1
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Huang H, Zheng Y, Chang M, Song J, Xia L, Wu C, Jia W, Ren H, Feng W, Chen Y. Ultrasound-Based Micro-/Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8307-8472. [PMID: 38924776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to the intrinsic non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, high safety, and real-time capabilities, besides diagnostic imaging, ultrasound as a typical mechanical wave has been extensively developed as a physical tool for versatile biomedical applications. Especially, the prosperity of nanotechnology and nanomedicine invigorates the landscape of ultrasound-based medicine. The unprecedented surge in research enthusiasm and dedicated efforts have led to a mass of multifunctional micro-/nanosystems being applied in ultrasound biomedicine, facilitating precise diagnosis, effective treatment, and personalized theranostics. The effective deployment of versatile ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems in biomedical applications is rooted in a profound understanding of the relationship among composition, structure, property, bioactivity, application, and performance. In this comprehensive review, we elaborate on the general principles regarding the design, synthesis, functionalization, and optimization of ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for abundant biomedical applications. In particular, recent advancements in ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for diagnostic imaging are meticulously summarized. Furthermore, we systematically elucidate state-of-the-art studies concerning recent progress in ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for therapeutic applications targeting various pathological abnormalities including cancer, bacterial infection, brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases. Finally, we conclude and provide an outlook on this research field with an in-depth discussion of the challenges faced and future developments for further extensive clinical translation and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Meiqi Chang
- Laboratory Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Lili Xia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Chenyao Wu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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2
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Pellow C, Jafari Sojahrood A, Zhao X, Kolios MC, Exner AA, Goertz DE. Synchronous Intravital Imaging and Cavitation Monitoring of Antivascular Focused Ultrasound in Tumor Microvasculature Using Monodisperse Low Boiling Point Nanodroplets. ACS NANO 2024; 18:410-427. [PMID: 38147452 PMCID: PMC10786165 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles can induce blood flow shutdown and ischemic necrosis at higher pressures in an approach termed antivascular ultrasound. Combined with conventional therapies of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, this approach has demonstrated tumor growth inhibition and profound synergistic antitumor effects. However, the lower cavitation threshold of microbubbles can potentially yield off-target damage that the polydispersity of clinical agent may further exacerbate. Here we investigate the use of a monodisperse nanodroplet formulation for achieving antivascular effects in tumors. We first develop stable low boiling point monodisperse lipid nanodroplets and examine them as an alternative agent to mediate antivascular ultrasound. With synchronous intravital imaging and ultrasound monitoring of focused ultrasound-stimulated nanodroplets in tumor microvasculature, we show that nanodroplets can trigger blood flow shutdown and do so with a sharper pressure threshold and with fewer additional events than conventionally used microbubbles. We further leverage the smaller size and prolonged pharmacokinetic profile of nanodroplets to allow for potential passive accumulation in tumor tissue prior to antivascular ultrasound, which may be a means by which to promote selective tumor targeting. We find that vascular shutdown is accompanied by inertial cavitation and complex-order sub- and ultraharmonic acoustic signatures, presenting an opportunity for effective feedback control of antivascular ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Pellow
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Amin Jafari Sojahrood
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - David E Goertz
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
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3
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Ramesh R, Thimonier C, Desgranges S, Faugeras V, Coulouvrat F, Laurent J, Marrelec G, Contino-Pépin C, Urbach W, Tribet C, Taulier N. Acoustic Droplet Vaporization of Perfluorohexane Emulsions Induced by Heterogeneous Nucleation at an Ultrasonic Frequency of 1.1 MHz. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15716-15729. [PMID: 37889478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Droplets made of liquid perfluorocarbon undergo a phase transition and transform into microbubbles when triggered by ultrasound of intensity beyond a critical threshold; this mechanism is called acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). It has been shown that if the intensity of the signal coming from high ultrasonic harmonics are sufficiently high, superharmonic focusing is the mechanism leading to ADV for large droplets (>3 μm) and high frequencies (>1.5 MHz). In such a scenario, ADV is initiated due to a nucleus occurring at a specific location inside the droplet volume. But the question on what induces ADV in the case of nanometer-sized droplets and/or at low ultrasonic frequencies (<1.5 MHz) still remains. We investigated ADV of perfluorohexane (PFH) nano- and microdroplets at a frequency of 1.1 MHz and at conditions where there is no superharmonic focusing. Three types of droplets produced by microfluidics were studied: plain PFH droplets, PFH droplets containing many nanometer-sized water droplets, and droplets made of a PFH corona encapsulating a single micron-sized water droplet. The probability to observe a vaporization event was measured as a function of acoustic pressure. As our experiments were performed on droplet suspensions containing a population of monodisperse droplets, we developed a statistical model to extrapolate, from our experimental curves, the ADV pressure thresholds in the case where only one droplet would be insonified. We observed that the value of ADV pressure threshold decreases as the radius of a plain PFH droplet increases. This value was further reduced when a PFH droplet encapsulates a micron-sized water droplet, while the encapsulation of many nanometer-sized water droplets did not modify the threshold. These results cannot be explained by a model of homogeneous nucleation. However, we developed a heterogeneous nucleation model, where the nucleus appears at the surface in contact with PFH, that successfully predicts our experimental ADV results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramesh
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - C Thimonier
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
- Département de Chimie, P.A.S.T.E.U.R., École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Desgranges
- Équipe Systèmes Amphiphiles Bioactifs et Formulations Eco-compatibles, UPRI, Avignon Université, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - V Faugeras
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - F Coulouvrat
- Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J Laurent
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogénes, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - G Marrelec
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - C Contino-Pépin
- Équipe Systèmes Amphiphiles Bioactifs et Formulations Eco-compatibles, UPRI, Avignon Université, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - W Urbach
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - C Tribet
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - N Taulier
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
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4
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Aliabouzar M, Kripfgans OD, Brian Fowlkes J, Fabiilli ML. Bubble nucleation and dynamics in acoustic droplet vaporization: a review of concepts, applications, and new directions. Z Med Phys 2023; 33:387-406. [PMID: 36775778 PMCID: PMC10517405 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of phase-shift droplets has broadened the scope of ultrasound-based biomedical applications. When subjected to sufficient acoustic pressures, the perfluorocarbon phase in phase-shift droplets undergoes a phase-transition to a gaseous state. This phenomenon, termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), has been the subject of substantial research over the last two decades with great progress made in design of phase-shift droplets, fundamental physics of bubble nucleation and dynamics, and applications. Here, we review experimental approaches, carried out via high-speed microscopy, as well as theoretical models that have been proposed to study the fundamental physics of ADV including vapor nucleation and ADV-induced bubble dynamics. In addition, we highlight new developments of ADV in tissue regeneration, which is a relatively recently exploited application. We conclude this review with future opportunities of ADV for advanced applications such as in situ microrheology and pressure estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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5
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Aliabouzar M, Quesada C, Chan ZQ, Fowlkes JB, Franceschi RT, Putnam AJ, Fabiilli ML. Acoustic droplet vaporization for on-demand modulation of microporosity in smart hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:195-208. [PMID: 37121372 PMCID: PMC10538466 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microporosity in hydrogels is critical for directing tissue formation and function. We have developed a fibrin-based smart hydrogel, termed an acoustically responsive scaffold (ARS), which responds to focused ultrasound in a spatiotemporally controlled, user-defined manner. ARSs are highly flexible platforms due to the inclusion of phase-shift droplets and their tunable response to ultrasound through a mechanism termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). Here, we demonstrated that ADV enabled consistent generation of micropores in ARSs, throughout the entire thickness (∼5.5 mm), utilizing perfluorooctane phase-shift droplets. Size characteristics of the generated micropores were quantified in response to critical parameters including acoustic properties, droplet size, and shear elastic modulus of fibrin using confocal microscopy. The findings showed that the length of the generated micropores correlated directly with excitation frequency, peak rarefactional pressure, pulse duration, droplet size, and indirectly with the shear elastic modulus of the fibrin matrix. The ADV-generated micropores in ARSs were further compared with cavitation-mediated micropores in fibrin gels without droplets. Additionally, the Keller-Miksis equation was used to predict an upper bound for micropore formation in ARSs at varying driving frequencies and droplet sizes. Finally, our in vivo studies showed that host cell migration following ADV-induced micropore formation was frequency-dependent, with up to 2.6 times higher cell migration at lower frequencies. Overall, these findings demonstrate a new potential application of ADV in hydrogels. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Interconnected micropores within a hydrogel can facilitate many cell-mediated processes. Most techniques for generating micropores are typically not biocompatible or do not enable controlled, in situ micropore formation. We used an ultrasound-based technique, termed acoustic droplet vaporization, to generate microporosity in smart hydrogels termed acoustically responsive scaffolds (ARSs). ARSs contain a fibrin matrix doped with a phase-shift droplet. We demonstrate that unique acoustic properties of phase-shift droplets can be tailored to yield spatiotemporally controlled, on-demand micropore formation. Additionally, the size characteristics of the ultrasound-generated micropores can be modulated by tuning ultrasound parameters, droplet properties, and bulk elastic properties of fibrin. Finally, we demonstrate significant, frequency-dependent host cell migration in subcutaneously implanted ARSs in mice following ultrasound-induced micropore formation in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Carole Quesada
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ze Qi Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Dental School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew J Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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6
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Huang D, Wang J, Song C, Zhao Y. Ultrasound-responsive matters for biomedical applications. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100421. [PMID: 37192908 PMCID: PMC10182333 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) is a biofavorable mechanical wave that has shown practical significance in biomedical fields. Due to the cavitation effect, sonoluminescence, sonoporation, pyrolysis, and other biophysical and chemical effects, a wide range of matters have been elucidated to be responsive to the stimulus of US. This review addresses and discusses current developments in US-responsive matters, including US-breakable intermolecular conjugations, US-catalytic sonosensitizers, fluorocarbon compounds, microbubbles, and US-propelled micro- and nanorobots. Meanwhile, the interactions between US and advanced matters create various biochemical products and enhanced mechanical effects, leading to the exploration of potential biomedical applications, from US-facilitated biosensing and diagnostic imaging to US-induced therapeutic applications and clinical translations. Finally, the current challenges are summarized and future perspectives on US-responsive matters in biomedical applications and clinical translations are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Chuanhui Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Corresponding author
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7
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Benton RP, Al Rifai N, Stone K, Clark A, Zhang B, Haworth KJ. Impact of Perfluoropentane Microdroplets Diameter and Concentration on Acoustic Droplet Vaporization Transition Efficiency and Oxygen Scavenging. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112392. [PMID: 36365210 PMCID: PMC9694497 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization is the ultrasound-mediated phase change of liquid droplets into gas microbubbles. Following the phase change, oxygen diffuses from the surrounding fluid into the microbubble. An in vitro model was used to study the effects of droplet diameter, the presence of an ultrasound contrast agent, ultrasound duty cycle, and droplet concentration on the magnitude of oxygen scavenging in oxygenated deionized water. Perfluoropentane droplets were manufactured through a microfluidic approach at nominal diameters of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 µm and studied at concentrations varying from 5.1 × 10-5 to 6.3 × 10-3 mL/mL. Droplets were exposed to an ultrasound transduced by an EkoSonicTM catheter (2.35 MHz, 47 W, and duty cycles of 1.70%, 2.34%, or 3.79%). Oxygen scavenging and the total volume of perfluoropentane that phase-transitioned increased with droplet concentration. The ADV transition efficiency decreased with increasing droplet concentration. The increasing duty cycle resulted in statistically significant increases in oxygen scavenging for 1, 3, 5, and 7 µm droplets, although the increase was smaller than when the droplet diameter or concentration were increased. Under the ultrasound conditions tested, droplet diameter and concentration had the greatest impact on the amount of ADV and subsequent oxygen scavenging occurred, which should be considered when using ADV-mediated oxygen scavenging in therapeutic ultrasounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P. Benton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Nour Al Rifai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kateryna Stone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Abigail Clark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kevin J. Haworth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-558-3536
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8
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Welch PJ, Li DS, Forest CR, Pozzo LD, Shi C. Perfluorocarbon nanodroplet size, acoustic vaporization, and inertial cavitation affected by lipid shell composition in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 152:2493. [PMID: 36319242 PMCID: PMC9812515 DOI: 10.1121/10.0014934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) are ultrasound contrast agents that phase-transition from liquid nanodroplets to gas microbubbles when activated by laser irradiation or insonated with an ultrasound pulse. The dynamics of PFCnDs can vary drastically depending on the nanodroplet composition, including the lipid shell properties. In this paper, we investigate the effect of varying the ratio of PEGylated to non-PEGylated phospholipids in the outer shell of PFCnDs on the acoustic nanodroplet vaporization (liquid to gas phase transition) and inertial cavitation (rapid collapse of the vaporized nanodroplets) dynamics in vitro when insonated with focused ultrasound. Nanodroplets with a high concentration of PEGylated lipids had larger diameters and exhibited greater variance in size distribution compared to nanodroplets with lower proportions of PEGylated lipids in the lipid shell. PFCnDs with a lipid shell composed of 50:50 PEGylated to non-PEGylated lipids yielded the highest B-mode image intensity and duration, as well as the greatest pressure difference between acoustic droplet vaporization onset and inertial cavitation onset. We demonstrate that slight changes in lipid shell composition of PFCnDs can significantly impact droplet phase transitioning and inertial cavitation dynamics. These findings can help guide researchers to fabricate PFCnDs with optimized compositions for their specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe J Welch
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | - Craig R Forest
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Lilo D Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Chengzhi Shi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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9
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Aliabouzar M, Kripfgans OD, Estrada JB, Brian Fowlkes J, Fabiilli ML. Multi-time scale characterization of acoustic droplet vaporization and payload release of phase-shift emulsions using high-speed microscopy. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 88:106090. [PMID: 35835060 PMCID: PMC9287562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is the phase-transitioning of perfluorocarbon emulsions, termed phase-shift emulsions, into bubbles using focused ultrasound. ADV has been utilized in many biomedical applications. For localized drug release, phase-shift emulsions with a bioactive payload can be incorporated within a hydrogel to yield an acoustically-responsive scaffold (ARS). The dynamics of ADV and associated drug release within hydrogels are not well understood. Additionally, emulsions used in ARSs often contain high molecular weight perfluorocarbons, which is unique relative to other ADV applications. In this study, we used ultra-high-speed brightfield and fluorescence microscopy, at frame rates up to 30 million and 0.5 million frames per second, respectively, to elucidate ADV dynamics and payload release kinetics in fibrin-based ARSs containing phase-shift emulsions with three different perfluorocarbons: perfluoropentane (PFP), perfluorohexane (PFH), and perfluorooctane (PFO). At an ultrasound excitation frequency of 2.5 MHz, the maximum expansion ratio, defined as the maximum bubble diameter during ADV normalized by the initial emulsion diameter, was 4.3 ± 0.8, 4.1 ± 0.6, and 3.6 ± 0.4, for PFP, PFH, PFO emulsions, respectively. ADV yielded stable bubble formation in PFP and PFH emulsions, though the bubble growth rate post-ADV was three orders of magnitudes slower in the latter emulsion. Comparatively, ADV generated bubbles in PFO emulsions underwent repeated vaporization/recondensation or fragmentation. Different ADV-generated bubble dynamics resulted in distinct release kinetics in phase-shift emulsions carrying fluorescently-labeled payloads. The results provide physical insight enabling the modulation of bubble dynamics with ADV and hence release kinetics, which can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan B Estrada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Lea-Banks H, Wu SK, Lee H, Hynynen K. Ultrasound-triggered oxygen-loaded nanodroplets enhance and monitor cerebral damage from sonodynamic therapy. Nanotheranostics 2022; 6:376-387. [PMID: 35795341 PMCID: PMC9254362 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.71946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In sonodynamic therapy, cellular toxicity from sonosensitizer drugs, such as 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA), may be triggered with focused ultrasound through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we show that by increasing local oxygen during treatment, using oxygen-loaded perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (250 +/- 8 nm), we can increase the damage induced by 5-ALA, and monitor the severity by recording acoustic emissions in the brain. To achieve this, we sonicated the right striatum of 16 healthy rats after an intravenous dose of 5-ALA (200 mg/kg), followed by saline, nanodroplets, or oxygen-loaded nanodroplets. We assessed haemorrhage, edema and cell apoptosis immediately following, 24 hr, and 48 hr after focused ultrasound treatment. The localized volume of damaged tissue was significantly enhanced by the presence of oxygen-loaded nanodroplets, compared to ultrasound with unloaded nanodroplets (3-fold increase), and ultrasound alone (40-fold increase). Sonicating 1 hr following 5-ALA injection was found to be more potent than 2 hr following 5-ALA injection (2-fold increase), and the severity of tissue damage corresponded to the acoustic emissions from droplet vaporization. Enhancing the local damage from 5-ALA with monitored cavitation activity and additional oxygen could have significant implications in the treatment of atherosclerosis and non-invasive ablative surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Lea-Banks
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sheng-Kai Wu
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hannah Lee
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Zhang W, Shi Y, Abd Shukor S, Vijayakumaran A, Vlatakis S, Wright M, Thanou M. Phase-shift nanodroplets as an emerging sonoresponsive nanomaterial for imaging and drug delivery applications. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2943-2965. [PMID: 35166273 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07882h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanodroplets - emerging phase-changing sonoresponsive materials - have attracted substantial attention in biomedical applications for both tumour imaging and therapeutic purposes due to their unique response to ultrasound. As ultrasound is applied at different frequencies and powers, nanodroplets have been shown to cavitate by the process of acoustic droplet vapourisation (ADV), causing the development of mechanical forces which promote sonoporation through cellular membranes. This allows drugs to be delivered efficiently into deeper tissues where tumours are located. Recent reviews on nanodroplets are mostly focused on the mechanism of cavitation and their applications in biomedical fields. However, the chemistry of the nanodroplet components has not been discussed or reviewed yet. In this review, the commonly used materials and preparation methods of nanodroplets are summarised. More importantly, this review provides examples of variable chemistry components in nanodroplets which link them to their efficiency as ultrasound-multimodal imaging agents to image and monitor drug delivery. Finally, the drawbacks of current research, future development, and future direction of nanodroplets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | - Yuhong Shi
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | | | | | - Stavros Vlatakis
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | - Michael Wright
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | - Maya Thanou
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
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12
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Holman R, Lorton O, Guillemin PC, Desgranges S, Contino-Pépin C, Salomir R. Perfluorocarbon Emulsion Contrast Agents: A Mini Review. Front Chem 2022; 9:810029. [PMID: 35083198 PMCID: PMC8785234 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.810029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon emulsions offer a variety of applications in medical imaging. The substances can be useful for most radiological imaging modalities; including, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. Recently, the substance has gained much interest for theranostics, with both imaging and therapeutic potential. As MRI sequences improve and more widespread access to 19F-MRI coils become available, perfluorocarbon emulsions have great potential for new commercial imaging agents, due to high fluorine content and previous regulatory approval as antihypoxants and blood substitutes. This mini review aims to discuss the chemistry and physics of these contrast agents, in addition to highlighting some of the past, recent, and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Holman
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ryan Holman,
| | - Orane Lorton
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pauline C. Guillemin
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rares Salomir
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Radiology Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Le TNQ, Tran NN, Escribà-Gelonch M, Serra CA, Fisk I, McClements DJ, Hessel V. Microfluidic encapsulation for controlled release and its potential for nanofertilisers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11979-12012. [PMID: 34515721 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is increasingly being utilized to create advanced materials with improved or new functional attributes. Converting fertilizers into a nanoparticle-form has been shown to improve their efficacy but the current procedures used to fabricate nanofertilisers often have poor reproducibility and flexibility. Microfluidic systems, on the other hand, have advantages over traditional nanoparticle fabrication methods in terms of energy and materials consumption, versatility, and controllability. The increased controllability can result in the formation of nanoparticles with precise and complex morphologies (e.g., tuneable sizes, low polydispersity, and multi-core structures). As a result, their functional performance can be tailored to specific applications. This paper reviews the principles, formation, and applications of nano-enabled delivery systems fabricated using microfluidic approaches for the encapsulation, protection, and release of fertilizers. Controlled release can be achieved using two main routes: (i) nutrients adsorbed on nanosupports and (ii) nutrients encapsulated inside nanostructures. We aim to highlight the opportunities for preparing a new generation of highly versatile nanofertilisers using microfluidic systems. We will explore several main characteristics of microfluidically prepared nanofertilisers, including droplet formation, shell fine-tuning, adsorbate fine-tuning, and sustained/triggered release behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Nguyen Quang Le
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nam Nghiep Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Marc Escribà-Gelonch
- Higher Polytechnic Engineering School, University of Lleida, Igualada (Barcelona), 08700, Spain
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ian Fisk
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Rd, Coventry, UK
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14
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Lea-Banks H, Hynynen K. Sub-millimetre precision of drug delivery in the brain from ultrasound-triggered nanodroplets. J Control Release 2021; 338:731-741. [PMID: 34530050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-loaded nanoscale cavitation agents, called nanodroplets, are an attractive solution to enhance and localize drug delivery, offering increased stability and prolonged half-life in circulation compared to microbubbles. However, the spatial precision with which drug can be released and delivered into brain tissue from such agents has not been directly mapped. Decafluorobutane lipid-shell droplets (206 +/- 6 nm) were loaded with a fluorescent blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrating dye (Nile Blue) and vaporized with ultrasound (1.66 MHz, 10 ms pulse length, 1 Hz pulse repetition frequency), generating transient echogenic microbubbles and delivering the encapsulated dye. The distribution and intensity of released fluorophore was mapped in a tissue-mimicking phantom, and in the brain of rats (Sprague Dawley, N = 4, n = 16). The release and distribution of dye was found to be pressure-dependent (0.2-3.5 MPa) and to occur only above the vaporization threshold of the nanodroplets (1.5 +/- 0.25 MPa in vitro, 2.4 +/- 0.05 MPa in vivo). Dye delivery was achieved with sub-millimetre spatial precision, covering an area of 0.4 to 1.5 mm in diameter, determined by the sonication pressure. The distribution and intensity of dye released at depth in the brain followed the axial pressure profile of the ultrasound beam. Nile Blue (354 Da, LogP 2.7) was compared to Nile Red (318 Da, LogP 3.8) and Quantum Dots (CdSe/ZnS, 5 nm diameter) to visualize the role of molecule size and lipophilicity in crossing the intact BBB following triggered release. Acoustic emissions were shown to predict the successful delivery of the BBB-penetrating dye and the extent of the distribution, demonstrating the theranostic capabilities of nanoscale droplets to precisely localize drug delivery in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Lea-Banks
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Song X, Loskutova K, Chen H, Shen G, Grishenkov D. Deriving acoustic properties for perfluoropentane droplets with viscoelastic cellulose nanofiber shell via numerical simulations. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:1750. [PMID: 34598597 DOI: 10.1121/10.0006046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoropentane droplets with cellulose nanofibers (CNF) shells have demonstrated better stability and easier surface modification as ultrasound contrast agents and drug delivery vehicles. This paper presents a theoretical model assuming a four-phase state "inverse antibubble," with the core filled with gas perfluoropentane surrounded by liquid perfluoropentane. A continuous, incompressible, and viscoelastic stabilizing layer separates the core from the surrounding water. A parametric study is performed to predict the frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient, the speed of sound, and the resonance frequency of the droplets which have a mean diameter of 2.47 ± 0.95 μm. Results reveal that the CNF-stabilized perfluoropentane droplets can be modeled in a Rayleigh-Plesset like equation. We conclude that the shell strongly influences the acoustic behavior of the droplets and the resonance frequency largely depends on the initial gas cavity radius. More specifically, the peak attenuation coefficient and peak-to-peak speed of sound decrease with increasing shear modulus, shear viscosity, and shell thickness, while they increase with increasing gas cavity radius and concentration. The resonance frequency increases as shear modulus and shell thickness increase, while it decreases as shear viscosity and gas cavity radius increase. It is worth mentioning that droplet concentration has no effect on the resonance frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ksenia Loskutova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health System, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Hongjian Chen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dmitry Grishenkov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health System, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
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16
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Krafft MP, Riess JG. Therapeutic oxygen delivery by perfluorocarbon-based colloids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102407. [PMID: 34120037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After the protocol-related indecisive clinical trial of Oxygent, a perfluorooctylbromide/phospholipid nanoemulsion, in cardiac surgery, that often unduly assigned the observed untoward effects to the product, the development of perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based O2 nanoemulsions ("blood substitutes") has come to a low. Yet, significant further demonstrations of PFC O2-delivery efficacy have continuously been reported, such as relief of hypoxia after myocardial infarction or stroke; protection of vital organs during surgery; potentiation of O2-dependent cancer therapies, including radio-, photodynamic-, chemo- and immunotherapies; regeneration of damaged nerve, bone or cartilage; preservation of organ grafts destined for transplantation; and control of gas supply in tissue engineering and biotechnological productions. PFC colloids capable of augmenting O2 delivery include primarily injectable PFC nanoemulsions, microbubbles and phase-shift nanoemulsions. Careful selection of PFC and other colloid components is critical. The basics of O2 delivery by PFC nanoemulsions will be briefly reminded. Improved knowledge of O2 delivery mechanisms has been acquired. Advanced, size-adjustable O2-delivering nanoemulsions have been designed that have extended room-temperature shelf-stability. Alternate O2 delivery options are being investigated that rely on injectable PFC-stabilized microbubbles or phase-shift PFC nanoemulsions. The latter combine prolonged circulation in the vasculature, capacity for penetrating tumor tissues, and acute responsiveness to ultrasound and other external stimuli. Progress in microbubble and phase-shift emulsion engineering, control of phase-shift activation (vaporization), understanding and control of bubble/ultrasound/tissue interactions is discussed. Control of the phase-shift event and of microbubble size require utmost attention. Further PFC-based colloidal systems, including polymeric micelles, PFC-loaded organic or inorganic nanoparticles and scaffolds, have been devised that also carry substantial amounts of O2. Local, on-demand O2 delivery can be triggered by external stimuli, including focused ultrasound irradiation or tumor microenvironment. PFC colloid functionalization and targeting can help adjust their properties for specific indications, augment their efficacy, improve safety profiles, and expand the range of their indications. Many new medical and biotechnological applications involving fluorinated colloids are being assessed, including in the clinic. Further uses of PFC-based colloidal nanotherapeutics will be briefly mentioned that concern contrast diagnostic imaging, including molecular imaging and immune cell tracking; controlled delivery of therapeutic energy, as for noninvasive surgical ablation and sonothrombolysis; and delivery of drugs and genes, including across the blood-brain barrier. Even when the fluorinated colloids investigated are designed for other purposes than O2 supply, they will inevitably also carry and deliver a certain amount of O2, and may thus be considered for O2 delivery or co-delivery applications. Conversely, O2-carrying PFC nanoemulsions possess by nature a unique aptitude for 19F MR imaging, and hence, cell tracking, while PFC-stabilized microbubbles are ideal resonators for ultrasound contrast imaging and can undergo precise manipulation and on-demand destruction by ultrasound waves, thereby opening multiple theranostic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Krafft
- University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean G Riess
- Harangoutte Institute, 68160 Ste Croix-aux-Mines, France
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17
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Wu Q, Mannaris C, May JP, Bau L, Polydorou A, Ferri S, Carugo D, Evans ND, Stride E. Investigation of the Acoustic Vaporization Threshold of Lipid-Coated Perfluorobutane Nanodroplets Using Both High-Speed Optical Imaging and Acoustic Methods. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1826-1843. [PMID: 33820668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A combination of ultrahigh-speed optical imaging (5 × 106 frames/s), B-mode ultrasound and passive cavitation detection was used to study the vaporization process and determine both the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) and inertial cavitation (IC) thresholds of phospholipid-coated perfluorobutane nanodroplets (PFB NDs, diameter = 237 ± 16 nm). PFB NDs have not previously been studied with ultrahigh-speed imaging and were observed to form individual microbubbles (1-10 μm) within two to three cycles and subsequently larger bubble clusters (10-50 μm). The ADV and IC thresholds did not statistically significantly differ and decreased with increasing pulse length (20-20,000 cycles), pulse repetition frequency (1-100 Hz), concentration (108-1010 NDs/mL), temperature (20°C-45°C) and decreasing frequency (1.5-0.5 MHz). Overall, the results indicate that at frequencies of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 MHz, PFB NDs can be vaporized at moderate peak negative pressures (<2.0 MPa), pulse lengths and pulse repetition frequencies. This finding is encouraging for the use of PFB NDs as cavitation agents, as these conditions are comparable to those required to achieve therapeutic effects with microbubbles, unlike those reported for higher-boiling-point NDs. The differences between the optically and acoustically determined ADV thresholds, however, suggest that application-specific thresholds should be defined according to the biological/therapeutic effect of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christophoros Mannaris
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P May
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Bau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Polydorou
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Ferri
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Carugo
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D Evans
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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18
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Loskutova K, Nimander D, Gouwy I, Chen H, Ghorbani M, Svagan AJ, Grishenkov D. A Study on the Acoustic Response of Pickering Perfluoropentane Droplets in Different Media. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5670-5678. [PMID: 33681606 PMCID: PMC7931408 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is the physical process of liquid-to-gas phase transition mediated by pressure variations in an ultrasound field. In this study, the acoustic response of novel particle-stabilized perfluoropentane droplets was studied in bulk and confined media. The oil/water interface was stabilized by cellulose nanofibers. First, their acoustic responses under idealized conditions were examined to assess their susceptibility to undergo ADV. Second, the droplets were studied in a more realistic setting and placed in a confined medium. Lastly, an imaging setup was developed and tested on the droplets. The acoustic response could be seen when the amplitude of the peak negative pressure (PNP) was above 200 kPa, suggesting that this is the vaporization pressure threshold for these droplets. Increasing the PNP resulted in a decrease in signal intensity over time, suggesting a more destructive behavior. The imaging setup was able to differentiate between the droplets and the surrounding tissue. Results obtained within this study suggest that these droplets have potential in terms of ultrasound-mediated diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Loskutova
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Didrik Nimander
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Gouwy
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Hongjian Chen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Morteza Ghorbani
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
- Sabanci
University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Anna J. Svagan
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - Dmitry Grishenkov
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
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19
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Lea-Banks H, Meng Y, Wu SK, Belhadjhamida R, Hamani C, Hynynen K. Ultrasound-sensitive nanodroplets achieve targeted neuromodulation. J Control Release 2021; 332:30-39. [PMID: 33600879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) offers an attractive tool for non-invasive neuromodulation, addressing a clinical need to develop more minimally invasive approaches that are safer, more tolerable and versatile. In combination with a cavitation agent, the effects of ultrasound can be amplified and localized for therapy. Using c-Fos expression mapping, we show how ultrasound-sensitive nanodroplets can be used to induce either neurosuppression or neurostimulation, without disrupting the blood-brain barrier in rats. By repurposing a commercial ultrasound contrast agent, Definity, lipid-shell decafluorobutane-core nanodroplets of 212.5 ± 2.0 nm were fabricated and loaded with or without pentobarbital. FUS was delivered with an atlas-based targeting system at 1.66 MHz to the motor cortex of rats, using a feedback-controller to detect successful nanodroplet vaporization and drug release. Neuromodulation was quantified through changes in sensorimotor function and c-Fos expression. Following FUS-triggered delivery, sham nanodroplets induced a 22.6 ± 21% increase in local c-Fos expression, whereas pentobarbital-loaded nanodroplets induced a 21.7 ± 13% decrease (n = 6). Nanodroplets, combined with FUS, offer an adaptable tool for neuromodulation, through local delivery of small molecule anesthetics or targeted mechanical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Lea-Banks
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Ying Meng
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sheng-Kai Wu
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Clement Hamani
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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20
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Lajoinie G, Segers T, Versluis M. High-Frequency Acoustic Droplet Vaporization is Initiated by Resonance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:034501. [PMID: 33543968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.034501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaporization of low-boiling point droplets has numerous applications in combustion, process engineering, and in recent years, in clinical medicine. However, the physical mechanisms governing the phase conversion are only partly explained. Here, we show that an acoustic resonance can arise from the large speed of sound mismatch between a perfluorocarbon microdroplet and its surroundings. The fundamental resonance mode obeys a unique relationship kR∼0.65 between droplet size and driving frequency that leads to a threefold pressure amplification inside the droplet. Classical nucleation theory shows that this pressure amplification increases the nucleation rate by several orders of magnitude. These findings are confirmed by high-speed imaging performed at a timescale of 10 ns. The optical recordings demonstrate that droplets exposed to intense acoustic waves generated by interdigital transducers nucleate only if they match the theoretical resonance size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Tim Segers
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
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21
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Kim J, DeRuiter RM, Goel L, Xu Z, Jiang X, Dayton PA. A Comparison of Sonothrombolysis in Aged Clots between Low-Boiling-Point Phase-Change Nanodroplets and Microbubbles of the Same Composition. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:3059-3068. [PMID: 32800631 PMCID: PMC8146824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present enhanced cavitation erosion of blood clots exposed to low-boiling-point (-2°C) perfluorocarbon phase-change nanodroplets and pulsed ultrasound, as well as microbubbles with the same formulation under the same conditions. Given prior success with microbubbles as a sonothrombolysis agent, we considered that perfluorocarbon phase-change nanodroplets could enhance clot disruption further beyond that achieved with microbubbles. It has been hypothesized that owing to their small size and ability to penetrate into a clot, nanodroplets could enhance cavitation inside a blood clot and increase sonothrombolysis efficacy. The thrombolytic effects of lipid-shell-decafluorobutane nanodroplets were evaluated and compared with those of microbubbles with the same formulation, in an aged bovine blood clot flow model. Seven different pulsing schemes, with an acoustic intensity (ISPTA) range of 0.021-34.8 W/cm2 were applied in three different therapy scenarios: ultrasound only, ultrasound with microbubbles and ultrasound with nanodroplets (n = 5). Data indicated that pulsing schemes with 0.35 W/cm2 and 5.22 W/cm2 produced a significant difference (p < 0.05) in nanodroplet sonothrombolysis performance compared with compositionally identical microbubbles. With these excitation conditions, nanodroplet-mediated treatment achieved a 140% average thrombolysis rate over the microbubble-mediated case. We observed distinctive internal erosion in the middle of bovine clot samples from nanodroplet-mediated ultrasound, whereas the microbubble-mediated case generated surface erosion. This erosion pattern was supported by ultrasound imaging during sonothrombolysis, which revealed that nanodroplets generated cavitation clouds throughout a clot, whereas microbubble cavitation formed larger cavitation clouds only outside a clot sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ryan M DeRuiter
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leela Goel
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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22
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Dong W, Huang A, Huang J, Wu P, Guo S, Liu H, Qin M, Yang X, Zhang B, Wan M, Zong Y. Plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets with a SPIO-NP dispersed perfluoropentane core and lipid shell for tumor-targeted intracellular plasmid delivery. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5329-5345. [PMID: 32793943 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Using ultrasound activating contrast agents to induce sonoporation is a potential strategy for effective lesion-targeted gene delivery. Previous reports have proven that submicron nanodroplets have a better advantage than microbubbles in that they can pass through tumor vasculature endothelial gaps by passive targeting; however, they cannot achieve an adequate dose in tumors to facilitate ultrasound-enhanced gene delivery. Additionally, a few studies focused on delivering macromolecular genetic materials (i.e. overexpression plasmid and CRISPR plasmid) have presented more unique advantages than small-molecular genetic materials (i.e. miRNA mimics, siRNA and shRNA etc.), such as enhancing the expression of target genes with long-term effectiveness. Thereby, we constructed novel plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets, where superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle dispersed perfluoropentane was encapsulated with lipids to which plasmids could be adhered, and branched polyethylenimine was used to protect the plasmids from enzymolysis. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to verify the magnetic tumor-targeting ability of the plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets and focused ultrasound enhanced intracellular plasmid delivery. The plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets, carrying 16-19 plasmids per droplet, had desirable diameters less than 300 nm, and integrated the merits of excellent magnetic targeting capabilities and phase transition sensitivity to focused ultrasound. Under programmable focused ultrasound exposure, the plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets underwent a phase-transition into echogenic microbubbles and the subsequent inertial cavitation of the microbubbles achieved an ∼40% in vitro plasmid delivery efficiency. Following intravenous administration, T2-weighted magnet resonance imaging, scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry of the tumors showed significantly enhanced intratumoral accumulation of the plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets under an external magnetic field. And a GFP ELISA assay and immunofluorescence staining indicated that focused ultrasound-induced inertial cavitation of the plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets significantly enhanced the intracellular delivery of plasmids within the tumor after magnet-assisted accumulation, while only lower GFP levels were observed in the tumors on applying focused ultrasound or an external magnet alone. Taken together, utilizing the excellent plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets combined with magnetism and ultrasound could efficiently deliver plasmids to cancer cells, which could be a potential strategy for macromolecular genetic material delivery in the clinic to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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23
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Yang Y, Yang D, Zhang Q, Guo X, Raymond JL, Roy RA, Zhang D, Tu J. The influence of droplet concentration on phase change and inertial cavitation thresholds associated with acoustic droplet vaporization. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 148:EL375. [PMID: 33138477 DOI: 10.1121/10.0002274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is an important process that enables the theragnostic application of acoustically activated droplets, where the nucleation of inertial cavitation (IC) activity must be precisely controlled. This Letter describes threshold pressure measurements for ADV and acoustic emissions consistent with IC activity of lipid-shelled non-superheated perfluoropentane nanodroplets over a range of physiologically relevant concentrations at 1.1-MHz. Under the frequency investigated, results show that the thresholds were relatively independent of concentration for intermediate concentrations (105, 106, and 107 droplets/ml), thus indicating an optimal range of droplet concentrations for conducting threshold studies. For the highest concentration, the difference between the threshold for IC and the threshold for ADV was greatly reduced, suggesting that it might prove difficult to induce ADV without concomitant IC in applications that employ higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanye Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dongxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jason L Raymond
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United , , , , , , ,
| | - Ronald A Roy
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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24
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Helfield BL, Yoo K, Liu J, Williams R, Sheeran PS, Goertz DE, Burns PN. Investigating the Accumulation of Submicron Phase-Change Droplets in Tumors. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2861-2870. [PMID: 32732167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submicron phase-change droplets are an emerging class of ultrasound contrast agent. Compared with microbubbles, their relatively small size and increased stability offer the potential to passively extravasate and accumulate in solid tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Under exposure to sufficiently powerful ultrasound, these droplets can convert into in situ gas microbubbles and thus be used as an extravascular-specific contrast agent. However, in vivo imaging methods to detect extravasated droplets have yet to be established. Here, we develop an ultrasound imaging pulse sequence within diagnostic safety limits to selectively detect droplet extravasation in tumors. Tumor-bearing mice were injected with submicron perfluorobutane droplets and interrogated with our imaging-vaporization-imaging sequence. By use of a pulse subtraction method, median droplet extravasation signal relative to the total signal within the tumor was estimated to be Etumor=37±5% compared with the kidney Ekidney=-2±8% (p < 0.001). This work contributes toward the advancement of volatile phase-shift droplets as a next-generation ultrasound agent for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Helfield
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Kimoon Yoo
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ross Williams
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul S Sheeran
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David E Goertz
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter N Burns
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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25
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Melich R, Bussat P, Morici L, Vivien A, Gaud E, Bettinger T, Cherkaoui S. Microfluidic preparation of various perfluorocarbon nanodroplets: Characterization and determination of acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) threshold. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Xu T, Cui Z, Li D, Cao F, Xu J, Zong Y, Wang S, Bouakaz A, Wan M, Zhang S. Cavitation characteristics of flowing low and high boiling-point perfluorocarbon phase-shift nanodroplets during focused ultrasound exposures. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 65:105060. [PMID: 32199255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated and compared the dynamic cavitation characteristics between low and high boiling-point phase-shift nanodroplets (NDs) under physiologically relevant flow conditions during focused ultrasound (FUS) exposures at different peak rarefactional pressures. A passive cavitation detection (PCD) system was used to monitor cavitation activity during FUS exposure at various acoustic pressure levels. Root mean square (RMS) amplitudes of broadband noise, spectrograms of the passive cavitation detection signals, and normalized inertial cavitation dose (ICD) values were calculated. Cavitation activity of low-boiling-point perfluoropentane (PFP) NDs and high boiling-point perfluorohexane (PFH) NDs flowing at in vitro mean velocities of 0-15 cm/s were compared in a 4-mm diameter wall-less vessel in a transparent tissue-mimicking phantom. In the static state, both types of phase-shift NDs exhibit a sharp rise in cavitation intensity during initial FUS exposure. Under flow conditions, cavitation activity of the PFH NDs reached the steady state less rapidly compared to PFP NDs under the lower acoustic pressure (1.35 MPa); at the higher acoustic pressure (1.65 MPa), the RMS amplitude increased more sharply during the initial FUS exposure period. In particular, the RMS-time curves of the PFP NDs shifted upward as the mean flow velocity increased from 0 to 15 cm/s; the RMS amplitude of the PFH ND solution increased from 0 to 10 cm/s and decreased at 15 cm/s. Moreover, amplitudes of the echo signal for the low boiling-point PFP NDs were higher compared to the high boiling-point PFH NDs in the lower frequency range, whereas the inverse occurred in the higher frequency range. Both PFP and PFH NDs showed increased cavitation activity in the higher frequency under the flow condition compared to the static state, especially PFH NDs. At 1.65 MPa, normalized ICD values for PFH increased from 0.93 ± 0.03 to 0.96 ± 0.04 and from 0 to 10 cm/s, then decreased to 0.86 ± 0.05 at 15 cm/s. This work contributes to our further understanding of cavitation characteristics of phase-shift NDs under physiologically relevant flow conditions during FUS exposure. In addition, the results provide a reference for selecting suitable phase-shift NDs to enhance the efficiency of cavitation-mediated ultrasonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyuan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichen Xu
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory for Visual Information Processing and Applications, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujin Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Supin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Mingxi Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Li Y, Liu R, Liu L, Zhang Y, Sun J, Ma P, Wu Y, Duan S, Zhang L. Study on phase transition and contrast-enhanced imaging of ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets with polymer shells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Yaqiong LP, Ruiqing LMD, Shaobo DMD, Lianzhong ZMD. Advances in Targeted Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Based on Ultrasound-Responsive Nanodroplets. ADVANCED ULTRASOUND IN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.37015/audt.2020.200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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29
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Aliabouzar M, Lu X, Kripfgans OD, Fowlkes JB, Fabiilli ML. Acoustic Droplet Vaporization in Acoustically Responsive Scaffolds: Effects of Frequency of Excitation, Volume Fraction and Threshold Determination Method. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:3246-3260. [PMID: 31561948 PMCID: PMC6823163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-induced vaporization of liquid perfluorocarbon (PFC) droplets into microbubbles, termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), has potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Recently, we demonstrated how ADV-a threshold-based phenomenon-can modulate the release of biomolecules from composite hydrogels, thereby stimulating regenerative processes, such as angiogenesis. These composite hydrogels, called acoustically responsive scaffolds (ARSs), consist of monodispersed, micron size PFC emulsions embedded within a fibrin matrix. This study investigated the effects of frequency of excitation (2.25, 5, 7.5 and 10 MHz) and volume fraction (0.05%, 0.2% and 1% [v/v]) of monodispersed, double emulsions in the ARSs on the ADV threshold. We determined and compared the ADV thresholds via acoustic methods, including active detection, passive detection and attenuation, as well as an echogenicity-based method using B-mode imaging. The ADV threshold determined via these four techniques showed an increasing trend with frequency of excitation. Further analysis of the wave propagation showed that the amplitudes of high frequency harmonics were diminished in ARSs with high volume fractions of emulsion. The ADV threshold inversely correlated with the volume fraction of emulsion at the lowest excitation frequency. However, at higher frequencies, possibly due to the high acoustic reflectivity of the PFC emulsions, the ADV threshold correlated directly with the volume fraction of the emulsion. Additionally, the ADV efficiency correlated with the supra-threshold acoustic pressure. Overall, these results elucidate fundamental acoustic properties of the ARSs, which can be used in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiaofang Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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30
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Lu X, Dong X, Natla S, Kripfgans OD, Fowlkes JB, Wang X, Franceschi R, Putnam AJ, Fabiilli ML. Parametric Study of Acoustic Droplet Vaporization Thresholds and Payload Release From Acoustically-Responsive Scaffolds. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2471-2484. [PMID: 31235205 PMCID: PMC6689245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are commonly used for the delivery of bioactive molecules, especially growth factors and cytokines capable of stimulating tissue regeneration. Regenerative processes are regulated by the concentrations and spatiotemporal presentations of these molecules. With conventional hydrogels, these critical delivery parameters cannot be actively modulated after implantation. We have developed composite hydrogel scaffolds where payload release is non-invasively modulated, in an on-demand manner, using ultrasound (US). These acoustically-responsive scaffolds (ARSs) consist of a fibrin matrix doped with a payload-carrying, perfluorocarbon (PFC) double emulsion. Previously, acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) was used to trigger release of a pro-angiogenic growth factor, encapsulated in the ARS, which stimulated blood vessel formation in vivo. In the present study, we assess how characteristics of the monodispersed emulsion, fibrin matrix, and US impact ADV thresholds and the release efficiency of a dextran payload. ADV thresholds increased with the molecular weight of the PFC in the emulsion and inversely with the volume fraction of emulsion in the ARS. Payload release from ARSs with perfluoroheptane (C7) or perfluorooctane (C8) emulsions was dependent on the number of z-planes of US used to generate ADV and inversely dependent on the lateral spacing. Conversely, release from ARSs with perfluoropentane (C5) or perfluorohexane (C6) emulsions was less dependent on these US exposure parameters. After ADV, payload diffusion decreased significantly in ARSs with C5 or C6 emulsions compared with ARSs with C7 or C8 emulsions. The expansion of the ARS after ADV decreased with the molecular weight of the PFC. Non-selective release increased with the molecular weight of the PFC and thrombin concentration. Overall, these findings can be used for optimization of ARS properties and US parameters in future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Ultrasound, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sam Natla
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Renny Franceschi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Andrew J Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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31
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Peng C, Sun T, Vykhodtseva N, Power C, Zhang Y, Mcdannold N, Porter T. Intracranial Non-thermal Ablation Mediated by Transcranial Focused Ultrasound and Phase-Shift Nanoemulsions. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2104-2117. [PMID: 31101446 PMCID: PMC6591088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) mechanical ablation is an emerging technique for non-invasive transcranial surgery. Lesions are created by driving inertial cavitation in tissue, which requires significantly less peak pressure and time-averaged power compared with traditional thermal ablation. The utility of mechanical ablation could be extended to the brain provided the pressure threshold for inertial cavitation can be reduced. In this study, the utility of perfluorobutane (PFB)-based phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNEs) for lowering the inertial cavitation threshold and enabling focal mechanical ablation in the brain was investigated. We successfully achieved vaporization of PFB-based PSNEs at 1.8 MPa with a 740 kHz focused transducer with a pulsed sonication protocol (duty cycle = 1.5%, 10 min sonication) within intact CD-1 mice brains. Evidence is provided showing that a single bolus injection of PSNEs could be used to initiate and sustain inertial cavitation in cerebrovasculature for at least 10 min. Histologic analysis of brain slices after HIFU exposure revealed ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions with dimensions that were comparable to the focal zone of the transducer. These results suggest that PFB-based PSNEs may be used to significantly reduce the inertial cavitation threshold in the cerebrovasculature and, when combined with transcranial focused ultrasound, enable focal intracranial mechanical ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natalia Vykhodtseva
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chanikarn Power
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan Mcdannold
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyrone Porter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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32
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Khirallah J, Schmieley R, Demirel E, Rehman TU, Howell J, Durmaz YY, Vlaisavljevich E. Nanoparticle-mediated histotripsy (NMH) using perfluorohexane ‘nanocones’. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:125018. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Synchronized Optical and Acoustic Droplet Vaporization for Effective Sonoporation. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11060279. [PMID: 31197090 PMCID: PMC6631315 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inertial cavitation-based sonoporation has been utilized to enhance treatment delivery efficacy. In our previous study, we demonstrated that tumor therapeutic efficacy can be enhanced through vaporization-assisted sonoporation with gold nanodroplets (AuNDs). Specifically, the AuNDs were vaporized both acoustically (i.e., acoustic droplet vaporization, ADV) and optically (i.e., optical droplet vaporization, ODV). A continuous wave (CW) laser was used for ODV in combination with an ultrasound pulse for ADV. Although effective for vaporization, the use of a CW laser is not energy efficient and may create unwanted heating and concomitant tissue damage. In this study, we propose the use of a pulsed wave (PW) laser to replace the CW laser. In addition, the PW laser was applied at the rarefaction phase of the ultrasound pulse so that the synergistic effects of ADV and ODV can be expected. Therefore, a significantly lower laser average power can be expected to achieve the vaporization threshold. Compared to the CW laser power at 2 W/cm2 from the previous approach, the PW laser power was reduced to only 0.2404 W/cm2. Furthermore, we also demonstrate in vitro that the sonoporation rate was increased when the PW laser was applied at the rarefaction phase. Specifically, the vaporization signal, the inertial cavitation signal, and the sonoporation rate all displayed a 1-µs period, which corresponded to the period of the 1-MHz acoustic wave used for ADV, as a function of the relative laser delay. The increased sonoporation rate indicates that this technique has the potential to enhance sonoporation-directed drug delivery and tumor therapy with a lower laser power while keeping the cell death rate at the minimum. Photoacoustic imaging can also be performed at the same time since a PW laser is used for the ODV.
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Raut S, Khairalseed M, Honari A, Sirsi SR, Hoyt K. Impact of hydrostatic pressure on phase-change contrast agent activation by pulsed ultrasound. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:3457. [PMID: 31255129 PMCID: PMC6570615 DOI: 10.1121/1.5111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A phase-change contrast agent (PCCA) can be activated from a liquid (nanodroplet) state using pulsed ultrasound (US) energy to form a larger highly echogenic microbubble (MB). PCCA activation is dependent on the ambient pressure of the surrounding media, so any increase in hydrostatic pressure demands higher US energies to phase transition. In this paper, the authors explore this basic relationship as a potential direction for noninvasive pressure measurement and foundation of a unique technology the authors are developing termed tumor interstitial pressure estimation using ultrasound (TIPE-US). TIPE-US was developed using a programmable US research scanner. A custom scan sequence interleaved pulsed US transmissions for both PCCA activation and detection. An automated US pressure sweep was applied, and US images were acquired at each increment. Various hydrostatic pressures were applied to PCCA samples. Pressurized samples were imaged using the TIPE-US system. The activation threshold required to convert PCCA from the liquid to gaseous state was recorded for various US and PCCA conditions. Given the relationship between the hydrostatic pressure applied to the PCCA and US energy needed for activation, phase transition can be used as a surrogate of hydrostatic pressure. Consistent with theoretical predictions, the PCCA activation threshold was lowered with increasing sample temperature and by decreasing the frequency of US exposure, but it was not impacted by PCCA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Raut
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Mawia Khairalseed
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Arvin Honari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Shashank R Sirsi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Kenneth Hoyt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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Zhang Y, Yong L, Luo Y, Ding X, Xu D, Gao X, Yan S, Wang Q, Luo J, Pu D, Zou J. Enhancement of HIFU ablation by sonosensitizer-loading liquid fluorocarbon nanoparticles with pre-targeting in a mouse model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6982. [PMID: 31061456 PMCID: PMC6502828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a noninvasive thermal ablation technique for the treatment of benign and malignant solid masses. To improve the efficacy of HIFU ablation, we developed poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles encapsulating perfluoropentane (PFP) and hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) as synergistic agents (HMME+PFP/PLGA). Two-step biotin-avidin pre-targeting technique was applied for the HIFU ablation. We further modified the nanoparticles with streptavidin (HMME+PFP/PLGA-SA). HMME+PFP/PLGA-SA were highly dispersed with spherical morphology (477.8 ± 81.8 nm in diameter). The encapsulation efficiency of HMME and PFP were 46.6 ± 3.3% and 40.1 ± 2.6%, respectively. The binding efficiency of nanoparticles to streptavidin was 95.5 ± 2.5%. The targeting ability of the HMME+PFP/PLGA-SA nanoparticles was tested by parallel plate flow chamber in vitro. In the pre-targeting group (HMME+PFP/PLGA-SA), a large number of nanoparticles bound to the peripheral and surface of the cell. In the HIFU ablation experiment in vivo, compared with the other groups, the largest gray-scale changes and coagulation necrosis areas were observed in the pre-targeting (HMME+PFP/PLGA-SA) group, with the lowest energy efficiency factor value. Moreover, the microvessel density and proliferation index declined, while the apoptotic index increased, in the tumor tissue surrounding the coagulation necrosis area in the pre-targeting group. Meanwhile, the survival time of the tumor-bearing nude mice in the pre-targeting group was significantly longer than that in the HIFU treatment group. These results suggest that HMME+PFP/PLGA-SA have high potential to act as synergistic agents in HIFU ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally-invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Lijun Yong
- Department of Obstetrics, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally-invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoya Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally-invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Die Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally-invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally-invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Sijing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally-invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally-invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Darong Pu
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jianzhong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally-invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Martin AL, Homenick CM, Xiang Y, Gillies E, Matsuura N. Polyelectrolyte Coatings Can Control Charged Fluorocarbon Nanodroplet Stability and Their Interaction with Macrophage Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4603-4612. [PMID: 30757902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorocarbon nanodroplets, ∼100 to ∼400 nm in diameter, are of immense interest in a variety of medical applications including the imaging and therapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases. However, fluorocarbon molecules are both hydrophobic and lipophobic; therefore, it is challenging to synthesize fluorocarbon nanodroplets with the optimal stability and surface properties without the use of highly specialized surfactants. Here, we hypothesize that we can decouple the control of fluorocarbon nanodroplet size and stability from its surface properties. We use a simple, two-step procedure where standard, easily available anionic fluorosurfactants are used to first stabilize the fluorocarbon nanodroplets, followed by electrostatically attaching functionalized polyelectrolytes to the nanodroplet surfaces to independently control their surface properties. Herein, we demonstrate that PEGylated polyelectrolyte coatings can effectively alter the fluorocarbon nanodroplet surface properties to reduce coalescence and its uptake into phagocytic cells in comparison with non-PEGylated polyelectrolyte coatings and uncoated nanodroplets, as measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. In this study, perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) was used as a representative fluorocarbon material, and PEGylated PFOB nanodroplets with diameters between 250 and 290 nm, depending on the poly(ethylene glycol) block length, were prepared. The PEGylated PFOB nanodroplets had superior size stability in comparison with uncoated and non-PEGylated polyelectrolyte nanodroplets in saline and within macrophage cells. Of significance, non-PEGylated nanodroplets were rapidly internalized by macrophage cells, whereas PEGylated nanodroplets were predominantly colocalized on the cell membrane. This suggests that the PEGylated-polyelectrolyte coating on the charged PFOB nanodroplets may afford adjustable shielding from cells of the reticuloendothelial system. This report shows that using the same fluorosurfactant as a base layer, modularly assembled PFOB nanodroplets tailored for a variety of end applications can be created by selecting different polyelectrolyte coatings depending on their unique requirements for stability and interaction with phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Martin
- Physical Sciences , Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto , Ontario M4N 3M5 , Canada
| | - Christa M Homenick
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
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Vezeridis AM, de Gracia Lux C, Barnhill SA, Kim S, Wu Z, Jin S, Lux J, Gianneschi NC, Mattrey RF. Fluorous-phase iron oxide nanoparticles as enhancers of acoustic droplet vaporization of perfluorocarbons with supra-physiologic boiling point. J Control Release 2019; 302:54-62. [PMID: 30928487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon emulsion nanodroplets containing iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) within their inner perfluorohexane (PFH) core were prepared to investigate potential use as an acoustically activatable ultrasound contrast agent, with the hypothesis that incorporation of IONPs into the fluorous phase of a liquid perfluorocarbon emulsion would potentiate acoustic vaporization. IONPs with an oleic acid (OA) hydrophobic coating were synthesized through chemical co-precipitation. To suspend IONP in PFH, OA was exchanged with perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) via ligand exchange to yield fluorophilic PFNA-coated IONPs (PFNA-IONPs). Suspensions with various amounts of PFNA-IONPs (0-15% w/v) in PFH were emulsified in saline by sonication, using 5% (w/v) egg yolk phospholipid as an emulsifier. PFNA-IONPs were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), transmission electron cryomicroscopy (cryoTEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). IONP were between 5 and 10 nm in diameter as measured by electron microscopy, and hydrodynamic size of the PFH nanodroplets were 150 to 230 nm as measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Acoustic droplet vaporization of PFH nanodroplets (PFH-NDs) was induced using conversion pulses (100 cycle at 1.1 MHz and 50% duty cycle) provided by a focused ultrasound transducer, and formed microbubbles were imaged using a clinical ultrasound scanner. The acoustic pressure threshold needed for PFH-NDs vaporization decreased with increasing temperature and IONP content. PFH-NDs containing 5% w/v IONP converted to microbubbles at 42 °C at 2.18 MI, which is just above the exposure limits of 1.9 MI allowed by the FDA for clinical ultrasound scanners, whereas 10 and 15% emulsion vaporized at 1.87 and 1.24 MI, respectively. Furthermore, 5% IONP-loaded PFH-NDs injected intravenously into melanoma-bearing mice at a dose of 120 mg PFH/kg, converted into detectable microbubbles in vivo 5 h, but not shortly after injection, indicating that this technique detects NDs accumulated in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Vezeridis
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Caroline de Gracia Lux
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sarah A Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sejung Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sungho Jin
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacques Lux
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Robert F Mattrey
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Burgess MT, Porter TM. Control of Acoustic Cavitation for Efficient Sonoporation with Phase-Shift Nanoemulsions. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:846-858. [PMID: 30638968 PMCID: PMC8859868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic cavitation can be used to temporarily disrupt cell membranes for intracellular delivery of large biomolecules. Termed sonoporation, the ability of this technique for efficient intracellular delivery (i.e., >50% of initial cell population showing uptake) while maintaining cell viability (i.e., >50% of initial cell population viable) has proven to be very difficult. Here, we report that phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNEs) function as inertial cavitation nuclei for improvement of sonoporation efficiency. The interplay between ultrasound frequency, resultant microbubble dynamics and sonoporation efficiency was investigated experimentally. Acoustic emissions from individual microbubbles nucleated from PSNEs were captured using a broadband passive cavitation detector during and after acoustic droplet vaporization with short pulses of ultrasound at 1, 2.5 and 5 MHz. Time domain features of the passive cavitation detector signals were analyzed to estimate the maximum size (Rmax) of the microbubbles using the Rayleigh collapse model. These results were then applied to sonoporation experiments to test if uptake efficiency is dependent on maximum microbubble size before inertial collapse. Results indicated that at the acoustic droplet vaporization threshold, Rmax was approximately 61.7 ± 5.2, 24.9 ± 2.8, and 12.4 ± 2.1 μm at 1, 2.5 and 5 MHz, respectively. Sonoporation efficiency increased at higher frequencies, with efficiencies of 39.5 ± 13.7%, 46.6 ± 3.28% and 66.8 ± 5.5% at 1, 2.5 and 5 MHz, respectively. Excessive cellular damage was seen at lower frequencies because of the erosive effects of highly energetic inertial cavitation. These results highlight the importance of acoustic cavitation control in determining the outcome of sonoporation experiments. In addition, PSNEs may serve as tailorable inertial cavitation nuclei for other therapeutic ultrasound applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Burgess
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyrone M Porter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Lee YT, Li DS, Ilavsky J, Kuzmenko I, Jeng GS, O'Donnell M, Pozzo LD. Ultrasound-based formation of nano-Pickering emulsions investigated via in-situ SAXS. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 536:281-290. [PMID: 30380428 PMCID: PMC6287929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sonication is one of the most commonly used methods to synthesize Pickering emulsions. Yet, the process of emulsion sonication is rarely characterized in detail and acoustic conditions are largely determined by experimenter's personal experience. In this study, the role of sonication in the formation of Pickering emulsions from amphiphilic gold nanoparticles was investigated using a new sample environment combining ultrasound delivery with ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) measurements. The detection of acoustic cavitation and the simultaneous analysis of structural data via USAXS demonstrated direct correlation between Pickering emulsion formation and cavitation events. There was no evidence of spontaneous adsorption of particles onto the oil-water interface without ultrasound, which suggests the presence of a stabilizing force. Acoustically detected cavitation events could originate in the bulk solvent and/or inside the emulsion droplets. These events helped overcome energy barriers to induce particle adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David S Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Geng-Shi Jeng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew O'Donnell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lilo D Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Aliabouzar M, Kumar KN, Sarkar K. Effects of droplet size and perfluorocarbon boiling point on the frequency dependence of acoustic vaporization threshold. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:1105. [PMID: 30823782 PMCID: PMC7112712 DOI: 10.1121/1.5091781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phase shift liquid perfluorocarbon (PFC) droplets vaporizable by ultrasound into echogenic microbubble above a threshold pressure, termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), are used for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This study systematically investigated the effect of excitation frequency (2.25, 10, and 15 MHz) on the ADV and inertial cavitation (IC) thresholds of lipid-coated PFC droplets of three different liquid cores-perfluoropentane (PFP), perfluorohexane (PFH), and perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB)-and of two different sizes-average diameters smaller than 3 μm and larger than 10 μm-in a tubeless setup. This study found that the ADV threshold increases with frequency for the lowest boiling point liquid, PFP, for both large and small size droplets. For higher boiling point liquids, PFH and PFOB, this study did not detect vaporization for small size droplets at the excitation levels (maximum 4 MPa peak negative) studied here. The large PFOB droplets experienced ADV only at the highest excitation frequency 15 MHz. For large PFH droplets, ADV threshold decreases with frequency that could possibly be due to the superharmonic focusing being a significant effect at larger sizes and the higher excitation pressures. ADV thresholds at all the frequencies studied here occurred at lower rarefactional pressures than IC thresholds indicating that phase transition precedes inertial cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Krishna N Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Lea-Banks H, O'Reilly MA, Hynynen K. Ultrasound-responsive droplets for therapy: A review. J Control Release 2019; 293:144-154. [PMID: 30503398 PMCID: PMC6459400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen the development of acoustically activated droplets, also known as phase-change emulsions, from a diagnostic tool to a therapeutic agent. Through bubble effects and triggered drug release, these superheated agents have found potential applications from oncology to neuromodulation. The aim of this review is to summarise the key developments in therapeutic droplet design and use, to discuss the current challenges slowing clinical translation, and to highlight the new frontiers progressing towards clinical implementation. The literature is summarised by addressing the droplet design criteria and by carrying out a multiparametric study of a range of droplet formulations and their associated vaporisation thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lea-Banks
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - M A O'Reilly
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - K Hynynen
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Desgranges S, Lorton O, Gui-Levy L, Guillemin P, Celicanin Z, Hyacinthe JN, Breguet R, Crowe LA, Becker CD, Soulié M, Taulier N, Contino-Pépin C, Salomir R. Micron-sized PFOB liquid core droplets stabilized with tailored-made perfluorinated surfactants as a new class of endovascular sono-sensitizers for focused ultrasound thermotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:927-939. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of micro-droplet concentration on HIFU beam absorption.
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Moncion A, Lin M, Kripfgans OD, Franceschi RT, Putnam AJ, Fabiilli ML. Sequential Payload Release from Acoustically-Responsive Scaffolds Using Focused Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:2323-2335. [PMID: 30077413 PMCID: PMC6441330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative processes, such as angiogenesis and osteogenesis, often require multiple growth factors with distinct spatiotemporal patterns and expression sequences. Within tissue engineering, hydrogel scaffolds are commonly used for exogenous growth factor delivery. However, direct incorporation of growth factors within conventional hydrogels does not afford spatiotemporally controlled delivery because release is governed by passive mechanisms that cannot be actively controlled after the scaffold is implanted. We have developed acoustically-responsive scaffolds (ARSs), which are fibrin scaffolds doped with payload-containing, sonosensitive emulsions. Payload release from ARSs can be controlled non-invasively and on demand using focused, megahertz-range ultrasound. In the in vitro study described here, we developed and characterized ARSs that enable sequential release of two surrogate, fluorescent payloads using consecutive ultrasound exposures at different acoustic pressures. ARSs were generated with various combinations and volume fractions of perfluoropentane, perfluorohexane, and perfluoroheptane emulsions. Acoustic droplet vaporization and inertial cavitation thresholds correlated with the boiling point/molecular weight of the perfluorocarbon while payload release correlated inversely. Payload release was longitudinally measured and observed to follow a sigmoidal trend versus acoustic pressure. Perfluoropentane and perfluorohexane emulsions were stabilized when incorporated into ARSs with perfluoroheptane emulsion. These results highlight the potential of using ARSs for sequential, dual-payload release for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Moncion
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Melissa Lin
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew J Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Fan CH, Lee YH, Ho YJ, Wang CH, Kang ST, Yeh CK. Macrophages as Drug Delivery Carriers for Acoustic Phase-Change Droplets. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:1468-1481. [PMID: 29685589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The major challenges in treating malignant tumors are transport of therapeutic agents to hypoxic regions and real-time assessment of successful drug release via medical imaging modalities. In this study, we propose the use of macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) as carriers of drug-loaded phase-change droplets to penetrate ischemic or hypoxic regions within tumors. The droplets consist of perfluoropentane, lipid and the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX, DOX-droplets). The efficiency of DOX-droplet uptake, migration mobility and viability of DOX-droplet-loaded macrophages (DLMs) were measured using a transmembrane cell migration assay, the alamarBlue assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Our results indicate the feasibility of utilizing macrophages as DOX-droplet carriers (DOX payload of DOX-droplets: 459.3 ± 35.8 µg/mL, efficiency of cell uptake DOX-droplets: 88.8 ± 3.5%). The migration mobility (total number of migrated microphages) of DLMs decreased to 32.3% compared with that of healthy macrophages, but the DLMs provided contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging (1.7-fold enhancement) and anti-tumor effect (70.9% cell viability) after acoustic droplet vaporization, suggesting the potential theranostic applications of DLMs. Future work will assess the tumor penetration ability of DLMs, mechanical effect of droplet vaporization on in vivo anti-tumor therapy and the release of the carried drug by ultrasound-triggered vaporization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tsung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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45
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Carvalho PM, Felício MR, Santos NC, Gonçalves S, Domingues MM. Application of Light Scattering Techniques to Nanoparticle Characterization and Development. Front Chem 2018; 6:237. [PMID: 29988578 PMCID: PMC6026678 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the scientific importance of nanoparticles for biomedical applications has increased. The high stability and biocompatibility, together with the low toxicity of the nanoparticles developed lead to their use as targeted drug delivery systems, bioimaging systems, and biosensors. The wide range of nanoparticles size, from 10 nm to 1 μm, as well as their optical properties, allow them to be studied using microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. In order to be effectively used, the physicochemical properties of nanoparticle formulations need to be taken into account, namely, particle size, surface charge distribution, surface derivatization and/or loading capacity, and related interactions. These properties need to be optimized considering the final nanoparticle intended biodistribution and target. In this review, we cover light scattering based techniques, namely dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential, used for the physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering is used to measure nanoparticles size, but also to evaluate their stability over time in suspension, at different pH and temperature conditions. Zeta-potential is used to characterize nanoparticles surface charge, obtaining information about their stability and surface interaction with other molecules. In this review, we focus on nanoparticle characterization and application in infection, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário R Felício
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco M Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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46
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Aliabouzar M, Kumar KN, Sarkar K. Acoustic vaporization threshold of lipid-coated perfluoropentane droplets. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:2001. [PMID: 29716255 PMCID: PMC5895468 DOI: 10.1121/1.5027817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phase shift droplets vaporizable by acoustic stimulation offer the advantages of producing microbubbles as contrast agents in situ as well as higher stability and the possibility of achieving smaller sizes. Here, the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) threshold of a suspension of droplets with a perfluoropentane (PFP) core (diameter 400-3000 nm) is acoustically measured as a function of the excitation frequency in a tubeless setup at room temperature. The changes in scattered responses-fundamental, sub-, and second harmonic-are investigated, a quantitative criterion is used to determine the ADV phenomenon, and findings are discussed. The average threshold obtained using three different scattered components increases with frequency-1.05 ± 0.28 MPa at 2.25 MHz, 1.89 ± 0.57 MPa at 5 MHz, and 2.34 ± 0.014 MPa at 10 MHz. The scattered response from vaporized droplets was also found to qualitatively match with that from an independently prepared lipid-coated microbubble suspension in magnitude as well as trends above the determined ADV threshold value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Krishna N Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Lacour T, Guédra M, Valier-Brasier T, Coulouvrat F. A model for acoustic vaporization dynamics of a bubble/droplet system encapsulated within a hyperelastic shell. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:23. [PMID: 29390781 DOI: 10.1121/1.5019467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanodroplets have great, promising medical applications such as contrast imaging, embolotherapy, or targeted drug delivery. Their functions can be mechanically activated by means of focused ultrasound inducing a phase change of the inner liquid known as the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) process. In this context, a four-phases (vapor + liquid + shell + surrounding environment) model of ADV is proposed. Attention is especially devoted to the mechanical properties of the encapsulating shell, incorporating the well-known strain-softening behavior of Mooney-Rivlin material adapted to very large deformations of soft, nearly incompressible materials. Various responses to ultrasound excitation are illustrated, depending on linear and nonlinear mechanical shell properties and acoustical excitation parameters. Different classes of ADV outcomes are exhibited, and a relevant threshold ensuring complete vaporization of the inner liquid layer is defined. The dependence of this threshold with acoustical, geometrical, and mechanical parameters is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lacour
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond ∂'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Guédra
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond ∂'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tony Valier-Brasier
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond ∂'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - François Coulouvrat
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond ∂'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
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Zullino S, Argenziano M, Stura I, Guiot C, Cavalli R. From Micro- to Nano-Multifunctional Theranostic Platform: Effective Ultrasound Imaging Is Not Just a Matter of Scale. Mol Imaging 2018; 17:1536012118778216. [PMID: 30213222 PMCID: PMC6144578 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118778216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound Contrast Agents (UCAs) consisting of gas-filled-coated Microbubbles (MBs) with diameters between 1 and 10 µm have been used for a number of decades in diagnostic imaging. In recent years, submicron contrast agents have proven to be a viable alternative to MBs for ultrasound (US)-based applications for their capability to extravasate and accumulate in the tumor tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. After a short overview of the more recent approaches to ultrasound-mediated imaging and therapeutics at the nanoscale, phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs), which can be phase-transitioned into highly echogenic MBs by means of US, are here presented. The phenomenon of acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) to produce bubbles is widely investigated for both imaging and therapeutic applications to develop promising theranostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zullino
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stura
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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FENG YI, QIN DUI, ZHANG LEI, WAN MINGXI. PHOTOACOUSTIC CAVITATION OF NANODROPLETS: HIGH SPEED OBSERVATION AND ACOUSTIC SIGNAL ANALYSIS. J MECH MED BIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519417400334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanodroplet has a longer lifespan and small volume to circulate freely in blood microcirculation. Its phase transition has great potential in localized therapy. Photoacoustic cavitation, a new approach involving synergetic laser and ultrasound to achieve the phase transition of PFC nanodroplets, could improve the spatial and temporal resolution and reduce the energy threshold compared to individual use of either modalities. In this study, we present a confocal microscopic system to induce photoacoustic cavitation of nanodroplets and study its characteristics by high speed observation and acoustic detection. Upon excitation by laser and ultrasound pulses, the liquid–gas phase transition of PFC nanodroplets and subsequent bubble dynamics were demonstrated. Two distinct bubble formation patterns were observed. It is associated with the size distribution of the droplets within the confocal volume of laser and ultrasound. Moreover, the detected acoustic signals suggested the presence of stable cavitation. Due to the reduced energy threshold of phase transition, the proposed method enables the theranostic applications of PFC nanodroplets at lower and safer laser/ultrasound energies in tissues or cells. Detection of high amplitude signals also revealed the potential of this method to generate strong photoacoustic signals for the photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- YI FENG
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information, Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - DUI QIN
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information, Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - LEI ZHANG
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information, Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - MINGXI WAN
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information, Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
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50
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Pellow C, Goertz DE, Zheng G. Breaking free from vascular confinement: status and prospects for submicron ultrasound contrast agents. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10:e1502. [PMID: 29148219 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of encapsulated microbubbles (~1-6 μm) has expanded the utility of ultrasound from soft tissue anatomical imaging to not only functional intravascular imaging, but therapeutic interventions, with compelling studies of elicited biological effects. The large diameter of these bubbles has confined their utility to the vasculature, but converging interdisciplinary research pathways are giving rise to new submicron ultrasound contrast agents capable of extending their effects beyond the vascular compartment. This article reviews the status and prospects of exogenous agents including nanobubbles, echogenic liposomes, gas vesicles, cavitation seeds, and nanodroplets, and assesses outstanding criticisms preventing their advance. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Pellow
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - David E Goertz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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