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Tao R, Gröhl J, Hacker L, Pifferi A, Roblyer D, Bohndiek SE. Tutorial on methods for estimation of optical absorption and scattering properties of tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:060801. [PMID: 38864093 PMCID: PMC11166171 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.6.060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Significance The estimation of tissue optical properties using diffuse optics has found a range of applications in disease detection, therapy monitoring, and general health care. Biomarkers derived from the estimated optical absorption and scattering coefficients can reflect the underlying progression of many biological processes in tissues. Aim Complex light-tissue interactions make it challenging to disentangle the absorption and scattering coefficients, so dedicated measurement systems are required. We aim to help readers understand the measurement principles and practical considerations needed when choosing between different estimation methods based on diffuse optics. Approach The estimation methods can be categorized as: steady state, time domain, time frequency domain (FD), spatial domain, and spatial FD. The experimental measurements are coupled with models of light-tissue interactions, which enable inverse solutions for the absorption and scattering coefficients from the measured tissue reflectance and/or transmittance. Results The estimation of tissue optical properties has been applied to characterize a variety of ex vivo and in vivo tissues, as well as tissue-mimicking phantoms. Choosing a specific estimation method for a certain application has to trade-off its advantages and limitations. Conclusion Optical absorption and scattering property estimation is an increasingly important and accessible approach for medical diagnosis and health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- University of Cambridge, Department of Physics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janek Gröhl
- University of Cambridge, Department of Physics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Hacker
- University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sarah E. Bohndiek
- University of Cambridge, Department of Physics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Zhou X, Xia Y, Uchitel J, Collins-Jones L, Yang S, Loureiro R, Cooper RJ, Zhao H. Review of recent advances in frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy technologies [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3234-3258. [PMID: 37497520 PMCID: PMC10368025 DOI: 10.1364/boe.484044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a popular research and clinical tool for non-invasively measuring the oxygenation of biological tissues, with particular emphasis on applications to the human brain. In most cases, NIRS studies are performed using continuous-wave NIRS (CW-NIRS), which can only provide information on relative changes in chromophore concentrations, such as oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, as well as estimates of tissue oxygen saturation. Another type of NIRS known as frequency-domain NIRS (FD-NIRS) has significant advantages: it can directly measure optical pathlength and thus quantify the scattering and absorption coefficients of sampled tissues and provide direct measurements of absolute chromophore concentrations. This review describes the current status of FD-NIRS technologies, their performance, their advantages, and their limitations as compared to other NIRS methods. Significant landmarks of technological progress include the development of both benchtop and portable/wearable FD-NIRS technologies, sensitive front-end photonic components, and high-frequency phase measurements. Clinical applications of FD-NIRS technologies are discussed to provide context on current applications and needed areas of improvement. The review concludes by providing a roadmap toward the next generation of fully wearable, low-cost FD-NIRS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Zhou
- HUB of Intelligent Neuro-engineering (HUBIN), Aspire CREATe, IOMS, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Yunjia Xia
- HUB of Intelligent Neuro-engineering (HUBIN), Aspire CREATe, IOMS, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, HA7 4LP, UK
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Julie Uchitel
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Liam Collins-Jones
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shufan Yang
- HUB of Intelligent Neuro-engineering (HUBIN), Aspire CREATe, IOMS, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, HA7 4LP, UK
- School of Computing, Engineering & Build Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rui Loureiro
- Aspire CREATe, Department of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, UCL, London, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Robert J. Cooper
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hubin Zhao
- HUB of Intelligent Neuro-engineering (HUBIN), Aspire CREATe, IOMS, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, HA7 4LP, UK
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Majeski JB, Ching-Roa VD, Giacomelli MG, Choe R. Design for a low-cost heterodyne frequency domain-diffuse optical spectroscopy system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:2873-2888. [PMID: 37342692 PMCID: PMC10278617 DOI: 10.1364/boe.489058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A design for a low-cost, heterodyne, frequency domain-diffuse optical spectroscopy system is presented and validated. The system uses a single wavelength of 785 nm and a single detector to illustrate the capability, but is built in a modular fashion to make it easily expandable to additional wavelengths and detectors. The design incorporates methods to allow software-based control over the system operating frequency, laser diode output amplitude, and detector gain. Validation methods include characterization of electrical designs as well as determination of the system stability and accuracy using tissue-mimicking optical phantoms. The system requires only basic equipment for its construction and can be built for under $ 600 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Majeski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
| | - Vincent D. Ching-Roa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
| | - Michael G. Giacomelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
- Department of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
| | - Regine Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
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Ayaz H, Baker WB, Blaney G, Boas DA, Bortfeld H, Brady K, Brake J, Brigadoi S, Buckley EM, Carp SA, Cooper RJ, Cowdrick KR, Culver JP, Dan I, Dehghani H, Devor A, Durduran T, Eggebrecht AT, Emberson LL, Fang Q, Fantini S, Franceschini MA, Fischer JB, Gervain J, Hirsch J, Hong KS, Horstmeyer R, Kainerstorfer JM, Ko TS, Licht DJ, Liebert A, Luke R, Lynch JM, Mesquida J, Mesquita RC, Naseer N, Novi SL, Orihuela-Espina F, O’Sullivan TD, Peterka DS, Pifferi A, Pollonini L, Sassaroli A, Sato JR, Scholkmann F, Spinelli L, Srinivasan VJ, St. Lawrence K, Tachtsidis I, Tong Y, Torricelli A, Urner T, Wabnitz H, Wolf M, Wolf U, Xu S, Yang C, Yodh AG, Yücel MA, Zhou W. Optical imaging and spectroscopy for the study of the human brain: status report. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:S24001. [PMID: 36052058 PMCID: PMC9424749 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.s2.s24001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This report is the second part of a comprehensive two-part series aimed at reviewing an extensive and diverse toolkit of novel methods to explore brain health and function. While the first report focused on neurophotonic tools mostly applicable to animal studies, here, we highlight optical spectroscopy and imaging methods relevant to noninvasive human brain studies. We outline current state-of-the-art technologies and software advances, explore the most recent impact of these technologies on neuroscience and clinical applications, identify the areas where innovation is needed, and provide an outlook for the future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ayaz
- Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Drexel University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Wesley B. Baker
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Giles Blaney
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Boston University Neurophotonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Heather Bortfeld
- University of California, Merced, Departments of Psychological Sciences and Cognitive and Information Sciences, Merced, California, United States
| | - Kenneth Brady
- Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Joshua Brake
- Harvey Mudd College, Department of Engineering, Claremont, California, United States
| | - Sabrina Brigadoi
- University of Padua, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Padua, Italy
| | - Erin M. Buckley
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert J. Cooper
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, DOT-HUB, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle R. Cowdrick
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Joseph P. Culver
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Chuo University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hamid Dehghani
- University of Birmingham, School of Computer Science, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Devor
- Boston University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO – The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adam T. Eggebrecht
- Washington University in St. Louis, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lauren L. Emberson
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sergio Fantini
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Maria Angela Franceschini
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jonas B. Fischer
- ICFO – The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Gervain
- University of Padua, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Padua, Italy
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Paris, France
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Comparative Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- Pusan National University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Qingdao University, School of Automation, Institute for Future, Qingdao, China
| | - Roarke Horstmeyer
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke University, Department of Physics, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jana M. Kainerstorfer
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Carnegie Mellon University, Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Tiffany S. Ko
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Daniel J. Licht
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Adam Liebert
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Luke
- Macquarie University, Department of Linguistics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Macquarie University Hearing, Australia Hearing Hub, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Lynch
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jaume Mesquida
- Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Critical Care Department, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Rickson C. Mesquita
- University of Campinas, Institute of Physics, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noman Naseer
- Air University, Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sergio L. Novi
- University of Campinas, Institute of Physics, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Western University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Electrical Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Darcy S. Peterka
- Columbia University, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behaviour Institute, New York, United States
| | | | - Luca Pollonini
- University of Houston, Department of Engineering Technology, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Angelo Sassaroli
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - João Ricardo Sato
- Federal University of ABC, Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University of Bern, Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- National Research Council (CNR), IFN – Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- University of California Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, California, United States
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Ophthalmology, New York, New York, United States
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Radiology, New York, New York, United States
| | - Keith St. Lawrence
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Imaging Program, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western University, Department of Medical Biophysics, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), IFN – Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Tara Urner
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wolf
- University of Bern, Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shiqi Xu
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Changhuei Yang
- California Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Meryem A. Yücel
- Boston University Neurophotonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- University of California Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, California, United States
- China Jiliang University, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Stillwell RA, Kitsmiller VJ, Wei AY, Chong A, Senn L, O’Sullivan TD. A scalable, multi-wavelength, broad bandwidth frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy platform for real-time quantitative tissue optical imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7261-7279. [PMID: 34858713 PMCID: PMC8606133 DOI: 10.1364/boe.435913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) provides quantitative noninvasive measurements of tissue optical absorption and scattering, as well as a safe and accurate method for characterizing tissue composition and metabolism. However, the poor scalability and high complexity of most FD-NIRS systems assembled to date have contributed to its limited clinical impact. To address these shortcomings, we present a scalable, digital-based FD-NIRS platform capable of measuring optical properties and tissue chromophore concentrations in real-time. The system provides single-channel FD-NIRS amplitude/phase, optical property, and chromophore data at a maximum display rate of 36.6 kHz, 17.9 kHz, and 10.2 kHz, respectively, and can be scaled to multiple channels as well as integrated into a handheld format. The entire system is enabled by several innovations including an ultra-high-speed k-nearest neighbor lookup table method (maximum of 250,000 inversions/s for a large 2500x700 table of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients), embedded FPGA and CPU high-speed co-processing, and high-speed data transfer (due to on-board processing). We show that our 6-wavelength, broad modulation bandwidth (1-400 MHz) system can be used to perform 2D high-density spatial mapping of optical properties and high speed quantification of hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A. Stillwell
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Vincent J. Kitsmiller
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Alicia Y. Wei
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Alyssa Chong
- St. Mary’s College, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Lyla Senn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Lam JH, Hill B, Quang T, Amelard R, Kim S, Yazdi HS, Warren RV, Cutler KB, Tromberg BJ. Multi-modal diffuse optical spectroscopy for high-speed monitoring and wide-area mapping of tissue optical properties and hemodynamics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210158RR. [PMID: 34390234 PMCID: PMC8362892 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.8.085002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) is a versatile technology sensitive to changes in tissue composition and hemodynamics and has been used for a wide variety of clinical applications. Specific applications have prompted the development of versions of the DOSI technology to fit specific clinical needs. This work describes the development and characterization of a multi-modal DOSI (MM-DOSI) system that can acquire metabolic, compositional, and pulsatile information at multiple penetration depths in a single hardware platform. Additionally, a 3D tracking system is integrated with MM-DOSI, which enables registration of the acquired data to the physical imaging area. AIM We demonstrate imaging, layered compositional analysis, and metabolism tracking capabilities using a single MM-DOSI system on optical phantoms as well as in vivo human tissue. APPROACH We characterize system performance with a silicone phantom containing an embedded object. To demonstrate multi-layer sensitivity, we imaged human calf tissue with a 4.8-mm skin-adipose thickness. Human thenar tissue was also measured using a combined broadband DOSI and continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy method (∼15 Hz acquisition rate). RESULTS High-resolution optical property maps of absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μs ' ) were recovered on the phantom by capturing over 1000 measurement points in under 5 minutes. On human calf tissue, we show two probing depth layers have significantly different (p < 0.001) total-hemo/myoglobin and μs ' composition. On thenar tissue, we calculate tissue arterial oxygen saturation, venous oxygen saturation, and tissue metabolic rate of oxygen consumption during baseline and after release of an arterial occlusion. CONCLUSIONS The MM-DOSI can switch between collection of broadband spectra, high-resolution images, or multi-depth hemodynamics without any hardware reconfiguration. We conclude that MM-DOSI enables acquisition of high resolution, multi-modal data consolidated in a single platform, which can provide a more comprehensive understanding of tissue hemodynamics and composition for a wide range of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse H. Lam
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Dankook University, Beckman Laser Institute Korea, School of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Brian Hill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Timothy Quang
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert Amelard
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sehwan Kim
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Dankook University, Beckman Laser Institute Korea, School of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hossein S. Yazdi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Robert V. Warren
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Kyle B. Cutler
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Bruce J. Tromberg,
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7
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Fantini S, Sassaroli A. Frequency-Domain Techniques for Cerebral and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:300. [PMID: 32317921 PMCID: PMC7154496 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the basic principles of frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS), which relies on intensity-modulated light sources and phase-sensitive optical detection, and its non-invasive applications to the brain. The simpler instrumentation and more straightforward data analysis of continuous-wave NIRS (CW-NIRS) accounts for the fact that almost all the current commercial instruments for cerebral NIRS have embraced the CW technique. However, FD-NIRS provides data with richer information content, which complements or exceeds the capabilities of CW-NIRS. One example is the ability of FD-NIRS to measure the absolute optical properties (absorption and reduced scattering coefficients) of tissue, and thus the absolute concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in brain tissue. This article reviews the measured values of such optical properties and hemoglobin concentrations reported in the literature for animal models and for the human brain in newborns, infants, children, and adults. We also review the application of FD-NIRS to functional brain studies that focused on slower hemodynamic responses to brain activity (time scale of seconds) and faster optical signals that have been linked to neuronal activation (time scale of 100 ms). Another example of the power of FD-NIRS data is related to the different regions of sensitivity featured by intensity and phase data. We report recent developments that take advantage of this feature to maximize the sensitivity of non-invasive optical signals to brain tissue relative to more superficial extracerebral tissue (scalp, skull, etc.). We contend that this latter capability is a highly appealing quality of FD-NIRS, which complements absolute optical measurements and may result in significant advances in the field of non-invasive optical sensing of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fantini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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Dupont C, Vignion A, Mordon S, Reyns N, Vermandel M. Photodynamic therapy for glioblastoma: A preliminary approach for practical application of light propagation models. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 50:523-534. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Dupont
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189‐ONCO‐THAI‐Image Assisted Laser Therapy for OncologyLilleF‐59000France
| | - Anne‐Sophie Vignion
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189‐ONCO‐THAI‐Image Assisted Laser Therapy for OncologyLilleF‐59000France
| | - Serge Mordon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189‐ONCO‐THAI‐Image Assisted Laser Therapy for OncologyLilleF‐59000France
| | - Nicolas Reyns
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189‐ONCO‐THAI‐Image Assisted Laser Therapy for OncologyLilleF‐59000France
| | - Maximilien Vermandel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189‐ONCO‐THAI‐Image Assisted Laser Therapy for OncologyLilleF‐59000France
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9
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Torjesen A, Istfan R, Roblyer D. Ultrafast wavelength multiplexed broad bandwidth digital diffuse optical spectroscopy for in vivo extraction of tissue optical properties. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:36009. [PMID: 28280840 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.036009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (FD-DOS) utilizes intensity-modulated light to characterize optical scattering and absorption in thick tissue. Previous FD-DOS systems have been limited by large device footprints, complex electronics, high costs, and limited acquisition speeds, all of which complicate access to patients in the clinical setting. We have developed a new digital DOS (dDOS) system, which is relatively compact and inexpensive, allowing for simplified clinical use, while providing unprecedented measurement speeds. The dDOS system utilizes hardware-integrated custom board-level direct digital synthesizers and an analog-to-digital converter to generate frequency sweeps and directly measure signals utilizing undersampling at six wavelengths modulated at discrete frequencies from 50 to 400 MHz. Wavelength multiplexing is utilized to achieve broadband frequency sweep measurements acquired at over 97 Hz. When compared to a gold-standard DOS system, the accuracy of optical properties recovered with the dDOS system was within 5.3% and 5.5% for absorption and reduced scattering coefficient extractions, respectively. When tested in vivo, the dDOS system was able to detect physiological changes throughout the cardiac cycle. The new FD-dDOS system is fast, inexpensive, and compact without compromising measurement quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Torjesen
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Raeef Istfan
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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10
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Zimmermann BB, Fang Q, Boas DA, Carp SA. Frequency domain near-infrared multiwavelength imager design using high-speed, direct analog-to-digital conversion. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:16010. [PMID: 26813081 PMCID: PMC4726736 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.1.016010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) has proven to be a reliable method for quantification of tissue absolute optical properties. We present a full-sampling direct analog-to-digital conversion FD-NIR imager. While we developed this instrument with a focus on high-speed optical breast tomographic imaging, the proposed design is suitable for a wide-range of biophotonic applications where fast, accurate quantification of absolute optical properties is needed. Simultaneous dual wavelength operation at 685 and 830 nm is achieved by concurrent 67.5 and 75 MHz frequency modulation of each laser source, respectively, followed by digitization using a high-speed (180 MS/s) 16-bit A/D converter and hybrid FPGA-assisted demodulation. The instrument supports 25 source locations and features 20 concurrently operating detectors. The noise floor of the instrument was measured at <1.4 pW/√Hz, and a dynamic range of 115+ dB, corresponding to nearly six orders of magnitude, has been demonstrated. Titration experiments consisting of 200 different absorption and scattering values were conducted to demonstrate accurate optical property quantification over the entire range of physiologically expected values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard B. Zimmermann
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stefan A. Carp, E-mail:
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11
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Li Z, Baker WB, Parthasarathy AB, Ko TS, Wang D, Schenkel S, Durduran T, Li G, Yodh AG. Calibration of diffuse correlation spectroscopy blood flow index with venous-occlusion diffuse optical spectroscopy in skeletal muscle. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:125005. [PMID: 26720870 PMCID: PMC4688416 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.125005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate and assess the utility of a simple scheme for continuous absolute blood flow monitoring based on diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). The scheme calibrates DCS using venous-occlusion diffuse optical spectroscopy (VO-DOS) measurements of arm muscle tissue at a single time-point. A calibration coefficient (γ) for the arm is determined, permitting conversion of DCS blood flow indices to absolute blood flow units, and a study of healthy adults (N=10) is carried out to ascertain the variability of γ. The average DCS calibration coefficient for the right (i.e., dominant) arm was γ=(1.24±0.15)×10(8) (mL·100 mL(−1)·min(−1))/(cm(2)/s). However, variability can be significant and is apparent in our site-to-site and day-to-day repeated measurements. The peak hyperemic blood flow overshoot relative to baseline resting flow was also studied following arm-cuff ischemia; excellent agreement between VO-DOS and DCS was found (R(2)=0.95, slope=0.94±0.07, mean difference=−0.10±0.45). Finally, we show that incorporation of subject-specific absolute optical properties significantly improves blood flow calibration accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Tianjin University, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin University, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin 300072, China
- Address all correspondence to: Zhe Li, E-mail:
| | - Wesley B. Baker
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ashwin B. Parthasarathy
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tiffany S. Ko
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Bioengineering, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Detian Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Steven Schenkel
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotóniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gang Li
- Tianjin University, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin University, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Jung J, Istfan R, Roblyer D. Note: A simple broad bandwidth undersampling frequency-domain digital diffuse optical spectroscopy system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:076108. [PMID: 25085193 PMCID: PMC4119194 DOI: 10.1063/1.4890669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Near-Infrared frequency-domain technologies, such as Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (DOS), have demonstrated growing potential in a number of clinical applications. The broader dissemination of this technology is limited by the complexity and cost of instrumentation. We present here a simple system constructed with off-the-shelf components that utilizes undersampling for digital frequency-domain dDOS measurements. Broadband RF sweeps (50-300 MHz) were digitally sampled at 25 MSPS; amplitude, phase, and optical property extractions were within 5% of network analyzer derived values. The use of undersampling for broad bandwidth dDOS provides a significant reduction in complexity, power consumption, and cost compared with high-speed ADCs and analog techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Raeef Istfan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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