1
|
Dong L, Li L, Chen H, Cao Y, Lei H. Mechanochemistry: Fundamental Principles and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403949. [PMID: 39206931 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is an emerging research field at the interface of physics, mechanics, materials science, and chemistry. Complementary to traditional activation methods in chemistry, such as heat, electricity, and light, mechanochemistry focuses on the activation of chemical reactions by directly or indirectly applying mechanical forces. It has evolved as a powerful tool for controlling chemical reactions in solid state systems, sensing and responding to stresses in polymer materials, regulating interfacial adhesions, and stimulating biological processes. By combining theoretical approaches, simulations and experimental techniques, researchers have gained intricate insights into the mechanisms underlying mechanochemistry. In this review, the physical chemistry principles underpinning mechanochemistry are elucidated and a comprehensive overview of recent significant achievements in the discovery of mechanically responsive chemical processes is provided, with a particular emphasis on their applications in materials science. Additionally, The perspectives and insights into potential future directions for this exciting research field are offered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Luofei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hai Lei
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mathieu M, Isomursu A, Ivaska J. Positive and negative durotaxis - mechanisms and emerging concepts. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261919. [PMID: 38647525 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is controlled by the coordinated action of cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, contractility and cell extrinsic cues. Integrins are the main adhesion receptors to ligands of the extracellular matrix (ECM), linking the actin cytoskeleton to the ECM and enabling cells to sense matrix rigidity and mount a directional cell migration response to stiffness gradients. Most models studied show preferred migration of single cells or cell clusters towards increasing rigidity. This is referred to as durotaxis, and since its initial discovery in 2000, technical advances and elegant computational models have provided molecular level details of stiffness sensing in cell migration. However, modeling has long predicted that, depending on cell intrinsic factors, such as the balance of cell adhesion molecules (clutches) and the motor proteins pulling on them, cells might also prefer adhesion to intermediate rigidity. Recently, experimental evidence has supported this notion and demonstrated the ability of cells to migrate towards lower rigidity, in a process called negative durotaxis. In this Review, we discuss the significant conceptual advances that have been made in our appreciation of cell plasticity and context dependency in stiffness-guided directional cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Mathieu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Aleksi Isomursu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Western Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN West), University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bidone TC, Odde DJ. Multiscale models of integrins and cellular adhesions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102576. [PMID: 36947952 PMCID: PMC10238663 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Computational models of integrin-based adhesion complexes have revealed important insights into the mechanisms by which cells establish connections with their external environment. However, how changes in conformation and function of individual adhesion proteins regulate the dynamics of whole adhesion complexes remains largely elusive. This is because of the large separation in time and length scales between the dynamics of individual adhesion proteins (nanoseconds and nanometers) and the emergent dynamics of the whole adhesion complex (seconds and micrometers), and the limitations of molecular simulation approaches in extracting accurate free energies, conformational transitions, reaction mechanisms, and kinetic rates, that can inform mechanisms at the larger scales. In this review, we discuss models of integrin-based adhesion complexes and highlight their main findings regarding: (i) the conformational transitions of integrins at the molecular and macromolecular scales and (ii) the molecular clutch mechanism at the mesoscale. Lastly, we present unanswered questions in the field of modeling adhesions and propose new ideas for future exciting modeling opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara C Bidone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - David J Odde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. https://twitter.com/davidodde
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walter C, Mathur J, Pathak A. Reciprocal intra- and extra-cellular polarity enables deep mechanosensing through layered matrices. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112362. [PMID: 37027304 PMCID: PMC11246724 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent cells migrate on layered tissue interfaces to drive morphogenesis, wound healing, and tumor invasion. Although stiffer surfaces are known to enhance cell migration, it remains unclear whether cells sense basal stiff environments buried under softer, fibrous matrix. Using layered collagen-polyacrylamide gel systems, we unveil a migration phenotype driven by cell-matrix polarity. Here, cancer (but not normal) cells with stiff base matrix generate stable protrusions, faster migration, and greater collagen deformation because of "depth mechanosensing" through the top collagen layer. Cancer cell protrusions with front-rear polarity produce polarized collagen stiffening and deformations. Disruption of either extracellular or intracellular polarity via collagen crosslinking, laser ablation, or Arp2/3 inhibition independently abrogates depth-mechanosensitive migration of cancer cells. Our experimental findings, validated by lattice-based energy minimization modeling, present a cell migration mechanism whereby polarized cellular protrusions and contractility are reciprocated by mechanical extracellular polarity, culminating in a cell-type-dependent ability to mechanosense through matrix layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Walter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jairaj Mathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amit Pathak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mechanotransduction in tumor dynamics modeling. Phys Life Rev 2023; 44:279-301. [PMID: 36841159 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotherapy is a groundbreaking approach to impact carcinogenesis. Cells sense and respond to mechanical stimuli, translating them into biochemical signals in a process known as mechanotransduction. The impact of stress on tumor growth has been studied in the last three decades, and many papers highlight the role of mechanics as a critical self-inducer of tumor fate at the in vitro and in vivo biological levels. Meanwhile, mathematical models attempt to determine laws to reproduce tumor dynamics. This review discusses biological mechanotransduction mechanisms and mathematical-biomechanical models together. The aim is to provide a common framework for the different approaches that have emerged in the literature from the perspective of tumor avascularity and to provide insight into emerging mechanotherapies that have attracted interest in recent years.
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo Y, Mofrad MRK, Tepole AB. On modeling the multiscale mechanobiology of soft tissues: Challenges and progress. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:031303. [PMID: 38505274 PMCID: PMC10903412 DOI: 10.1063/5.0085025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tissues grow and remodel in response to mechanical cues, extracellular and intracellular signals experienced through various biological events, from the developing embryo to disease and aging. The macroscale response of soft tissues is typically nonlinear, viscoelastic anisotropic, and often emerges from the hierarchical structure of tissues, primarily their biopolymer fiber networks at the microscale. The adaptation to mechanical cues is likewise a multiscale phenomenon. Cell mechanobiology, the ability of cells to transform mechanical inputs into chemical signaling inside the cell, and subsequent regulation of cellular behavior through intra- and inter-cellular signaling networks, is the key coupling at the microscale between the mechanical cues and the mechanical adaptation seen macroscopically. To fully understand mechanics of tissues in growth and remodeling as observed at the tissue level, multiscale models of tissue mechanobiology are essential. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the art modeling tools of soft tissues at both scales, the tissue level response, and the cell scale mechanobiology models. To help the interested reader become more familiar with these modeling frameworks, we also show representative examples. Our aim here is to bring together scientists from different disciplines and enable the future leap in multiscale modeling of tissue mechanobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Mohammad R. K. Mofrad
- Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Adrian Buganza Tepole
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cross-linkers at growing microtubule ends generate forces that drive actin transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112799119. [PMID: 35271394 PMCID: PMC8931237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112799119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex cellular processes such as cell migration require coordinated remodeling of both the actin and the microtubule cytoskeleton. The two networks for instance exert forces on each other via active motor proteins. Here we show that, surprisingly, coupling via passive cross-linkers can also result in force generation. We specifically study the transport of actin filaments by growing microtubule ends. We show by cell-free reconstitution experiments, computer simulations, and theoretical modeling that this transport is driven by the affinity of the cross-linker for the chemically distinct microtubule tip region. Our work predicts that growing microtubules could potentially rapidly relocate newly nucleated actin filaments to the leading edge of the cell and thus boost migration. The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons form active networks in the cell that can contract and remodel, resulting in vital cellular processes such as cell division and motility. Motor proteins play an important role in generating the forces required for these processes, but more recently the concept of passive cross-linkers being able to generate forces has emerged. So far, these passive cross-linkers have been studied in the context of separate actin and microtubule systems. Here, we show that cross-linkers also allow actin and microtubules to exert forces on each other. More specifically, we study single actin filaments that are cross-linked to growing microtubule ends, using in vitro reconstitution, computer simulations, and a minimal theoretical model. We show that microtubules can transport actin filaments over large (micrometer-range) distances and find that this transport results from two antagonistic forces arising from the binding of cross-linkers to the overlap between the actin and microtubule filaments. The cross-linkers attempt to maximize the overlap between the actin and the tip of the growing microtubules, creating an affinity-driven forward condensation force, and simultaneously create a competing friction force along the microtubule lattice. We predict and verify experimentally how the average transport time depends on the actin filament length and the microtubule growth velocity, confirming the competition between a forward condensation force and a backward friction force. In addition, we theoretically predict and experimentally verify that the condensation force is of the order of 0.1 pN. Thus, our results reveal an active mechanism for local actin remodeling by growing microtubules that relies on passive cross-linkers.
Collapse
|
8
|
Laranjeira S, Pellegrino G, Bhangra KS, Phillips JB, Shipley RJ. In silico framework to inform the design of repair constructs for peripheral nerve injury repair. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210824. [PMID: 35232275 PMCID: PMC8889181 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries affect millions of people per year and cause loss of sensation and muscle control alongside chronic pain. The most severe injuries are treated through a nerve autograft; however, donor site morbidity and poor outcomes mean alternatives are required. One option is to engineer nerve replacement tissues to provide a supportive microenvironment to encourage nerve regeneration as an alternative to nerve grafts. Currently, progress is hampered due to a lack of consensus on how to arrange materials and cells in space to maximize rate of regeneration. This is compounded by a reliance on experimental testing, which precludes extensive investigations of multiple parameters due to time and cost limitations. Here, a computational framework is proposed to simulate the growth of repairing neurites, captured using a random walk approach and parameterized against literature data. The framework is applied to a specific scenario where the engineered tissue comprises a collagen hydrogel with embedded biomaterial fibres. The size and number of fibres are optimized to maximize neurite regrowth, and the robustness of model predictions is tested through sensitivity analyses. The approach provides an in silico tool to inform the design of engineered replacement tissues, with the opportunity for further development to multi-cue environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Laranjeira
- UCL Mechanical Engineering, London, UK,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, UK
| | | | - K. S. Bhangra
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, UK
| | - J. B. Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, UK
| | - R. J. Shipley
- UCL Mechanical Engineering, London, UK,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Winter SJ, Miller HA, Steinbach-Rankins JM. Multicellular Ovarian Cancer Model for Evaluation of Nanovector Delivery in Ascites and Metastatic Environments. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1891. [PMID: 34834307 PMCID: PMC8625169 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multicellular model composed of epithelial ovarian cancer and fibroblast cells was developed as an in vitro platform to evaluate nanovector delivery and ultimately aid the development of targeted therapies. We hypothesized that the inclusion of peptide-based scaffold (PuraMatrix) in the spheroid matrix, to represent in vivo tumor microenvironment alterations along with metastatic site conditions, would enhance spheroid cell growth and migration and alter nanovector transport. The model was evaluated by comparing the growth and migration of ovarian cancer cells exposed to stromal cell activation and tissue hypoxia. Fibroblast activation was achieved via the TGF-β1 mediated pathway and tissue hypoxia via 3D spheroids incubated in hypoxia. Surface-modified nanovector transport was assessed via fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Consistent with previous in vivo observations in ascites and at distal metastases, spheroids exposed to activated stromal microenvironment were denser, more contractile and with more migratory cells than nonactivated counterparts. The hypoxic conditions resulted in negative radial spheroid growth over 5 d compared to a radial increase in normoxia. Nanovector penetration attenuated in PuraMatrix regardless of surface modification due to a denser environment. This platform may serve to evaluate nanovector transport based on ovarian ascites and metastatic environments, and longer term, it provide a means to evaluate nanotherapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Winter
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Hunter A. Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Jill M. Steinbach-Rankins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wong M, Gilmour D. Going your own way: Self-guidance mechanisms in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:116-123. [PMID: 34403875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How cells and tissues migrate from one location to another is a question of significant biological and medical relevance. Migration is generally thought to be controlled by external hardwired guidance cues, which cells follow by polarizing their internal locomotory machinery in the imposed direction. However, a number of recently discovered 'self-guidance' mechanisms have revealed that migrating cells have more control over the path they follow than previously thought. Here, directional information is generated by the migrating cells themselves via a dynamic interplay of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic regulators. In this review, we discuss how self-guidance can emerge from mechanisms acting at different levels of scale and how these enable cells to rapidly adapt to environmental challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mie Wong
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Darren Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jellyfish Collagen: A Biocompatible Collagen Source for 3D Scaffold Fabrication and Enhanced Chondrogenicity. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080405. [PMID: 34436244 PMCID: PMC8400217 DOI: 10.3390/md19080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease leading to degeneration of articular cartilage, causing morbidity in approximately 8.5 million of the UK population. As the dense extracellular matrix of articular cartilage is primarily composed of collagen, cartilage repair strategies have exploited the biocompatibility and mechanical strength of bovine and porcine collagen to produce robust scaffolds for procedures such as matrix-induced chondrocyte implantation (MACI). However, mammalian sourced collagens pose safety risks such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and possible transmission of viral vectors. This study characterised a non-mammalian jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo) collagen as an alternative, safer source in scaffold production for clinical use. Jellyfish collagen demonstrated comparable scaffold structural properties and stability when compared to mammalian collagen. Jellyfish collagen also displayed comparable immunogenic responses (platelet and leukocyte activation/cell death) and cytokine release profile in comparison to mammalian collagen in vitro. Further histological analysis of jellyfish collagen revealed bovine chondroprogenitor cell invasion and proliferation in the scaffold structures, where the scaffold supported enhanced chondrogenesis in the presence of TGFβ1. This study highlights the potential of jellyfish collagen as a safe and biocompatible biomaterial for both OA repair and further regenerative medicine applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mechanosensitive Regulation of Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050994. [PMID: 33922651 PMCID: PMC8145148 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells in the human body experience and integrate a wide variety of environmental cues. A growing interest in tissue mechanics in the past four decades has shown that the mechanical properties of tissue drive key biological processes and facilitate disease development. However, tissue stiffness is not only a potent behavioral cue, but also a product of cellular signaling activity. This review explores both roles of tissue stiffness in the context of inflammation and fibrosis, and the important molecular players driving such processes. During inflammation, proinflammatory cytokines upregulate tissue stiffness by increasing hydrostatic pressure, ECM deposition, and ECM remodeling. As the ECM stiffens, cells involved in the immune response employ intricate molecular sensors to probe and alter their mechanical environment, thereby facilitating immune cell recruitment and potentiating the fibrotic phenotype. This powerful feedforward loop raises numerous possibilities for drug development and warrants further investigation into the mechanisms specific to different fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Vesperini D, Montalvo G, Qu B, Lautenschläger F. Characterization of immune cell migration using microfabrication. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:185-202. [PMID: 34290841 PMCID: PMC8285443 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides our defense against pathogens and aberrant cells, including tumorigenic and infected cells. Motility is one of the fundamental characteristics that enable immune cells to find invading pathogens, control tissue damage, and eliminate primary developing tumors, even in the absence of external treatments. These processes are termed "immune surveillance." Migration disorders of immune cells are related to autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and tumor evasion. It is therefore essential to characterize immune cell motility in different physiologically and pathologically relevant scenarios to understand the regulatory mechanisms of functionality of immune responses. This review is focused on immune cell migration, to define the underlying mechanisms and the corresponding investigative approaches. We highlight the challenges that immune cells encounter in vivo, and the microfabrication methods to mimic particular aspects of their microenvironment. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed tools, and provide information on how to access them. Furthermore, we summarize the directional cues that regulate individual immune cell migration, and discuss the behavior of immune cells in a complex environment composed of multiple directional cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Vesperini
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Galia Montalvo
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Henning Stumpf B, Ambriović-Ristov A, Radenovic A, Smith AS. Recent Advances and Prospects in the Research of Nascent Adhesions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:574371. [PMID: 33343382 PMCID: PMC7746844 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nascent adhesions are submicron transient structures promoting the early adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix. Nascent adhesions typically consist of several tens of integrins, and serve as platforms for the recruitment and activation of proteins to build mature focal adhesions. They are also associated with early stage signaling and the mechanoresponse. Despite their crucial role in sampling the local extracellular matrix, very little is known about the mechanism of their formation. Consequently, there is a strong scientific activity focused on elucidating the physical and biochemical foundation of their development and function. Precisely the results of this effort will be summarized in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Henning Stumpf
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreja Ambriović-Ristov
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rens EG, Merks RM. Cell Shape and Durotaxis Explained from Cell-Extracellular Matrix Forces and Focal Adhesion Dynamics. iScience 2020; 23:101488. [PMID: 32896767 PMCID: PMC7482025 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cells are small and rounded on soft extracellular matrices (ECM), elongated on stiffer ECMs, and flattened on hard ECMs. Cells also migrate up stiffness gradients (durotaxis). Using a hybrid cellular Potts and finite-element model extended with ODE-based models of focal adhesion (FA) turnover, we show that the full range of cell shape and durotaxis can be explained in unison from dynamics of FAs, in contrast to previous mathematical models. In our 2D cell-shape model, FAs grow due to cell traction forces. Forces develop faster on stiff ECMs, causing FAs to stabilize and, consequently, cells to spread on stiff ECMs. If ECM stress further stabilizes FAs, cells elongate on substrates of intermediate stiffness. We show that durotaxis follows from the same set of assumptions. Our model contributes to the understanding of the basic responses of cells to ECM stiffness, paving the way for future modeling of more complex cell-ECM interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G. Rens
- Scientific Computing, CWI, Science Park 123, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Mathematics Department, University of British Columbia, Mathematics Road 1984, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Roeland M.H. Merks
- Scientific Computing, CWI, Science Park 123, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wierenga H, Wolde PRT. Diffusible Cross-linkers Cause Superexponential Friction Forces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:078101. [PMID: 32857554 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.078101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The friction between cytoskeletal filaments is of central importance for the formation of cellular structures such as the mitotic spindle and the cytokinetic ring. This friction is caused by passive cross-linkers, yet the underlying mechanism and the dependence on cross-linker density are poorly understood. Here, we use theory and computer simulations to study the friction between two filaments that are cross-linked by passive proteins, which can hop between discrete binding sites while physically excluding each other. The simulations reveal that filaments move via rare discrete jumps, which are associated with free-energy barrier crossings. We identify the reaction coordinate that governs the relative microtubule movement and derive an exact analytical expression for the free-energy barrier and the friction coefficient. Our analysis not only elucidates the molecular mechanism underlying cross-linker-induced filament friction, but also predicts that the friction coefficient scales superexponentially with the density of cross-linkers.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pal DS, Li X, Banerjee T, Miao Y, Devreotes PN. The excitable signal transduction networks: movers and shapers of eukaryotic cell migration. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 63:407-416. [PMID: 31840779 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.190265pd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In response to a variety of external cues, eukaryotic cells display varied migratory modes to perform their physiological functions during development and in the adult. Aberrations in cell migration result in embryonic defects and cancer metastasis. The molecular components involved in cell migration are remarkably conserved between the social amoeba Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. This makes the amoeba an excellent model system for studies of eukaryotic cell migration. These migration-associated components can be grouped into three networks: input, signal transduction and cytoskeletal. In migrating cells, signal transduction events such as Ras or PI3K activity occur at the protrusion tips, referred to as 'front', whereas events such as dissociation of PTEN from these regions are referred to as 'back'. Asymmetric distribution of such front and back events is crucial for establishing polarity and guiding cell migration. The triggering of these signaling events displays properties of biochemical excitability including all-or-nothing responsiveness to suprathreshold stimuli, refractoriness, and wave propagation. These signal transduction waves originate from a point and propagate towards the edge of the cell, thereby driving cytoskeletal activity and cellular protrusions. Any change in the threshold for network activation alters the range of the propagating waves and the size of cellular protrusions which gives rise to various migratory modes in cells. Thus, this review highlights excitable signal transduction networks as key players for coordinating cytoskeletal activities to drive cell migration in all eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman S Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Malik AA, Wennberg B, Gerlee P. The Impact of Elastic Deformations of the Extracellular Matrix on Cell Migration. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:49. [PMID: 32248312 PMCID: PMC7128007 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, in particular its stiffness, are known to impact cell migration. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model of a single cell migrating on an elastic matrix, which accounts for the deformation of the matrix induced by forces exerted by the cell, and investigate how the stiffness impacts the direction and speed of migration. We model a cell in 1D as a nucleus connected to a number of adhesion sites through elastic springs. The cell migrates by randomly updating the position of its adhesion sites. We start by investigating the case where the cell springs are constant, and then go on to assuming that they depend on the matrix stiffness, on matrices of both uniform stiffness as well as those with a stiffness gradient. We find that the assumption that cell springs depend on the substrate stiffness is necessary and sufficient for an efficient durotactic response. We compare simulations to recent experimental observations of human cancer cells exhibiting durotaxis, which show good qualitative agreement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Malik
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - B Wennberg
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Gerlee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li X, Miao Y, Pal DS, Devreotes PN. Excitable networks controlling cell migration during development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:133-142. [PMID: 31836289 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The directed movements of individual, groups, or sheets of cells at specific times in particular locations bring about form and complexity to developing organisms. Cells move by extending protrusions, such as macropinosomes, pseudopods, lamellipods, filopods, or blebs. Although many of the cytoskeletal components within these structures are known, less is known about the mechanisms that determine their location, number, and characteristics. Recent evidence suggests that control may be exerted by a signal transduction excitable network whose components and activities, including Ras, PI3K, TorC2, and phosphoinositides, self-organize on the plasma membrane and propagate in waves. The waves drive the various types of protrusions, which in turn, determine the modes of cell migration. Acute perturbations at specific points in the network produce abrupt shifts in protrusion type, including transitions from pseudopods to filopods or lamellipods. These observations have also contributed to a delineation of the signal transduction network, including candidate fast positive and delayed negative feedback loops. The network contains many oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and other molecules which have recently been implicated in developmental and metabolic abnormalities. Thus, the concept of signal transduction network excitability in cell migration can be used to understand disease states and morphological changes occurring in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
García-García R, Collet P, Truskinovsky L. Guided active particles. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:042608. [PMID: 31771015 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.042608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To account for the possibility of an externally driven taxis in active systems, we develop a model of a guided active drift which relies on the presence of an external guiding field and a vectorial coupling between the mechanical degrees of freedom and a chemical reaction. To characterize the ability of guided active particles to carry cargo, we generalize the notion of Stokes efficiency extending it to the case of stall conditions. To show the generality of the proposed mechanism, we discuss guided electric circuits capable of turning fluctuations into a directed current without a source of voltage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo García-García
- PMMH, CNRS UMR 7636, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 10 rue de Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Collet
- CPHT, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Lev Truskinovsky
- PMMH, CNRS UMR 7636, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 10 rue de Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Márquez S, Reig G, Concha M, Soto R. Cell migration driven by substrate deformation gradients. Phys Biol 2019; 16:066001. [PMID: 31394510 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab39c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the cues followed by cells is key to understand processes as embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, or several pathological conditions. Based on a durotaxis model, it is shown that cells moving on predeformed thin elastic membrane follow the direction of increasing strain of the substrate. This mechanism, straintaxis, does not distinguish the origin of the strain, but the active stresses produce large strains on cells or tissues being used as substrates. Hence, straintaxis is the natural realization of duratoaxis in vivo. Considering a circular geometry for the substrate cells, it is shown that if the annular component of the active stress component increases with the radial distance, cells migrate toward the substrate cell borders. With appropriate estimation for the different parameters, the migration speeds are similar to those obtained in recent experiments (Reig et al 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15431). In these, during the annual killifish epiboly, deep cells that move in contact with the epithelial enveloping cell layer (EVL), migrate toward the EVL cell borders with speeds of microns per minute.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Márquez
- Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li Y, Sun SX. Transition from Actin-Driven to Water-Driven Cell Migration Depends on External Hydraulic Resistance. Biophys J 2019; 114:2965-2973. [PMID: 29925032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in vivo can reside in diverse physical and biochemical environments. For example, epithelial cells typically live in a two-dimensional (2D) environment, whereas metastatic cancer cells can move through dense three-dimensional matrices. These distinct environments impose different kinds of mechanical forces on cells and thus potentially can influence the mechanism of cell migration. For example, cell movement on 2D flat surfaces is mostly driven by forces from focal adhesion and actin polymerization, whereas in confined geometries, it can be driven by water permeation. In this work, we utilize a two-phase model of the cellular cytoplasm in which the mechanics of the cytosol and the F-actin network are treated on an equal footing. Using conservation laws and simple force balance considerations, we are able to describe the contributions of water flux, actin polymerization and flow, and focal adhesions to cell migration both on 2D surfaces and in confined spaces. The theory shows how cell migration can seamlessly transition from a focal adhesion- and actin-based mechanism on 2D surfaces to a water-based mechanism in confined geometries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sean X Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Uroz M, Garcia-Puig A, Tekeli I, Elosegui-Artola A, Abenza JF, Marín-Llauradó A, Pujals S, Conte V, Albertazzi L, Roca-Cusachs P, Raya Á, Trepat X. Traction forces at the cytokinetic ring regulate cell division and polyploidy in the migrating zebrafish epicardium. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1015-1023. [PMID: 31160803 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial repair and regeneration are driven by collective cell migration and division. Both cellular functions involve tightly controlled mechanical events, but how physical forces regulate cell division in migrating epithelia is largely unknown. Here we show that cells dividing in the migrating zebrafish epicardium exert large cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) forces during cytokinesis. These forces point towards the division axis and are exerted through focal adhesions that connect the cytokinetic ring to the underlying ECM. When subjected to high loading rates, these cytokinetic focal adhesions prevent closure of the contractile ring, leading to multi-nucleation through cytokinetic failure. By combining a clutch model with experiments on substrates of different rigidity, ECM composition and ligand density, we show that failed cytokinesis is triggered by adhesion reinforcement downstream of increased myosin density. The mechanical interaction between the cytokinetic ring and the ECM thus provides a mechanism for the regulation of cell division and polyploidy that may have implications in regeneration and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Uroz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Garcia-Puig
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isil Tekeli
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Elosegui-Artola
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan F Abenza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Marín-Llauradó
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pujals
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vito Conte
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Raya
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mukherjee A, Behkam B, Nain AS. Cancer Cells Sense Fibers by Coiling on them in a Curvature-Dependent Manner. iScience 2019; 19:905-915. [PMID: 31513975 PMCID: PMC6742781 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells sense the complex and heterogeneous fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) by formation of protrusions, and our knowledge of how cells physically recognize these fibers remains in its infancy. Here, using suspended ECM-mimicking isodiameter fibers ranging from 135 to 1,000 nm, we show that metastatic breast cancer cells sense fiber diameters differentially by coiling (wrapping-around) on them in a curvature-dependent manner, whereas non-tumorigenic cells exhibit diminished coiling. We report that coiling occurs at the tip of growing protrusions and the coil width and coiling rate increase in a curvature-dependent manner, but time to maximum coil width occurs biphasically. Interestingly, bundles of 135-nm diameter fibers recover coiling width and rate on 1,000-nm-diameter fibers. Coiling also coincides with curvature-dependent persistent and ballistic transport of endogenous granules inside the protrusions. Altogether, our results lay the groundwork to link biophysical sensing with biological signaling to quantitate pro- and anti-invasive fibrous environments. Video Abstract
Cells sense ECM-mimicking suspended fibers by coiling (wrapping around) Coiling occurs at the tip of growing protrusions in a curvature-dependent manner Non-tumorigenic cells exhibit diminished coiling compared with metastatic cells A bundle of small-diameter fibers recover coiling observed on a large-diameter fiber
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apratim Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Amrinder S Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Accardo A, Cirillo C, Lionnet S, Vieu C, Loubinoux I. Interfacing cells with microengineered scaffolds for neural tissue reconstruction. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:202-211. [PMID: 31348979 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of cellular microenvironments suitable for neural tissue engineering purposes involves a plethora of research fields ranging from cell biology to biochemistry, neurosciences, physics, nanotechnology, mechanobiology. In the last two decades, this multi-disciplinary activity has led to the emergence of numerous strategies to create architectures capable of reproducing the topological, biochemical and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix present in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Some of these approaches have succeeded in inducing the functional recovery of damaged areas in the CNS and the PNS to address the current lack of effective medical treatments for this type of injury. In this review, we analyze recent developments in the realization of two-dimensional and three-dimensional neuronal scaffolds following either top-down or bottom-up approaches. After providing an overview of the different fabrication techniques employed for tailoring the biomaterials, we draw on specific examples to describe the major features of the developed approaches. We then conclude with prospective proof of concept studies on guiding scaffolds and regenerative models on macro-scale brain implants targeting neural regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Accardo
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Carla Cirillo
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, 31024, UPS, France
| | - Sarah Lionnet
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, 31024, UPS, France
| | - Christophe Vieu
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - INSA, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, 31024, UPS, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Feng J, Levine H, Mao X, Sander LM. Cell motility, contact guidance, and durotaxis. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4856-4864. [PMID: 31161163 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of the substrate play a vital role in cell motility. In particular, cells have been shown to migrate along aligned fibers in the substrate (contact guidance) and up stiffness gradients (durotaxis). Here we present a simple mechanical model for cell migration coupled to substrate properties, by placing a simulated cell on a lattice mimicking biopolymer gels or hydrogels. In our model cells attach to the substrate via focal adhesions (FAs). As the cells contract, forces are generated at the FAs, determining their maturation and detachment. At the same time, the cell was also allowed to move and rotate to maintain force and torque balance. Our model, in which the cells only have access to information regarding forces acting at the FAs, without a prior knowledge of the substrate stiffness or geometry, is able to reproduce both contact guidance and durotaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Feng
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Minardi S, Taraballi F, Cabrera FJ, Van Eps J, Wang X, Gazze SA, Fernandez-Mourev JS, Tampieri A, Francis L, Weiner BK, Tasciotti E. Biomimetic hydroxyapatite/collagen composite drives bone niche recapitulation in a rabbit orthotopic model. Mater Today Bio 2019; 2:100005. [PMID: 32159142 PMCID: PMC7061691 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic osteoinductive materials that mimic the human osteogenic niche have emerged as ideal candidates to address this area of unmet clinical need. In this study, we evaluated the osteoinductive potential in a rabbit orthotopic model of a magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite/type I collagen (MHA/Coll) composite. The composite was fabricated to exhibit a highly fibrous structure of carbonated MHA with 70% (±2.1) porosity and a Ca/P ratio of 1.5 (±0.03) as well as a diverse range of elasticity separated to two distinct stiffness peaks of low (2.35 ± 1.16 MPa) and higher (9.52 ± 2.10 MPa) Young's Modulus. Data suggested that these specific compositional and nanomechanical material properties induced the deposition of de novo mineral phase, while modulating the expression of early and late osteogenic marker genes, in a 3D in vitro model using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). When tested in the rabbit orthotopic model, MHA/Col1 scaffold induction of new trabecular bone mass was observed by DynaCT scan, only 2 weeks after implantation. Bone histomorphometry at 6 weeks revealed a significant amount of de novo bone matrix formation. qPCR demonstrated MHA/Coll scaffold full cellularization in vivo and the expression of both osteogenesis-associated genes (Spp1, Sparc, Col1a1, Runx2, Dlx5) as well as hematopoietic (Vcam1, Cd38, Sele, Kdr) and bone marrow stromal cell marker genes (Vim, Itgb1, Alcam). Altogether, these data provide evidence of the solid osteoinductive potential of MHA/Coll and its suitability for multiple approaches of bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Minardi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA.,National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, RA Italy.,Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - F Taraballi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Houston Methodist Orthopedic and Sports Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - F J Cabrera
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Van Eps
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - X Wang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - S A Gazze
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Joseph S Fernandez-Mourev
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., Suite 1660, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A Tampieri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, RA Italy
| | - L Francis
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - B K Weiner
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Houston Methodist Orthopedic and Sports Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E Tasciotti
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Houston Methodist Orthopedic and Sports Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Almouemen N, Kelly HM, O'Leary C. Tissue Engineering: Understanding the Role of Biomaterials and Biophysical Forces on Cell Functionality Through Computational and Structural Biotechnology Analytical Methods. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:591-598. [PMID: 31080565 PMCID: PMC6502738 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past 25 years, tissue engineering (TE) has grown enormously as a science and as an industry. Although classically concerned with the recapitulation of tissue and organ formation in our body for regenerative medicine, the evolution of TE research is intertwined with progress in other fields through the examination of cell function and behaviour in isolated biomimetic microenvironments. As such, TE applications now extend beyond the field of tissue regeneration research, operating as a platform for modifiable, physiologically-representative in vitro models with the potential to improve the translation of novel therapeutics into the clinic through a more informed understanding of the relevant molecular biology, structural biology, anatomy, and physiology. By virtue of their biomimicry, TE constructs incorporate features of extracellular macrostructure, molecular adhesive moieties, and biomechanical properties, converging with computational and structural biotechnology advances. Accordingly, this mini-review serves to contextualise TE for the computational and structural biotechnology reader and provides an outlook on how the disciplines overlap with respect to relevant advanced analytical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Almouemen
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Helena M. Kelly
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cian O'Leary
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Malik AA, Gerlee P. Mathematical modelling of cell migration: stiffness dependent jump rates result in durotaxis. J Math Biol 2019; 78:2289-2315. [PMID: 30972438 PMCID: PMC6534528 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-019-01344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Durotaxis, the phenomena where cells migrate up a gradient in substrate stiffness, remains poorly understood. It has been proposed that durotaxis results from the reinforcement of focal adhesions on stiff substrates. In this paper we formulate a mathematical model of single cell migration on elastic substrates with spatially varying stiffness. We develop a stochastic model where the cell moves by updating the position of its adhesion sites at random times, and the rate of updates is determined by the local stiffness of the substrate. We investigate two physiologically motivated mechanisms of stiffness sensing. From the stochastic model of single cell migration we derive a population level description in the form of a partial differential equation for the time evolution of the density of cells. The equation is an advection–diffusion equation, where the advective velocity is proportional to the stiffness gradient. The model shows quantitative agreement with experimental results in which cells tend to cluster when seeded on a matrix with periodically varying stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Malik
- Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden. .,Mathematical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Philip Gerlee
- Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden.,Mathematical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chi PY, Spuul P, Tseng FG, Genot E, Chou CF, Taloni A. Cell Migration in Microfluidic Devices: Invadosomes Formation in Confined Environments. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1146:79-103. [PMID: 31612455 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17593-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The last 20 years have seen the blooming of microfluidics technologies applied to biological sciences. Microfluidics provides effective tools for biological analysis, allowing the experimentalists to extend their playground to single cells and single molecules, with high throughput and resolution which were inconceivable few decades ago. In particular, microfluidic devices are profoundly changing the conventional way of studying the cell motility and cell migratory dynamics. In this chapter we will furnish a comprehensive view of the advancements made in the research domain of confinement-induced cell migration, thanks to the use of microfluidic devices. The chapter is subdivided in three parts. Each section will be addressing one of the fundamental questions that the microfluidic technology is contributing to unravel: (i) where cell migration takes place, (ii) why cells migrate and, (iii) how the cells migrate. The first introductory part is devoted to a thumbnail, and partially historical, description of microfluidics and its impact in biological sciences. Stress will be put on two aspects of the devices fabrication process, which are crucial for biological applications: materials used and coating methods. The second paragraph concerns the cell migration induced by environmental cues: chemical, leading to chemotaxis, mechanical, at the basis of mechanotaxis, and electrical, which induces electrotaxis. Each of them will be addressed separately, highlighting the fundamental role of microfluidics in providing the well-controlled experimental conditions where cell migration can be induced, investigated and ultimately understood. The third part of the chapter is entirely dedicated to how the cells move in confined environments. Invadosomes (the joint name for podosomes and invadopodia) are cell protrusion that contribute actively to cell migration or invasion. The formation of invadosomes under confinement is a research topic that only recently has caught the attention of the scientific community: microfluidic design is helping shaping the future direction of this emerging field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yin Chi
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pirjo Spuul
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Elisabeth Genot
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Chia-Fu Chou
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Genomics Research Center and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Alessandro Taloni
- Institute for Complex Systems, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cherdantsev VG, Korvin-Pavlovskaya EG. Fluid model of epithelial morphogenesis: Oscillations and structuring. Biosystems 2018; 173:83-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
32
|
Evstifeeva AY, Luchinskaia NN, Beloussov LV. Stress-generating tissue deformations in Xenopus embryos: Long-range gradients and local cell displacements. Biosystems 2018; 173:52-64. [PMID: 30273637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the role of endogenous mechanical stresses in regulating morphogenetic movements and cell differentiation is now well established, many aspects of mechanical stress generation and transmission in developing embryos remain unclear and require quantitative studies. RESULTS By measuring stress-bearing linear deformations (caused by differences in cell movement rates) in the outer cell layer of blastula - early tail-bud Xenopus embryos, we revealed a set of long-term tension-generating gradients of cell movement rates, modulated by short-term cell-cell displacements much increasing the rates of local deformations. Experimental relaxation of tensions distorted the gradients but preserved and even enhanced local cell-cell displacements. During development, an incoherent mode of cell behavior, characterized by extensive cell-cell displacements and poorly correlated cell trajectories, was exchanged for a more coherent regime with the opposite characteristics. In particular, cell shifts became more synchronous and acquired a periodicity of several dozen minutes. CONCLUSIONS Morphogenetic movements in Xenopus embryos are mediated by mechanically stressed dynamic structures of two different levels: extended gradients and short-term cell-cell displacements. As development proceeds, the latter component decreases and cell trajectories become more correlated. In particular, they acquire common periodicities, making morphogenesis more coherent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Evstifeeva
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia.
| | - N N Luchinskaia
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| | - L V Beloussov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Spill F, Bakal C, Mak M. Mechanical and Systems Biology of Cancer. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:237-245. [PMID: 30105089 PMCID: PMC6077126 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanics and biochemical signaling are both often deregulated in cancer, leading toincreased cell invasiveness, proliferation, and survival. The dynamics and interactions of cytoskeletal components control basic mechanical properties, such as cell tension, stiffness, and engagement with the extracellular environment, which can lead to extracellular matrix remodeling. Intracellular mechanics can alter signaling and transcription factors, impacting cell decision making. Additionally, signaling from soluble and mechanical factors in the extracellular environment, such as substrate stiffness and ligand density, can modulate cytoskeletal dynamics. Computational models closely integrated with experimental support, incorporating cancer-specific parameters, can provide quantitative assessments and serve as predictive tools toward dissecting the feedback between signaling and mechanics and across multiple scales and domains in tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Spill
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chris Bakal
- Division of Cancer Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Michael Mak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wagner F, Holzapfel BM, McGovern JA, Shafiee A, Baldwin JG, Martine LC, Lahr CA, Wunner FM, Friis T, Bas O, Boxberg M, Prodinger PM, Shokoohmand A, Moi D, Mazzieri R, Loessner D, Hutmacher DW. Humanization of bone and bone marrow in an orthotopic site reveals new potential therapeutic targets in osteosarcoma. Biomaterials 2018; 171:230-246. [PMID: 29705656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing preclinical murine models often fail to predict effects of anti-cancer drugs. In order to minimize interspecies-differences between murine hosts and human bone tumors of in vivo xenograft platforms, we tissue-engineered a novel orthotopic humanized bone model. METHODS Orthotopic humanized tissue engineered bone constructs (ohTEBC) were fabricated by 3D printing of medical-grade polycaprolactone scaffolds, which were seeded with human osteoblasts and embedded within polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels containing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Constructs were then implanted at the femur of NOD-scid and NSG mice. NSG mice were then bone marrow transplanted with human CD34 + cells. Human osteosarcoma (OS) growth was induced within the ohTEBCs by direct injection of Luc-SAOS-2 cells. Tissues were harvested for bone matrix and marrow morphology analysis as well as tumor biology investigations. Tumor marker expression was analyzed in the humanized OS and correlated with the expression in 68 OS patients utilizing tissue micro arrays (TMA). RESULTS After harvesting the femurs micro computed tomography and immunohistochemical staining showed an organ, which had all features of human bone. Around the original mouse femur new bone trabeculae have formed surrounded by a bone cortex. Staining for human specific (hs) collagen type-I (hs Col-I) showed human extracellular bone matrix production. The presence of nuclei staining positive for human nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (hs NuMa) proved the osteocytes residing within the bone matrix were of human origin. Flow cytometry verified the presence of human hematopoietic cells. After injection of Luc-SAOS-2 cells a primary tumor and lung metastasis developed. After euthanization histological analysis showed pathognomic features of osteoblastic OS. Furthermore, the tumor utilized the previously implanted HUVECS for angiogenesis. Tumor marker expression was similar to human patients. Moreover, the recently discovered musculoskeletal gene C12orf29 was expressed in the most common subtypes of OS patient samples. CONCLUSION OhTEBCs represent a suitable orthotopic microenvironment for humanized OS growth and offers a new translational direction, as the femur is the most common location of OS. The newly developed and validated preclinical model allows controlled and predictive marker studies of primary bone tumors and other bone malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Wagner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany; Department of Orthopedics for the University of Regensburg, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, Kaiser-Karl V.-Allee 3, 93077 Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - Boris M Holzapfel
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jacqui A McGovern
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeremy G Baldwin
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laure C Martine
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christoph A Lahr
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felix M Wunner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thor Friis
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Onur Bas
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melanie Boxberg
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter M Prodinger
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Shokoohmand
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Davide Moi
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roberta Mazzieri
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia; George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Computational modeling of three-dimensional ECM-rigidity sensing to guide directed cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E390-E399. [PMID: 29295934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717230115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Filopodia have a key role in sensing both chemical and mechanical cues in surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). However, quantitative understanding is still missing in the filopodial mechanosensing of local ECM stiffness, resulting from dynamic interactions between filopodia and the surrounding 3D ECM fibers. Here we present a method for characterizing the stiffness of ECM that is sensed by filopodia based on the theory of elasticity and discrete ECM fiber. We have applied this method to a filopodial mechanosensing model for predicting directed cell migration toward stiffer ECM. This model provides us with a distribution of force and displacement as well as their time rate of changes near the tip of a filopodium when it is bound to the surrounding ECM fibers. Aggregating these effects in each local region of 3D ECM, we express the local ECM stiffness sensed by the cell and explain polarity in the cellular durotaxis mechanism.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chiou K, Collins EMS. Why we need mechanics to understand animal regeneration. Dev Biol 2017; 433:155-165. [PMID: 29179947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are an important contributor to cell fate specification and cell migration during embryonic development in animals. Similarities between embryogenesis and regeneration, particularly with regards to pattern formation and large-scale tissue movements, suggest similarly important roles for physical forces during regeneration. While the influence of the mechanical environment on stem cell differentiation in vitro is being actively exploited in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, comparatively little is known about the role of stresses and strains acting during animal regeneration. In this review, we summarize published work on the role of physical principles and mechanical forces in animal regeneration. Novel experimental techniques aimed at addressing the role of mechanics in embryogenesis have greatly enhanced our understanding at scales from the subcellular to the macroscopic - we believe the time is ripe for the field of regeneration to similarly leverage the tools of the mechanobiological research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Physics Department, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell&Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mkrtschjan MA, Gaikwad SB, Kappenman KJ, Solís C, Dommaraju S, Le LV, Desai TA, Russell B. Lipid signaling affects primary fibroblast collective migration and anchorage in response to stiffness and microtopography. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3672-3683. [PMID: 29034471 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is regulated by several mechanotransduction pathways, which consist of sensing and converting mechanical microenvironmental cues to internal biochemical cellular signals, such as protein phosphorylation and lipid signaling. While there has been significant progress in understanding protein changes in the context of mechanotransduction, lipid signaling is more difficult to investigate. In this study, physical cues of stiffness (10, 100, 400 kPa, and glass), and microrod or micropost topography were manipulated in order to reprogram primary fibroblasts and assess the effects of lipid signaling on the actin cytoskeleton. In an in vitro wound closure assay, primary cardiac fibroblast migration velocity was significantly higher on soft polymeric substrata. Modulation of PIP2 availability through neomycin treatment nearly doubled migration velocity on 10 kPa substrata, with significant increases on all stiffnesses. The distance between focal adhesions and the lamellar membrane (using wortmannin treatment to increase PIP2 via PI3K inhibition) was significantly shortest compared to untreated fibroblasts grown on the same surface. PIP2 localized to the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts more prominently in neomycin-treated cells. The membrane-bound protein, lamellipodin, did not vary under any condition. Additionally, fifteen micron-high micropost topography, which blocks migration, concentrates PIP2 near to the post. Actin dynamics within stress fibers, measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, was not significantly different with stiffness, microtopography, nor with drug treatment. PIP2-modulating drugs delivered from microrod structures also affected migration velocity. Thus, manipulation of the microenvironment and lipid signaling regulatory drugs might be beneficial in improving therapeutics geared toward wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mkrtschjan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Snehal B Gaikwad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kevin J Kappenman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher Solís
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sagar Dommaraju
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Long V Le
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tejal A Desai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Brenda Russell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Huang G, Li F, Zhao X, Ma Y, Li Y, Lin M, Jin G, Lu TJ, Genin GM, Xu F. Functional and Biomimetic Materials for Engineering of the Three-Dimensional Cell Microenvironment. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12764-12850. [PMID: 28991456 PMCID: PMC6494624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the cell microenvironment serves not only as a structural foundation for cells but also as a source of three-dimensional (3D) biochemical and biophysical cues that trigger and regulate cell behaviors. Increasing evidence suggests that the 3D character of the microenvironment is required for development of many critical cell responses observed in vivo, fueling a surge in the development of functional and biomimetic materials for engineering the 3D cell microenvironment. Progress in the design of such materials has improved control of cell behaviors in 3D and advanced the fields of tissue regeneration, in vitro tissue models, large-scale cell differentiation, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. However, the field is still in its infancy, and discoveries about the nature of cell-microenvironment interactions continue to overturn much early progress in the field. Key challenges continue to be dissecting the roles of chemistry, structure, mechanics, and electrophysiology in the cell microenvironment, and understanding and harnessing the roles of periodicity and drift in these factors. This review encapsulates where recent advances appear to leave the ever-shifting state of the art, and it highlights areas in which substantial potential and uncertainty remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyou Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical
Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Guorui Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering &
Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, MO,
USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for
Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130,
MO, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Solanki HS, Babu N, Jain AP, Bhat MY, Puttamallesh VN, Advani J, Raja R, Mangalaparthi KK, Kumar MM, Prasad TSK, Mathur PP, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Cigarette smoke induces mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in lung cells. Mitochondrion 2017; 40:58-70. [PMID: 29042306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular transformation owing to cigarette smoking is due to chronic exposure and not acute. However, systematic studies to understand the molecular alterations in lung cells due to cigarette smoke are lacking. To understand these molecular alterations induced by chronic cigarette smoke exposure, we carried out tandem mass tag (TMT) based temporal proteomic profiling of lung cells exposed to cigarette smoke for upto 12months. We identified 2620 proteins in total, of which 671 proteins were differentially expressed (1.5-fold) after 12months of exposure. Prolonged exposure of lung cells to smoke for 12months revealed dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and overexpression of enzymes involved in TCA cycle. In addition, we also observed overexpression of enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism, fatty acid degradation and lactate synthesis. This could possibly explain the availability of alternative source of carbon to TCA cycle apart from glycolytic pyruvate. Our data indicates that chronic exposure to cigarette smoke induces mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in cells to support growth and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S Solanki
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Niraj Babu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ankit P Jain
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Mohd Younis Bhat
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690 525, India
| | - Vinuth N Puttamallesh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690 525, India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Remya Raja
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India
| | - Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690 525, India
| | - Mahesh M Kumar
- Department of Neuro-Virology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India; YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575018, India
| | | | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India.
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
See HH, Herath SCB, Arayanarakool R, Du Y, Tan E, Ge R, Asada H, Chen PCY. An Electromagnetic System for Inducing a Localized Force Gradient in an ECM and Its Influence on HMVEC Sprouting. SLAS Technol 2017; 23:70-82. [PMID: 28922618 DOI: 10.1177/2472630317730002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been observed to influence the behavior of cells. Investigations on such an influence commonly rely on using soluble cues to alter the global intrinsic ECM properties in order to study the subsequent response of cells. This article presents an electromagnetic system for inducing a localized force gradient in an ECM, and reports the experimentally observed effect of such a force gradient on in vitro angiogenic sprouting of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). This force gradient is realized through the induction of magnetic forces on the superparamagnetic microparticle-embedded ECM ( sECM). Both analytical and statistically meaningful experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in influencing the behavior of a targeted HMVEC sprout without affecting that of other sprouts nearby. These results suggest the possibility of selectively controlling the in vitro behavior of cells by the induction of a localized force gradient in the ECM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hian Hian See
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sahan C B Herath
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,2 Biosystem and Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Program, Singapore
| | | | - Yue Du
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evan Tan
- 2 Biosystem and Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Program, Singapore.,3 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruowen Ge
- 2 Biosystem and Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Program, Singapore.,3 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harry Asada
- 2 Biosystem and Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Program, Singapore.,4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter C Y Chen
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,2 Biosystem and Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Program, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Devreotes PN, Bhattacharya S, Edwards M, Iglesias PA, Lampert T, Miao Y. Excitable Signal Transduction Networks in Directed Cell Migration. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2017; 33:103-125. [PMID: 28793794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although directed migration of eukaryotic cells may have evolved to escape nutrient depletion, it has been adopted for an extensive range of physiological events during development and in the adult organism. The subversion of these movements results in disease, such as cancer. Mechanisms of propulsion and sensing are extremely diverse, but most eukaryotic cells move by extending actin-filled protrusions termed macropinosomes, pseudopodia, or lamellipodia or by extension of blebs. In addition to motility, directed migration involves polarity and directional sensing. The hundreds of gene products involved in these processes are organized into networks of parallel and interconnected pathways. Many of these components are activated or inhibited coordinately with stimulation and on each spontaneously extended protrusion. Moreover, these networks display hallmarks of excitability, including all-or-nothing responsiveness and wave propagation. Cellular protrusions result from signal transduction waves that propagate outwardly from an origin and drive cytoskeletal activity. The range of the propagating waves and hence the size of the protrusions can be altered by lowering or raising the threshold for network activation, with larger and wider protrusions favoring gliding or oscillatory behavior over amoeboid migration. Here, we evaluate the variety of models of excitable networks controlling directed migration and outline critical tests. We also discuss the utility of this emerging view in producing cell migration and in integrating the various extrinsic cues that direct migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Sayak Bhattacharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Marc Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Thomas Lampert
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sunami H, Shimizu Y, Denda J, Yokota I, Yoshizawa T, Uechi Y, Nakasone H, Igarashi Y, Kishimoto H, Matsushita M. Modulation of surface stiffness and cell patterning on polymer films using micropatterns. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:976-985. [PMID: 28474403 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, a new technology was developed to selectively produce areas of high and low surface Young's modulus on biomedical polymer films using micropatterns. First, an elastic polymer film was adhered to a striped micropattern to fabricate a micropattern-supported film. Next, the topography and Young's modulus of the film surface were mapped using atomic force microscopy. Contrasts between the concave and convex locations of the stripe pattern were obvious in the Young's modulus map, although the topographical map of the film surface appeared almost flat. The concave and convex locations of a polymer film supported by a different micropattern also contrasted clearly. The resulting Young's modulus map showed that the Young's modulus was higher at convex locations than at concave locations. Hence, regions of high and low stiffness can be locally generated based on the shape of the micropattern supporting the film. When cells were cultured on the micropattern-supported films, NIH3T3 fibroblasts preferentially accumulated in convex regions with high Young's moduli. These findings demonstrate that this new technology can regulate regions of high and low surface Young's modulus on a cellular scaffold with high planar resolution, as well as providing a method for directing cellular patterning. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 976-985, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sunami
- School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimizu
- School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Junko Denda
- School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yokota
- Frontier Research Center for Post-genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Advanced Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizawa
- Creative Research Institution (CRIS), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Uechi
- School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | | | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Frontier Research Center for Post-genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Advanced Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Novikova EA, Raab M, Discher DE, Storm C. Persistence-Driven Durotaxis: Generic, Directed Motility in Rigidity Gradients. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:078103. [PMID: 28256894 PMCID: PMC5338469 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.078103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cells move differently on substrates with different rigidities: the persistence time of their motion is higher on stiffer substrates. We show that this behavior-in and of itself-results in a net flux of cells directed up a soft-to-stiff gradient. Using simple random walk models with varying persistence and stochastic simulations, we characterize the propensity to move in terms of the durotactic index also measured in experiments. A one-dimensional model captures the essential features and highlights the competition between diffusive spreading and linear, wavelike propagation. Persistence-driven durokinesis is generic and may be of use in the design of instructive environments for cells and other motile, mechanosensitive objects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta A Novikova
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell(I2BC), Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay(iBiTec-S), CEA, CNRS, Universite Paris Sud, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Raab
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics and Graduate Group in Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cai P, Layani M, Leow WR, Amini S, Liu Z, Qi D, Hu B, Wu YL, Miserez A, Magdassi S, Chen X. Bio-Inspired Mechanotactic Hybrids for Orchestrating Traction-Mediated Epithelial Migration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3102-3110. [PMID: 26913959 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A platform of mechanotactic hybrids is established by projecting lateral gradients of apparent interfacial stiffness onto the planar surface of a compliant hydrogel layer using an underlying rigid substrate with microstructures inherited from 3D printed molds. Using this platform, the mechanistic coupling of epithelial migration with the stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is found to be independent of the interfacial compositional and topographical cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingqiang Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael Layani
- Casali Center, Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shahrouz Amini
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Benhui Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ali Miserez
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Center, Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Allena R, Scianna M, Preziosi L. A Cellular Potts Model of single cell migration in presence of durotaxis. Math Biosci 2016; 275:57-70. [PMID: 26968932 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental biological phenomenon during which cells sense their surroundings and respond to different types of signals. In presence of durotaxis, cells preferentially crawl from soft to stiff substrates by reorganizing their cytoskeleton from an isotropic to an anisotropic distribution of actin filaments. In the present paper, we propose a Cellular Potts Model to simulate single cell migration over flat substrates with variable stiffness. We have tested five configurations: (i) a substrate including a soft and a stiff region, (ii) a soft substrate including two parallel stiff stripes, (iii) a substrate made of successive stripes with increasing stiffness to create a gradient and (iv) a stiff substrate with four embedded soft squares. For each simulation, we have evaluated the morphology of the cell, the distance covered, the spreading area and the migration speed. We have then compared the numerical results to specific experimental observations showing a consistent agreement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Allena
- Arts et Metiers ParisTech, LBM/Institut de Biomecanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 bd de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - M Scianna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mathematiche, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - L Preziosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mathematiche, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee S, Hong J, Lee J. Cell motility regulation on a stepped micro pillar array device (SMPAD) with a discrete stiffness gradient. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:2325-2333. [PMID: 26787193 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00649j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Our tissues consist of individual cells that respond to the elasticity of their environment, which varies between and within tissues. To better understand mechanically driven cell migration, it is necessary to manipulate the stiffness gradient across a substrate. Here, we have demonstrated a new variant of the microfabricated polymeric pillar array platform that can decouple the stiffness gradient from the ECM protein area. This goal is achieved via a "stepped" micro pillar array device (SMPAD) in which the contact area with the cell was kept constant while the diameter of the pillar bodies was altered to attain the proper mechanical stiffness. Using double-step SU-8 mold fabrication, the diameter of the top of every pillar was kept uniform, whereas that of the bottom was changed, to achieve the desired substrate rigidity. Fibronectin was immobilized on the pillar tops, providing a focal adhesion site for cells. C2C12, HeLa and NIH3T3 cells were cultured on the SMPAD, and the motion of the cells was observed by time-lapse microscopy. Using this simple platform, which produces a purely physical stimulus, we observed that various types of cell behavior are affected by the mechanical stimulus of the environment. We also demonstrated directed cell migration guided by a discrete rigidity gradient by varying stiffness. Interestingly, cell velocity was highest at the highest stiffness. Our approach enables the regulation of the mechanical properties of the polymeric pillar array device and eliminates the effects of the size of the contact area. This technique is a unique tool for studying cellular motion and behavior relative to various stiffness gradients in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
| | - Juhee Hong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
| | - Junghoon Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea. and Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fallqvist B. Implementing cell contractility in filament-based cytoskeletal models. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:93-106. [PMID: 26899417 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells are known to respond over time to mechanical stimuli, even actively generating force at longer times. In this paper, a microstructural filament-based cytoskeletal network model is extended to incorporate this active response, and a computational study to assess the influence on relaxation behaviour was performed. The incorporation of an active response was achieved by including a strain energy function of contractile activity from the cross-linked actin filaments. A four-state chemical model and strain energy function was adopted, and generalisation to three dimensions and the macroscopic deformation field was performed by integration over the unit sphere. Computational results in MATLAB and ABAQUS/Explicit indicated an active cellular response over various time-scales, dependent on contractile parameters. Important features such as force generation and increasing cell stiffness due to prestress are qualitatively predicted. The work in this paper can easily be extended to encompass other filament-based cytoskeletal models as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Fallqvist
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 8, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Heris HK, Daoud J, Sheibani S, Vali H, Tabrizian M, Mongeau L. Investigation of the Viability, Adhesion, and Migration of Human Fibroblasts in a Hyaluronic Acid/Gelatin Microgel-Reinforced Composite Hydrogel for Vocal Fold Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:255-65. [PMID: 26501384 PMCID: PMC4885111 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of a novel scaffold biomaterial consisting of cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA)-gelatin (Ge) composite microgels is investigated for use in treating vocal fold injury and scarring. Cell adhesion integrins and kinematics of cell motion are investigated in 2D and 3D culture conditions, respectively. Human vocal fold fibroblast (hVFF) cells are seeded on HA-Ge microgels attached to a HA hydrogel thin film. The results show that hVFF cells establish effective adhesion to HA-Ge microgels through the ubiquitous expression of β1 integrin in the cell membrane. The microgels are then encapsulated in a 3D HA hydrogel for the study of cell migration. The cells within the HA-Ge microgel-reinforced composite hydrogel (MRCH) scaffold have an average motility speed of 0.24 ± 0.08 μm min(-1) . The recorded microscopic images reveal features that are presumably associated with lobopodial and lamellipodial cell migration modes within the MRCH scaffold. Average cell speed during lobopodial migration is greater than that during lamellipodial migration. The cells move faster in the MRCH than in the HA-Ge gel without microgels. These findings support the hypothesis that HA-Ge MRCH promotes cell adhesion and migration; thereby they constitute a promising biomaterial for vocal fold repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein K. Heris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
| | - Jamal Daoud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
| | - Sara Sheibani
- Biological Threat Defence Section, Defence R&D Canada-Suffield, Medicine Hat, (AB)
| | | | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
| | - Luc Mongeau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Collective cell migration: guidance principles and hierarchies. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:556-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|