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Cybernetic Hive Minds: A Review. AI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ai3020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect swarms and migratory birds are known to exhibit something known as a hive mind, collective consciousness, and herd mentality, among others. This has inspired a whole new stream of robotics known as swarm intelligence, where small-sized robots perform tasks in coordination. The social media and smartphone revolution have helped people collectively work together and organize in their day-to-day jobs or activism. This revolution has also led to the massive spread of disinformation amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic by alt-right Neo Nazi Cults like QAnon and their counterparts from across the globe, causing increases in the spread of infection and deaths. This paper presents the case for a theoretical cybernetic hive mind to explain how existing cults like QAnon weaponize group think and carry out crimes using social media-based alternate reality games. We also showcase a framework on how cybernetic hive minds have come into existence and how the hive mind might evolve in the future. We also discuss the implications of these hive minds for the future of free will and how different malfeasant entities have utilized these technologies to cause problems and inflict harm by various forms of cyber-crimes and predict how these crimes can evolve in the future.
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Veisi S, Sarkheil M, Johari SA, Safari O. Dietary supplementation with melatonin: influence on growth performance, oxidative stress status, and amelioration of silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:314. [PMID: 33970357 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Excessive use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to antibacterial properties can raise concerns about their release into environment and potential toxicity in aquatic organisms. Melatonin has several physiological functions especially antioxidant potential against oxidative stress. The current study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of two doses of dietary melatonin on growth performance, plasma biochemistry, and liver enzyme activity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. We also investigated the potential ameliorative effect of melatonin in AgNPs-induced biochemical alterations in tilapia fish. The results showed that melatonin-supplemented diets had no significant effect on growth performance of fish (P>0.05). The liver GPx activity increased in fish fed melatonin-supplemented diets (P<0.05), but the SOD activity showed no significant difference in comparison with the control (P>0.05). The administration of melatonin-supplemented diets reduced the activity of liver MDA compared to the control (P<0.05). Feeding fish with high melatonin-supplemented diet (200 mg kg-1 of diet) decreased the plasma glucose, total protein, and AST levels (P<0.05). The liver GPx and SOD activities were higher in high melatonin-treated fish exposed to AgNPs than the control group (P<0.05). Dietary melatonin decreased the liver MDA activity in AgNPs-exposed fish. The plasma glucose, AST, and ALT levels in melatonin-treated fish exposed to AgNPs decreased compared to the untreated exposed fish (P<0.05). Melatonin-treated fish exposed to 0.05 and 0.5 mg L-1 of AgNPs had lower plasma LDH level than the control group (P<0.05). The results showed that consumption of melatonin-supplemented diets could modulate some of the biochemical indices of plasma and liver in Nile tilapia. The findings also indicated the ameliorative effect of dietary melatonin on AgNPs-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Veisi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Sarkheil
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.B, Mashhad, 91773-1363, Iran.
| | - Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Omid Safari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.B, Mashhad, 91773-1363, Iran
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Aggarwal S, Mondal S, Siddhanta S, Bharat E, Nagamalleswari E, Nagaraja V, Narayana C. Divalent Ion-Induced Switch in DNA Cleavage of KpnI Endonuclease Probed through Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2241-2250. [PMID: 33655756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the remarkable ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to track the allosteric changes in restriction endonuclease KpnI (R.KpnI) caused by metal ions. R.KpnI binds and promiscuously cleaves DNA upon activation by Mg2+ ions. However, the divalent ion Ca2+ induces high fidelity cleavage, which can be overcome by higher concentrations of Mg2+ ions. In the absence of any 3D crystal structure, for the first time, we have elucidated the structural underpinnings of such a differential effect of divalent ions on the endonuclease activity. A combined SERS and molecular dynamics (MD) approach showed that Ca2+ ion activates an enzymatic switch in the active site, which is responsible for the high fidelity activity of the enzyme. Thus, SERS in combination with MD simulations provides a powerful tool for probing the link between the structure and activity of enzyme molecules that play vital roles in DNA transactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Aggarwal
- Light Scattering Lab, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Sayan Mondal
- Light Scattering Lab, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Soumik Siddhanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Engleng Bharat
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Easa Nagamalleswari
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Chandrabhas Narayana
- Light Scattering Lab, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
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Alahmad A, Feldhoff A, Bigall NC, Rusch P, Scheper T, Walter JG. Hypericum perforatum L.-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Exhibiting Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020487. [PMID: 33673018 PMCID: PMC7918618 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This contribution focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a size < 100 nm for potential medical applications by using silver nitrate solution and Hypericum Perforatum L. (St John’s wort) aqueous extracts. Various synthesis methods were used and compared with regard to their yield and quality of obtained AgNPs. Monodisperse spherical nanoparticles were generated with a size of approximately 20 to 50 nm as elucidated by different techniques (SEM, TEM). XRD measurements showed that metallic silver was formed and the particles possess a face-centered cubic structure (fcc). SEM images and FTIR spectra revealed that the AgNPs are covered by a protective surface layer composed of organic components originating from the plant extract. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential were also measured for biologically synthesized AgNPs. A potential mechanism of reducing silver ions to silver metal and protecting it in the nanoscale form has been proposed based on the obtained results. Moreover, the AgNPs prepared in the present study have been shown to exhibit a high antioxidant activity for 2, 2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation, and super oxide anion radical and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Synthesized AgNPs showed high cytotoxicity by inhibiting cell viability for Hela, Hep G2, and A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalrahim Alahmad
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Lower Saxony, Germany;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.-G.W.); Tel.: +49-511-762-2773 (A.A.)
| | - Armin Feldhoff
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Lower Saxony, Germany; (A.F.); (N.C.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Nadja C. Bigall
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Lower Saxony, Germany; (A.F.); (N.C.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Pascal Rusch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Lower Saxony, Germany; (A.F.); (N.C.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Lower Saxony, Germany;
| | - Johanna-Gabriela Walter
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Lower Saxony, Germany;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.-G.W.); Tel.: +49-511-762-2773 (A.A.)
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Al-Doaiss AA, Jarrar Q, Alshehri M, Jarrar B. In vivo study of silver nanomaterials' toxicity with respect to size. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:540-557. [PMID: 32677580 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720937201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are widely used in nanomedicine, pharmaceutical products, industry and other consumer products owing to their unique physiochemical properties with probable potential risk to human health and the ecosystems. The aim of this work was to investigate the in-life morphological effects, biochemical, histological and histochemical alterations that might be induced by variable sizes of Ag NPs in hepatic, renal and testicular tissues with the hypothesis that variable sizes of nano-Ag could induce variable effects in the vital organs. Five groups of adult healthy male mice (BALB/C) were exposed to 35 intraperitoneal injections of Ag NPs (1 mg/kg bw) using five different particle sizes (10, 20, 40, 60 and 100 nm). All mice were subjected to in-life morphometric, biochemical, histological and histochemical analysis. The findings demonstrated that Ag NPs could induce alterations in the average body weight gain, food consumption, water intake and organ indices. In addition, these NPs significantly altered hepatic and renal biomarkers. Moreover, Ag NPs produced ground glass hepatocyte cytoplasm, with mitotic activity, nuclear alterations, degeneration, glycogen depletion and inflammatory cells infiltration in the liver. The kidneys of treated mice exhibited proximal renal tubules degeneration, distal renal tubules regeneration, glomerular shrinkage, Bowman's capsule thickening and interstitial inflammation. The testicular tissues demonstrated spermatocyte sloughing and spermatid giant cell formation. The findings together indicated that Ag NPs could interact with the anatomical structures of the liver, kidney and testis in ways that could induce injury. In addition, the results indicated that smaller Ag NPs posed a greater potential risk than the larger ones, which might be associated with their behaviour, dissolution rate, bioavailability and their probable variable toxicokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin A Al-Doaiss
- Department of Biology, College of Science, 48144King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qais Jarrar
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, 108568Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Alshehri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, 48144King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashir Jarrar
- Nanobiology Unit, Biological Sciences, College of Science, 123295Jerash Private University, Jerash, Jordan
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Wang Z, Li Q, Xu L, Ma J, Wang Y, Wei B, Wu W, Liu S. Ageing alters the physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles and consequently compromises their acute toxicity in mammals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110487. [PMID: 32229327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous investigations into AgNP-induced toxicity, little has been taken into consideration the potential health impacts of aged AgNPs in comparison to fresh AgNPs. In the current study, we scrutinized the potential effects of aged AgNPs in animals. We first found that AgNPs underwent morphological transformations after natural ageing in aqueous solution upon exposure to air and sunlight for 9 days, as characterized by significant aggregation with increase of particle size approximately by 2 fold. Meanwhile, dissolved Ag ions from aged AgNPs increased by 33% compared to fresh AgNPs. Strikingly, the acute exposure results showed that aged AgNPs induced lower toxicity in mice relative to fresh AgNPs. Aged AgNPs caused milder local inflammation in the peritoneal cavity of mice, as evidenced by 63% reduction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) than that induced by fresh AgNPs. The deposition mass of aged AgNPs in the liver, spleen, lung and kidney was diminished by 69%, 39%, 83% and 40%, respectively, compared to the distribution profiles in response to fresh AgNPs. Whereby, milder splenic hyperemia was observed, and no significant hepatoxicity was found. Additionally, aged AgNPs provoked milder increase of periphery leukocytes and malondialdehyde (MDA) in mice in comparison to fresh AgNPs. Taken together, this study unraveled that the ageing process elicited remarkable alterations to physicochemical properties and toxic effects as well. This study would provide new insights into the potential health impacts of AgNPs under transformation-determined exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Lining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Bing Wei
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Lee C, Rohwer T, Sie EJ, Zong A, Baldini E, Straquadine J, Walmsley P, Gardner D, Lee YS, Fisher IR, Gedik N. High resolution time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with 11 eV laser pulses. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:043102. [PMID: 32357712 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Performing time- and angle-resolved photoemission (tr-ARPES) spectroscopy at high momenta necessitates extreme ultraviolet laser pulses, which are typically produced via high harmonic generation (HHG). Despite recent advances, HHG-based setups still require large pulse energies (from hundreds of μJ to mJ) and their energy resolution is limited to tens of meV. Here, we present a novel 11 eV tr-ARPES setup that generates a flux of 5 × 1010 photons/s and achieves an unprecedented energy resolution of 16 meV. It can be operated at high repetition rates (up to 250 kHz) while using input pulse energies down to 3 µJ. We demonstrate these unique capabilities by simultaneously capturing the energy and momentum resolved dynamics in two well-separated momentum space regions of a charge density wave material ErTe3. This novel setup offers the opportunity to study the non-equilibrium band structure of solids with exceptional energy and time resolutions at high repetition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Timm Rohwer
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Edbert J Sie
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alfred Zong
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Edoardo Baldini
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Straquadine
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Philip Walmsley
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Dillon Gardner
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Young S Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ian R Fisher
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Nuh Gedik
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Morais LDO, Macedo EV, Granjeiro JM, Delgado IF. Critical evaluation of migration studies of silver nanoparticles present in food packaging: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3083-3102. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1676699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciene de Oliveira Morais
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Surveillance, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Bioengineering Laboratory, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Materials Department, School of Dentistry, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Isabella Fernandes Delgado
- Vice Presidency of Education, Information and Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Arisha AH, Ahmed MM, Kamel MA, Attia YA, Hussein MMA. Morin ameliorates the testicular apoptosis, oxidative stress, and impact on blood-testis barrier induced by photo-extracellularly synthesized silver nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:28749-28762. [PMID: 31376127 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely produced for different industrial purposes. Recently, biogenic synthesis of AgNPs has emerged although the extent of effects from exposure, oral exposure in particular, to nanomaterials synthesized in such a manner remains elusive. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of a dose of 50 mg/Kg body weight AgNPs biosynthesized in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) over a period of eight weeks on the reproductive performance and the possibility of a protective effect through co-administration of morin. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in four experimental groups (control, morin-treated group, AgNP-treated, and AgNP + morin co-treatment). AgNPs produced no significant alteration in daily food intake or body weight. Both the absolute and relative testicular weights were significantly reduced but not the epididymal weight. Also, serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and liver enzymes were significantly elevated. Furthermore, AgNPs significantly downregulated the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This corresponds to lower motility and viability percent, reduced sperm concentration, and a higher abnormality ratio as well as a prominent alteration in the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and testicular histology and induction of testicular apoptosis and oxidative stress. The supplementation of morin evidently restored most of the reproductive characters to its physiological range. We can conclude that exposure to the biologically synthesized AgNPs for an extended period of time has proven to be a health risk that can be ameliorated via oral administration of some bioactive agents including morin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamed Arisha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mona M Ahmed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kamel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Attia
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Gond SK, Mishra A, Verma SK, Sharma VK, Kharwar RN. Synthesis and Characterization of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles by an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-019-01137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Iqbal S, Fakhar-e-Alam M, Akbar F, Shafiq M, Atif M, Amin N, Ismail M, Hanif A, Farooq WA. Application of silver oxide nanoparticles for the treatment of cancer. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sheng H, Zheng H, Jia S, Chan MKY, Rajh T, Wang J, Wen J. Atomistic manipulation of reversible oxidation and reduction in Ag with an electron beam. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10756-10762. [PMID: 31120466 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Employing electrons for direct control of a nanoscale reaction is highly desirable since it enables fabrication of nanostructures with different properties at atomic resolution and with flexibility of dimensions and location. Here, applying in situ transmission electron microscopy, we show the reversible oxidation and reduction kinetics in Ag, well controlled by changing the dose rate of the electron beam. Aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observation reveals that O atoms are preferably inserted and extracted along the {111} close-packed planes of Ag, leading to the nucleation and decomposition of nanoscale Ag2O islands on the Ag substrate. By controlling the electron beam size and dose rate, we demonstrated the fabrication of an array of 3 nm Ag2O nanodots in an Ag matrix. Our results open a new pathway to manipulate an atomistic reaction with an electron beam towards the precise fabrication of nanostructures for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Sheng
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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Redox Status, Hematological Parameters as Well Liver and Kidney Function Indicators in Blood of Chickens Receiving Gold Nanoparticles. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) for chickens by investigating their effect on their growth, hematological parameters, markers of oxidative stress, and indicators of liver and kidney function. The experiment was carried out on 54 chickens assigned to 3 experimental groups of 18 birds each. The control group did not receive gold nanoparticles. The birds in group Au-NPs2.0 received gold nanoparticles in a tube into a crop at a rate of 2.0 mg/kg body weight/day, while the birds in AuNPs5.0 group at a rate of 5.0 mg/kg body weight/day. The blood for analysis was collected after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of Au-NPs application. The obtained results indicate that short-term (7–14 day) exposure to lower dose (2.0 mg/kg b.w./day) of AuNPs had no toxic impact on chickens, but the extension of the duration time caused toxicological effects evidenced by growth inhibition as well as induction of oxidative stress and liver injury. The higher dose of AuNPs (5.0 mg/kg b.w./day) exerted toxic effects already after 7–14 days of supplementation.
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14
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Zhang R, Zhang X, Gao S, Liu R. Assessing the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of ultrafine carbon black to mouse liver. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:1334-1341. [PMID: 30577125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing presence of nanomaterials in commercial products makes large quantities of nanoparticles reach the environment intentionally or accidentally. Their ability to be cleared from lung to stomach and then translocate into blood circulation suggests they may cause effects on the organs and cells of the organism. In this study, we characterized the dispersity of UFCB (ultrafine carbon black, FW200) in the complete medium and investigated the toxicity of FW200 to mouse hepatocytes and the liver both in vitro and in vivo. FW200 dispersed homogeneously in the complete medium with an average size at around 100 nm. In vitro, FW200 induced apparent cytotoxicity in the hepatocytes with the level of oxidative stress, apoptosis and the viability of hepatocytes changed by approximately 30%. The intracellular catalase (CAT) activity was stimulated by FW200 to a higher level than the control group. In vivo, the 7-week mice were exposed to FW200 (10 mg/kg body weight) by oral administration for six days. The liver was collected and used for histopathological analysis. In our findings, the 13 nm carbon black nanoparticle was proved to induce acute inflammation and apoptosis in the liver. The particles were also proved to have a damage to central veins and architecture of the hepatocytes. These findings suggest that the carbon black nanoparticle could cause a negative effect at both the cellular and organism level and unearthed the potential effects of carbon black nanoparticles on animals and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Sichen Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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Arshad M, Abbas M, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Farrukh MA, Ali A, Rizvi H, Soomro GA, Ghaffar A, Yameen M, Iqbal M. Synthesis and characterization of SiO2 doped Fe2O3 nanoparticles: Photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity evaluation. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles induced gene mutation at the HGPRT locus and cell cycle arrest associated with apoptosis in V‐79 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:735-750. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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A facile synthesis of formazan dyes conjugated with plasmonic nanoparticles as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy against leukemia cell line. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Moradi-Sardareh H, Basir HRG, Hassan ZM, Davoudi M, Amidi F, Paknejad M. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles on different tissues of Balb/C mice. Life Sci 2018; 211:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Huang CH, Yeh JM, Chan WH. Hazardous impacts of silver nanoparticles on mouse oocyte maturation and fertilization and fetal development through induction of apoptotic processes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:1039-1049. [PMID: 29964317 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are antibacterial materials widely used in numerous products and medical supplies. Previously, we showed that AgNPs trigger apoptotic processes in mouse blastocysts, leading to a decrease in cell viability and impairment of preimplantation and postimplantation embryonic development in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we further investigated the hazardous effects of AgNPs on mouse oocyte maturation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and subsequent preimplantation and postimplantation development in vitro and in vivo. Data from in vitro experiments revealed that AgNPs impair mouse oocyte maturation, decrease IVF rates, and induce injury effects on subsequent embryonic development to a significant extent. In an animal model, intravenous injection of AgNPs (5 mg/kg body weight) led to a significant decrease in mouse oocyte maturation and IVF concomitant with impairment of early embryonic development in vivo. Importantly, pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine effectively prevented AgNP-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis, clearly suggesting a critical role of ROS as an upstream initiator or key regulator of AgNP-induced hazardous effects on oocyte maturation and sequent embryonic development. Furthermore, preincubation of oocytes with Ac-DEVD-cho, a caspase-3-specific inhibitor, effectively prevented hazardous effects, highlighting the potential involvement of caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling cascades in AgNP-mediated events. Expression levels of p53 and p21 of blastocysts were upregulated upon preincubation of mouse oocytes with AgNPs. Our collective results imply that cell apoptosis in mouse blastocysts derived from the AgNP-pretreated oocytes via intracellular ROS generation, which is further mediated through p53-, p21-, and caspase-3-dependent regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ming Yeh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Chan
- Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ma YB, Lu CJ, Junaid M, Jia PP, Yang L, Zhang JH, Pei DS. Potential adverse outcome pathway (AOP) of silver nanoparticles mediated reproductive toxicity in zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:320-328. [PMID: 29803881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the augmented utilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) resulted in increasingrates of its release to aquatic environment, which potentially caused adverse effects to aquatic organisms. Therefore, this study investigated - reproductive toxicity and associated potential adverse outcome pathway (AOP) in zebrafish after chronic exposure to AgNPs. To serve the purpose, three-month-old adult zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations (0, 10, 33 and 100 μg/L) of AgNPs for five weeks. Exposure to 33 and 100 μg/L of AgNPs significantly decreased the fecundity in female zebrafish, accompanied by increasing apoptotic cells in the ovarian and testicular tissue using TUNEL assay. Increasing tissue burdens of AgNPs and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were also found in both ovary and testis after five-week exposure to AgNPs. To explore the mechanism of the apoptotic pathway, the transcription levels of various genes (bax, bcl-2, caspase-3, and caspase-9) associated with the mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis pathway were examined in zebrafish after exposure to AgNPs. The results showed that the expression patterns of all the investigated genes were altered to some extent. These findings demonstrated that AgNPs exposure caused oxidative stress, induced germ cells apoptosis via mitochondrial-dependent pathway, and ultimately impaired the reproduction in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Chun-Jiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pan-Pan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jing-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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De Matteis V, Cascione M, Toma CC, Leporatti S. Silver Nanoparticles: Synthetic Routes, In Vitro Toxicity and Theranostic Applications for Cancer Disease. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8050319. [PMID: 29748469 PMCID: PMC5977333 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The large use of nanomaterials in many fields of application and commercial products highlights their potential toxicity on living organisms and the environment, despite their physico-chemical properties. Among these, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are involved in biomedical applications such as antibacterial agents, drug delivery vectors and theranostics agents. In this review, we explain the common synthesis routes of Ag NPs using physical, chemical, and biological methods, following their toxicity mechanism in cells. In particular, we analyzed the physiological cellular pathway perturbations in terms of oxidative stress induction, mitochondrial membrane potential alteration, cell death, apoptosis, DNA damage and cytokines secretion after Ag NPs exposure. In addition, their potential anti-cancer activity and theranostic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Matteis
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Mariafrancesca Cascione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", p.zza G. Cesare, 70124 c/o Policlinico Bari, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cristina Toma
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Stefano Leporatti
- CNR Nanotec-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Cao C, Huang J, Yan C, Liu J, Hu Q, Guan W. Shifts of system performance and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland after exposing silver nanoparticles. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:661-669. [PMID: 29471236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing utilization of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in industry and commerce inevitably raises its release into wastewater. In this work, effects of Ag NPs on system performance and microbial community along the way of a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) were investigated, along with the removal and fate of Ag NPs within the system. Results showed that the performance of control wetland kept stable during the experimental period, and the top substrate layer (soil layer) of wetland could remove most of pollutants in the influent. The study also suggested that addition of Ag NPs did not significantly affect organic matters removal. However, adverse effects were observed on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Removal efficiencies of TN, NH4+-N and TP approximately obviously reduced by approximately 10.10%, 8.42% and 28.35% respectively in contrast to before dosing after exposing 100 μg/L Ag NPs for 94 d, while the no dosing wetland with the stable performance. It was found that Ag NPs accumulated in the upper soil layer more than in the lower soil layer, and Ag NPs could enter into the plant tissues. After continuous input of Ag NPs, removal efficiency of Ag NPs was measured as 95.72%, which showed that the CW could effectively remove Ag NPs from the wastewater. The high-throughput sequencing results revealed that Ag NPs caused the shifts in microbial community structures and changed the relative abundances of key functional bacteria, which finally resulted in a lower efficiency of biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Cao
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Chunni Yan
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wenzhu Guan
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Ameliorative role of nano-ceria against amine coated Ag-NP induced toxicity in Labeo rohita. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and its byproducts can spread pollution in aquatic habitat. Liver and gills are key target for toxicity. Oxidative stress, tissue alterations, and hemotoxicity are assumed to be associated with Ag-NPs in target animals. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nano-ceria) show antioxidant potential in scavenging the free radicals generated in Ag-NP-induced oxidative stress. We determined ameliorated role of nano-ceria against Ag-NP-induced toxicity in fresh water Labeo rohita (L. rohita). Four groups were used in study including control, nano-ceria, Ag-NPs, and Ag-NPs + nano-ceria. Ag-NPs (30 mg l−1) and nano-ceria (50 µg kg−1) were given through water and prepared feed, respectively. The samples were taken after 28 days. Results demonstrated that pre-treatment of nano-ceria recovered L. rohita from Ag-NP-induced toxicity and oxidative stress. Nano-ceria pre-treatment actively mimics the activity of GST, GSH, CAT, and SOD. Furthermore, Ag-NPs’ treatment caused severe inflammation and necrosis in hepatic parenchyma which leaded to congestion of blood in hepatic tissues. Accumulation of a yellow pigment in hepatic tissue was also seen due to necrosis of affected cells. In nano-ceria pre-treatment, there was no congestion in hepatic tissue. Vacuolization of cells and necrosis in some area was recorded in nano-ceria pre-treated group, but the gill and hepatic tissue showed improvement against Ag-NP-induced damage. Nano-ceria pre-treatment also improved hematological parameters in Ag-NP-treated fish. This study concluded that Ag-NP-induced toxicity in treated fish and pre-treatment of nano-ceria show ameliorative role.
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Khan MS, Qureshi NA, Jabeen F, Shakeel M, Asghar MS. Assessment of Waterborne Amine-Coated Silver Nanoparticle (Ag-NP)-Induced Toxicity in Labeo rohita by Histological and Hematological Profiles. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:130-139. [PMID: 28634814 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have wide applications in the medical field; however, the toxicological effects are still poorly studied. The study was aimed to determine the effects of 15.78 nm spherical and amine-coated Ag-NPs on hematology and histology of gills and liver tissues in 28 days treated Labeo rohita (L. rohita). It was found that Ag-NPs induced alterations in the hematological parameters in a dose dependent manner. The Ag-NPs also induced histological alterations in a dose-dependent manner. In gill tissues, it induced fusion of secondary lamellae, separation of gill epithelium, fusion and necrosis of lamellar cells, hyperplasia, deformed cartilaginous skeleton, separation and lifting of epithelium, and curling of lamellae in a dose dependent manner. In the liver, Ag-NPs produced abnormalities in hepatic tissues by reducing the size of hepatocytes and nuclei, and stimulated the production of necrotic and apoptotic bodies. It was concluded that Ag-NPs are toxic to aquatic organisms and induce hematotoxicity and histopathological conditions in exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Farhat Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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25
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Luo K, Jung S, Park KH, Kim YR. Microbial Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in Different Culture Media. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:957-962. [PMID: 29323901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles has been extensively studied for the applications in biomedical sciences and engineering. However, the mechanism for their synthesis through microorganism is not completely understood. In this study, several culture media were investigated for their roles in the microbial biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The size and morphology of the synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform-infrared (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results demonstrated that nutrient broth (NB) and Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) among tested media effectively reduced silver ions to form AgNPs with different particle size and shape. Although the involved microorganism enhanced the reduction of silver ions, the size and shape of the particles were shown to mainly depend on the culture media. Our findings suggest that the growth media of bacterial culture play an important role in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles with regard to their size and shape. We believe our findings would provide useful information for further exploration of microbial biosynthesis of AgNPs and their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Luo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Samuel Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Kyu-Hwan Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Korea
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26
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Marulasiddeshwara M, Dakshayani S, Sharath Kumar M, Chethana R, Raghavendra Kumar P, Devaraja S. Facile-one pot-green synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antiplatelet activities of lignin capped silver nanoparticles: A promising therapeutic agent. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 81:182-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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Abstract
We harness the photophysics of few-atom silver nanoclusters to create the first fluorophores capable of optically activated delayed fluorescence (OADF). In analogy with thermally activated delayed fluorescence, often resulting from oxygen- or collision-activated reverse intersystem crossing from triplet levels, this optically controllable/reactivated visible emission occurs with the same 2.2 ns fluorescence lifetime as that produced with primary excitation alone but is excited with near-infrared light from either of two distinct, long-lived photopopulated dark states. In addition to faster ground-state recovery under long-wavelength co-illumination, this "repumped" visible fluorescence occurs many microsceconds after visible excitation and only when gated by secondary near-IR excitation of ∼1-100 μs-lived dark excited states. By deciphering the Ag nanocluster photophysics, we demonstrate that OADF improves upon previous optical modulation schemes for near-complete background rejection in fluorescence detection. Likely extensible to other fluorophores with photopopulatable excited dark states, OADF holds potential for drastically improving fluorescence signal recovery from high backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake C. Fleischer
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
| | | | - Jung-Cheng Hsiang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
| | - Robert M. Dickson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
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28
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Noronha VT, Paula AJ, Durán G, Galembeck A, Cogo-Müller K, Franz-Montan M, Durán N. Silver nanoparticles in dentistry. Dent Mater 2017; 33:1110-1126. [PMID: 28779891 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively studied for their antimicrobial properties, which provide an extensive applicability in dentistry. Because of this increasing interest in AgNPs, the objective of this paper was to review their use in nanocomposites; implant coatings; pre-formulation with antimicrobial activity against cariogenic pathogens, periodontal biofilm, fungal pathogens and endodontic bacteria; and other applications such as treatment of oral cancer and local anesthesia. Recent achievements in the study of the mechanism of action and the most important toxicological aspects are also presented. METHODS Systematic searches were carried out in Web of Science (ISI), Google, PubMed, SciFinder and EspaceNet databases with the keywords "silver nano* or AgNP*" and "dentist* or dental* or odontol*". RESULTS A total of 155 peer-reviewed articles were reviewed. Most of them were published in the period of 2012-2017, demonstrating that this topic currently represents an important trend in dentistry research. In vitro studies reveal the excellent antimicrobial activity of AgNPs when associated with dental materials such as nanocomposites, acrylic resins, resin co-monomers, adhesives, intracanal medication, and implant coatings. Moreover, AgNPs were demonstrated to be interesting tools in the treatment of oral cancers due to their antitumor properties. SIGNIFICANCE The literature indicates that AgNPs are a promising system with important features such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity, and a potential carrier in sustained drug delivery. However, there are some aspects of the mechanisms of action of AgNPs, and some important toxicological aspects arising from the use of this system that must be completely elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor T Noronha
- Solid-Biological Interface Group (SolBIN), Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Amauri J Paula
- Solid-Biological Interface Group (SolBIN), Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Durán
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Galembeck
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste (CETENE), Campus MCTI Nordeste, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Karina Cogo-Müller
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Michelle Franz-Montan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nelson Durán
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; NanoBioss Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil; National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano) CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Khan MS, Qureshi NA, Jabeen F, Asghar MS, Shakeel M, Fakhar-E-Alam M. Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Through Economical Methods and Assessment of Toxicity Through Oxidative Stress Analysis in the Labeo Rohita. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:416-428. [PMID: 27587025 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical and biological properties of metals change as the particles are reduced to nanoscale. This ability increases the application of nanoparticles in commercial and medical industry. Keeping in view this importance, Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized by reduction methods using formaldehyde as reducing agent in the chemical route and lemon extracts in the biological route. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of nanoparticles suggested that the particles were either agglomerated or spherical in shape with mean diameter of 16.59 nm in the chemical route and 42.93 nm in the biological route. The particles were between 5 and 80 nm with maximum frequency between 5 and 20 nm in the chemical route and between 5 and 100 nm with maximum frequency between 15 and 50 nm in the biological method. In the second phase of the study, the effect of Ag-NPs on the oxidative stress was studied. For this purpose, Labeo rohita (20 ± 2.5 g in weight and 12 ± 1.4 cm in length) were involved. Six treatments were applied in three replicates having five fishes in each replicate. The first treatment was used as control group, and the other five treatments were exposed to either 10 or 20 or 30 or 45 or 55 mg L-1 of Ag-NPs for 28 days. The treatment of Ag-NPs caused oxidative stress in the liver and gill tissues, which induced alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The level of catalase (CAT) was decreased in response to Ag-NPs concentration in dose-dependent manner. Ag-NPs treatment stimulated the liver and gill tissues to significantly increase the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which might be due to synthesis of SOD and addition in the pre-existing SOD level. The level decreases again due to depletion of SOD level. There was a sharp decline in the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in both gills and liver tissues even at lower concentration, and this decrease in the GST activity was significantly different at each treatment after 28 days of treatment except 20 mg L-1. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of gills and liver tissues were increased with the increase in the concentration. The elevated levels of glutathione (GSH) showed that the liver started defensive mechanism against the oxyradicals. This study finds out the cheap eco-friendly and economical method of Ag-NP synthesis. It is further revealed that Ag-NPs caused oxidative stress in the aquatic animals if exposure occurs at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Farhat Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | | | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Valerio-García RC, Carbajal-Hernández AL, Martínez-Ruíz EB, Jarquín-Díaz VH, Haro-Pérez C, Martínez-Jerónimo F. Exposure to silver nanoparticles produces oxidative stress and affects macromolecular and metabolic biomarkers in the goodeid fish Chapalichthys pardalis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:308-318. [PMID: 28117161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most commercialized nanomaterial worldwide, mainly due to their microbicidal activity. Although, AgNPs have been shown to be toxic to aquatic species, their effect on endemic fish, like Goodeidae, has not been demonstrated. Endemic species are under strong pressures by anthropogenic contamination and destruction of their habitat; therefore, we studied adult Chapalichthys pardalis, an endemic fish of Mexico. We evaluated the toxic effect of AgNPs through oxidative stress, macromolecular and metabolic biomarkers. We determined the LC50 (96h) and performed subchronic tests (21days) using sublethal AgNPs concentrations (equivalent to CL1 and CL10). At the end of the bioassay, we quantified 10 stress biomarkers in the liver, gills, and muscle, including the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and glutathione [GPx]), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), protein oxidation (CO), macromolecules (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates), and metabolites (glucose and lactate). In addition, we determined the integrated biomarkers response (IBR). LC50 was of 10.32mgL-1. Results of subchronic exposure (21days) revealed that AgNPs produce oxidative stress in C. pardalis adults, as evidenced by a diminution in antioxidant enzymes activity and an increase in TBARS and oxidized proteins. AgNPs also diminished levels of macromolecules and generated a high-energy consumption, reflected in the reduction of glucose levels, although lactate levels were not altered. The IBR analysis evidenced that the largest effect was produced in organisms exposed to LC10, being the liver and gills the organs with the greatest damage. Results demonstrated that exposure to AgNPs induces acute and chronic toxic effects on C. pardalis and forewarns about the impact that these nanomaterials can exert on these ecologically relevant aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carlos Valerio-García
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Carbajal-Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Erika Berenice Martínez-Ruíz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Jarquín-Díaz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Catalina Haro-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Pablo No. 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, Mexico City C.P. 02200, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martínez-Jerónimo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico.
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Baranova OA, Khizhnyak SD, Pakhomov PM. Effect of the pH value on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles in an aqueous cysteine–silver solution. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476616060214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Bai X, Wang J, Guo M, Li Z, Chen N, Wang Q, Li C, Wang C, Dong K, Chen S. Surfaces enhanced with film-coupled silver nanopolyhedrons for optical transmittance. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The film-coupled silver (Ag) nanoparticle modes are precisely fabricated. We show that the film-coupled NPs provide a transmission spectrum that can be tailored by varying the geometry (the size of the NPs and/or the thickness of the spacer).
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Verma SK, Jha E, Sahoo B, Panda PK, Thirumurugan A, Parashar SKS, Suar M. Mechanistic insight into the rapid one-step facile biofabrication of antibacterial silver nanoparticles from bacterial release and their biogenicity and concentration-dependent in vitro cytotoxicity to colon cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05943d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Gram +ve and Gram −ve bacterial strains and their hiogenicity dependent antibacterial and cytntoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ealisha Jha
- Memorial University of Newfoundland
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography
- St. John's
- Canada
| | - Babrubahan Sahoo
- KIIT Technology Business Incubator
- KIIT University
- Bhubaneswar
- India
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Xu D, Chen H, Lin Q, Li Z, Yang T, Yuan Z. Selective and sensitive colorimetric determination of cobalt ions using Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00900c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective and sensitive colorimetric detection of Co2+based on the aggregation of Ag–Au BNPs is due to the formation of positively charged (en)2CoS2O3+on the negative nanoparticle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-products Further Processing
- Central South University of Forestry & Technology
- Changsha 410004
- China
| | - Hong Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-products Further Processing
- Central South University of Forestry & Technology
- Changsha 410004
- China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-products Further Processing
- Central South University of Forestry & Technology
- Changsha 410004
- China
| | - Ziwei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-products Further Processing
- Central South University of Forestry & Technology
- Changsha 410004
- China
| | - Tao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-products Further Processing
- Central South University of Forestry & Technology
- Changsha 410004
- China
| | - Zhiqin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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Zhang Z, Gao P, Li M, Cheng J, Liu W, Feng Y. Influence of Silver nanoparticles on nutrient removal and microbial communities in SBR process after long-term exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:234-243. [PMID: 27343942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread utilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in industrial and commercial products inevitably raises the release into wastewater that might cause potential negative impacts on sewage treatment system. In this paper, long-term exposure experiments at four levels were conducted to determine whether AgNPs caused adverse impacts on nutrient removals in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and changes of microbial community structure. Compared with the control reactor (without AgNPs), carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal in presence of 0.1mg/L AgNPs was no difference. However, presence of 1.0 and 10mg/L AgNPs decreased the average removal efficiencies of COD from 95.4% to 85.2% and 68.3%, ammonia nitrogen from 98.8% to 71.2% and 49%, SOP from 97.6% to 75.5% and 54.1%, respectively. It was found that AgNPs could accumulate in sludge with the distribution coefficients of 39.2-114L/g, inhibit the protein and polysaccharide production in EPS, reduce the SOUR of sludge, and greatly increase LDH release from microbial cells. The illumina high-throughput sequencing results indicated that AgNPs concentration changed the structures of bacterial communities, associating with the effects of AgNPs on reactor performance. Sequence analyses showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria were the dominant phyla. It was notable that AgNPs addition reduced the contents of several nitrifying bacteria at genera level in sludge, leading to the lower removal of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No 43, Songfa Street, Daoli District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Moqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No 43, Songfa Street, Daoli District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
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Saira F, Mackey MA, Qureshi R, Mahmoud MA. In vitro investigations of gold nanocages: Toxicological profile in human keratinocyte cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chaffin E, O'Connor RT, Barr J, Huang X, Wang Y. Dependence of SERS enhancement on the chemical composition and structure of Ag/Au hybrid nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:054706. [PMID: 27497571 PMCID: PMC4975750 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) such as silver (Ag) and gold (Au) have unique plasmonic properties that give rise to surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Generally, Ag NPs have much stronger plasmonic properties and, hence, provide stronger SERS signals than Au NPs. However, Ag NPs lack the chemical stability and biocompatibility of comparable Au NPs and typically exhibit the most intense plasmonic resonance at wavelengths much shorter than the optimal spectral region for many biomedical applications. To overcome these issues, various experimental efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of Ag/Au hybrid NPs for the purpose of SERS detections. However, a complete understanding on how the SERS enhancement depends on the chemical composition and structure of these nanoparticles has not been achieved. In this study, Mie theory and the discrete dipole approximation have been used to calculate the plasmonic spectra and near-field electromagnetic enhancements of Ag/Au hybrid NPs. In particular, we discuss how the electromagnetic enhancement depends on the mole fraction of Au in Ag/Au alloy NPs and how one may use extinction spectra to distinguish between Ag/Au alloyed NPs and Ag-Au core-shell NPs. We also show that for incident laser wavelengths between ∼410 nm and 520 nm, Ag/Au alloyed NPs provide better electromagnetic enhancement than pure Ag, pure Au, or Ag-Au core-shell structured NPs. Finally, we show that silica-core Ag/Au alloy shelled NPs provide even better performance than pure Ag/Au alloy or pure solid Ag and pure solid Au NPs. The theoretical results presented will be beneficial to the experimental efforts in optimizing the design of Ag/Au hybrid NPs for SERS-based detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Chaffin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
| | - Ryan T O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
| | - James Barr
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
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38
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Differential genotoxicity mechanisms of silver nanoparticles and silver ions. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:509-519. [PMID: 27180073 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In spite of many reports on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the mechanisms underlying the toxicity are far from clear. A key question is whether the observed toxicity comes from the silver ions (Ag+) released from the AgNPs or from the nanoparticles themselves. In this study, we explored the genotoxicity and the genotoxicity mechanisms of Ag+ and AgNPs. Human TK6 cells were treated with 5 nM AgNPs or silver nitrate (AgNO3) to evaluate their genotoxicity and induction of oxidative stress. AgNPs and AgNO3 induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in a similar range of concentrations (1.00-1.75 µg/ml) when evaluated using the micronucleus assay, and both induced oxidative stress by measuring the gene expression and reactive oxygen species in the treated cells. Addition of N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an Ag+ chelator) to the treatments significantly decreased genotoxicity of Ag+, but not AgNPs, while addition of Trolox (a free radical scavenger) to the treatment efficiently decreased the genotoxicity of both agents. In addition, the Ag+ released from the highest concentration of AgNPs used for the treatment was measured. Only 0.5 % of the AgNPs were ionized in the culture medium and the released silver ions were neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic at this concentration. Further analysis using electron spin resonance demonstrated that AgNPs produced hydroxyl radicals directly, while AgNO3 did not. These results indicated that although both AgNPs and Ag+ can cause genotoxicity via oxidative stress, the mechanisms are different, and the nanoparticles, but not the released ions, mainly contribute to the genotoxicity of AgNPs.
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39
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Liu Y, Balachandran YL, Li D, Shao Y, Jiang X. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Poly(ethylene glycol) Modified Silver Nanorods Can Be a Safe, Noncarrier Adjuvant for HIV Vaccine. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3589-3596. [PMID: 26844372 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest obstacles for the development of HIV vaccines is how to sufficiently trigger crucial anti-HIV immunities via a safe manner. We herein integrated surface modification-dependent immunostimulation against HIV vaccine and shape-dependent biosafety and designed a safe noncarrier adjuvant based on silver nanorods coated by both polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Such silver nanorods can significantly elevate crucial immunities of HIV vaccine and overcome the toxicity, which is a big problem for other existing adjuvants. This study thus provided a principle for designing a safe and high-efficacy material for an adjuvant and allow researchers to really have a safe and effective prophylaxis against HIV. We expect this material approach to be applicable to other types of vaccines, whether they are preventative or therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , Number 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yekkuni L Balachandran
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , Number 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking University , Beijing 100190, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , Number 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, China
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40
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Almansour M, Sajti L, Melhim W, Jarrar BM. Ultrastructural hepatocytic alterations induced by silver nanoparticle toxicity. Ultrastruct Pathol 2016; 40:92-100. [PMID: 26934218 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2016.1150377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are widely used in nanomedicine and consuming products with potential risk to human health. While considerable work was carried out on the molecular, biochemical, and physiological alterations induced by these particles, little is known of the ultrastructural pathological alterations that might be induced by nanosilver materials. The aim of the present work is to investigate the hepatocyte ultrastructural alterations that might be induced by SNP exposure. Male rats were subjected to a daily single dose (2 mg/kg) of SNPs (15-35 nm diameter) for 21 days. Liver biopsies from all rats under study were processed for transmission electron microscopy examination. The following hepatic ultrastructural alterations were demonstrated: mitochondria swelling and crystolysis, endoplasmic reticulum disruption, cytoplasmic vacuolization, lipid droplets accumulation, glycogen depletion, karyopyknosis, apoptosis, sinusoidal dilatation, Kupffer cells activation, and myelin figures formation. The current findings may indicate that SNPs can induce hepatocyte organelles alteration, leading to cellular damage that may affect the function of the liver. These findings might indicate that SNPs potentially trigger heptocyte ultrastructural alterations that may affect the function of the liver with potential risk on human health in relation to numerous applications of these particles. More work is needed to elucidate probable ultrastructural alterations in the vital organs that might result from nanosilver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Almansour
- a Department of Zoology , College of Science, King Saud University , Saudi Arabia
| | - Laszlo Sajti
- b Nanotechnology Department , Laser Zentrum-Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Walid Melhim
- c Electron Microscopy Unit , College of Medicine, King Faisal University , Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashir M Jarrar
- d Department of Biological Sciences , College of Science, Jerash University , Jordan
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41
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Recordati C, De Maglie M, Bianchessi S, Argentiere S, Cella C, Mattiello S, Cubadda F, Aureli F, D'Amato M, Raggi A, Lenardi C, Milani P, Scanziani E. Tissue distribution and acute toxicity of silver after single intravenous administration in mice: nano-specific and size-dependent effects. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 26926244 PMCID: PMC4772516 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an important class of nanomaterials used as antimicrobial agents for a wide range of medical and industrial applications. However toxicity of AgNPs and impact of their physicochemical characteristics in in vivo models still need to be comprehensively characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of size and coating on tissue distribution and toxicity of AgNPs after intravenous administration in mice, and compare the results with those obtained after silver acetate administration. METHODS Male CD-1(ICR) mice were intravenously injected with AgNPs of different sizes (10 nm, 40 nm, 100 nm), citrate-or polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated, at a single dose of 10 mg/kg bw. An equivalent dose of silver ions was administered as silver acetate. Mice were euthanized 24 h after the treatment, and silver quantification by ICP-MS and histopathology were performed on spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, and blood. RESULTS For all particle sizes, regardless of their coating, the highest silver concentrations were found in the spleen and liver, followed by lung, kidney, and brain. Silver concentrations were significantly higher in the spleen, lung, kidney, brain, and blood of mice treated with 10 nm AgNPs than those treated with larger particles. Relevant toxic effects (midzonal hepatocellular necrosis, gall bladder hemorrhage) were found in mice treated with 10 nm AgNPs, while in mice treated with 40 nm and 100 nm AgNPs lesions were milder or negligible, respectively. In mice treated with silver acetate, silver concentrations were significantly lower in the spleen and lung, and higher in the kidney than in mice treated with 10 nm AgNPs, and a different target organ of toxicity was identified (kidney). CONCLUSIONS Administration of the smallest (10 nm) nanoparticles resulted in enhanced silver tissue distribution and overt hepatobiliary toxicity compared to larger ones (40 and 100 nm), while coating had no relevant impact. Distinct patterns of tissue distribution and toxicity were observed after silver acetate administration. It is concluded that if AgNPs become systemically available, they behave differently from ionic silver, exerting distinct and size-dependent effects, strictly related to the nanoparticulate form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcella De Maglie
- Fondazione Filarete, 20139, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica (DIVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | - Claudia Cella
- Fondazione Filarete, 20139, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvana Mattiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica (DIVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cubadda
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Health Institute, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Aureli
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Health Institute, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marilena D'Amato
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Health Institute, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Raggi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Health Institute, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Fondazione Filarete, 20139, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturati (CIMAINA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Milani
- Fondazione Filarete, 20139, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturati (CIMAINA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Fondazione Filarete, 20139, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica (DIVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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42
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Hypoxia-mediated autophagic flux inhibits silver nanoparticle-triggered apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21688. [PMID: 26867977 PMCID: PMC4751501 DOI: 10.1038/srep21688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are frequently associated with resistance to chemotherapy because the fraction of hypoxic tumor cells is substantial. To understand the underlying mechanism of hypoxia on silver nanoparticle (AgNPs)-induced apoptosis, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, a hallmark of hypoxia, was measured in the presence and absence of AgNPs. The results showed that HIF-1α expression was upregulated after AgNPs treatment under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Cell viability assays showed that AgNPs promoted cell death in cancer cells but not in non-cancer cells, as cancer cells are slightly more acidic than normal cells. However, reactive oxygen species generation induced by AgNPs in lung cancer cells caused high susceptibility to oxidative stress, whereas pre-exposure to hypoxia blocked AgNPs-induced oxidative stress. Notably, HIF-1α inhibited AgNPs-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by regulating autophagic flux through the regulation of ATG5, LC3-II, and p62. Further, cell viability after treatment of cancer cells with AgNPs under hypoxic conditions was lower in HIF-1α siRNA-transfected cells than in control siRNA-transfected cells, indicating that HIF-1α knockdown enhances hypoxia induced decrease in cell viability. Our results suggest that hypoxia-mediated autophagy may be a mechanism for the resistance of AgNPs-induced apoptosis and that strategies targeting HIF-1α may be used for cancer therapy.
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43
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El-Batal AI, Gharib FAEL, Ghazi SM, Hegazi AZ, Hafz AGMAE. Physiological Responses of Two Varieties of Common Bean ( Phaseolus VulgarisL.) to Foliar Application of Silver Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 6:13. [DOI: 10.5772/62202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ibrahim El-Batal
- Drug Radiation Research Department, Biotechnology Division, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Safia Mohammed Ghazi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
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Mishra NK, Kumar V, Joshi KB. Thermoplasmonic effect of silver nanoparticles modulates peptide amphiphile fiber into nanowreath-like assembly. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20238-20248. [PMID: 26578030 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the beneficial role of di-tryptophan containing short peptide amphiphiles (sPA), for the synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs in the presence of sunlight followed by garlanding of AgNPs along the fibrous network of sPA. Such hybrid structures were precisely and selectively moulded into a nanowreath-type morphology due to the thermoplasmonic effect of AgNPs, and can be used for several bio-nanotechnological applications.
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45
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Ahmad N, Bhatnagar S, Ali SS, Dutta R. Phytofabrication of bioinduced silver nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:7019-30. [PMID: 26648715 PMCID: PMC4648599 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s94479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of nanomaterials holds infinite possibilities as nanotechnology is revolutionizing the field of medicine by its myriad applications. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has become the need of the hour because of its eco-friendly, nontoxic, and economic nature. In this study, leaf extract of Rosa damascena was used as a bioreductant to reduce silver nitrate, leading to synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a single step, without the use of any additional reducing or capping agents. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by the use of UV-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Time-dependent synthesis of AgNPs was studied spectrophotometrically. Synthesized AgNPs were found to possess flower-like spherical structure where individual nanoparticles were of 16 nm in diameter, whereas the agglomerated AgNPs were in the range of 60–80 nm. These biologically synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterial species but not against Gram-positive ones (Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were studied on a Wistar rat model to gauge the impact of AgNPs for a probable role in these applications. AgNPs tested positive for both these activities, although the potency was less as compared to the standard drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Ahmad
- School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Bhatnagar
- School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Salman Ali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajiv Dutta
- Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
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46
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Elgorban AM, El-Samawaty AERM, Yassin MA, Sayed SR, Adil SF, Elhindi KM, Bakri M, Khan M. Antifungal silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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47
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Advances in Dental Materials through Nanotechnology: Facts, Perspectives and Toxicological Aspects. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:621-636. [PMID: 26493710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is currently driving the dental materials industry to substantial growth, thus reflecting on improvements in materials available for oral prevention and treatment. The present review discusses new developments in nanotechnology applied to dentistry, focusing on the use of nanomaterials for improving the quality of oral care, the perspectives of research in this arena, and discussions on safety concerns regarding the use of dental nanomaterials. Details are provided on the cutting-edge properties (morphological, antibacterial, mechanical, fluorescence, antitumoral, and remineralization and regeneration potential) of polymeric, metallic and inorganic nano-based materials, as well as their use as nanocluster fillers, in nanocomposites, mouthwashes, medicines, and biomimetic dental materials. Nanotoxicological aspects, clinical applications, and perspectives for these nanomaterials are also discussed.
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48
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Han JW, Jeong JK, Gurunathan S, Choi YJ, Das J, Kwon DN, Cho SG, Park C, Seo HG, Park JK, Kim JH. Male- and female-derived somatic and germ cell-specific toxicity of silver nanoparticles in mouse. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:361-73. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1073396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Han
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
| | - Jae-Kyo Jeong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
| | | | - Yun-Jung Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
| | - Joydeep Das
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
| | - Deug-Nam Kwon
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
| | - Jin-Ki Park
- Department of Swine & Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
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49
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Oćwieja M, Adamczyk Z, Morga M, Kubiak K. Silver particle monolayers — Formation, stability, applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 222:530-63. [PMID: 25169969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The formation of silver particle monolayers at solid substrates in self-assembly processes is thoroughly reviewed. Initially, various silver nanoparticle synthesis routes are discussed with the emphasis focused on the chemical reduction in aqueous media. Subsequently, the main experimental methods aimed at bulk suspension characterization are critically reviewed by pointing out their advantages and limitations. Also, various methods enabling the in situ studies of particle deposition and release kinetics, especially the streaming potential method are discussed. In the next section, experimental data are invoked illustrating the most important features of particle monolayer formation, in particular, the role of bulk suspension concentration, particle size, ionic strength, temperature and pH. Afterward, the stability of monolayers and particle release kinetics are extensively discussed. The results obtained by the ex situ AFM/SEM imaging of particles are compared with the in situ streaming potential measurements. An equivalency of both methods is demonstrated, especially in respect to the binding energy determination. It is shown that these experimental results can be adequately interpreted in terms of the hybrid theoretical approach that combines the bulk transport step with the surface blocking effects derived from the random sequential adsorption model. It is also concluded that the particle release kinetics is governed by the discrete electrostatic interactions among ion pairs on particle and substrate surfaces. The classical theories based on the mean-field (averaged) zeta potential concept proved inadequate. Using the ion pair concept the minor dependence of the binding energy on particle size, ionic strength, pH and temperature is properly explained. The final sections of this review are devoted to the application of silver nanoparticles and their monolayers in medicine, analytical chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Oćwieja
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Adamczyk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Maria Morga
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kubiak
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland.
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Abbas M, Torati SR, Kim C. A novel approach for the synthesis of ultrathin silica-coated iron oxide nanocubes decorated with silver nanodots (Fe3O4/SiO2/Ag) and their superior catalytic reduction of 4-nitroaniline. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:12192-204. [PMID: 26132976 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02680f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel sonochemical approach was developed for the synthesis of different core/shell structures of Fe3O4/SiO2/Ag nanocubes and SiO2/Ag nanospheres. The total reaction time of the three sonochemical steps for the synthesis of Fe3O4/SiO2/Ag nanocubes is shorter than that of the previously reported methods. A proposed reaction mechanism for the sonochemical functionalization of the silica and the silver on the surface of magnetic nanocubes was discussed in detail. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the surface of Fe3O4/SiO2 nanocubes was decorated with small Ag nanoparticles of approximately 10-20 nm in size, and the energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping analysis confirmed the morphology of the structure. Additionally, X-ray diffraction data were used to confirm the formation of both phases of a cubic inverse spinel structure for Fe3O4 and bcc structures for Ag in the core/shell structure of the Fe3O4/SiO2/Ag nanocubes. The as-synthesized Fe3O4/SiO2/Ag nanocubes showed a high efficiency in the catalytic reduction reaction of 4-nitroaniline to 4-phenylenediamine and a better performance than both Ag and SiO2/Ag nanoparticles. The grafted silver catalyst was recycled and reused at least fifteen times without a significant loss of catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abbas
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 711-873 Daegu, South Korea.
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