinical target volume (CTV)) and treatment time of the resulting 4D plans were compared. Results The two synchrotron operation modes provided different scanning dynamics. For the free breathing-based PCR method delivered in the extended flattop operation mode, the averaged CTV-D95 values were 90.4% ± 3.7%, 95.4% ± 1.7%, 96.9% ± 1.5%, 97.2% ± 1.5%, and 97.3% ± 1.5% for the 1-scanning, 2-PCR, 4-PCR, 6-PCR, and 8-PCR, respectively. For the breathing guidance-based PCR method delivered in the extended flattop mode, these values were 89.1% ± 4.0%, 97.0% ± 1.4%, 98.2% ± 0.7%, 98.6% ± 0.7%, and 98.9% ± 0.7%, respectively. However, CTV-D95 significantly increased to 98.5% ± 1.0% even with just 1-scanning breathing guidance-based fixed flattop operation mode (p < 0.01). Moreover, there was no significant difference in treatment time among the three technical combinations (p > 0.15). Conclusions The combination of the breathing guidance and PCR methods should be an alternative way for motion mitigation for the fixed flattop synchrotron operation mode. The target dose coverage and homogeneity could be further improved by the combination of the breathing guidance and PCR methods than the traditional PCR-only technology for the extended flattop synchrotron operation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo He
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Li,
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19
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Knopf AC, Czerska K, Fracchiolla F, Graeff C, Molinelli S, Rinaldi I, Rucincki A, Sterpin E, Stützer K, Trnkova P, Zhang Y, Chang JY, Giap H, Liu W, Schild SE, Simone CB, Lomax AJ, Meijers A. Clinical necessity of multi-image based (4DMIB) optimization for targets affected by respiratory motion and treated with scanned particle therapy – a comprehensive review. Radiother Oncol 2022; 169:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Li H, Dong L, Bert C, Chang J, Flampouri S, Jee KW, Lin L, Moyers M, Mori S, Rottmann J, Tryggestad E, Vedam S. Report of AAPM Task Group 290: Respiratory motion management for particle therapy. Med Phys 2022; 49:e50-e81. [PMID: 35066871 PMCID: PMC9306777 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dose uncertainty induced by respiratory motion remains a major concern for treating thoracic and abdominal lesions using particle beams. This Task Group report reviews the impact of tumor motion and dosimetric considerations in particle radiotherapy, current motion‐management techniques, and limitations for different particle‐beam delivery modes (i.e., passive scattering, uniform scanning, and pencil‐beam scanning). Furthermore, the report provides guidance and risk analysis for quality assurance of the motion‐management procedures to ensure consistency and accuracy, and discusses future development and emerging motion‐management strategies. This report supplements previously published AAPM report TG76, and considers aspects of motion management that are crucial to the accurate and safe delivery of particle‐beam therapy. To that end, this report produces general recommendations for commissioning and facility‐specific dosimetric characterization, motion assessment, treatment planning, active and passive motion‐management techniques, image guidance and related decision‐making, monitoring throughout therapy, and recommendations for vendors. Key among these recommendations are that: (1) facilities should perform thorough planning studies (using retrospective data) and develop standard operating procedures that address all aspects of therapy for any treatment site involving respiratory motion; (2) a risk‐based methodology should be adopted for quality management and ongoing process improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Bert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joe Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stella Flampouri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyung-Wook Jee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liyong Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Moyers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shinichiro Mori
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joerg Rottmann
- Center for Proton Therapy, Proton Therapy Singapore, Proton Therapy Pte Ltd, Singapore
| | - Erik Tryggestad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sastry Vedam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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21
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Hamatani N, Tsubouchi T, Takashina M, Yagi M, Kanai T. Commissioning of carbon-ion radiotherapy for moving targets at the Osaka Heavy-Ion Therapy Center. Med Phys 2021; 49:801-812. [PMID: 34894413 PMCID: PMC9306684 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Herein, we report the methods and results of the Hitachi carbon‐ion therapy facility commissioning to determine the optimum values of the magnitude of movement and repaint number in respiratory‐gated irradiation. Methods A virtual‐cylinder target was created using the treatment‐planning system (VQA Plan), and measurements were performed to study the effects of respiratory movements using a two‐dimensional ionization‐chamber array detector and a phantom with movable wedge and stage. For simulations, we selected a 10 × 10 × 10 cm3 cubic irradiation pattern with a uniform physical dose and two actual cases of liver‐cancer treatments, whose prescribed doses were 60 Gy(RBE)/4 fraction (Case 1) and 60 Gy(RBE)/12 fraction (Case 2). We employed two types of repainting methods, one produced by the algorithm of VQA Plan (VQA algorithm) and the other by ideal repainting. The latter completely repeats all spots with set number of repaintings. We performed flatness calculations and gamma analysis to evaluate the effects of each condition. Results From the measurements, the gamma passing rates for which the criteria were 3%/3 mm exceeded 95% for displacements in the head‐to‐tail direction if the repaint number was greater than 3 and the magnitude of the residual motions was less than 5.0 mm. In simulations with the cubic irradiation pattern, the gamma passing rates (with criteria of 2%/2 mm) exceeded 95% when the magnitude of the residual motions was 3.0 mm and the repaint number was greater than 3. When the repaint number was set to 4 in the VQA with the actual liver cases, the flatness results for Case 2 was minimal. For ideal repainting, the flatness results for all ports fell within ∼3.0% even when the magnitude of the residual motions was 5.0 mm if the repaint number was 6. However, the flatness was less than 3.0% for almost all ports if the magnitude of the residual motions was less than 3.0 mm with a repaint number of 4 in case of both types of repaint methods. Conclusions At our facility, carbon‐ion radiotherapy can be provided safely to a moving target with residual motions of 3.0 mm magnitude and with a repaint number of 4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masashi Yagi
- Department of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Yap J, De Franco A, Sheehy S. Future Developments in Charged Particle Therapy: Improving Beam Delivery for Efficiency and Efficacy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:780025. [PMID: 34956897 PMCID: PMC8697351 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.780025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical and clinical benefits of charged particle therapy (CPT) are well recognized. However, the availability of CPT and complete exploitation of dosimetric advantages are still limited by high facility costs and technological challenges. There are extensive ongoing efforts to improve upon these, which will lead to greater accessibility, superior delivery, and therefore better treatment outcomes. Yet, the issue of cost remains a primary hurdle as utility of CPT is largely driven by the affordability, complexity and performance of current technology. Modern delivery techniques are necessary but limited by extended treatment times. Several of these aspects can be addressed by developments in the beam delivery system (BDS) which determines the overall shaping and timing capabilities enabling high quality treatments. The energy layer switching time (ELST) is a limiting constraint of the BDS and a determinant of the beam delivery time (BDT), along with the accelerator and other factors. This review evaluates the delivery process in detail, presenting the limitations and developments for the BDS and related accelerator technology, toward decreasing the BDT. As extended BDT impacts motion and has dosimetric implications for treatment, we discuss avenues to minimize the ELST and overview the clinical benefits and feasibility of a large energy acceptance BDS. These developments support the possibility of advanced modalities and faster delivery for a greater range of treatment indications which could also further reduce costs. Further work to realize methodologies such as volumetric rescanning, FLASH, arc, multi-ion and online image guided therapies are discussed. In this review we examine how increased treatment efficiency and efficacy could be achieved with improvements in beam delivery and how this could lead to faster and higher quality treatments for the future of CPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Yap
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea De Franco
- IFMIF Accelerator Development Group, Rokkasho Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Aomori, Japan
| | - Suzie Sheehy
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Pastor-Serrano O, Habraken S, Lathouwers D, Hoogeman M, Schaart D, Perkó Z. How should we model and evaluate breathing interplay effects in IMPT? Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34757958 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Breathing interplay effects in Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) arise from the interaction between target motion and the scanning beam. Assessing the detrimental effect of interplay and the clinical robustness of several mitigation techniques requires statistical evaluation procedures that take into account the variability of breathing during dose delivery. In this study, we present such a statistical method to model intra-fraction respiratory motion based on breathing signals and assess clinical relevant aspects related to the practical evaluation of interplay in IMPT such as how to model irregular breathing, how small breathing changes affect the final dose distribution, and what is the statistical power (number of different scenarios) required for trustworthy quantification of interplay effects. First, two data-driven methodologies to generate artificial patient-specific breathing signals are compared: a simple sinusoidal model, and a precise probabilistic deep learning model generating very realistic samples of patient breathing. Second, we investigate the highly fluctuating relationship between interplay doses and breathing parameters, showing that small changes in breathing period result in large local variations in the dose. Our results indicate that using a limited number of samples to calculate interplay statistics introduces a bigger error than using simple sinusoidal models based on patient parameters or disregarding breathing hysteresis during the evaluation. We illustrate the power of the presented statistical method by analyzing interplay robustness of 4DCT and Internal Target Volume (ITV) treatment plans for a 8 lung cancer patients, showing that, unlike 4DCT plans, even 33 fraction ITV plans systematically fail to fulfill robustness requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Pastor-Serrano
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Habraken
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Department of Radiotherapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,HollandPTC, Department of Radiation Oncology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Lathouwers
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mischa Hoogeman
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Department of Radiotherapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,HollandPTC, Department of Radiation Oncology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Schaart
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,HollandPTC, Department of Radiation Oncology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Zoltán Perkó
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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Maradia V, Meer D, Weber DC, Lomax AJ, Schippers JM, Psoroulas S. A new emittance selection system to maximize beam transmission for low-energy beams in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities with gantry. Med Phys 2021; 48:7613-7622. [PMID: 34655083 PMCID: PMC9298197 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In proton therapy, the potential of using high‐dose rates in the cancer treatment is being explored. High‐dose rates could improve efficiency and throughput in standard clinical practice, allow efficient utilization of motion mitigation techniques for moving targets, and potentially enhance normal tissue sparing due to the so‐called FLASH effect. However, high‐dose rates are difficult to reach when lower energy beams are applied in cyclotron‐based proton therapy facilities, because they result in large beam sizes and divergences downstream of the degrader, incurring large losses from the cyclotron to the patient position (isocenter). In current facilities, the emittance after the degrader is reduced using circular collimators; however, this does not provide an optimal matching to the acceptance of the following beamline, causing a low transmission for these energies. We, therefore, propose to use a collimation system, asymmetric in both beam size and divergence, resulting in symmetric emittance in both beam transverse planes as required for a gantry system. This new emittance selection, together with a new optics design for the following beamline and gantry, allows a better matching to the beamline acceptance and an improvement of the transmission. Methods We implemented a custom method to design the collimator sizes and shape required to select high emittance, to be transported by the following beamline using new beam optics (designed with TRANSPORT) to maximize acceptance matching. For predicting the transmission in the new configuration (new collimators + optics), we used Monte Carlo simulations implemented in BDSIM, implementing a model of PSI Gantry 2 which we benchmarked against measurements taken in the current clinical scenario (circular collimators + clinical optics). Results From the BDSIM simulations, we found that the new collimator system and matching beam optics results in an overall transmission from the cyclotron to the isocenter for a 70 MeV beam of 0.72%. This is an improvement of almost a factor of 6 over the current clinical performance (0.13% transmission). The new optics satisfies clinical beam requirements at the isocenter. Conclusions We developed a new emittance collimation system for PSI's PROSCAN beamline which, by carefully selecting beam size and divergence asymmetrically, increases the beam transmission for low‐energy beams in current state‐of‐the‐art cyclotron‐based proton therapy gantries. With these improvements, we could predict almost 1% transmission for low‐energy beams at PSI's Gantry 2. Such a system could easily be implemented in facilities interested in increasing dose rates for efficient motion mitigation and FLASH experiments alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Maradia
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Meer
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Damien Charles Weber
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antony John Lomax
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Serena Psoroulas
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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25
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Worm ES, Hansen R, Høyer M, Weber B, Mortensen H, Poulsen PR. Uniform versus non-uniform dose prescription for proton stereotactic body radiotherapy of liver tumors investigated by extensive motion-including treatment simulations. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34544071 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared to x-ray-based stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of liver cancer, proton SBRT may reduce the normal liver tissue dose. For an optimal trade-off between target and liver dose, a non-uniform dose prescription is often applied in x-ray SBRT, but lacks investigation for proton SBRT. Also, proton SBRT is prone to breathing-induced motion-uncertainties causing target mishit or dose alterations by interplay with the proton delivery. This study investigated non-uniform and uniform dose prescription in proton-based liver SBRT, including effects of rigid target motion observed during planning-4DCT and treatment. The study was based on 42 x-ray SBRT fractions delivered to 14 patients under electromagnetic motion-monitoring. For each patient, a non-uniform and uniform proton plan were made. The uniform plan was renormalized to be iso-toxic with the non-uniform plan using a NTCP model for radiation-induced liver disease. The motion data were used in treatment simulations to estimate the delivered target dose with rigid motion. Treatment simulations were performed with and without a repainting scheme designed to mitigate interplay effects. Including rigid motion, the achieved CTV mean dose after three fractions delivered without repainting was on average (±SD) 24.8 ± 8.4% higher and the D98%was 16.2 ± 11.3% higher for non-uniform plans than for uniform plans. The interplay-induced increase in D2%relative to the static plans was reduced from 3.2 ± 4.1% without repainting to -0.5 ± 1.7% with repainting for non-uniform plans and from 1.5 ± 2.0% to 0.1 ± 1.3% for uniform plans. Considerable differences were observed between estimated CTV doses based on 4DCT motion and intra-treatment motion. In conclusion, non-uniform dose prescription in proton SBRT may provide considerably higher tumor doses than uniform prescription for the same complication risk. Due to motion variability, target doses estimated from 4DCT motion may not accurately reflect the delivered dose. Future studies including modelling of deformations and associated range uncertainties are warranted to confirm the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rune Hansen
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Høyer
- Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Britta Weber
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanna Mortensen
- Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Rugaard Poulsen
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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26
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Lis M, Newhauser W, Donetti M, Wolf M, Steinsberger T, Paz A, Graeff C. Dosimetric Validation of a System to Treat Moving Tumors Using Scanned Ion Beams That Are Synchronized With Anatomical Motion. Front Oncol 2021; 11:712126. [PMID: 34568041 PMCID: PMC8456027 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.712126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to validate the dosimetric performance of scanned ion beam deliveries with motion-synchronization to heterogenous targets. Methods A 4D library of treatment plans, comprised of up to 10 3D sub-plans, was created with robust and conventional 4D optimization methods. Each sub-plan corresponded to one phase of periodic target motion. The plan libraries were delivered to a test phantom, comprising plastic slabs, dosimeters, and heterogenous phantoms. This phantom emulated range changes that occur when treating moving tumors. Similar treatment plans, but without motion synchronization, were also delivered to a test phantom with a stationary target and to a moving target; these were used to assess how the target motion degrades the quality of dose distributions and the extent to which motion synchronization can improve dosimetric quality. The accuracy of calculated dose distributions was verified by comparison with corresponding measurements. Comparisons utilized the gamma index analysis method. Plan quality was assessed based on conformity, dose coverage, overdose, and homogeneity values, each extracted from calculated dose distributions. Results High pass rates for the gamma index analysis confirmed that the methods used to calculate and reconstruct dose distributions were sufficiently accurate for the purposes of this study. Calculated and reconstructed dose distributions revealed that the motion-synchronized and static deliveries exhibited similar quality in terms of dose coverage, overdose, and homogeneity for all deliveries considered. Motion-synchronization substantially improved conformity in deliveries with moving targets. Importantly, measurements at multiple locations within the target also confirmed that the motion-synchronized delivery system satisfactorily compensated for changes in beam range caused by the phantom motion. Specifically, the overall planning and delivery approach achieved the desired dose distribution by avoiding range undershoots and overshoots caused by tumor motion. Conclusions We validated a dose delivery system that synchronizes the movement of the ion beam to that of a moving target in a test phantom. Measured and calculated dose distributions revealed that this system satisfactorily compensated for target motion in the presence of beam range changes due to target motion. The implication of this finding is that the prototype system is suitable for additional preclinical research studies, such as irregular anatomic motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lis
- Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Wayne Newhauser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Radiation Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Marco Donetti
- Research and Development Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Moritz Wolf
- Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Timo Steinsberger
- Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Athena Paz
- Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Graeff
- Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
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27
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Visser S, den Otter LA, Ribeiro CO, Korevaar EW, Both S, Langendijk JA, Muijs CT, Sijtsema NM, Knopf A. Diaphragm-Based Position Verification to Improve Daily Target Dose Coverage in Proton and Photon Radiation Therapy Treatment of Distal Esophageal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 112:463-474. [PMID: 34530091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In modern conformal radiation therapy of distal esophageal cancer, target coverage can be affected by variations in the diaphragm position. We investigated if daily position verification (PV) extended by a diaphragm position correction would optimize target dose coverage for esophageal cancer treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS For 15 esophageal cancer patients, intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were computed. Displacements of the target volume were correlated with diaphragm displacements using repeated 4-dimensional computed tomography images to determine the correction needed to account for diaphragm variations. Afterwards, target coverage was evaluated for 3 PV approaches based on: (1) bony anatomy (PV_B), (2) bony anatomy corrected for the diaphragm position (PV_BD) and (3) target volume (PV_T). RESULTS The cranial-caudal mean target displacement was congruent with almost half of the diaphragm displacement (y = 0.459x), which was used for the diaphragm correction in PV_BD. Target dose coverage using PV_B was adequate for most patients with diaphragm displacements up till 10 mm (≥94% of the dose in 98% of the volume [D98%]). For larger displacements, the target coverage was better maintained by PV_T and PV_BD. Overall, PV_BD accounted best for target displacements, especially in combination with tissue density variations (D98%: IMPT 94% ± 5%, VMAT 96% ± 5%). Diaphragm displacements of more than 10 mm were observed in 22% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS PV_B was sufficient to achieve adequate target dose coverage in case of small deviations in diaphragm position. However, large deviations of the diaphragm were best mitigated by PV_BD. To detect the cases where target dose coverage could be compromised due to diaphragm position variations, we recommend monitoring of the diaphragm position before treatment through online imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Visser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lydia A den Otter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cássia O Ribeiro
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik W Korevaar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Both
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Langendijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christina T Muijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanna M Sijtsema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antje Knopf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Bhangoo RS, Mullikin TC, Ashman JB, Cheng TW, Golafshar MA, DeWees TA, Johnson JE, Shiraishi S, Liu W, Hu Y, Merrell KW, Haddock MG, Krishnan S, Rule WG, Sio TT, Hallemeier CL. Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Initial Clinical Experience. Adv Radiat Oncol 2021; 6:100675. [PMID: 34409199 PMCID: PMC8361033 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2021.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our purpose was to assess the safety and efficacy of intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods and Materials A retrospective review was conducted on all patients who were treated with IMPT for HCC with curative intent from June 2015 to December 2018. All patients had fiducials placed before treatment. Inverse treatment planning used robust optimization with 2 to 3 beams. The majority of patients were treated in 15 fractions (n = 30, 81%, 52.5-67.5 Gy, relative biological effectiveness), whereas the remainder were treated in 5 fractions (n = 7, 19%, 37.5-50 Gy, relative biological effectiveness). Daily image guidance consisted of orthogonal kilovoltage x-rays and use of a 6° of freedom robotic couch. Outcomes (local control, progression free survival, and overall survival) were determined using Kaplan-Meier methods. Results Thirty-seven patients were included. The median follow-up for living patients was 21 months (Q1-Q3, 17-30 months). Pretreatment Child-Pugh score was A5-6 in 70% of patients and B7-9 in 30% of patients. Nineteen patients had prior liver directed therapy for HCC before IMPT. Eight patients (22%) required a replan during treatment, most commonly due to inadequate clinical target volume coverage. One patient (3%) experienced a grade 3 acute toxicity (pain) with no recorded grade 4 or 5 toxicities. An increase in Child-Pugh score by ≥ 2 within 3 months of treatment was observed in 6 patients (16%). At 1 year, local control was 94%, intrahepatic control was 54%, progression free survival was 35%, and overall survival was 78%. Conclusions IMPT is safe and feasible for treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronik S Bhangoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Trey C Mullikin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Tiffany W Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Todd A DeWees
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | - Satomi Shiraishi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Yanle Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - William G Rule
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Terence T Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
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29
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Younkin JE, Morales DH, Shen J, Ding X, Stoker JB, Yu NY, Sio TT, Daniels TB, Bues M, Fatyga M, Schild SE, Liu W. Technical Note: Multiple energy extraction techniques for synchrotron-based proton delivery systems may exacerbate motion interplay effects in lung cancer treatments. Med Phys 2021; 48:4812-4823. [PMID: 34174087 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The multiple energy extraction (MEE) delivery technique for synchrotron-based proton delivery systems reduces beam delivery time by decelerating the beam multiple times during one accelerator spill, but this might cause additional plan quality degradation due to intrafractional motion. We seek to determine whether MEE causes significantly different plan quality degradation compared to single energy extraction (SEE) for lung cancer treatments due to the interplay effect. METHODS Ten lung cancer patients treated with IMPT at our institution were nonrandomly sampled based on a representative range of tumor motion amplitudes, tumor volumes, and respiratory periods. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) indices from single-fraction SEE and MEE four-dimensional (4D) dynamic dose distributions were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Distributions of monitor units (MU) to breathing phases were investigated for features associated with plan quality degradation. SEE and MEE DVH indices were compared in fractionated deliveries of the worst-case patient treatment scenario to evaluate the impact of fractionation. RESULTS There were no clinically significant differences in target mean dose, target dose conformity, or dose to organs-at-risk between SEE and MEE in single-fraction delivery. Three patients had significantly worse dose homogeneity with MEE compared to SEE (single-fraction mean D5% -D95% increased by up to 9.6% of prescription dose), and plots of MU distribution to breathing phases showed synchronization patterns with MEE but not SEE. However, after 30 fractions the patient in the worst-case scenario had clinically acceptable target dose homogeneity and coverage with MEE (mean D5% -D95% increased by 1% compared to SEE). CONCLUSIONS For some patients with breathing periods close to the mean spill duration, MEE resulted in significantly worse single-fraction target dose homogeneity compared to SEE due to the interplay effect. However, this was mitigated by fractionation, and target dose homogeneity and coverage were clinically acceptable after 30 fractions with MEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Younkin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jiajian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaoning Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua B Stoker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nathan Y Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Terence T Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas B Daniels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Martin Bues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mirek Fatyga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Steven E Schild
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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30
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He P, Li Q. Motion management with variable cycle-based respiratory guidance method for carbon-ion pencil beam scanning treatment. Phys Med 2021; 87:99-105. [PMID: 34134014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A novel variable cycle-based respiratory guidance method was proposed to synchronize the patterns between patients' breathing and the magnetic excitation of synchrotron under the mode of full-energy depth scanning beam delivery, in order to improve the treatment precision and efficiency for carbon ion therapy. METHODS Audio-visual biofeedback system with variable cycle-based respiratory guidance method was developed. We enrolled 6 healthy volunteers and a simulation study of the fixed cycle-based and variable cycle-based respiratory guidance with three treatment fractions was performed. A total of 72 breathing curves were collected for 4D dose calculations with three 4DCT datasets of lung tumor cases. Target dose coverage (D95: the percent dose covering 95% of the target), dose homogeneity (D5-D95), and treatment time were analyzed. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical difference analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS With the variable cycle-based respiratory guidance method, the breath hold phase of breathing curve could be synchronized with the synchrotron flat-top phase over time. The dose homogeneity was improved by factors of 1.94-2.92 compared to the fixed cycle-based respiratory guidance maneuvers alone or in combination with gating technique. Moreover, the treatment efficiency increased by 11-23%, depending on the duty cycle settings of the gating window. CONCLUSIONS The proposed variable cycle-based respiratory guidance method could improve both the treatment efficiency and precision under the mode of the full-energy depth scanning beam delivery for synchrotron-based carbon ion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo He
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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31
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Møller DS, Poulsen PR, Hagner A, Dufour M, Nordsmark M, Nyeng TB, Mortensen HR, Lutz CM, Hoffmann L. Strategies for Motion Robust Proton Therapy With Pencil Beam Scanning for Esophageal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:539-548. [PMID: 33974885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proton therapy of esophageal cancer is superior to photon radiation therapy in terms of normal tissue sparing. However, respiratory motion and anatomical changes may compromise target dose coverage owing to density changes, geometric misses, and interplay effects. Here we investigate the combined effect on clinical target volume (CTV) coverage and compare proton therapy with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS This study includes 26 patients with esophageal cancer previously treated with IMRT planned on 4-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT). For each patient, 7 proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) plans were created with different field configurations and optimization strategies. The effect of respiration was investigated by calculating the phase doses, 4D dose, and 4D dynamic dose (including interplay effects). The effect of anatomical changes was investigated by recalculating all plans on all phases of a 4D-CT surveillance scan. RESULTS The most robust PBS plans were achieved using 2 posterior beams requiring coverage of planning target volume (PTV) and simultaneously using robust optimization (RO) of CTV (2PAPTVRO), resulting in only 1 patient showing V95%CTV <97% in 1 or more phases of the planning CT. For the least robust PBS plans obtained using lateral + posterior beams and CTV-RO, but not requiring PTV coverage (2LPRO), 10 patients showed underdosage. For IMRT, 2 patients showed underdosage. Interplay effects reduced V95%CTV significantly when delivering only 1 fraction, but the effects generally averaged out after 10 fractions. The effect of interplay was significantly larger for RO-only plans compared with plans optimized with RO combined with PTV coverage. Combining the effect of anatomical changes and respiration on the 4D-CT surveillance scan resulted in V95%CTV <97% for 3 2PAPTVRO, 16 2LPRO, and 8 IMRT patients. CONCLUSIONS PBS using posterior beam angles was more robust to anatomical changes and respiration than IMRT. The effect of respiration was enhanced when anatomical changes were present. Single fraction interplay effects deteriorated the dose distribution but were averaged out after 10 fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Sloth Møller
- Department of Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Per Rugaard Poulsen
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Hagner
- Department of Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mathieu Dufour
- Department of Physics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Lone Hoffmann
- Department of Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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32
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Peeters STH, Vaassen F, Hazelaar C, Vaniqui A, Rousch E, Tissen D, Van Enckevort E, De Wolf M, Öllers MC, van Elmpt W, Verhoeven K, Van Loon JGM, Vosse BA, De Ruysscher DKM, Vilches-Freixas G. Visually guided inspiration breath-hold facilitated with nasal high flow therapy in locally advanced lung cancer. Acta Oncol 2021; 60:567-574. [PMID: 33295823 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2020.1856408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reducing breathing motion in radiotherapy (RT) is an attractive strategy to reduce margins and better spare normal tissues. The objective of this prospective study (NCT03729661) was to investigate the feasibility of irradiation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with visually guided moderate deep inspiration breath-hold (IBH) using nasal high-flow therapy (NHFT). MATERIAL AND METHODS Locally advanced NSCLC patients undergoing photon RT were given NHFT with heated humidified air (flow: 40 L/min with 80% oxygen) through a nasal cannula. IBH was monitored by optical surface tracking (OST) with visual feedback. At a training session, patients had to hold their breath as long as possible, without and with NHFT. For the daily cone beam CT (CBCT) and RT treatment in IBH, patients were instructed to keep their BH as long as it felt comfortable. OST was used to analyze stability and reproducibility of the BH, and CBCT to analyze daily tumor position. Subjective tolerance was measured with a questionnaire at 3 time points. RESULTS Of 10 included patients, 9 were treated with RT. Seven (78%) completed the treatment with NHFT as planned. At the training session, the mean BH length without NHFT was 39 s (range 15-86 s), and with NHFT 78 s (range 29-223 s) (p = .005). NHFT prolonged the BH duration by a mean factor of 2.1 (range 1.1-3.9s). The mean overall stability and reproducibility were within 1 mm. Subjective tolerance was very good with the majority of patients having no or minor discomfort caused by the devices. The mean inter-fraction tumor position variability was 1.8 mm (-1.1-8.1 mm;SD 2.4 mm). CONCLUSION NHFT for RT treatment of NSCLC in BH is feasible, well tolerated and significantly increases the breath-hold duration. Visually guided BH with OST is stable and reproducible. We therefore consider this an attractive patient-friendly approach to treat lung cancer patients with RT in BH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T. H. Peeters
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Vaassen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Colien Hazelaar
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Vaniqui
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Rousch
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Tissen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Van Enckevort
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel De Wolf
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel C. Öllers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Elmpt
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karolien Verhoeven
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith G. M. Van Loon
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bettine A. Vosse
- Department of Pulmonology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk K. M. De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gloria Vilches-Freixas
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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33
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Emert F, Missimer J, Eichenberger PA, Walser M, Gmür C, Lomax AJ, Weber DC, Spengler CM. Enhanced Deep-Inspiration Breath Hold Superior to High-Frequency Percussive Ventilation for Respiratory Motion Mitigation: A Physiology-Driven, MRI-Guided Assessment Toward Optimized Lung Cancer Treatment With Proton Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:621350. [PMID: 33996545 PMCID: PMC8116693 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.621350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To safely treat lung tumors using particle radiation therapy (PRT), motion-mitigation strategies are of critical importance to ensure precise irradiation. Therefore, we compared applicability, effectiveness, reproducibility, and subjects' acceptance of enhanced deep-inspiration breath hold (eDIBH) with high-frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV) by MRI assessment within 1 month. Methods: Twenty-one healthy subjects (12 males/9 females; age: 49.5 ± 5.8 years; BMI: 24.7 ± 3.3 kg/m−2) performed two 1.5 T MRI scans in four visits at weekly intervals under eDIBH and HFPV conditions, accompanied by daily, home-based breath-hold training and spirometric assessments over a 3-week period. eDIBH consisted of 8-min 100% O2 breathing (3 min resting ventilation, 5 min controlled hyperventilation) prior to breath hold. HFPV was set at 200–250 pulses min−1 and 0.8–1.2 bar. Subjects' acceptance and preference were evaluated by questionnaire. To quantify inter- and intrafractional changes, a lung distance metric representing lung topography was computed for 10 reference points: a motion-invariant spinal cord and nine lung structure contours (LSCs: apex, carina, diaphragm, and six vessels as tumor surrogates distributed equally across the lung). To parameterize individual LSC localizability, measures of their spatial variabilities were introduced and lung volumes calculated by automated MRI analysis. Results: eDIBH increased breath-hold duration by > 100% up to 173 ± 73 s at visit 1, and to 217 ± 67 s after 3 weeks of home-based training at visit 4 (p < 0.001). Measures of vital capacity and lung volume remained constant over the 3-week period. Two vessels in the lower lung segment and the diaphragm yielded a two- to threefold improved positional stability with eDIBH, whereby absolute distance variability was significantly smaller for five LSCs; ≥70% of subjects showed significantly better intrafractional lung motion mitigation under reproducible conditions with eDIBH compared with HFPV with smaller ranges most apparent in the anterior-posterior and cranial-caudal directions. Approximately 80% of subjects preferred eDIBH over HFPV, with “less discomfort” named as most frequent reason. Conclusions: Both, eDIBH, and HFPV were well-tolerated. eDIBH duration was long enough to allow for potential PRT. Variability in lung volume was smaller and position of lung structures more precise with eDIBH. Subjects preferred eDIBH over HFPV. Thus, eDIBH is a very promising tool for lung tumor therapy with PRT, and further investigation of its applicability in patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Emert
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - John Missimer
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A Eichenberger
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walser
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Celina Gmür
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antony J Lomax
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Damien C Weber
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gut P, Krieger M, Lomax T, Weber DC, Hrbacek J. Combining rescanning and gating for a time-efficient treatment of mobile tumors using pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Radiother Oncol 2021; 160:82-89. [PMID: 33839206 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Respiratory motion during proton therapy can severely degrade dose distributions, particularly due to interplay effects when using pencil beam scanning. Combined rescanning and gating treatments for moving tumors mitigates dose degradation, but at the cost of increased treatment delivery time. The objective of this study was to identify the time efficiency of these dose degradation-motion mitigation strategies for different range of motions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen patients with thoracic or abdominal tumors were studied. Tumor motion amplitudes ranged from 2-30 mm. Deliveries using different combinations of rescanning and gating were simulated with a dense dose spot grid (4 × 4 × 2.5 mm3) for all patients and a sparse dose spot grid (8 × 8 × 5 mm3) for six patients with larger tumor movements (>8 mm). The resulting plans were evaluated in terms of CTV coverage and time efficiency. RESULTS Based on the studied patient cohort, it has been shown that for amplitudes up to 5 mm, no motion mitigation is required with a dense spot grid. For amplitudes between 5 and 10 mm, volumetric rescanning should be applied while maintaining a 100% duty cycle when using a dense spot grid. Although gating could be envisaged to reduce the target volume for intermediate motion, it has been shown that the dose to normal tissues would only be reduced marginally. Moreover, the treatment time would increase. Finally, for larger motion amplitudes, both volumetric rescanning and respiratory gating should be applied with both spot grids. In addition, it has been shown that a dense spot grid delivers better CTV dose coverage than a sparse dose grid. CONCLUSION Volumetric rescanning and/or respiratory gating can be used in order to effectively and efficiently mitigate dose degradation due to tumor movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gut
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Krieger
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Tony Lomax
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Damien C Weber
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen PSI, Switzerland; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hrbacek
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Ren XY, He PK, Gao XS, Zhao ZL, Zhao B, Bai Y, Liu SW, Li K, Qin SB, Ma MW, Zhou J, Rong Y. Dosimetric feasibility of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation using intensity-modulated proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:79-88. [PMID: 33817981 PMCID: PMC8130224 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate dosimetric properties of intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for simulated treatment planning in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) targeting left atrial‐pulmonary vein junction (LA‐PVJ), in comparison with volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and helical tomotherapy (TOMO). Methods Ten thoracic 4D‐CT scans with respiratory motion and one with cardiac motion were used for the study. Ten respiratory 4D‐CTs were planned with VMAT, TOMO, and IMPT for simulated AF. Targets at the LA‐PVJ were defined as wide‐area circumferential ablation line. A single fraction of 25 Gy was prescribed to all plans. The interplay effects from cardiac motion were evaluated based on the cardiac 4D‐CT scan. Dose‐volume histograms (DVHs) of the ITV and normal tissues were compared. Statistical analysis was evaluated via one‐way Repeated‐Measures ANOVA and Friedman’s test with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. Results The median volume of ITV was 8.72cc. All plans had adequate target coverage (V23.75Gy ≥ 99%). Compared with VMAT and TOMO, IMPT resulted in significantly lower dose of most normal tissues. For VMAT, TOMO, and IMPT plans, Dmean of the whole heart was 5.52 ± 0.90 Gy, 5.89 ± 0.78 Gy, and 3.01 ± 0.57 Gy (P < 0.001), mean dose of pericardium was 4.74 ± 0.76 Gy, 4.98 ± 0.62 Gy, and 2.59 ± 0.44 Gy (P < 0.001), and D0.03cc of left circumflex artery (LCX) was 13.96 ± 5.45 Gy, 14.34 ± 5.91 Gy, and 8.43 ± 7.24 Gy (P < 0.001), respectively. However, no significant advantage for one technique over the others was observed when examining the D0.03cc of esophagus and main bronchi. Conclusions IMPT targeting LA‐PVJ for patients with AF has high potential to reduce dose to surrounding tissues compared to VMAT or TOMO. Motion mitigation techniques are critical for a particle‐therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Kang He
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Shu Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Lei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yizhou International Proton Therapy Medical Center, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shang-Bin Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Wei Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Rong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Paganetti H, Grassberger C, Sharp GC. Physics of Particle Beam and Hypofractionated Beam Delivery in NSCLC. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 31:162-169. [PMID: 33610274 PMCID: PMC7905707 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The dosimetric advantages of particle therapy lead to significantly reduced integral dose to normal tissues, making it an attractive treatment option for body sites such as the thorax. With reduced normal tissue dose comes the potential for dose escalation, toxicity reduction, or hypofractionation. While proton and heavy ion therapy have been used extensively for NSCLC, there are challenges in planning and delivery compared with X-ray-based radiation therapy. Particularly, range uncertainties compounded by breathing motion have to be considered. This article summarizes the current state of particle therapy for NSCLC with a specific focus on the impact of dosimetric uncertainties in planning and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Clemens Grassberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory C Sharp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Rana S, Rosenfeld AB. Investigating volumetric repainting to mitigate interplay effect on 4D robustly optimized lung cancer plans in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:107-118. [PMID: 33599391 PMCID: PMC7984493 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The interplay effect between dynamic pencil proton beams and motion of the lung tumor presents a challenge in treating lung cancer patients in pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy. The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the interplay effect on the volumetric repainting lung plans with beam delivery in alternating order (“down” and “up” directions), and explore the number of volumetric repaintings needed to achieve acceptable lung cancer PBS proton plan. Method The current retrospective study included ten lung cancer patients. The total dose prescription to the clinical target volume (CTV) was 70 Gy(RBE) with a fractional dose of 2 Gy(RBE). All treatment plans were robustly optimized on all ten phases in the 4DCT data set. The Monte Carlo algorithm was used for the 4D robust optimization, as well as for the final dose calculation. The interplay effect was evaluated for both the nominal (i.e., without repainting) as well as volumetric repainting plans. The interplay evaluation was carried out for each of the ten different phases as the starting phases. Several dosimetric metrics were included to evaluate the worst‐case scenario (WCS) and bandwidth based on the results obtained from treatment delivery starting in ten different breathing phases. Results The number of repaintings needed to meet the criteria 1 (CR1) of target coverage (D95% ≥ 98% and D99% ≥ 97%) ranged from 2 to 10. The number of repaintings needed to meet the CR1 of maximum dose (ΔD1% < 1.5%) ranged from 2 to 7. Similarly, the number of repaintings needed to meet CR1 of homogeneity index (ΔHI < 0.03) ranged from 3 to 10. For the target coverage region, the number of repaintings needed to meet CR1 of bandwidth (<100 cGy) ranged from 3 to 10, whereas for the high‐dose region, the number of repaintings needed to meet CR1 of bandwidth (<100 cGy) ranged from 1 to 7. Based on the overall plan evaluation criteria proposed in the current study, acceptable plans were achieved for nine patients, whereas one patient had acceptable plan with a minor deviation. Conclusion The number of repaintings required to mitigate the interplay effect in PBS lung cancer (tumor motion < 15 mm) was found to be highly patient dependent. For the volumetric repainting with an alternating order, a patient‐specific interplay evaluation strategy must be adopted. Determining the optimal number of repaintings based on the bandwidth and WCS approach could mitigate the interplay effect in PBS lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Rana
- Department of Medical PhysicsThe Oklahoma Proton CenterOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyMiami Cancer InstituteBaptist Health South FloridaMiamiFLUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyHerbert Wertheim College of MedicineFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP)University of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
| | - Anatoly B. Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP)University of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
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den Boer E, Wulff J, Mäder UI, Engwall E, Bäumer C, Perko Z, Timmermann B. Technical Note: Investigating interplay effects in pencil beam scanning proton therapy with a 4D XCAT phantom within the RayStation treatment planning system. Med Phys 2021; 48:1448-1455. [PMID: 33411339 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pencil beam scanning (PBS) for moving targets is known to be impacted by interplay effects. Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT)-based motion evaluation is crucial for understanding interplay and developing mitigation strategies. Availability of high-quality 4DCTs with variable breathing traces is limited. Purpose of this work is the development of a framework for interplay analysis using 4D-XCAT phantoms in conjunction with time-resolved irradiation patterns in a commercial treatment planning system (TPS). Four-dimensional dynamically accumulated dose distributions (4DDDs) are simulated in an in-silico study for a PBS liver treatment. METHODS An XCAT phantom with 50 phases, varying linearly in amplitude each by 1 mm, was combined with the RayStation TPS (7.99.10). Deformable registration was used with time-resolved dose calculation, mapping XCAT phases to motion signals. To illustrate the applicability of the method a two-field liver irradiation plan was used. A variety sin4 type motion signals, varying in amplitude (1-20 mm), period (1.6-5.2 s) and phase (0-2π) were applied. Either single variable variations or random combinations were selected. The interplay effect within a clinical target (5 cm diameter) was characterized in terms of homogeneity index (HI5), with and without five paintings. In total 2092 scenarios were analyzed within RayStation. RESULTS A framework is presented for interplay research, allowing for flexibility in determining motion management techniques, increasing reproducibility, and enabling comparisons of different methods. A case study showed the interplay effect was correlated with amplitude and strongly affected by the starting phase, leading to large variance. The average of all scenarios (single fraction) resulted in HI5 of 0.31 (±0.11), while introduction of five times layered repainting reduced this to 0.11(±0.03). CONCLUSION The developed framework, which uses the XCAT phantom and RayStation, allows detailed analysis of motion in context of PBS with comparable results to clinical cases. Flexibility in defining motion patterns for detailed anatomies in combination with time-resolved dose calculation, facilitates investigation of optimal treatment and motion mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik den Boer
- West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany.,Technical University Delft, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jörg Wulff
- West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany.,University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Cancer Center (WTZ), Essen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Technical University Mittelhessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - UIf Mäder
- Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Technical University Mittelhessen, Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Bäumer
- West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany.,University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Cancer Center (WTZ), Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Beate Timmermann
- West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany.,University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Cancer Center (WTZ), Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Particle Therapy, Essen, Germany
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Xu H, Gong G, Yin Y, Liu T. A preliminary investigation of re-evaluating the irradiation dose in hepatocellular carcinoma radiotherapy applying 4D CT and deformable registration. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:13-20. [PMID: 33452706 PMCID: PMC7882094 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of breathing motion on dose distribution for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients using four‐dimensional (4D) CT and deformable registration. Methods Fifty HCC patients who were going to receive radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. All patients had been treated with transarterial chemoembolization beforehand. Three‐dimensional (3D) and 4D CT scans in free breathing were acquired sequentially. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) was planned on the 3D CT images and maximum intensity projection (MIP) images. Thus, the 3D dose (Dose‐3D) and MIP dose (Dose‐MIP) were obtained, respectively. Then, the Dose‐3D and Dose‐MIP were recalculated on 10 phases of 4D CT images, respectively, in which the end‐inhale and end‐exhale phase doses were defined as Dose‐3D‐EI, Dose‐3D‐EE, Dose‐MIP‐EI, and Dose‐MIP‐EE. The 4D dose (Dose‐4D‐3D and Dose‐4D‐MIP) were obtained by deforming 10 phase doses to the end‐exhale CT to accumulate. The dosimetric difference in Dose‐3D, Dose‐EI3D, Dose‐EE3D, Dose‐4D‐3D, Dose‐MIP, Dose‐EIMIP, Dose‐EEMIP, and Dose‐4D‐MIP were compared to evaluate the motion effect on dose delivery to the planning target volume (PTV) and normal liver. Results Compared with Dose‐3D, PTV D99 in Dose‐EI3D, Dose‐EE3D and Dose‐4D‐3D decreased by an average of 6.02%, 1.32%, 2.43%, respectively (P < 0.05); while PTV D95 decreased by an average of 3.34%, 1.51%, 1.93%, respectively (P < 0.05). However, CI and HI of the PTV in Dose‐3D was superior to the other three distributions (P < 0.05). There was no significant differences for the PTV between Dose‐EI and Dose‐EE, and between the two extreme phase doses and Dose‐4D (P> 0.05). Negligible difference was observed for normal liver in all dose distributions (P> 0.05). Conclusions Four‐dimensional dose calculations potentially ensure target volume coverage when breathing motion may affect the dose distribution. Dose escalation can be considered to improve the local control of HCC on the basis of accurately predicting the probability of radiation‐induced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, The Second Hospital of Liaocheng Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Guanzhong Gong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Tonghai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
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Four-dimensional carbon-ion pencil beam treatment planning comparison between robust optimization and range-adapted internal target volume for respiratory-gated liver and lung treatment. Phys Med 2020; 80:277-287. [PMID: 33246187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the dose differences between robust optimization-based treatment planning (4DRO) and range-adapted internal target volume (rITV). We used 4DCT dataset of 20 lung cancer and 20 liver cancer patients, respectively, who had been treated with respiratory-gated carbon-ion pencil beam scanning therapy. 4DRO and rITV plans were created with the same clinical target volume (CTV) and organs at risk (OAR) contours. Four-dimensional dose distribution was calculated using deformable image registration. Dose metrics (e.g. D95, V20) were analyzed. Statistical significance was assessed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For the lung cases, the mean CTV-D95 value for the rITV plan (=98.5%) was same as that for the 4DRO plan (=98.5%, P = 0.106), while the mean D95 value for the CTV + setup margin contour for the rITV plan (=98.2%) was higher than that for the 4DRO plan (95.2%, P < 0.001). For the liver cases, the mean CTV-D95 value for the rITV plan (=98.1%) was slightly lower than that for the 4DRO plan (=98.5%, P < 0.01), while the mean D95 value for the CTV + setup margin contour for the rITV plan (=98.0%) was higher than that for the 4DRO plan (94.1%, P < 0.001). For the doses to the organs at risk (OARs), the ipsilateral lung-V20/liver-V20 values for the rITV plan (=10.1%/19.7%) was significantly higher than that for the 4DRO plan (=8.6%/17.6, P < 0.001). Although the target coverage for 4DRO plan may be worse than that for rITV plan in the presence of the setup error, the 4DRO plan can improve OAR dose while preserving acceptable target dose coverage.
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Mitigation of motion effects in pencil-beam scanning - Impact of repainting on 4D robustly optimized proton treatment plans for hepatocellular carcinoma. Z Med Phys 2020; 32:63-73. [PMID: 33131995 PMCID: PMC9948857 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Proton fields delivered by the active scanning technique can be interfered with the intrafractional motion. This in-silico study seeks to mitigate the dosimetric impacts of motion artifacts, especially its interplay with the time-modulated dose delivery. Here four-dimensional (4d) robust optimization and dose repainting, which is the multiple application of the same field with reduced fluence, were combined. Two types of repainting were considered: layered and volumetric repainting. The time-resolved dose calculation, which is necessary to quantify the interplay effect, was integrated into the treatment planning system and validated. Nine clinical cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) showing motion in the range of 0.4-1.5cm were studied. It was found that the repainted delivery of 4D robustly optimized plans reduced the impact of interplay effect as quantified by the homogeneity index within the clinical target volume (CTV) to a tolerable level. Similarly, the fractional over- and underdosage was reduced sufficiently for some HCC cases to achieve the purpose of motion management. This holds true for both investigated types of repainting with small dosimetric advantages of volume repainting over layered repainting. Volume repainting, however, cannot be applied clinically in proton centers with slow energy changes. Thus, it served as a reference in the in-silico evaluation. It is recommended to perform the dynamic dose calculation for individual cases to judge if robust optimization in conjunction with repainting is sufficient to keep the interplay effect within bounds.
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Rana S, Bennouna J, Gutierrez AN, Rosenfeld AB. Impact of magnetic field regulation in conjunction with the volumetric repainting technique on the spot positions and beam range in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:124-131. [PMID: 33058380 PMCID: PMC7700936 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the magnetic field regulation in conjunction with the volumetric repainting technique on the spot positions and range in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Methods “Field regulation” — a feature to reduce the switching time between layers by applying a magnetic field setpoint (instead of a current setpoint) has been implemented on the proton beam delivery system at the Miami Cancer Institute. To investigate the impact of field regulation for the volumetric repainting technique, several spot maps were generated with beam delivery sequence in both directions, that is, irradiating from the deepest layer to the most proximal layer (“down” direction) as well as irradiating from the most proximal layer to the deepest layer (“up” direction). Range measurements were performed using a multi‐layer ionization chamber array. Spot positions were measured using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional scintillation detectors. For range and central‐axis spot position, spot maps were delivered for energies ranging from 70–225 MeV. For off‐axis spot positions, the maps were delivered for high‐, medium, and low‐energies at eight different gantry angles. The results were then compared between the “up” and “down” directions. Results The average difference in range for given energy between “up” and “down” directions was 0.0 ± 0.1 mm. The off‐axis spot position results showed that 846/864 of the spots were within ±1 mm, and all off‐axis spot positions were within ±1.2 mm. For spots (n = 126) at the isocenter, the evaluation between “up” and “down” directions for given energy showed the spot position difference within ±0.25 mm. At the nozzle entrance, the average differences in X and Y positions for given energy were 0.0 ± 0.2 mm and −0.0 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. At the nozzle exit, the average differences in X and Y positions for given energy were 0.0 ± 0.1 mm and −0.1 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. Conclusion The volumetric repainting technique in magnetic field regulation mode resulted in acceptable spot position and range differences for our beam delivery system. The range differences were found to be within ±1 mm (TG224). For the spot positions (TG224: ±1 mm), the central axis measurements were within ±1 mm, whereas for the off‐axis measurements, 97.9% of the spots were within ±1 mm, and all spots were within ±1.2 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Rana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, The Oklahoma Proton Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaafar Bennouna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alonso N Gutierrez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anatoly B Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Jie AW, Marignol L. Pro-con of proton: Dosimetric advantages of intensity-modulation over passive scatter for thoracic malignancies. Tech Innov Patient Support Radiat Oncol 2020; 15:37-46. [PMID: 32954018 PMCID: PMC7486544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tipsro.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) results in significant reduction of dose to organ at risk. Improving plan robustness mitigates interplay effects. Blanket use of small spots on a group of patients may severely worsen interplay in selected patients. Hypofractionated regimes have fewer interplay effects in both fractional and overall simulations. Randomised control trials are required before any clinical benefit of IMPT can be confirmed.
The use of passively scattered proton therapy (PSPT) or intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) opens the potential for dose escalation or critical structure sparing in thoracic malignancies. While the latter offers greater dose conformality, dose distributions are subjected to greater uncertainties, especially due to interplay effects. Exploration in this area is warranted to determine if there is any dosimetric advantages in using IMPT for thoracic malignancies. This review aims to both compare organs-at-risk sparing and plan robustness between PSPT and IMPT and examine the mitigation strategies for the reduction of interplay effects currently available. Early evidence suggests that IMPT is dosimetrically superior to PSPT in thoracic malignancies. Randomised control trials are required before any clinical benefit of IMPT can be confirmed.
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Key Words
- BSPTV, Beam Specific Planning Target Volume
- CT, Computed Tomography
- DIBH, Deep Inspiration Breath-Hold
- Dosimetry
- EUD, Equivalent Uniform Dose
- HI, Homogeneity Index
- IMPT, Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy
- IMRT, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy
- ITV, Internal Target Volume
- Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT)
- Interplay
- MFO, Multi Field Optimisation
- MU, Monitor Unit
- NSCLC, Non-Small-Cell Lung cancer
- OAR, Organ-At-Risk
- Organ at risks
- PSPT, Passively Scattered Proton Therapy
- PTV, Planning Target Volume
- Passively scattered proton therapy (PSPT)
- RT, Radiation Therapy
- SFO, Single Field Optimisation
- SFUD, Single Field Uniform Dose
- Thoracic malignancies
- iCTV, Internal Clinical Target Volume
- iGTV/HU, Internal Gross Tumour Volume/Hounsfield Unit
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Wei Jie
- Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
- Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laure Marignol
- Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Corresponding author.
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44
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Simeonov Y, Weber U, Schuy C, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Penchev P, Durante M, Zink K. Monte Carlo simulations and dose measurements of 2D range-modulators for scanned particle therapy. Z Med Phys 2020; 31:203-214. [PMID: 32711939 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of a 2D range-modulator as a static device for generating spread-out Bragg peaks at very small distances to the target. The 2D range-modulator has some distinct advantages that can be highly useful for different research projects in particle therapy facilities. Most importantly, it creates an instantaneous, quasi-static irradiation field with only one energy, thus decreasing irradiation time tremendously. In addition, it can be manufactured fast and cost efficiently and its SOBP width and shape can be adjusted easily for the specific purpose/experiment. As the modulator is a static element, there is no need for rotation (e.g. like in a modulation wheel) or lateral oscillation and due to the small base structure period it can be positioned close to the target. Two different rapid prototyping manufacturing techniques were utilized. The modulation properties of one polymer and one steel modulator were investigated with both simulations and measurements. For this purpose, a sophisticated water phantom system (WERNER), that can perform fast, completely automated and high resolution dose measurements, was developed. Using WERNER, the dose distribution of a modulator can be verified quickly and reliably, both during experiments, as well as in a time constrained clinical environment. The maximum deviation between the Monte Carlo simulations and dose measurements in the spread-out Bragg peak region was 1.4% and 4% for the polymer and steel modulator respectively. They were able to create spread-out Bragg peaks with a high degree of dose homogeneity, thus validating the whole process chain, from the mathematical optimization and modulator development, to manufacturing, MC simulations and dose measurements. Combining the convenience, flexibility and cost-effectiveness of rapid prototyping with the advantages of highly customizable modulators, that can be adapted for different experiments, the 2D range-modulator is considered a very useful tool for a variety of research objectives. Moreover, we have successfully shown that the manufacturing of 2D modulators with high quality and high degree of homogeneity is possible, paving the way for the further development of the more complex 3D range-modulators, which are considered a viable option for the very fast treatment of moving targets and/or FLASH irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Simeonov
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz (IMPS), University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany; Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Uli Weber
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rita Engenhart-Cabillic
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petar Penchev
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz (IMPS), University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany; Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Germany
| | - Klemens Zink
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz (IMPS), University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Marburg Ion Beam Therapy Center (MIT), Marburg, Germany
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45
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den Otter LA, Anakotta RM, Weessies M, Roos CTG, Sijtsema NM, Muijs CT, Dieters M, Wijsman R, Troost EGC, Richter C, Meijers A, Langendijk JA, Both S, Knopf AC. Investigation of inter-fraction target motion variations in the context of pencil beam scanned proton therapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Med Phys 2020; 47:3835-3844. [PMID: 32573792 PMCID: PMC7586844 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose For locally advanced‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), inter‐fraction target motion variations during the whole time span of a fractionated treatment course are assessed in a large and representative patient cohort. The primary objective is to develop a suitable motion monitoring strategy for pencil beam scanning proton therapy (PBS‐PT) treatments of NSCLC patients during free breathing. Methods Weekly 4D computed tomography (4DCT; 41 patients) and daily 4D cone beam computed tomography (4DCBCT; 10 of 41 patients) scans were analyzed for a fully fractionated treatment course. Gross tumor volumes (GTVs) were contoured and the 3D displacement vectors of the centroid positions were compared for all scans. Furthermore, motion amplitude variations in different lung segments were statistically analyzed. The dosimetric impact of target motion variations and target motion assessment was investigated in exemplary patient cases. Results The median observed centroid motion was 3.4 mm (range: 0.2–12.4 mm) with an average variation of 2.2 mm (range: 0.1–8.8 mm). Ten of 32 patients (31.3%) with an initial motion <5 mm increased beyond a 5‐mm motion amplitude during the treatment course. Motion observed in the 4DCBCT scans deviated on average 1.5 mm (range: 0.0–6.0 mm) from the motion observed in the 4DCTs. Larger motion variations for one example patient compromised treatment plan robustness while no dosimetric influence was seen due to motion assessment biases in another example case. Conclusions Target motion variations were investigated during the course of radiotherapy for NSCLC patients. Patients with initial GTV motion amplitudes of < 2 mm can be assumed to be stable in motion during the treatment course. For treatments of NSCLC patients who exhibit motion amplitudes of > 2 mm, 4DCBCT should be considered for motion monitoring due to substantial motion variations observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A den Otter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Renske M Anakotta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Menkedina Weessies
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina T G Roos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nanna M Sijtsema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Christina T Muijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet Dieters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Wijsman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Esther G C Troost
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, OncoRay, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, OncoRay, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arturs Meijers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Langendijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Both
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Antje-Christin Knopf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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46
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Kostiukhina N, Palmans H, Stock M, Knopf A, Georg D, Knäusl B. Time-resolved dosimetry for validation of 4D dose calculation in PBS proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:125015. [PMID: 32340002 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab8d79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional dose calculation (4D-DC) is crucial for predicting the dosimetric outcome in the presence of intra-fractional organ motion. Time-resolved dosimetry can provide significant insights into 4D pencil beam scanning dose accumulation and is therefore irreplaceable for benchmarking 4D-DC. In this study a novel approach of time-resolved dosimetry using five PinPoint ionization chambers (ICs) embedded in an anthropomorphic dynamic phantom was employed and validated against beam delivery details. Beam intensity variations as well as the beam delivery time structure were well reflected with an accuracy comparable to the temporal resolution of the IC measurements. The 4D dosimetry approach was further applied for benchmarking the 4D-DC implemented in the RayStation 6.99 treatment planning system. Agreement between computed values and measurements was investigated for (i) partial doses based on individual breathing phases, and (ii) temporally distributed cumulative doses. For varied beam delivery and patient-related parameters the average unsigned dose difference for (i) was 0.04 ± 0.03 Gy over all considered IC measurement values, while the prescribed physical dose was 2 Gy. By implementing (ii), a strong effect of the dose gradient on measurement accuracy was observed. The gradient originated from scanned beam energy modulation and target motion transversal to the beam. Excluding measurements in the high gradient the relative dose difference between measurements and 4D-DCs for a given treatment plan at the end of delivery was 3.5% on average and 6.6% at maximum over measurement points inside the target. Overall, the agreement between 4D dose measurements in the moving phantom and retrospective 4D-DC was found to be comparable to the static dose differences for all delivery scenarios. The presented 4D-DC has been proven to be suitable for simulating treatment deliveries with various beam- as well as patient-specific parameters and can therefore be employed for dosimetric validation of different motion mitigation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kostiukhina
- Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna/AKH Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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47
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He P, Mori S. Perturbation analysis of 4D dose distribution for scanned carbon-ion beam radiotherapy. Phys Med 2020; 74:74-82. [PMID: 32442912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the patients' set-up error-induced perturbation effects on 4D dose distributions (4DDD) of range-adapted internal target volume-based (raITV) treatment plan using lung and liver 4DCT data sets. METHODS We enrolled 20 patients with lung and liver cancer treated with respiratory-gated carbon-ion beam scanning therapy. PTVs were generated by adding a 2 mm range-adapted set-up margin on the raITVs. Set-up errors were simulated by shifting the beam isocenter in three translational directions of ±2 mm, ±4 mm, and ±6 mm. 4DDDs were calculated for both nominal and isocenter-shifted situations. Dose metrics of CTV dose coverage (D95) and normal tissue sparing were evaluated. Statistical significance with p < 0.01 was considered by Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS The CTV dose coverage was more sensitive to set-up errors for lung cases than for liver cases, and more serious in superior-inferior direction. The sufficient CTV-D95 > 98% could be achieved with set-up errors less than ±2 mm in all shift directions both for lung and liver cases. With the increase of set-up error, the CTV dose coverage decreased gradually. The clinical criterial of CTV-D95 > 95% could not be fulfilled with set-up error reached to ±4 mm for lung cases, and ±6 mm for liver cases. OAR doses did not have a significant difference with each set-up error for both lung and liver cases. CONCLUSIONS The range-adapted set-up margin successfully prevented dose degradation of 4DDDs in the presence of the same magnitude of set-up error for raITV-based carbon-ion beam scanning therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo He
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shinichiro Mori
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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48
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Lee E, Perry D, Speth J, Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Mascia A. Measurement-based study on characterizing symmetric and asymmetric respiratory motion interplay effect on target dose distribution in the proton pencil beam scanning. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:59-67. [PMID: 32170992 PMCID: PMC7170285 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pencil beam scanning proton therapy makes possible intensity modulation, resulting in improved target dose conformity and organ‐at‐risk (OAR) dose sparing. This benefit, however, results in increased sensitivity to certain clinical and beam delivery parameters, such as respiratory motion. These effects can cause plan degeneration, which could lead to decreased tumor dose or increased OAR dose. This study evaluated the measurements of proton pencil beam scanning delivery made with a 2D ion chamber array in solid water on a 1D motion platform, where respiratory motion was simulated using sine and cosine4 waves representing sinusoidal symmetric and realistic asymmetric breathing motions, respectively. Motion amplitudes were 0.5 cm and 1 cm corresponding to 1 cm and 2 cm of maximum respiratory excursions, respectively, with 5 sec fixed breathing cycle. The treatment plans were created to mimic spherical targets of 3 cm or 10 cm diameter located at 5 cm or 1 cm depth in solid water phantom. A reference RBE dose of 200 cGy per fraction was delivered in 1, 5, 10, and 15 fractions for each dataset. We evaluated dose conformity and uniformity at the center plane of targets by using the Conformation Number and the Homogeneity Index, respectively. Results indicated that dose conformity as well as homogeneity was more affected by motion for smaller targets. Dose conformity was better achieved for symmetric breathing patterns than asymmetric breathing patterns regardless of the number of fractions. The presence of a range shifter with shallow targets reduced the motion effect by improving dose homogeneity. While motion effects are known to be averaged out over the course of multifractional treatments, this might not be true for proton pencil beam scanning under asymmetrical breathing pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsin Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Perry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Speth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Mascia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Scholz M. State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects of Ion Beam Therapy: Physical and Radiobiological Aspects. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2019.2935240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Patera V, Sarti A. Recent Advances in Detector Technologies for Particle Therapy Beam Monitoring and Dosimetry. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2019.2951848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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