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Chen M, Yang D, Zhu XR, Ma L, Grosshans DR, Shao Y, Lu W. Investigation of intra-fractionated range guided adaptive proton therapy (RGAPT): II. Range-shift compensated on-line treatment adaptation and verification. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:155006. [PMID: 38861995 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad56f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
We previously proposed range-guided adaptive proton therapy (RGAPT) that uses mid-range treatment beams as probing beams and intra-fractionated range measurements for online adaptation. In this work, we demonstrated experimental verification and reported the dosimetric accuracy for RGAPT. A STEEV phantom was used for the experiments, and a 3 × 3 × 3 cm3cube inside the phantom was assigned to be the treatment target. We simulated three online range shift scenarios: reference, overshoot, and undershoot, by placing upstream Lucite sheets, 4, 0, and 8 that corresponded to changes of 0, 6.8, and -6.8 mm, respectively, in water-equivalent path length. The reference treatment plan was to deliver single-field uniform target doses in pencil beam scanning mode and generated on the Eclipse treatment planning system. Different numbers of mid-range layers, including single, three, and five layers, were selected as probing beams to evaluate beam range (BR) measurement accuracy in positron emission tomography (PET). Online plans were modified to adapt to BR shifts and compensate for probing beam doses. In contrast, non-adaptive plans were also delivered and compared to adaptive plans by film measurements. The mid-range probing beams of three (5.55MU) and five layers (8.71MU) yielded accurate range shift measurements in 60 s of PET acquisition with uncertainty of 0.5 mm while the single-layer probing (1.65MU) was not sufficient for measurements. The adaptive plans achieved an average gamma (2%/2 mm) passing rate of 95%. In contrast, the non-adaptive plans only had an average passing rate of 69%. RGAPT planning and delivery are feasible and verified by the experiments. The probing beam delivery, range measurements, and adaptive planning and delivery added a small increase in treatment delivery workflow time but resulted in substantial dose improvement. The three-layer mid-range probing was most suitable considering the balance of high range measurement accuracy and the low number of probing beam layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Xiaorong R Zhu
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - David R Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Yiping Shao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
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Yang D, Zhu XR, Chen M, Ma L, Cheng X, Grosshans DR, Lu W, Shao Y. Investigation of intra-fractionated range guided adaptive proton therapy: I. On-line PET imaging and range measurement. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:155005. [PMID: 38861997 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad56f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Develop a prototype on-line positron emission tomography (PET) scanner and evaluate its capability of on-line imaging and intra-fractionated proton-induced radioactivity range measurement.Approach.Each detector consists of 32 × 32 array of 2 × 2 × 30 mm3Lutetium-Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate scintillators with single-scintillator-end readout through a 20 × 20 array of 3 × 3 mm2Silicon Photomultipliers. The PET can be configurated with a full-ring of 20 detectors for conventional PET imaging or a partial-ring of 18 detectors for on-line imaging and range measurement. All detector-level readout and processing electronics are attached to the backside of the system gantry and their output signals are transferred to a field-programable-gate-array based system electronics and data acquisition that can be placed 2 m away from the gantry. The PET imaging performance and radioactivity range measurement capability were evaluated by both the offline study that placed a radioactive source with known intensity and distribution within a phantom and the online study that irradiated a phantom with proton beams under different radiation and imaging conditions.Main results.The PET has 32 cm diameter and 6.5 cm axial length field-of-view (FOV), ∼2.3-5.0 mm spatial resolution within FOV, 3% sensitivity at the FOV center, 18%-30% energy resolution, and ∼9 ns coincidence time resolution. The offline study shows the PET can determine the shift of distal falloff edge position of a known radioactivity distribution with the accuracy of 0.3 ± 0.3 mm even without attenuation and scatter corrections, and online study shows the PET can measure the shift of proton-induced positron radioactive range with the accuracy of 0.6 ± 0.3 mm from the data acquired with a short-acquisition (60 s) and low-dose (5 MU) proton radiation to a human head phantom.Significance.This study demonstrated the capability of intra-fractionated PET imaging and radioactivity range measurement and will enable the investigation on the feasibility of intra-fractionated, range-shift compensated adaptive proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75057, United States of America
| | - Xiaorong R Zhu
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77000, United States of America
| | - Mingli Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75057, United States of America
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75057, United States of America
| | - Xinyi Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75057, United States of America
| | - David R Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77000, United States of America
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75057, United States of America
| | - Yiping Shao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75057, United States of America
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Lang Y, Jiang Z, Sun L, Tran P, Mossahebi S, Xiang L, Ren L. Patient-specific deep learning for 3D protoacoustic image reconstruction and dose verification in proton therapy. Med Phys 2024. [PMID: 38980065 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protoacoustic (PA) imaging has the potential to provide real-time 3D dose verification of proton therapy. However, PA images are susceptible to severe distortion due to limited angle acquisition. Our previous studies showed the potential of using deep learning to enhance PA images. As the model was trained using a limited number of patients' data, its efficacy was limited when applied to individual patients. PURPOSE In this study, we developed a patient-specific deep learning method for protoacoustic imaging to improve the reconstruction quality of protoacoustic imaging and the accuracy of dose verification for individual patients. METHODS Our method consists of two stages: in the first stage, a group model is trained from a diverse training set containing all patients, where a novel deep learning network is employed to directly reconstruct the initial pressure maps from the radiofrequency (RF) signals; in the second stage, we apply transfer learning on the pre-trained group model using patient-specific dataset derived from a novel data augmentation method to tune it into a patient-specific model. Raw PA signals were simulated based on computed tomography (CT) images and the pressure map derived from the planned dose. The reconstructed PA images were evaluated against the ground truth by using the root mean squared errors (RMSE), structural similarity index measure (SSIM) and gamma index on 10 specific prostate cancer patients. The significance level was evaluated by t-test with the p-value threshold of 0.05 compared with the results from the group model. RESULTS The patient-specific model achieved an average RMSE of 0.014 (p < 0.05 ${{{p}}}<{0.05}$ ), and an average SSIM of 0.981 (p < 0.05 ${{{p}}}<{0.05}$ ), out-performing the group model. Qualitative results also demonstrated that our patient-specific approach acquired better imaging quality with more details reconstructed when comparing with the group model. Dose verification achieved an average RMSE of 0.011 (p < 0.05 ${{{p}}}<{0.05}$ ), and an average SSIM of 0.995 (p < 0.05 ${{{p}}}<{0.05}$ ). Gamma index evaluation demonstrated a high agreement (97.4% [p < 0.05 ${{{p}}}<{0.05}$ ] and 97.9% [p < 0.05 ${{{p}}}<{0.05}$ ] for 1%/3 and 1%/5 mm) between the predicted and the ground truth dose maps. Our approach approximately took 6 s to reconstruct PA images for each patient, demonstrating its feasibility for online 3D dose verification for prostate proton therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our method demonstrated the feasibility of achieving 3D high-precision PA-based dose verification using patient-specific deep-learning approaches, which can potentially be used to guide the treatment to mitigate the impact of range uncertainty and improve the precision. Further studies are needed to validate the clinical impact of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhuoran Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leshan Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, University of California, Irnive, California, USA
| | - Phuoc Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sina Mossahebi
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, University of California, Irnive, California, USA
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Hardt JJ, Pryanichnikov AA, Homolka N, DeJongh EA, DeJongh DF, Cristoforetti R, Jäkel O, Seco J, Wahl N. The potential of mixed carbon-helium beams for online treatment verification: a simulation and treatment planning study. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:125028. [PMID: 38697212 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad46db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Recently, a new and promising approach for range verification was proposed. This method requires the use of two different ion species. Due to their equal magnetic rigidity, fully ionized carbon and helium ions can be simultaneously accelerated in accelerators like synchrotrons. At sufficiently high treatment energies, helium ions can exit the patient distally, reaching approximately three times the range of carbon ions at an equal energy per nucleon. Therefore, the proposal involves adding a small helium fluence to the carbon ion beam and utilizing helium as an online range probe during radiation therapy. This work aims to develop a software framework for treatment planning and motion verification in range-guided radiation therapy using mixed carbon-helium beams.Approach.The developed framework is based on the open-source treatment planning toolkit matRad. Dose distributions and helium radiographs were simulated using the open-source Monte Carlo package TOPAS. Beam delivery system parameters were obtained from the Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center, and imaging detectors along with reconstruction were facilitated by ProtonVDA. Methods for reconstructing the most likely patient positioning error scenarios and the motion phase of 4DCT are presented for prostate and lung cancer sites.Main results.The developed framework provides the capability to calculate and optimize treatment plans for mixed carbon-helium ion therapy. It can simulate the treatment process and generate helium radiographs for simulated patient geometry, including small beam views. Furthermore, motion reconstruction based on these radiographs seems possible with preliminary validation.Significance.The developed framework can be applied for further experimental work with the promising mixed carbon-helium ion implementation of range-guided radiotherapy. It offers opportunities for adaptation in particle therapy, improving dose accumulation, and enabling patient anatomy reconstruction during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Hardt
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander A Pryanichnikov
- Department of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Noa Homolka
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ethan A DeJongh
- ProtonVDA LLC, 1700 Park St Ste 208, Naperville, IL 60563, United States of America
| | - Don F DeJongh
- ProtonVDA LLC, 1700 Park St Ste 208, Naperville, IL 60563, United States of America
| | - Remo Cristoforetti
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Jäkel
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Joao Seco
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niklas Wahl
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
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Zapien-Campos B, Ahmadi Ganjeh Z, Both S, Dendooven P. Measurement of the 12C(p,n) 12N reaction cross section below 150 MeV. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:075025. [PMID: 38382103 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad2b97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Proton therapy currently faces challenges from clinical complications on organs-at-risk due to range uncertainties. To address this issue, positron emission tomography (PET) of the proton-induced11C and15O activity has been used to provide feedback on the proton range. However, this approach is not instantaneous due to the relatively long half-lives of these nuclides. An alternative nuclide,12N (half-life 11 ms), shows promise for real-timein vivoproton range verification. Development of12N imaging requires better knowledge of its production reaction cross section.Approach. The12C(p,n)12N reaction cross section was measured by detecting positron activity of graphite targets irradiated with 66.5, 120, and 150 MeV protons. A pulsed beam delivery with 0.7-2 × 108protons per pulse was used. The positron activity was measured during the beam-off periods using a dual-head Siemens Biograph mCT PET scanner. The12N production was determined from activity time histograms.Main results. The cross section was calculated for 11 energies, ranging from 23.5 to 147 MeV, using information on the experimental setup and beam delivery. Through a comprehensive uncertainty propagation analysis, a statistical uncertainty of 2.6%-5.8% and a systematic uncertainty of 3.3%-4.6% were achieved. Additionally, a comparison between measured and simulated scanner sensitivity showed a scaling factor of 1.25 (±3%). Despite this, there was an improvement in the precision of the cross section measurement compared to values reported by the only previous study.Significance. Short-lived12N imaging is promising for real-timein vivoverification of the proton range to reduce clinical complications in proton therapy. The verification procedure requires experimental knowledge of the12N production cross section for proton energies of clinical importance, to be incorporated in a Monte Carlo framework for12N imaging prediction. This study is the first to achieve a precise measurement of the12C(p,n)12N nuclear cross section for such proton energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Zapien-Campos
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Ahmadi Ganjeh
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Both
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Dendooven
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kazemi Kozani M. Machine learning approach for proton range verification using real-time prompt gamma imaging with Compton cameras: addressing the total deposited energy information gap. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:075019. [PMID: 38417182 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad2e6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Compton camera imaging shows promise as a range verification technique in proton therapy. This work aims to assess the performance of a machine learning model in Compton camera imaging for proton beam range verification improvement.Approach.The presented approach was used to recognize Compton events and estimate more accurately the prompt gamma (PG) energy in the Compton camera to reconstruct the PGs emission profile during proton therapy. This work reports the results obtained from the Geant4 simulation for a proton beam impinging on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) target. To validate the versatility of such an approach, the produced PG emissions interact with a scintillating fiber-based Compton camera.Main results.A trained multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network shows that it was possible to achieve a notable three-fold increase in the signal-to-total ratio. Furthermore, after event selection by the trained MLP, the loss of full-energy PGs was compensated by means of fitting an MLP energy regression model to the available data from true Compton (signal) events, predicting more precisely the total deposited energy for Compton events with incomplete energy deposition.Significance.A considerable improvement in the Compton camera's performance was demonstrated in determining the distal falloff and identifying a few millimeters of target displacements. This approach has shown great potential for enhancing online proton range monitoring with Compton cameras in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kazemi Kozani
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Kim SH, Jeong JH, Ku Y, Lee SB, Shin D, Lim YK, Kim H, Kim CH. Range shift verification in spot scanning proton therapy using gamma electron vertex imaging. Med Phys 2024; 51:1985-1996. [PMID: 37722712 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In proton therapy, a highly steep distal dose penumbra can be utilized for dose conformity, given the Bragg peak characteristic of protons. However, the location of the Bragg peak in patients (i.e., the beam range) is very sensitive to range uncertainty. Even a small shift of beam range can produce a significant variation of delivered dose to tumor and normal tissues, thus degrading treatment quality and threatening patient safety. This range uncertainty issue, therefore, is one of the important aspects to be managed in proton therapy. PURPOSE For better management of range uncertainty, range verification has been widely studied, and prompt gamma imaging (PGI) is considered one of the promising methods in that effort. In this context, a PGI system named the gamma electron vertex imaging (GEVI) system was developed and recently upgraded for application to pencil-beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy. Here, we report the first experimental results using the therapeutic spot scanning proton beams. METHODS A homogeneous slab phantom and an anthropomorphic phantom were employed. Spherical and cubic planning target volumes (PTVs) were defined. Various range shift scenarios were introduced. Prompt gamma (PG) measurement was synchronized with beam irradiation. The measured PG distributions were aggregated to improve the PG statistics. The range shift was estimated based on the relative change of the centroid in the measured PG distribution. The estimated range shifts were analyzed by range shift mapping, confidence interval (CI) estimation, and statistical hypothesis testing. RESULTS The range shift mapping results showed an obvious measured range shift tendency following the true shift values. However, some fluctuations were found for spots that had still-low PG statistics after spot aggregation. The 99% CI distributions showed clearly distributed range shift measurement data. The overall accuracy and precision for all investigated scenarios were 0.36 and 0.20 mm, respectively. The results of one-sample t-tests confirmed that every shift scenario could be observed up to 1 mm of shift. The ANOVA results proved that the measured range shift data could be discriminated from one another, except for 16 (of 138) comparison cases having 1-2 mm shift differences. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of the GEVI system for measurement of range shift in spot scanning proton therapy. Our experimental results showed that the proton beam can be measured up to 1 mm of range shift with high accuracy and precision. We believe that the GEVI system is one of the most promising PGI systems for in vivo range verification. Further research for application to more various cases and patient treatments is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hun Kim
- Center for Proton Therapy, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwi Jeong
- Center for Proton Therapy, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmo Ku
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Byeong Lee
- Center for Proton Therapy, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Shin
- Center for Proton Therapy, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyung Lim
- Center for Proton Therapy, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Haksoo Kim
- Center for Proton Therapy, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Metzner M, Zhevachevska D, Schlechter A, Kehrein F, Schlecker J, Murillo C, Brons S, Jäkel O, Martišíková M, Gehrke T. Energy painting: helium-beam radiography with thin detectors and multiple beam energies. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:055002. [PMID: 38295403 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad247e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Compact ion imaging systems based on thin detectors are a promising prospect for the clinical environment since they are easily integrated into the clinical workflow. Their measurement principle is based on energy deposition instead of the conventionally measured residual energy or range. Therefore, thin detectors are limited in the water-equivalent thickness range they can image with high precision. This article presents ourenergy paintingmethod, which has been developed to render high precision imaging with thin detectors feasible even for objects with larger, clinically relevant water-equivalent thickness (WET) ranges.Approach.A detection system exclusively based on pixelated silicon Timepix detectors was used at the Heidelberg ion-beam therapy center to track single helium ions and measure their energy deposition behind the imaged object. Calibration curves were established for five initial beam energies to relate the measured energy deposition to WET. They were evaluated regarding their accuracy, precision and temporal stability. Furthermore, a 60 mm × 12 mm region of a wedge phantom was imaged quantitatively exploiting the calibrated energies and five different mono-energetic images. These mono-energetic images were combined in a pixel-by-pixel manner by averaging the WET-data weighted according to their single-ion WET precision (SIWP) and the number of contributing ions.Main result.A quantitative helium-beam radiograph of the wedge phantom with an average SIWP of 1.82(5) % over the entire WET interval from 150 mm to 220 mm was obtained. Compared to the previously used methodology, the SIWP improved by a factor of 2.49 ± 0.16. The relative stopping power value of the wedge derived from the energy-painted image matches the result from range pullback measurements with a relative deviation of only 0.4 %.Significance.The proposed method overcomes the insufficient precision for wide WET ranges when employing detection systems with thin detectors. Applying this method is an important prerequisite for imaging of patients. Hence, it advances detection systems based on energy deposition measurements towards clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Metzner
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Research in Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daria Zhevachevska
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Research in Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Schlechter
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Research in Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Kehrein
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Research in Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Schlecker
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Research in Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Radiooncology/Radiobiology, Germany
| | - Carlos Murillo
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, Germany
| | - Stephan Brons
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Radiation Oncology - Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Jäkel
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Research in Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Radiation Oncology - Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mária Martišíková
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Research in Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, Germany
| | - Tim Gehrke
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Research in Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kato R, Kato T, Murakami M. Radioactivation effects of titanium caused by clinical proton beam: a simulation study. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:025001. [PMID: 38128147 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad17fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective. In proton beam therapy (PBT), metals in the patient body perturb the dose distribution, and their radioactivation may affect the dose distribution around the metal; however, the radioactivation effect has been not clarified with PBT. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the radioactivation effect of metal depending on proton energies and secondary neutrons with a clinical proton beam using a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation.Approach.The radionuclides produced from a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) and their radioactivity were calculated using a 210-MeV passive scattering proton beam with a 60-mm Spread-out Bragg Peak, and the deposited doses caused by the radioactivation were computed using the MC simulation. The position of metal was changed according to the proton mean energy in water. To assess neutron effects on the radioactivation, we calculated the radioactivation in following three situations: (i) full MC simulation with neutrons, (ii) simulation without secondary neutrons generated from the beamline components, and (iii) simulation without any secondary neutrons.Main results.Immediately after the irradiation, the radionuclide with the largest activity was Sc-45 m (half-life of 318 ms) regardless of the proton energy and the presence of neutrons. Total radioactivity tended to increase according to the proton energy. The accumulated dose for 24 h caused by the metal activation showed an increasing trend with the proton energy, with a maximum increase rate of 0.045% to the prescribed dose. The accumulated dose at a distance of 10 mm from the metal was lower than 1/10 of that at a distance of 1 mm.Significance.The radioactivation effect of the titanium was comprehensively evaluated in the clinical passive scattering proton beam. We expect that radioactivation effects on the clinical dose distribution would be small. We consider that these results will help the clinical handling of high-Z metals in PBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kato
- Department of Radiation Physics and Technology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kato
- Department of Radiation Physics and Technology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masao Murakami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Fukushima, Japan
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10
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Abouzahr F, Cesar JP, Crespo P, Gajda M, Hu Z, Klein K, Kuo AS, Majewski S, Mawlawi O, Morozov A, Ojha A, Poenisch F, Proga M, Sahoo N, Seco J, Takaoka T, Tavernier S, Titt U, Wang X, Zhu XR, Lang K. The first probe of a FLASH proton beam by PET. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:235004. [PMID: 37918021 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The recently observed FLASH effect related to high doses delivered with high rates has the potential to revolutionize radiation cancer therapy if promising results are confirmed and an underlying mechanism understood. Comprehensive measurements are essential to elucidate the phenomenon. We report the first-ever demonstration of measurements of successive in-spill and post-spill emissions of gammas arising from irradiations by a FLASH proton beam. A small positron emission tomography (PET) system was exposed in an ocular beam of the Proton Therapy Center at MD Anderson Cancer Center to view phantoms irradiated by 3.5 × 1010protons with a kinetic energy of 75.8 MeV delivered in 101.5 ms-long spills yielding a dose rate of 164 Gy s-1. Most in-spill events were due to prompt gammas. Reconstructed post-spill tomographic events, recorded for up to 20 min, yielded quantitative imaging and dosimetric information. These findings open a new and novel modality for imaging and monitoring of FLASH proton therapy exploiting in-spill prompt gamma imaging followed by post-spill PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abouzahr
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - J P Cesar
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - P Crespo
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
- Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Gajda
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Z Hu
- Department of Radiation Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - K Klein
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - A S Kuo
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - S Majewski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, CA 96616, United States of America
| | - O Mawlawi
- Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77054, United States of America
| | - A Morozov
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Ojha
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - F Poenisch
- Proton Therapy Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - M Proga
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - N Sahoo
- Proton Therapy Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - J Seco
- Div. of Biomed. Physics in Rad. Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Takaoka
- Particle Therapy Division, Hitachi America Ltd, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - S Tavernier
- PETsys Electronics, SA, 2740-257 Taguspark, Portugal
| | - U Titt
- Department of Radiation Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - X Wang
- Proton Therapy Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - X R Zhu
- Proton Therapy Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - K Lang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
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11
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Berthold J, Pietsch J, Piplack N, Khamfongkhruea C, Thiele J, Hölscher T, Janssens G, Smeets J, Traneus E, Löck S, Stützer K, Richter C. Detectability of Anatomical Changes With Prompt-Gamma Imaging: First Systematic Evaluation of Clinical Application During Prostate-Cancer Proton Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:718-729. [PMID: 37160193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of online-adaptive proton therapy (PT) is essential to overcome limitations encountered by day-to-day variations of the patient's anatomy. Range verification could play an essential role in an online feedback loop for the detection of treatment deviations such as anatomical changes. Here, we present the results of the first systematic patient study regarding the detectability of anatomical changes by a prompt-gamma imaging (PGI) slit-camera system. METHODS AND MATERIALS For 15 patients with prostate cancer, PGI measurements were performed during 105 fractions (201 fields) with in-room control computed tomography (CT)acquisitions. Field-wise doses on control CT scans were manually classified as whether showing relevant or non-relevant anatomical changes. This manual classification of the treatment fields was then used to establish an automatic field-wise ground truth based on spot-wise dosimetric range shifts, which were retrieved from integrated depth-dose (IDD) profiles. To determine the detection capability of anatomical changes with PGI, spot-wise PGI-based range shifts were initially compared with corresponding dosimetric IDD range shifts. As final endpoint, the agreement of a developed field-wise PGI classification model with the field-wise ground truth was determined. Therefore, the PGI model was optimized and tested for a subcohort of 131 and 70 treatment fields, respectively. RESULTS The correlation between PGI and IDD range shifts was high, ρpearson = 0.67 (p < 0.01). Field-wise binary PGI classification resulted in an area under the curve of 0.72 and 0.80 for training and test cohorts, respectively. The model detected relevant anatomical changes in the independent test cohort, with a sensitivity and specificity of 74% and 79%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, evidence of the detection capability of anatomical changes in prostate-cancer PT from clinically acquired PGI data is shown. This emphasizes the benefit of PGI-based range verification and demonstrates its potential for online-adaptive PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Berthold
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Julian Pietsch
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nick Piplack
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chirasak Khamfongkhruea
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Julia Thiele
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Hölscher
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Steffen Löck
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Stützer
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Ibáñez-Moragues M, Fernández-Barahona I, Santacruz R, Oteo M, Luján-Rodríguez VM, Muñoz-Hernando M, Magro N, Lagares JI, Romero E, España S, Espinosa-Rodríguez A, García-Díez M, Martínez-Nouvilas V, Sánchez-Tembleque V, Udías JM, Valladolid-Onecha V, Martín-Rey MÁ, Almeida-Cordon EI, Viñals i Onsès S, Pérez JM, Fraile LM, Herranz F, Morcillo MÁ. Zinc-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Proton-Activatable Agent for Dose Range Verification in Proton Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:6874. [PMID: 37836718 PMCID: PMC10574368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton therapy allows the treatment of specific areas and avoids the surrounding tissues. However, this technique has uncertainties in terms of the distal dose fall-off. A promising approach to studying the proton range is the use of nanoparticles as proton-activatable agents that produce detectable signals. For this, we developed an iron oxide nanoparticle doped with Zn (IONP@Zn-cit) with a hydrodynamic size of 10 nm and stability in serum. Cytotoxicity, defined as half of the surveillance, was 100 μg Zn/mL in the U251 cell line. The effect on clonogenic cell death was tested after X-ray irradiation, which suggested a radioprotective effect of these nanoparticles at low concentrations (1-10 μg Zn/mL). To evaluate the production of positron emitters and prompt-gamma signals, IONP@Zn-cit was irradiated with protons, obtaining prompt-gamma signals at the lowest measured concentration (10 mg Zn/mL). Finally, 67Ga-IONP@Zn-cit showed accumulation in the liver and spleen and an accumulation in the tumor tissue of 0.95% ID/g in a mouse model of U251 cells. These results suggest the possibility of using Zn nanoparticles as proton-activatable agents to verify the range by prompt gamma detection and face the challenges of prompt gamma detection in a specific biological situation, opening different avenues to go forward in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ibáñez-Moragues
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.); (M.O.); (V.M.L.-R.); (N.M.); (J.I.L.); (E.R.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Irene Fernández-Barahona
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Química Médica—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas IQM-CSIC, Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-H.)
| | - Rocío Santacruz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.); (M.O.); (V.M.L.-R.); (N.M.); (J.I.L.); (E.R.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Marta Oteo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.); (M.O.); (V.M.L.-R.); (N.M.); (J.I.L.); (E.R.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Víctor M. Luján-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.); (M.O.); (V.M.L.-R.); (N.M.); (J.I.L.); (E.R.); (J.M.P.)
| | - María Muñoz-Hernando
- Instituto de Química Médica—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas IQM-CSIC, Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-H.)
| | - Natalia Magro
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.); (M.O.); (V.M.L.-R.); (N.M.); (J.I.L.); (E.R.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Juan I. Lagares
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.); (M.O.); (V.M.L.-R.); (N.M.); (J.I.L.); (E.R.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Eduardo Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.); (M.O.); (V.M.L.-R.); (N.M.); (J.I.L.); (E.R.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Samuel España
- Nuclear Physics Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IPARCOS &EMFTEL, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.E.); (A.E.-R.); (M.G.-D.); (V.M.-N.); (V.S.-T.); (J.M.U.); (V.V.-O.); (L.M.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Espinosa-Rodríguez
- Nuclear Physics Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IPARCOS &EMFTEL, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.E.); (A.E.-R.); (M.G.-D.); (V.M.-N.); (V.S.-T.); (J.M.U.); (V.V.-O.); (L.M.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel García-Díez
- Nuclear Physics Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IPARCOS &EMFTEL, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.E.); (A.E.-R.); (M.G.-D.); (V.M.-N.); (V.S.-T.); (J.M.U.); (V.V.-O.); (L.M.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Martínez-Nouvilas
- Nuclear Physics Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IPARCOS &EMFTEL, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.E.); (A.E.-R.); (M.G.-D.); (V.M.-N.); (V.S.-T.); (J.M.U.); (V.V.-O.); (L.M.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Tembleque
- Nuclear Physics Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IPARCOS &EMFTEL, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.E.); (A.E.-R.); (M.G.-D.); (V.M.-N.); (V.S.-T.); (J.M.U.); (V.V.-O.); (L.M.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Udías
- Nuclear Physics Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IPARCOS &EMFTEL, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.E.); (A.E.-R.); (M.G.-D.); (V.M.-N.); (V.S.-T.); (J.M.U.); (V.V.-O.); (L.M.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Valladolid-Onecha
- Nuclear Physics Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IPARCOS &EMFTEL, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.E.); (A.E.-R.); (M.G.-D.); (V.M.-N.); (V.S.-T.); (J.M.U.); (V.V.-O.); (L.M.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Martín-Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Edilia I. Almeida-Cordon
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Animal Facility Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sílvia Viñals i Onsès
- Center for Microanalysis of Materials (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.); (M.O.); (V.M.L.-R.); (N.M.); (J.I.L.); (E.R.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Luis Mario Fraile
- Nuclear Physics Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IPARCOS &EMFTEL, CEI Moncloa, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.E.); (A.E.-R.); (M.G.-D.); (V.M.-N.); (V.S.-T.); (J.M.U.); (V.V.-O.); (L.M.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Herranz
- Instituto de Química Médica—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas IQM-CSIC, Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-H.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Morcillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas CIEMAT, Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation Unit, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.); (M.O.); (V.M.L.-R.); (N.M.); (J.I.L.); (E.R.); (J.M.P.)
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13
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Schilling A, Aehle M, Alme J, Barnaföldi GG, Bodova T, Borshchov V, van den Brink A, Eikeland V, Feofilov G, Garth C, Gauger NR, Grøttvik O, Helstrup H, Igolkin S, Keidel R, Kobdaj C, Kortus T, Leonhardt V, Mehendale S, Ningappa Mulawade R, Harald Odland O, O'Neill G, Papp G, Peitzmann T, Pettersen HES, Piersimoni P, Protsenko M, Rauch M, Ur Rehman A, Richter M, Röhrich D, Santana J, Seco J, Songmoolnak A, Sudár Á, Tambave G, Tymchuk I, Ullaland K, Varga-Kofarago M, Volz L, Wagner B, Wendzel S, Wiebel A, Xiao R, Yang S, Zillien S. Uncertainty-aware spot rejection rate as quality metric for proton therapy using a digital tracking calorimeter. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:194001. [PMID: 37652034 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acf5c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Proton therapy is highly sensitive to range uncertainties due to the nature of the dose deposition of charged particles. To ensure treatment quality, range verification methods can be used to verify that the individual spots in a pencil beam scanning treatment fraction match the treatment plan. This study introduces a novel metric for proton therapy quality control based on uncertainties in range verification of individual spots.Approach.We employ uncertainty-aware deep neural networks to predict the Bragg peak depth in an anthropomorphic phantom based on secondary charged particle detection in a silicon pixel telescope designed for proton computed tomography. The subsequently predicted Bragg peak positions, along with their uncertainties, are compared to the treatment plan, rejecting spots which are predicted to be outside the 95% confidence interval. The such-produced spot rejection rate presents a metric for the quality of the treatment fraction.Main results.The introduced spot rejection rate metric is shown to be well-defined for range predictors with well-calibrated uncertainties. Using this method, treatment errors in the form of lateral shifts can be detected down to 1 mm after around 1400 treated spots with spot intensities of 1 × 107protons. The range verification model used in this metric predicts the Bragg peak depth to a mean absolute error of 1.107 ± 0.015 mm.Significance.Uncertainty-aware machine learning has potential applications in proton therapy quality control. This work presents the foundation for future developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schilling
- Center for Technology and Transfer (ZTT), University of Applied Sciences Worms, D-67549 Worms, Germany
- Chair for Scientific Computing, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Max Aehle
- Chair for Scientific Computing, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Johan Alme
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Tea Bodova
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Viljar Eikeland
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Christoph Garth
- Scientific Visualization Lab, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nicolas R Gauger
- Chair for Scientific Computing, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ola Grøttvik
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håvard Helstrup
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ralf Keidel
- Center for Technology and Transfer (ZTT), University of Applied Sciences Worms, D-67549 Worms, Germany
- Chair for Scientific Computing, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Chinorat Kobdaj
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Tobias Kortus
- Center for Technology and Transfer (ZTT), University of Applied Sciences Worms, D-67549 Worms, Germany
| | - Viktor Leonhardt
- Scientific Visualization Lab, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Shruti Mehendale
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Raju Ningappa Mulawade
- Center for Technology and Transfer (ZTT), University of Applied Sciences Worms, D-67549 Worms, Germany
| | - Odd Harald Odland
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - George O'Neill
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gábor Papp
- Institute for Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, 1/A Pázmány P. Sétány, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Peitzmann
- Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Pierluigi Piersimoni
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Maksym Protsenko
- Research and Production Enterprise 'LTU' (RPELTU), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Max Rauch
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Attiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthias Richter
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Dieter Röhrich
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Joshua Santana
- Center for Technology and Transfer (ZTT), University of Applied Sciences Worms, D-67549 Worms, Germany
| | - Joao Seco
- Department of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, DKFZ-German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnon Songmoolnak
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Ákos Sudár
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ganesh Tambave
- Center for Medical and Radiation Physics (CMRP), National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ihor Tymchuk
- Research and Production Enterprise 'LTU' (RPELTU), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Kjetil Ullaland
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Lennart Volz
- Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Wagner
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Steffen Wendzel
- Center for Technology and Transfer (ZTT), University of Applied Sciences Worms, D-67549 Worms, Germany
| | - Alexander Wiebel
- Center for Technology and Transfer (ZTT), University of Applied Sciences Worms, D-67549 Worms, Germany
| | - RenZheng Xiao
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
- College of Mechanical & Power Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sebastian Zillien
- Center for Technology and Transfer (ZTT), University of Applied Sciences Worms, D-67549 Worms, Germany
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14
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Kasanda E, Burbadge C, Bildstein V, Bélanger-Champagne C, Behnamian H, Höhr C, Mücher D. Improved sub-milimeter range-verification method for proton therapy using a composite hadron tumour marker (HTM). Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:185005. [PMID: 37681308 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acf111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective.The results of a follow-up experiment investigating a novel method for sub-milimetre range verification (RV) in proton therapy (PT) are presented.Approach.The method consists of implanting a hadron tumour marker (HTM) near the planned treatment volume, and measuring theγ-ray signals emitted as a result of activation by the proton beam. These signals are highly correlated with the energy of the beam impinging on the HTM and can provide an absolute measurement of the range of the beam relative to the position of the HTM, which is independent of any uncertainties in beam delivery.Main results.Three candidate HTM materials were identified and combined into a single composite HTM, which makes use of the strongest reaction in each material. The setup of the previous experiment was improved on by using high-purity germanium detectors to measure theγ-ray signal with a higher resolution than was previously achieved. A PMMA phantom was also used to simulate theγ-ray background from tissue activation. HTM RV using the data collected in this study yielded range measurements whose average deviation from the expected value was 0.13(22)mm.Significance.Range uncertainty in PT limits the prescribed treatment plan for cancer patients with large safety margins and constrains the direction of the proton beam in relation to any organ at risk. The sub-milimetre range uncertainty achieved in this study using HTM RV, if implemented clinically, would allow for a reduction in the size of safety margins, increasing the therapeutic window for PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kasanda
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Laboratory for High Energy Physics, Universität Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Burbadge
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - V Bildstein
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - H Behnamian
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C Höhr
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - D Mücher
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
- Institut für Kernphysik der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
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15
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Marants R, Tattenberg S, Scholey J, Kaza E, Miao X, Benkert T, Magneson O, Fischer J, Vinas L, Niepel K, Bortfeld T, Landry G, Parodi K, Verburg J, Sudhyadhom A. Validation of an MR-based multimodal method for molecular composition and proton stopping power ratio determination using ex vivo animal tissues and tissue-mimicking phantoms. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/ace876. [PMID: 37463589 PMCID: PMC10645122 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ace876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Range uncertainty in proton therapy is an important factor limiting clinical effectiveness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can measure voxel-wise molecular composition and, when combined with kilovoltage CT (kVCT), accurately determine mean ionization potential (Im), electron density, and stopping power ratio (SPR). We aimed to develop a novel MR-based multimodal method to accurately determine SPR and molecular compositions. This method was evaluated in tissue-mimicking andex vivoporcine phantoms, and in a brain radiotherapy patient.Approach. Four tissue-mimicking phantoms with known compositions, two porcine tissue phantoms, and a brain cancer patient were imaged with kVCT and MRI. Three imaging-based values were determined: SPRCM(CT-based Multimodal), SPRMM(MR-based Multimodal), and SPRstoich(stoichiometric calibration). MRI was used to determine two tissue-specific quantities of the Bethe Bloch equation (Im, electron density) to compute SPRCMand SPRMM. Imaging-based SPRs were compared to measurements for phantoms in a proton beam using a multilayer ionization chamber (SPRMLIC).Main results. Root mean square errors relative to SPRMLICwere 0.0104(0.86%), 0.0046(0.45%), and 0.0142(1.31%) for SPRCM, SPRMM, and SPRstoich, respectively. The largest errors were in bony phantoms, while soft tissue and porcine tissue phantoms had <1% errors across all SPR values. Relative to known physical molecular compositions, imaging-determined compositions differed by approximately ≤10%. In the brain case, the largest differences between SPRstoichand SPRMMwere in bone and high lipids/fat tissue. The magnitudes and trends of these differences matched phantom results.Significance. Our MR-based multimodal method determined molecular compositions and SPR in various tissue-mimicking phantoms with high accuracy, as confirmed with proton beam measurements. This method also revealed significant SPR differences compared to stoichiometric kVCT-only calculation in a clinical case, with the largest differences in bone. These findings support that including MRI in proton therapy treatment planning can improve the accuracy of calculated SPR values and reduce range uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Marants
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Tattenberg
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Division of Radiation Biophysics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica Scholey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Evangelia Kaza
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xin Miao
- Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Olivia Magneson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jade Fischer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luciano Vinas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katharina Niepel
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Bortfeld
- Division of Radiation Biophysics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guillaume Landry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joost Verburg
- Division of Radiation Biophysics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Atchar Sudhyadhom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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16
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Chang CW, Lei Y, Wang T, Tian S, Roper J, Lin L, Bradley J, Liu T, Zhou J, Yang X. Deep learning-based Fast Volumetric Image Generation for Image-guided Proton FLASH Radiotherapy. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3112632. [PMID: 37546731 PMCID: PMC10402267 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3112632/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective FLASH radiotherapy leverages ultra-high dose-rate radiation to enhance the sparing of organs at risk without compromising tumor control probability. This may allow dose escalation, toxicity mitigation, or both. To prepare for the ultra-high dose-rate delivery, we aim to develop a deep learning (DL)-based image-guide framework to enable fast volumetric image reconstruction for accurate target localization for proton FLASH beam delivery. Approach The proposed framework comprises four modules, including orthogonal kV x-ray projection acquisition, DL-based volumetric image generation, image quality analyses, and water equivalent thickness (WET) evaluation. We investigated volumetric image reconstruction using kV projection pairs with four different source angles. Thirty patients with lung targets were identified from an institutional database, each patient having a four-dimensional computed tomography (CT) dataset with ten respiratory phases. Leave-phase-out cross-validation was performed to investigate the DL model's robustness for each patient. Main results The proposed framework reconstructed patients' volumetric anatomy, including tumors and organs at risk from orthogonal x-ray projections. Considering all evaluation metrics, the kV projections with source angles of 135° and 225° yielded the optimal volumetric images. The patient-averaged mean absolute error, peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity index measure, and WET error were 75±22 HU, 19±3.7 dB, 0.938±0.044, and -1.3%±4.1%. Significance The proposed framework has been demonstrated to reconstruct volumetric images with a high degree of accuracy using two orthogonal x-ray projections. The embedded WET module can be used to detect potential proton beam-specific patient anatomy variations. This framework can rapidly deliver volumetric images to potentially guide proton FLASH therapy treatment delivery systems.
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Sato S, Yokokawa H, Hosobuchi M, Kataoka J. A simulation study of in-beam visualization system for proton therapy by monitoring scattered protons. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1038348. [PMID: 37521357 PMCID: PMC10375415 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1038348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, in-beam positron emission tomography (PET) has been actively researched for reducing biological washout effects and dose monitoring during irradiation. However, the positron distribution does not precisely reflect the dose distribution since positron production and ionization are completely different physical processes. Thus, a novel in-beam system was proposed to determine proton dose range by measuring scattered protons with dozens of scintillation detectors surrounding the body surface. While previous studies conducted a preliminary experiment with a simple phantom, we simulated more complex situations in this paper. Especially, we conducted three stepwise simulation studies to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. First, a simple rectangular phantom was reproduced on simulation and irradiated with protons for obtaining current values and Monte Carlo (MC) dose. Next, we trained a deep learning model to estimate 2-dimensional-dose range (2D-DL dose) from measured current values for simulation (A). We simulated plastic scintillators as detectors to measure the scattered protons. Second, a rectangular phantom with an air layer was used, and 3D-DL dose was estimated in simulation (B). Finally, a cylindrical phantom that mimics the human body was used for confirming the estimation quality of the simulation (C). Consequently, the position of the Bragg peak was estimated with an error of 1.0 mm in simulation (A). In addition, the position of the air layer, as well as the verifying peak position with an error of 2.1 mm, was successfully estimated in simulation (B). Although the estimation error of the peak position was 12.6 mm in simulation (C), the quality was successfully further improved to 9.3 mm by incorporating the mass density distribution obtained from the computed tomography (CT). These simulation results demonstrated the potential of the as-proposed verification system. Additionally, the effectiveness of CT utilization for estimating the DL dose was also indicated.
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18
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Jiang Z, Polf JC, Barajas CA, Gobbert MK, Ren L. A feasibility study of enhanced prompt gamma imaging for range verification in proton therapy using deep learning. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acbf9a. [PMID: 36848674 PMCID: PMC10173868 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acbf9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective. Range uncertainty is a major concern affecting the delivery precision in proton therapy. The Compton camera (CC)-based prompt-gamma (PG) imaging is a promising technique to provide 3Din vivorange verification. However, the conventional back-projected PG images suffer from severe distortions due to the limited view of the CC, significantly limiting its clinical utility. Deep learning has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing medical images from limited-view measurements. But different from other medical images with abundant anatomical structures, the PGs emitted along the path of a proton pencil beam take up an extremely low portion of the 3D image space, presenting both the attention and the imbalance challenge for deep learning. To solve these issues, we proposed a two-tier deep learning-based method with a novel weighted axis-projection loss to generate precise 3D PG images to achieve accurate proton range verification.Materials and methods: the proposed method consists of two models: first, a localization model is trained to define a region-of-interest (ROI) in the distorted back-projected PG image that contains the proton pencil beam; second, an enhancement model is trained to restore the true PG emissions with additional attention on the ROI. In this study, we simulated 54 proton pencil beams (energy range: 75-125 MeV, dose level: 1 × 109protons/beam and 3 × 108protons/beam) delivered at clinical dose rates (20 kMU min-1and 180 kMU min-1) in a tissue-equivalent phantom using Monte-Carlo (MC). PG detection with a CC was simulated using the MC-Plus-Detector-Effects model. Images were reconstructed using the kernel-weighted-back-projection algorithm, and were then enhanced by the proposed method.Results. The method effectively restored the 3D shape of the PG images with the proton pencil beam range clearly visible in all testing cases. Range errors were within 2 pixels (4 mm) in all directions in most cases at a higher dose level. The proposed method is fully automatic, and the enhancement takes only ∼0.26 s.Significance. Overall, this preliminary study demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method to generate accurate 3D PG images using a deep learning framework, providing a powerful tool for high-precisionin vivorange verification of proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Jiang
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jerimy C. Polf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Carlos A. Barajas
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Matthias K. Gobbert
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Lei Ren
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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19
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Nabha R, De Saint-Hubert M, Marichal J, Esser J, Van Hoey O, Bäumer C, Verbeek N, Struelens L, Sterpin E, Tabury K, Marek L, Granja C, Timmermann B, Vanhavere F. Biophysical characterization of collimated and uncollimated fields in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36821866 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acbe8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The lateral dose fall-off in proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) technique remains the preferred choice for sparing adjacent organs at risk as opposed to the distal edge due to the proton range uncertainties and potentially high relative biological effectiveness. However, because of the substantial spot size along with the scattering in the air and in the patient, the lateral penumbra in PBS can be degraded. Combining PBS with an aperture can result in a sharper dose fall-off, particularly for shallow targets.Approach. The aim of this work was to characterize the radiation fields produced by collimated and uncollimated 100 and 140 MeV proton beams, using Monte Carlo simulations and measurements with a MiniPIX-Timepix detector. The dose and the linear energy transfer (LET) were then coupled with publishedin silicobiophysical models to elucidate the potential biological effects of collimated and uncollimated fields.Main results. Combining an aperture with PBS reduced the absorbed dose in the lateral fall-off and out-of-field by 60%. However, the results also showed that the absolute frequency-averaged LET (LETF) values increased by a maximum of 3.5 keVμm-1in collimated relative to uncollimated fields, while the dose-averaged LET (LETD) increased by a maximum of 7 keVμm-1. Despite the higher LET values produced by collimated fields, the predicted DNA damage yields remained lower, owing to the large dose reduction.Significance. This work demonstrated the dosimetric advantages of combining an aperture with PBS coupled with lower DNA damage induction. A methodology for calculating dose in water derived from measurements with a silicon-based detector was also presented. This work is the first to demonstrate experimentally the increase in LET caused by combining PBS with aperture, and to assess the potential DNA damage which is the initial step in the cascade of events leading to the majority of radiation-induced biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racell Nabha
- Radiation Protection Dosimetry and Calibration Expert Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke De Saint-Hubert
- Radiation Protection Dosimetry and Calibration Expert Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Johannes Esser
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Olivier Van Hoey
- Radiation Protection Dosimetry and Calibration Expert Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Christian Bäumer
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, Dortmund, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nico Verbeek
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lara Struelens
- Radiation Protection Dosimetry and Calibration Expert Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Edmond Sterpin
- KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.,UCLouvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, MIRO Lab, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Tabury
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | - Beate Timmermann
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Filip Vanhavere
- Radiation Protection Dosimetry and Calibration Expert Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Cheon BW, Lee HC, You SH, Seo H, Min CH, Choi HJ. Experiment of proof-of-principle on prompt gamma-positron emission tomography (PG-PET) system for in-vivo dose distribution verification in proton therapy. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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21
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Missaglia A, Bourkadi-Idrissi A, Casamichiela F, Mazzucconi D, Carminati M, Agosteo S, Fiorini C. Prompt-gamma fall-off estimation with C-ion irradiation at clinical energies, using a knife-edge slit camera: A Monte Carlo study. Phys Med 2023; 107:102554. [PMID: 36907030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In-vivo range verification has been a hot topic in particle therapy since two decades. Many efforts have been done for proton therapy, while fewer studies were conducted considering a beam of carbon ions. In the present work, a simulation study was performed to show whether it is possible to measure the prompt-gamma fall-off inside the high neutron background typical of carbon-ion irradiation, using a knife-edge slit camera. In addition to this, we wanted to estimate the uncertainty in retrieving the particle range in the case of a pencil beam of C-ions at clinically relevant energy of 150 MeVu. METHODS For these purposes, the Monte Carlo code FLUKA was adopted for simulations and three different analytical methods were implemented to get the accuracy in the range retrieval of the simulated set-up. RESULTS The analysis of simulation data has brought to the promising and desired precision of about 4 mm in the determination of the dose profile fall-off in case of a spill irradiation, for which all the three cited methods were coherent in their predictions. CONCLUSIONS The Prompt Gamma Imaging technique should be further studied as a tool to reduce range uncertainties affecting carbon ion radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Missaglia
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria - Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio, 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Aicha Bourkadi-Idrissi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria - Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio, 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy; INFN - sezione di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Casamichiela
- Dipartimento di Energia - Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini, 4, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Davide Mazzucconi
- INFN - sezione di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Energia - Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini, 4, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Carminati
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria - Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio, 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy; INFN - sezione di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Agosteo
- INFN - sezione di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Energia - Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini, 4, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Fiorini
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria - Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio, 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy; INFN - sezione di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Yang M, Wohlfahrt P, Shen C, Bouchard H. Dual- and multi-energy CT for particle stopping-power estimation: current state, challenges and potential. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36595276 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acabfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Range uncertainty has been a key factor preventing particle radiotherapy from reaching its full physical potential. One of the main contributing sources is the uncertainty in estimating particle stopping power (ρs) within patients. Currently, theρsdistribution in a patient is derived from a single-energy CT (SECT) scan acquired for treatment planning by converting CT number expressed in Hounsfield units (HU) of each voxel toρsusing a Hounsfield look-up table (HLUT), also known as the CT calibration curve. HU andρsshare a linear relationship with electron density but differ in their additional dependence on elemental composition through different physical properties, i.e. effective atomic number and mean excitation energy, respectively. Because of that, the HLUT approach is particularly sensitive to differences in elemental composition between real human tissues and tissue surrogates as well as tissue variations within and among individual patients. The use of dual-energy CT (DECT) forρsprediction has been shown to be effective in reducing the uncertainty inρsestimation compared to SECT. The acquisition of CT data over different x-ray spectra yields additional information on the material elemental composition. Recently, multi-energy CT (MECT) has been explored to deduct material-specific information with higher dimensionality, which has the potential to further improve the accuracy ofρsestimation. Even though various DECT and MECT methods have been proposed and evaluated over the years, these approaches are still only scarcely implemented in routine clinical practice. In this topical review, we aim at accelerating this translation process by providing: (1) a comprehensive review of the existing DECT/MECT methods forρsestimation with their respective strengths and weaknesses; (2) a general review of uncertainties associated with DECT/MECT methods; (3) a general review of different aspects related to clinical implementation of DECT/MECT methods; (4) other potential advanced DECT/MECT applications beyondρsestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Physics, 1515 Holcombe Blvd Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Patrick Wohlfahrt
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Chenyang Shen
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, 2280 Inwood Rd Dallas, TX 75235, United States of America
| | - Hugo Bouchard
- Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Complexe des sciences, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V0B3, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de radio-oncologie, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1051 Rue Sanguinet, Montréal, Québec H2X 3E4, Canada
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Rädler M, Buizza G, Kawula M, Palaniappan P, Gianoli C, Baroni G, Paganelli C, Parodi K, Riboldi M. Impact of secondary particles on the magnetic field generated by a proton pencil beam: a finite-element analysis based on Geant4-DNA simulations. Med Phys 2023; 50:1000-1018. [PMID: 36346042 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the static magnetic field generated by a proton pencil beam as a candidate for range verification by means of Monte Carlo simulations, thereby improving upon existing analytical calculations. We focus on the impact of statistical current fluctuations and secondary protons and electrons. METHODS We considered a pulsed beam (10 μ ${\umu}$ s pulse duration) during the duty cycle with a peak beam current of 0.2 μ $\umu$ A and an initial energy of 100 MeV. We ran Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo simulations of a proton pencil beam in water and extracted independent particle phase spaces. We calculated longitudinal and radial current density of protons and electrons, serving as an input for a magnetic field estimation based on a finite element analysis in a cylindrical geometry. We made sure to allow for non-solenoidal current densities as is the case of a stopping proton beam. RESULTS The rising proton charge density toward the range is not perturbed by energy straggling and only lowered through nuclear reactions by up to 15%, leading to an approximately constant longitudinal current. Their relative low density however (at most 0.37 protons/mm3 for the 0.2 μ ${\umu}$ A current and a beam cross-section of 2.5 mm), gives rise to considerable current density fluctuations. The radial proton current resulting from lateral scattering and being two orders of magnitude weaker than the longitudinal current is subject to even stronger fluctuations. Secondary electrons with energies above 10 eV, that far outnumber the primary protons, reduce the primary proton current by only 10% due to their largely isotropic flow. A small fraction of electrons (<1%), undergoing head-on collisions, constitutes the relevant electron current. In the far-field, both contributions to the magnetic field strength (longitudinal and lateral) are independent of the beam spot size. We also find that the nuclear reaction-related losses cause a shift of 1.3 mm to the magnetic field profile relative to the actual range, which is further enlarged to 2.4 mm by the electron current (at a distance of ρ = 50 $\rho =50$ mm away from the central beam axis). For ρ > 45 $\rho >45$ mm, the shift increases linearly. While the current density variations cause significant magnetic field uncertainty close to the central beam axis with a relative standard deviation (RSD) close to 100%, they average out at a distance of 10 cm, where the RSD of the total magnetic field drops below 2%. CONCLUSIONS With the small influence of the secondary electrons together with the low RSD, our analysis encourages an experimental detection of the magnetic field through sensitive instrumentation, such as optical magnetometry or SQUIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rädler
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giulia Buizza
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Kawula
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Prasannakumar Palaniappan
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Gianoli
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Baroni
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Paganelli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Riboldi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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24
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Malekzadeh E, Rajabi H, Tajik-Mansoury MA, Sabouri P, Fiorina E, Kalantari F. Design and performance evaluation of a slit-slat camera for 2D prompt gamma imaging in proton therapy monitoring: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Med Phys 2023. [PMID: 36718592 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the design of a prompt gamma camera for real-time dose delivery verification and the partial mitigation of range uncertainties. METHODS A slit slat (SS) camera was optimized using the trade-off between the signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution. Then, using the GATE Monte Carlo package, the camera performances were estimated by means of target shifts, beam position quantification, changing the camera distance from the beam, and air cavity inserting. A homogeneous PMMA phantom and the air gaps induced PMMA phantom were used. The air gaps ranged from 5 mm to 30 mm by 5 mm increments were positioned in the middle of the beam range. To reduce the simulation time, phase space scoring was used. The batch method with five realizations was used for stochastic error calculations. RESULTS The system's detection efficiency was 1.1 × 10 - 4 PGs Emitted PGs ( 1.8 × 10 - 5 $1.1 \times {10}^{-4}\frac{{\rm PGs}}{{\rm Emitted}\ {\rm PGs}}\ (1.8 \times {10}^{-5}$ PGs/proton) for a 10 × 20 cm2 detector (source-to-collimator distance = 15.0 cm). Axial and transaxial resolutions were 23 mm and 18 mm, respectively. The SS camera estimated the range as 69.0 ± 3.4 (relative stochastic error 1-sigma is 5%) and 67.6 ± 1.8 mm (2.6%) for the real range of 67.0 mm for 107 and 108 protons of 100 MeV, respectively. Considering 160 MeV, these values are 155.5 ± 3.1 (2%) and 152.2 ± 2.0 mm (1.3%) for the real range of 152.0 mm for 107 and 108 protons, respectively. Considering phantom shift, for a 100 MeV beam, the precision of the quantification (1-sigma) in the axial and lateral phantom shift estimation is 2.6 mm and 1 mm, respectively. Accordingly, the axial and lateral quantification precisions were 1.3 mm and 1 mm for a 160 MeV beam, respectively. Furthermore, the quantification of an air gap formulated as gap d e t = 0.98 × gap real ${{\rm gap}}_{det}=0.98 \times {{\rm gap}}_{{\rm real}}$ , where gap d e t ${{\rm gap}}_{det}$ and gapreal are the estimated and real air gap, respectively. The precision of the air gap quantification is 1.6 mm (1 sigma). Moreover, 2D PG images show the trajectory of the proton beam through the phantom. CONCLUSION The proposed slit-slat imaging systems can potentially provide a real-time, in-vivo, and non-invasive treatment monitoring method for proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etesam Malekzadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Rajabi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Tajik-Mansoury
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Sabouri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Elisa Fiorina
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics INFN, Section of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Clinical Department, Fondazione CNAO, Pavia, Italy
| | - Faraz Kalantari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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25
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Kostyleva D, Purushothaman S, Dendooven P, Haettner E, Geissel H, Ozoemelam I, Schuy C, Weber U, Boscolo D, Dickel T, Drozd V, Graeff C, Franczak B, Hornung C, Horst F, Kazantseva E, Kuzminchuk-Feuerstein N, Mukha I, Nociforo C, Pietri S, Reidel CA, Roesch H, Tanaka YK, Weick H, Zhao J, Durante M, Parodi K, Scheidenberger C. Precision of the PET activity range during irradiation with 10C, 11C, and 12C beams. Phys Med Biol 2022; 68. [PMID: 36533621 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca5e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Beams of stable ions have been a well-established tool for radiotherapy for many decades. In the case of ion beam therapy with stable12C ions, the positron emitters10,11C are produced via projectile and target fragmentation, and their decays enable visualization of the beam via positron emission tomography (PET). However, the PET activity peak matches the Bragg peak only roughly and PET counting statistics is low. These issues can be mitigated by using a short-lived positron emitter as a therapeutic beam.Approach.An experiment studying the precision of the measurement of ranges of positron-emitting carbon isotopes by means of PET has been performed at the FRS fragment-separator facility of GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany. The PET scanner used in the experiment is a dual-panel version of a Siemens Biograph mCT PET scanner.Main results.High-quality in-beam PET images and activity distributions have been measured from the in-flight produced positron emitting isotopes11C and10C implanted into homogeneous PMMA phantoms. Taking advantage of the high statistics obtained in this experiment, we investigated the time evolution of the uncertainty of the range determined by means of PET during the course of irradiation, and show that the uncertainty improves with the inverse square root of the number of PET counts. The uncertainty is thus fully determined by the PET counting statistics. During the delivery of 1.6 × 107ions in 4 spills for a total duration of 19.2 s, the PET activity range uncertainty for10C,11C and12C is 0.04 mm, 0.7 mm and 1.3 mm, respectively. The gain in precision related to the PET counting statistics is thus much larger when going from11C to10C than when going from12C to11C. The much better precision for10C is due to its much shorter half-life, which, contrary to the case of11C, also enables to include the in-spill data in the image formation.Significance. Our results can be used to estimate the contribution from PET counting statistics to the precision of range determination in a particular carbon therapy situation, taking into account the irradiation scenario, the required dose and the PET scanner characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostyleva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Purushothaman
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Dendooven
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Haettner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Geissel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - I Ozoemelam
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C Schuy
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - U Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Boscolo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Dickel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - V Drozd
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Graeff
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B Franczak
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Hornung
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Horst
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E Kazantseva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - I Mukha
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Nociforo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Pietri
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C A Reidel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Roesch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Nuclear Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Y K Tanaka
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - H Weick
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Zhao
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - M Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Parodi
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - C Scheidenberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany.,Helmholtz Forschungsakademie Hessen für FAIR (HFHF), Campus Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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26
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McNamara K, Schiavi A, Borys D, Brzezinski K, Gajewski J, Kopeć R, Rucinski A, Skóra T, Makkar S, Hrbacek J, Weber DC, Lomax AJ, Winterhalter C. GPU accelerated Monte Carlo scoring of positron emitting isotopes produced during proton therapy for PET verification. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [PMID: 36541512 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Verification of delivered proton therapy treatments is essential for reaping the many benefits of the modality, with the most widely proposedin vivoverification technique being the imaging of positron emitting isotopes generated in the patient during treatment using positron emission tomography (PET). The purpose of this work is to reduce the computational resources and time required for simulation of patient activation during proton therapy using the GPU accelerated Monte Carlo code FRED, and to validate the predicted activity against the widely used Monte Carlo code GATE.Approach.We implement a continuous scoring approach for the production of positron emitting isotopes within FRED version 5.59.9. We simulate treatment plans delivered to 95 head and neck patients at Centrum Cyklotronowe Bronowice using this GPU implementation, and verify the accuracy using the Monte Carlo toolkit GATE version 9.0.Main results.We report an average reduction in computational time by a factor of 50 when using a local system with 2 GPUs as opposed to a large compute cluster utilising between 200 to 700 CPU threads, enabling simulation of patient activity within an average of 2.9 min as opposed to 146 min. All simulated plans are in good agreement across the two Monte Carlo codes. The two codes agree within a maximum of 0.95σon a voxel-by-voxel basis for the prediction of 7 different isotopes across 472 simulated fields delivered to 95 patients, with the average deviation over all fields being 6.4 × 10-3σ.Significance.The implementation of activation calculations in the GPU accelerated Monte Carlo code FRED provides fast and reliable simulation of patient activation following proton therapy, allowing for research and development of clinical applications of range verification for this treatment modality using PET to proceed at a rapid pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan McNamara
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Physics Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Schiavi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Damian Borys
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.,Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karol Brzezinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Gajewski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Kopeć
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Antoni Rucinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skóra
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków Branch, Kraków, Poland
| | - Shubhangi Makkar
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Physics Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hrbacek
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Damien C Weber
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antony J Lomax
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Physics Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Winterhalter
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Physics Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Boscolo D, Kostyleva D, Schuy C, Weber U, Haettner E, Purushothaman S, Dendooven P, Dickel T, Drozd V, Franczack B, Geissel H, Hornung C, Horst F, Kazantseva E, Kuzminchuk-Feuerstein N, Lovatti G, Mukha I, Nociforo C, Pietri S, Pinto M, Reidel CA, Roesch H, Sokol O, Tanaka YK, Weick H, Zhao J, Scheidenberger C, Parodi K, Durante M. Depth dose measurements in water for 11C and 10C beams with therapy relevant energies. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2022; 1043:167464. [PMID: 36345417 PMCID: PMC7613790 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2022.167464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the favorable depth-dose distribution and the radiobiological properties of heavy ion radiation, ion beam therapy shows an improved success/toxicity ratio compared to conventional radiotherapy. The sharp dose gradients and very high doses in the Bragg peak region, which represent the larger physical advantage of ion beam therapy, make it also extremely sensitive to range uncertainties. The use of β +-radioactive ion beams would be ideal for simultaneous treatment and accurate online range monitoring through PET imaging. Since all the unfragmented primary ions are potentially contributing to the PET signal, these beams offer an improved image quality while preserving the physical and radiobiological advantages of the stable counterparts. The challenging production of radioactive ion beams and the difficulties in reaching high intensities, have discouraged their clinical application. In this context, the project Biomedical Applications of Radioactive ion Beams (BARB) started at GSI (Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH) with the main goal to assess the technical feasibility and investigate possible advantages of radioactive ion beams on the pre-clinical level. During the first experimental campaign 11C and 10C beams were produced and isotopically separated with the FRagment Separator (FRS) at GSI. The β +-radioactive ion beams were produced with a beam purity of 99% for all the beam investigated (except one case where it was 94%) and intensities potentially sufficient to treat a small animal tumors within few minutes of irradiation time, ∼ 106 particle per spill for the 10C and ∼ 107 particle per spill for the 11C beam, respectively. The impact of different ion optical parameters on the depth dose distribution was studied with a precision water column system. In this work, the measured depth dose distributions are presented together with results from Monte Carlo simulations using the FLUKA software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Boscolo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daria Kostyleva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Uli Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Emma Haettner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Timo Dickel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gieβen, Gieβen, Germany
| | - Vasyl Drozd
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Geissel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gieβen, Gieβen, Germany
| | - Christine Hornung
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Horst
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Erika Kazantseva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Ivan Mukha
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chiara Nociforo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephane Pietri
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Pinto
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Heidi Roesch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Sokol
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Helmut Weick
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Christoph Scheidenberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gieβen, Gieβen, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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28
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Chang CW, Zhou S, Gao Y, Lin L, Liu T, Bradley JD, Zhang T, Zhou J, Yang X. Validation of a deep learning-based material estimation model for Monte Carlo dose calculation in proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67:10.1088/1361-6560/ac9663. [PMID: 36174551 PMCID: PMC9639218 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac9663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Computed tomography (CT) to material property conversion dominates proton range uncertainty, impacting the quality of proton treatment planning. Physics-based and machine learning-based methods have been investigated to leverage dual-energy CT (DECT) to predict proton ranges. Recent development includes physics-informed deep learning (DL) for material property inference. This paper aims to develop a framework to validate Monte Carlo dose calculation (MCDC) using CT-based material characterization models.Approach.The proposed framework includes two experiments to validatein vivodose and water equivalent thickness (WET) distributions using anthropomorphic and porcine phantoms. Phantoms were irradiated using anteroposterior proton beams, and the exit doses and residual ranges were measured by MatriXX PT and a multi-layer strip ionization chamber. Two pre-trained conventional and physics-informed residual networks (RN/PRN) were used for mass density inference from DECT. Additional two heuristic material conversion models using single-energy CT (SECT) and DECT were implemented for comparisons. The gamma index was used for dose comparisons with criteria of 3%/3 mm (10% dose threshold).Main results. The phantom study showed that MCDC with PRN achieved mean gamma passing rates of 95.9% and 97.8% for the anthropomorphic and porcine phantoms. The rates were 86.0% and 79.7% for MCDC with the empirical DECT model. WET analyses indicated that the mean WET variations between measurement and simulation were -1.66 mm, -2.48 mm, and -0.06 mm for MCDC using a Hounsfield look-up table with SECT and empirical and PRN models with DECT. Validation experiments indicated that MCDC with PRN achieved consistent dose and WET distributions with measurement.Significance. The proposed framework can be used to identify the optimal CT-based material characterization model for MCDC to improve proton range uncertainty. The framework can systematically verify the accuracy of proton treatment planning, and it can potentially be implemented in the treatment room to be instrumental in online adaptive treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308
| | - Liyong Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradley
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308
| | - Tiezhi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308
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29
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Moglioni M, Kraan AC, Baroni G, Battistoni G, Belcari N, Berti A, Carra P, Cerello P, Ciocca M, De Gregorio A, De Simoni M, Del Sarto D, Donetti M, Dong Y, Embriaco A, Fantacci ME, Ferrero V, Fiorina E, Fischetti M, Franciosini G, Giraudo G, Laruina F, Maestri D, Magi M, Magro G, Malekzadeh E, Marafini M, Mattei I, Mazzoni E, Mereu P, Mirandola A, Morrocchi M, Muraro S, Orlandi E, Patera V, Pennazio F, Pullia M, Retico A, Rivetti A, Da Rocha Rolo MD, Rosso V, Sarti A, Schiavi A, Sciubba A, Sportelli G, Tampellini S, Toppi M, Traini G, Trigilio A, Valle SM, Valvo F, Vischioni B, Vitolo V, Wheadon R, Bisogni MG. In-vivo range verification analysis with in-beam PET data for patients treated with proton therapy at CNAO. Front Oncol 2022; 12:929949. [PMID: 36226070 PMCID: PMC9549776 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.929949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological changes that may arise through a treatment course are probably one of the most significant sources of range uncertainty in proton therapy. Non-invasive in-vivo treatment monitoring is useful to increase treatment quality. The INSIDE in-beam Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanner performs in-vivo range monitoring in proton and carbon therapy treatments at the National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO). It is currently in a clinical trial (ID: NCT03662373) and has acquired in-beam PET data during the treatment of various patients. In this work we analyze the in-beam PET (IB-PET) data of eight patients treated with proton therapy at CNAO. The goal of the analysis is twofold. First, we assess the level of experimental fluctuations in inter-fractional range differences (sensitivity) of the INSIDE PET system by studying patients without morphological changes. Second, we use the obtained results to see whether we can observe anomalously large range variations in patients where morphological changes have occurred. The sensitivity of the INSIDE IB-PET scanner was quantified as the standard deviation of the range difference distributions observed for six patients that did not show morphological changes. Inter-fractional range variations with respect to a reference distribution were estimated using the Most-Likely-Shift (MLS) method. To establish the efficacy of this method, we made a comparison with the Beam’s Eye View (BEV) method. For patients showing no morphological changes in the control CT the average range variation standard deviation was found to be 2.5 mm with the MLS method and 2.3 mm with the BEV method. On the other hand, for patients where some small anatomical changes occurred, we found larger standard deviation values. In these patients we evaluated where anomalous range differences were found and compared them with the CT. We found that the identified regions were mostly in agreement with the morphological changes seen in the CT scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Moglioni
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aafke Christine Kraan
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Aafke Christine Kraan,
| | - Guido Baroni
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Belcari
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Berti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Carra
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mario Ciocca
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelica De Gregorio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Micol De Simoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Damiano Del Sarto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Donetti
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
| | - Yunsheng Dong
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Embriaco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Evelina Fantacci
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrero
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Fiorina
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Fischetti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Universit `a di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Gaia Franciosini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giraudo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Laruina
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Maestri
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Magi
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Universit `a di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magro
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
| | - Etesam Malekzadeh
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Medical Physics, Tarbiat Modares University, Teheran, Iran
| | - Michela Marafini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “E. Fermi”, Roma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mattei
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Mazzoni
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Mereu
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Morrocchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Muraro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ester Orlandi
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Patera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Universit `a di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pullia
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Rivetti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Rosso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Sarti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Universit `a di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Angelo Schiavi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Universit `a di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Adalberto Sciubba
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Universit `a di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione dei Laboratori di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Sportelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Toppi
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Universit `a di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione dei Laboratori di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - Giacomo Traini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “E. Fermi”, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Trigilio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Viviana Vitolo
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
| | - Richard Wheadon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Giuseppina Bisogni
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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30
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Borys D, Baran J, Brzezinski KW, Gajewski J, Chug N, Coussat A, Czerwiński E, Dadgar M, Dulski K, Eliyan KV, Gajos A, Kacprzak K, Kapłon Ł, Klimaszewski K, Konieczka P, Kopec R, Korcyl G, Kozik T, Krzemień W, Kumar D, Lomax AJ, McNamara K, Niedźwiecki S, Olko P, Panek D, Parzych S, Del Río EP, Raczyński L, Sharma S, Shivani S, Shopa RY, Skóra T, Skurzok M, Stasica P, Stępień E, Tayefi Ardebili K, Tayefi F, Weber DC, Winterhalter C, Wiślicki W, Moskal P, Rucinski A. ProTheRaMon - a GATE simulation framework for proton therapy range monitoring using PET imaging. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67:224002. [PMID: 36137551 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac944c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper reports on the implementation and shows examples of the use of the ProTheRaMon framework for simulating the delivery of proton therapy treatment plans and range monitoring using positron emission tomography (PET). ProTheRaMon offers complete processing of proton therapy treatment plans, patient CT geometries, and intra-treatment PET imaging, taking into account therapy and imaging coordinate systems and activity decay during the PET imaging protocol specific to a given proton therapy facility. We present the ProTheRaMon framework and illustrate its potential use case and data processing steps for a patient treated at the Cyclotron Centre Bronowice (CCB) proton therapy center in Krakow, Poland. APPROACH The ProTheRaMon framework is based on GATE Monte Carlo software, the CASToR reconstruction package and in-house developed Python and bash scripts. The framework consists of five separated simulation and data processing steps, that can be further optimized according to the user's needs and specific settings of a given proton therapy facility and PET scanner design. MAIN RESULTS ProTheRaMon is presented using example data from a patient treated at CCB and the J-PET scanner to demonstrate the application of the framework for proton therapy range monitoring. The output of each simulation and data processing stage is described and visualized. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that the ProTheRaMon simulation platform is a high-performance tool, capable of running on a computational cluster and suitable for multi-parameter studies, with databases consisting of large number of patients, as well as different PET scanner geometries and settings for range monitoring in a clinical environment. Due to its modular structure, the ProTheRaMon framework can be adjusted for different proton therapy centers and/or different PET detector geometries. It is available to the community via github.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Borys
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 16, Gliwice, 44-100, POLAND
| | - Jakub Baran
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Karol W Brzezinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Science, Radzikowskiego 152, Krakow, Krakow, Malopolska, 31-342, POLAND
| | - Jan Gajewski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Science, Radzikowskiego 152, Krakow, Krakow, Malopolska, 31-342, POLAND
| | - Neha Chug
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Aurelien Coussat
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Eryk Czerwiński
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Meysam Dadgar
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Kamil Dulski
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Kavya Valsan Eliyan
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Aleksander Gajos
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Krzysztof Kacprzak
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Łukasz Kapłon
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Lojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Malopolskie, 31-007, POLAND
| | - Konrad Klimaszewski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, 7 Andrzeja Sołtana str., Otwock, 05-400, POLAND
| | - Paweł Konieczka
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 7 Andrzeja Sołtana str., Otwock, 05-400, POLAND
| | - Renata Kopec
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Science, Radzikowskiego 152, Krakow, 31-342, POLAND
| | - Grzegorz Korcyl
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Tomasz Kozik
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Wojciech Krzemień
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, 7 Andrzeja Sołtana str., Otwock, 05-400, POLAND
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Antony John Lomax
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Villigen, 5232, SWITZERLAND
| | - Keegan McNamara
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute PSI, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, Aargau, 5232, SWITZERLAND
| | - Szymon Niedźwiecki
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Pawel Olko
- PAN, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Science, ul Radzikowskiego 152, Krakow, Kraków, 31-342, POLAND
| | - Dominik Panek
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Szymon Parzych
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Elena Pérez Del Río
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Lech Raczyński
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, 7 Andrzeja Sołtana str., Otwock, 05-400, POLAND
| | - Sushil Sharma
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Shivani Shivani
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Roman Y Shopa
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, 7 Andrzeja Sołtana str., Otwock, 05-400, POLAND
| | - Tomasz Skóra
- Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Krakow Branch, Walerego Eljasza, Radzikowskiego 152, Kraków, 31-342, POLAND
| | - Magdalena Skurzok
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Paulina Stasica
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Science, Radzikowskiego 152, Krakow, PL 31-342, POLAND
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Keyvan Tayefi Ardebili
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Faranak Tayefi
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Damien Charles Weber
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, SWITZERLAND
| | - Carla Winterhalter
- Paul Scherrer Institute PSI, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, Aargau, 5232, SWITZERLAND
| | - Wojciech Wiślicki
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, 7 Andrzeja Sołtana str., Otwock, 05-400, POLAND
| | - Pawel Moskal
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Małopolskie, 30-348, POLAND
| | - Antoni Rucinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAS, Radzikowskiego 152, Krakow, 31-342, POLAND
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31
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Sarrut D, Arbor N, Baudier T, Borys D, Etxebeste A, Fuchs H, Gajewski J, Grevillot L, Jan S, Kagadis GC, Kang HG, Kirov A, Kochebina O, Krzemien W, Lomax A, Papadimitroulas P, Pommranz C, Roncali E, Rucinski A, Winterhalter C, Maigne L. The OpenGATE ecosystem for Monte Carlo simulation in medical physics. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67:10.1088/1361-6560/ac8c83. [PMID: 36001985 PMCID: PMC11149651 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac8c83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the ecosystem of GATE, an open-source Monte Carlo toolkit for medical physics. Based on the shoulders of Geant4, the principal modules (geometry, physics, scorers) are described with brief descriptions of some key concepts (Volume, Actors, Digitizer). The main source code repositories are detailed together with the automated compilation and tests processes (Continuous Integration). We then described how the OpenGATE collaboration managed the collaborative development of about one hundred developers during almost 20 years. The impact of GATE on medical physics and cancer research is then summarized, and examples of a few key applications are given. Finally, future development perspectives are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sarrut
- Université de Lyon; CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1294; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Léon Bérard cancer center, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Arbor
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, CNRS, UMR7178, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Baudier
- Université de Lyon; CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1294; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Léon Bérard cancer center, Lyon, France
| | - Damian Borys
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ane Etxebeste
- Université de Lyon; CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1294; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Léon Bérard cancer center, Lyon, France
| | - Hermann Fuchs
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Radiation Oncology, Vienna, Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Jan Gajewski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Sébastien Jan
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - George C Kagadis
- 3DMI Research Group, Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Han Gyu Kang
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Assen Kirov
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Olga Kochebina
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Wojciech Krzemien
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 40 St, 31 501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Antony Lomax
- Center for Proton Therapy, PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Pommranz
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Sand 1, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Emilie Roncali
- University of California Davis, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Antoni Rucinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Carla Winterhalter
- Center for Proton Therapy, PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Maigne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, CNRS, UMR 6533, F-63178 Aubière, France
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32
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Giacomo SD, Utica G, Carminati M, Borghi G, Picciotto A, Fiorini C. Timing Performances of SDD as Photodetector Candidate for Proton Therapy Application. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2021.3137668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Di Giacomo
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Utica
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Carminati
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Borghi
- Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - A. Picciotto
- Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - C. Fiorini
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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33
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Bauer J, Hildebrandt M, Baumgartl M, Fiedler F, Robert C, Buvat I, Enghardt W, Parodi K. Quantitative assessment of radionuclide production yields in in-beam and offline PET measurements at different proton irradiation facilities. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac7a89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. Reliable radionuclide production yield data are a prerequisite for positron-emission-tomography (PET) based in vivo proton treatment verification. In this context, activation data acquired at two different treatment facilities with different imaging systems were analyzed to provide experimentally determined radionuclide yields in thick targets and were compared with each other to investigate the impact of the respective imaging technique. Approach. Homogeneous thick targets (PMMA, gelatine, and graphite) were irradiated with mono-energetic proton pencil-beams at two distinct energies. Material activation was measured (i) in-beam during and after beam delivery with a double-head prototype PET camera and (ii) offline shortly after beam delivery with a commercial full-ring PET/CT scanner. Integral as well as depth-resolved β
+-emitter yields were determined for the dominant positron-emitting radionuclides 11C, 15O, 13N and (in-beam only) 10C. In-beam data were used to investigate the qualitative impact of different monitoring time schemes on activity depth profiles and their quantitative impact on count rates and total activity. Main results. Production yields measured with the in-beam camera were comparable to or higher compared to respective offline results. Depth profiles of radionuclide-specific yields obtained from the double-head camera showed qualitative differences to data acquired with the full-ring camera with a more convex profile shape. Considerable impact of the imaging timing scheme on the activity profile was observed for gelatine only with a range variation of up to 3.5 mm. Evaluation of the coincidence rate and the total number of observed events in the considered workflows confirmed a strongly decreasing rate in targets with a large oxygen fraction. Significance. The observed quantitative and qualitative differences between the datasets underline the importance of a thorough system commissioning. Due to the lack of reliable cross-section data, in-house phantom measurements are still considered a gold standard for careful characterization of the system response and to ensure a reliable beam range verification.
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Kazemi Kozani M, Magiera A. Machine learning-based event recognition in SiFi Compton camera imaging for proton therapy monitoring. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac71f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. Online monitoring of dose distribution in proton therapy is currently being investigated with the detection of prompt gamma (PG) radiation emitted from a patient during irradiation. The SiPM and scintillation Fiber based Compton Camera (SiFi-CC) setup is being developed for this aim. Approach. A machine learning approach to recognize Compton events is proposed, reconstructing the PG emission profile during proton therapy. The proposed method was verified on pseudo-data generated by a Geant4 simulation for a single proton beam impinging on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom. Three different models including the boosted decision tree (BDT), multilayer perception (MLP) neural network, and k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) were trained using 10-fold cross-validation and then their performances were assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROI) curves. Subsequently, after event selection by the most robust model, a software based on the List-Mode Maximum Likelihood Estimation Maximization (LM-MLEM) algorithm was applied for the reconstruction of the PG emission distribution profile. Main results. It was demonstrated that the BDT model excels in signal/background separation compared to the other two. Furthermore, the reconstructed PG vertex distribution after event selection showed a significant improvement in distal falloff position determination. Significance. A highly satisfactory agreement between the reconstructed distal edge position and that of the simulated Compton events was achieved. It was also shown that a position resolution of 3.5 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) in distal edge position determination is feasible with the proposed setup.
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Tattenberg S, Madden TM, Bortfeld T, Parodi K, Verburg J. Range uncertainty reductions in proton therapy may lead to the feasibility of novel beam arrangements which improve organ-at-risk sparing. Med Phys 2022; 49:4693-4704. [PMID: 35362163 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In proton therapy, dose distributions are currently often conformed to organs at risk (OARs) using the less sharp dose fall-off at the lateral beam edge to reduce the effects of uncertainties in the in vivo proton range. However, range uncertainty reductions may make greater use of the sharper dose fall-off at the distal beam edge feasible, potentially improving OAR sparing. We quantified the benefits of such novel beam arrangements. METHODS For each of 10 brain or skull base cases, five treatment plans robust to 2 mm setup and 0%-4% range uncertainty were created for the traditional clinical beam arrangement and a novel beam arrangement making greater use of the distal beam edge to conform the dose distribution to the brainstem. Metrics including the brainstem normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) with the endpoint of necrosis were determined for all plans and all setup and range uncertainty scenarios. RESULTS For the traditional beam arrangement, reducing the range uncertainty from the current level of approximately 4% to a potentially achievable level of 1% reduced the brainstem NTCP by up to 0.9 percentage points in the nominal and up to 1.5 percentage points in the worst-case scenario. Switching to the novel beam arrangement at 1% range uncertainty improved these values by a factor of 2, that is, to 1.8 percentage points and 3.2 percentage points, respectively. The novel beam arrangement achieved a lower brainstem NTCP in all cases starting at a range uncertainty of 2%. CONCLUSION The benefits of novel beam arrangements may be of the same magnitude or even exceed the direct benefits of range uncertainty reductions. Indirect effects may therefore contribute markedly to the benefits of reducing proton range uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Tattenberg
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Division of Radiation Biophysics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas M Madden
- Division of Radiation Biophysics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Bortfeld
- Division of Radiation Biophysics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Joost Verburg
- Division of Radiation Biophysics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Valencia Lozano I, Dedes G, Peterson S, Mackin D, Zoglauer A, Beddar S, Avery S, Polf J, Parodi K. Comparison of reconstructed prompt gamma emissions using maximum likelihood estimation and origin ensemble algorithms for a Compton camera system tailored to proton range monitoring. Z Med Phys 2022:S0939-3889(22)00060-5. [PMID: 35750591 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Compton-based prompt gamma (PG) imaging is being investigated by several groups as a potential solution for in vivo range monitoring in proton therapy. The performance of this technique depends on the detector system as well as the ability of the reconstruction method to obtain good spatial resolution to establish a quantitative correlation between the PG emission and the proton beam range in the patient. To evaluate the feasibility of PG imaging for range monitoring, we quantitatively evaluated the emission distributions reconstructed by a Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) and a Stochastic Origin Ensemble (SOE) algorithm. To this end, we exploit experimental and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation data acquired with the Polaris-J Compton Camera (CC) prototype. The differences between the proton beam range (RD) defined as the 80% distal dose fall-off and the PG range (RPG), obtained by fitting the distal end of the reconstructed profile with a sigmoid function, were quantified. A comparable performance of both reconstruction algorithms was found. For both experimental and simulated irradiation scenarios, the correlation between RD and RPG was within 5 mm. These values were consistent with the ground truth distance (RD-RPGg≈ 3 mm) calculated by using the expected PG emission available from MC simulation. Furthermore, shifts of 3 mm in the proton beam range were resolved with the MLEM algorithm by calculating the relative difference between the RPG for each reconstructed profile. In non-homogeneous targets, the spatial changes in the PG emission due to the different materials could not be fully resolved from the reconstructed profiles; however, the fall-off region still resembled the ground truth emission. For this scenario, the PG correlation (RD-RPG) varied from 0.1 mm to 4 mm, which is close to the ground truth correlation (3 mm). This work provides a framework for the evaluation of the range monitoring capabilities of a CC device for PG imaging. The two investigated image reconstruction algorithms showed a comparable and consistent performance for homogeneous and heterogeneous targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Valencia Lozano
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - George Dedes
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Steve Peterson
- Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dennis Mackin
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Zoglauer
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sam Beddar
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Avery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jerimy Polf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Garching b. München, Germany
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Tsai YC, Fan KH, Tsai TL, Lee CC, Aso T, Wu SW, Lin CY, Tseng CK, Chen CR, Balaji S, Chao TC. Proton radiography using discrete range modulation method – A Monte Carlo study. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Heymans SV, Collado-Lara G, Rovituso M, Vos HJ, D'hooge J, de Jong N, Van Abeele KD. Acoustic Modulation Enables Proton Detection With Nanodroplets at Body Temperature. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:2028-2038. [PMID: 35385380 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3164805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Superheated nanodroplet (ND) vaporization by proton radiation was recently demonstrated, opening the door to ultrasound-based in vivo proton range verification. However, at body temperature and physiological pressures, perfluorobutane nanodroplets (PFB-NDs), which offer a good compromise between stability and radiation sensitivity, are not directly sensitive to primary protons. Instead, they are vaporized by infrequent secondary particles, which limits the precision for range verification. The radiation-induced vaporization threshold (i.e., sensitization threshold) can be reduced by lowering the pressure in the droplet such that ND vaporization by primary protons can occur. Here, we propose to use an acoustic field to modulate the pressure, intermittently lowering the proton sensitization threshold of PFB-NDs during the rarefactional phase of the ultrasound wave. Simultaneous proton irradiation and sonication with a 1.1 MHz focused transducer, using increasing peak negative pressures (PNPs), were applied on a dilution of PFB-NDs flowing in a tube, while vaporization was acoustically monitored with a linear array. Sensitization to primary protons was achieved at temperatures between [Formula: see text] and 40 °C using acoustic PNPs of relatively low amplitude (from 800 to 200 kPa, respectively), while sonication alone did not lead to ND vaporization at those PNPs. Sensitization was also measured at the clinically relevant body temperature (i.e., 37 °C) using a PNP of 400 kPa. These findings confirm that acoustic modulation lowers the sensitization threshold of superheated NDs, enabling a direct proton response at body temperature.
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España S, Sánchez-Parcerisa D, Bragado P, Gutiérrez-Uzquiza Á, Porras A, Gutiérrez-Neira C, Espinosa A, Onecha VV, Ibáñez P, Sánchez-Tembleque V, Udías JM, Fraile LM. In vivo production of fluorine-18 in a chicken egg tumor model of breast cancer for proton therapy range verification. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7075. [PMID: 35490180 PMCID: PMC9056503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Range verification of clinical protontherapy systems via positron-emission tomography (PET) is not a mature technology, suffering from two major issues: insufficient signal from low-energy protons in the Bragg peak area and biological washout of PET emitters. The use of contrast agents including 18O, 68Zn or 63Cu, isotopes with a high cross section for low-energy protons in nuclear reactions producing PET emitters, has been proposed to enhance the PET signal in the last millimeters of the proton path. However, it remains a challenge to achieve sufficient concentrations of these isotopes in the target volume. Here we investigate the possibilities of 18O-enriched water (18-W), a potential contrast agent that could be incorporated in large proportions in live tissues by replacing regular water. We hypothesize that 18-W could also mitigate the problem of biological washout, as PET (18F) isotopes created inside live cells would remain trapped in the form of fluoride anions (F-), allowing its signal to be detected even hours after irradiation. To test our hypothesis, we designed an experiment with two main goals: first, prove that 18-W can incorporate enough 18O into a living organism to produce a detectable signal from 18F after proton irradiation, and second, determine the amount of activity that remains trapped inside the cells. The experiment was performed on a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane tumor model of head and neck cancer. Seven eggs with visible tumors were infused with 18-W and irradiated with 8-MeV protons (range in water: 0.74 mm), equivalent to clinical protons at the end of particle range. The activity produced after irradiation was detected and quantified in a small-animal PET-CT scanner, and further studied by placing ex-vivo tumours in a gamma radiation detector. In the acquired images, specific activity of 18F (originating from 18-W) could be detected in the tumour area of the alive chicken embryo up to 9 h after irradiation, which confirms that low-energy protons can indeed produce a detectable PET signal if a suitable contrast agent is employed. Moreover, dynamic PET studies in two of the eggs evidenced a minimal effect of biological washout, with 68% retained specific 18F activity at 8 h after irradiation. Furthermore, ex-vivo analysis of 4 irradiated tumours showed that up to 3% of oxygen atoms in the targets were replaced by 18O from infused 18-W, and evidenced an entrapment of 59% for specific activity of 18F after washing, supporting our hypothesis that F- ions remain trapped within the cells. An infusion of 18-W can incorporate 18O in animal tissues by replacing regular water inside cells, producing a PET signal when irradiated with low-energy protons that could be used for range verification in protontherapy. 18F produced inside cells remains entrapped and suffers from minimal biological washout, allowing for a sharper localization with longer PET acquisitions. Further studies must evaluate the feasibility of this technique in dosimetric conditions closer to clinical practice, in order to define potential protocols for its use in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel España
- Grupo de Física Nuclear and IPARCOS, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Parcerisa
- Grupo de Física Nuclear and IPARCOS, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Sedecal Molecular Imaging, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez-Uzquiza
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Porras
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez-Neira
- Grupo de Física Nuclear and IPARCOS, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Microanálisis de Materiales, CMAM-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Espinosa
- Grupo de Física Nuclear and IPARCOS, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor V Onecha
- Grupo de Física Nuclear and IPARCOS, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Ibáñez
- Grupo de Física Nuclear and IPARCOS, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Tembleque
- Grupo de Física Nuclear and IPARCOS, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Udías
- Grupo de Física Nuclear and IPARCOS, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Fraile
- Grupo de Física Nuclear and IPARCOS, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
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Penescu L, Stora T, Stegemann S, Pitters J, Fiorina E, Augusto RDS, Schmitzer C, Wenander F, Parodi K, Ferrari A, Cocolios TE. Technical Design Report for a Carbon-11 Treatment Facility. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:697235. [PMID: 35547661 PMCID: PMC9081534 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.697235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Particle therapy relies on the advantageous dose deposition which permits to highly conform the dose to the target and better spare the surrounding healthy tissues and organs at risk with respect to conventional radiotherapy. In the case of treatments with heavier ions (like carbon ions already clinically used), another advantage is the enhanced radiobiological effectiveness due to high linear energy transfer radiation. These particle therapy advantages are unfortunately not thoroughly exploited due to particle range uncertainties. The possibility to monitor the compliance between the ongoing and prescribed dose distribution is a crucial step toward new optimizations in treatment planning and adaptive therapy. The Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is an established quantitative 3D imaging technique for particle treatment verification and, among the isotopes used for PET imaging, the 11C has gained more attention from the scientific and clinical communities for its application as new radioactive projectile for particle therapy. This is an interesting option clinically because of an enhanced imaging potential, without dosimetry drawbacks; technically, because the stable isotope 12C is successfully already in use in clinics. The MEDICIS-Promed network led an initiative to study the possible technical solutions for the implementation of 11C radioisotopes in an accelerator-based particle therapy center. We present here the result of this study, consisting in a Technical Design Report for a 11C Treatment Facility. The clinical usefulness is reviewed based on existing experimental data, complemented by Monte Carlo simulations using the FLUKA code. The technical analysis starts from reviewing the layout and results of the facilities which produced 11C beams in the past, for testing purposes. It then focuses on the elaboration of the feasible upgrades of an existing 12C particle therapy center, to accommodate the production of 11C beams for therapy. The analysis covers the options to produce the 11C atoms in sufficient amounts (as required for therapy), to ionize them as required by the existing accelerator layouts, to accelerate and transport them to the irradiation rooms. The results of the analysis and the identified challenges define the possible implementation scenario and timeline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Stora
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stegemann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
| | - Johanna Pitters
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Fiorina
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO), Pavia, Italy
| | - Ricardo Dos Santos Augusto
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Fredrik Wenander
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katia Parodi
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ferrari
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
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Rodriguez-Gonzalez T, Guerrero C, Bäcker CM, Bäumer C, Jentzen W, Jiménez-Ramos MC, Millán-Callado MÁ, Timmermann B, Quesada JM. Preliminary results of the experimental cross sections of the long-lived β+ emitters of interest in PET range verification in proton therapy at clinical energies. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202226105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In proton therapy, offline PET range verification requires a comparison of the measured and expected β+ activity distributions produced by the proton field in the body, looking at the the long-lived β+ emitters. The reliability of the expected activity distributions depends on the Monte Carlo simulations and hence on the accuracy of the underlying cross section data. However, several studies confirm the need for more and better measurements and evaluations of these cross sections.
In this work, the employed method to measure the production yields of the long-lived β+ emitters of interest in PET range verification 11C (t1/2 = 20 min), 13N (t1/2 = 10 min) and 15O (t1/2 = 2 min) in C, N and O is presented. The method combines the multi-foil activation technique with the subsequent measurement of the induced activity in a clinical PET scanner. The preliminary results of the12C(p,pn)11C reaction cross sections is presented.
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Balibrea-Correa J, Lerendegui-Marco J, Babiano-Suarez V, Domingo-Pardo C, Ladarescu I, Guerrero C, Rodríguez-González T, Jiménez-Ramos MDC, Fernández-Martínez B. First in-beam tests on simultaneous PET and Compton imaging aimed at quasi-real-time range verification in hadron therapy. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202226105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hadron therapy with protons has advantages with respect to conventional radiotherapy because of the maximization of the dose at the Bragg peak. As a drawback, and because of different systematic uncertainty sources, a quasi-real time monitoring for the proton range verification is required to reduce safety margins. In this respect, two gamma-ray imaging techniques are pursued: prompt gamma-ray monitoring and positron-annihilation tomography (PET). The promising prompt gamma-ray monitoring requires detection systems with large detection efficiency, high time resolution, compactness, fast response, low sensitivity to neutron-induced backgrounds and powerful image reconstruction capabilities. On the other hand, in-beam PET surveys require additionally good γ-ray position reconstruction resolution. In this contribution we show that, to a large extent, both approaches can be simultaneously accomplished by using an array of Compton cameras conveniently arranged around the target volume. Here we demonstrate experimentally the suitability of such an array, named i-TED, for PG monitoring in ion-range monitoring during Hadron Therapy, in-beam PET survey and β+ production yield measurements capability. Furthermore, with the use of GPUs, a quasi-real time PG monitoring and in-beam PET can be achieved.
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Galanakou P, Leventouri T, Muhammad W. Non-radioactive elements for prompt gamma enhancement in proton therapy. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pakela JM, Knopf A, Dong L, Rucinski A, Zou W. Management of Motion and Anatomical Variations in Charged Particle Therapy: Past, Present, and Into the Future. Front Oncol 2022; 12:806153. [PMID: 35356213 PMCID: PMC8959592 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.806153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The major aim of radiation therapy is to provide curative or palliative treatment to cancerous malignancies while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Charged particle radiotherapy utilizing carbon ions or protons is uniquely suited for this task due to its ability to achieve highly conformal dose distributions around the tumor volume. For these treatment modalities, uncertainties in the localization of patient anatomy due to inter- and intra-fractional motion present a heightened risk of undesired dose delivery. A diverse range of mitigation strategies have been developed and clinically implemented in various disease sites to monitor and correct for patient motion, but much work remains. This review provides an overview of current clinical practices for inter and intra-fractional motion management in charged particle therapy, including motion control, current imaging and motion tracking modalities, as well as treatment planning and delivery techniques. We also cover progress to date on emerging technologies including particle-based radiography imaging, novel treatment delivery methods such as tumor tracking and FLASH, and artificial intelligence and discuss their potential impact towards improving or increasing the challenge of motion mitigation in charged particle therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Pakela
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Antje Knopf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Antoni Rucinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Ku Y, Jung J, Kim CH. New Algorithm to Estimate Proton Beam Range for Multi-slit Prompt-gamma Camera. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pennazio F, Ferrero V, D'Onghia G, Garbolino S, Fiorina E, Marti Villarreal OA, Mas Milian F, Monaco V, Monti V, Patera A, Werner J, Wheadon R, Rafecas M. Proton therapy monitoring: spatiotemporal emission reconstruction with prompt gamma timing and implementation with PET detectors. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [PMID: 35193131 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac5765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. In this study we introduce spatiotemporal emission reconstruction prompt gamma timing (SER-PGT), a new method to directly reconstruct the prompt photon emission in the space and time domains inside the patient in proton therapy.Approach. SER-PGT is based on the numerical optimisation of a multidimensional likelihood function, followed by a post-processing of the results. The current approach relies on a specific implementation of the maximum-likelihood expectation maximisation algorithm. The robustness of the method is guaranteed by the complete absence of any information about the target composition in the algorithm.Main results. Accurate Monte Carlo simulations indicate a range resolution of about 0.5 cm (standard deviation) when considering 107primary protons impinging on an homogeneous phantom. Preliminary results on an anthropomorphic phantom are also reported.Significance. By showing the feasibility for the reconstruction of the primary particle range using PET detectors, this study provides significant basis for the development of an hybrid in-beam PET and prompt photon device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Felix Mas Milian
- INFN, Torino, Italy.,Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Monaco
- INFN, Torino, Italy.,Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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47
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Upgrade of gamma electron vertex imaging system for high-performance range verification in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Polf JC, Maggi P, Panthi R, Peterson S, Mackin D, Beddar S. The effects of Compton camera data acquisition and readout timing on PG imaging for proton range verification. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 6:366-373. [PMID: 36092269 PMCID: PMC9457195 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2021.3057341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine how the characteristics of the data acquisition (DAQ) electronics of a Compton camera (CC) affect the quality of the recorded prompt gamma (PG) interaction data and the reconstructed images, during clinical proton beam delivery. We used the Monte-Carlo-plus-Detector-Effect (MCDE) model to simulate the delivery of a 150 MeV clinical proton pencil beam to a tissue-equivalent plastic phantom. With the MCDE model we analyzed how the recorded PG interaction data changed as two characteristics of the DAQ electronics of a CC were changed: (1) the number of data readout channels; and (2) the active charge collection, readout, and reset time. As the proton beam dose rate increased, the number of recorded PG single-, double-, and triple-scatter events decreased by a factor of 60× for the current DAQ configuration of the CC. However, as the DAQ readout channels were increased and the readout/reset timing decreased, the number of recorded events decreased by <5× at the highest clinical dose rate. The increased number of readout channels and reduced readout/reset timing also resulted in higher quality recorded data. That is, a higher percentage of the recorded double- and triple-scatters were "true" events (caused by a single incident gamma) and not "false" events (caused by multiple incident gammas). The increase in the number and the quality of recorded data allowed higher quality PG images to be reconstructed even at the highest clinical dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerimy C. Polf
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Paul Maggi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Rajesh Panthi
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Dennis Mackin
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sam Beddar
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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49
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Onecha VV, Galve P, Ibáñez P, Freijo C, Arias-Valcayo F, Sanchez-Parcerisa D, España S, Fraile LM, Udías JM. Dictionary-based software for proton dose reconstruction and submilimetric range verification. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac4efc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. This paper presents a new method for fast reconstruction (compatible with in-beam use) of deposited dose during proton therapy using data acquired from a PET scanner. The most innovative feature of this novel method is the production of noiseless reconstructed dose distributions from which proton range can be derived with high precision. Approach. A new MLEM & simulated annealing (MSA) algorithm, developed especially in this work, reconstructs the deposited dose distribution from a realistic pre-calculated activity-dose dictionary. This dictionary contains the contribution of each beam in the plan to the 3D activity and dose maps, as calculated by a Monte Carlo simulation. The MSA algorithm, using a priori information of the treatment plan, seeks for the linear combination of activities of the precomputed beams that best fits the observed PET data, obtaining at the same time the deposited dose. Main results. the method has been tested using simulated data to determine its performance under 4 different test cases: (1) dependency of range detection accuracy with delivered dose, (2) in-beam versus offline verification, (3) ability to detect anatomical changes and (4) reconstruction of a realistic spread-out Bragg peak. The results show the ability of the method to accurately reconstruct doses from PET data corresponding to 1 Gy irradiations, both in intra-fraction and inter-fraction verification scenarios. For this dose level (1 Gy) the method was able to spot range variations as small as 0.6 mm. Significance. out method is able to reconstruct dose maps with remarkable accuracy from clinically relevant dose levels down to 1 Gy. Furthermore, due to the noiseless nature of reconstructed dose maps, an accuracy better than one millimeter was obtained in proton range estimates. These features make of this method a realistic option for range verification in proton therapy.
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50
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Towards machine learning aided real-time range imaging in proton therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2735. [PMID: 35177663 PMCID: PMC8854574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by [Formula: see text]-ray energies spanning up to 5-6 MeV, rather low [Formula: see text]-ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced [Formula: see text]-ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high [Formula: see text]-ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl[Formula: see text] crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr[Formula: see text]. Its high time-resolution (CRT [Formula: see text] 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl[Formula: see text] monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV [Formula: see text]-ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10[Formula: see text] protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy [Formula: see text]-rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2.
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