1
|
Xiang Z, Yang L, Yu B, Zeng Q, Huang T, Shi S, Yu H, Zhang Y, Wu J, Zhu M. Recent advances in polymer-based thin-film electrodes for ECoG applications. J Mater Chem B 2025; 13:454-471. [PMID: 39588722 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb02090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2024]
Abstract
Electrocorticography (ECoG) has garnered widespread attention owing to its superior signal resolution compared to conventional electroencephalogram (EEG). While ECoG signal acquisition entails invasiveness, the invasive rigid electrode used inevitably inflicts damage on brain tissue. Polymer electrodes that combine conductivity and transparency have garnered great interest because they not only facilitate high-quality signal acquisition but also provide additional insights while preserving the health of the brain, positioning them as the future frontier in the brain-computer interface (BCI). This review summarizes the multifaceted functions of polymers in ECoG thin-film electrodes for the BCI. We present the abilities of sensitive and structural polymers focusing on impedance reduction, signal quality improvement, good flexibility, and transparency. Typically, two sensitive polymers and four structural polymers are analyzed in detail in terms of ECoG electrode properties. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of polymer-based electrodes in signal quality enhancement is revealed. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchen Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Liangtao Yang
- Research Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Qi Zeng
- Research Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Shuo Shi
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Research Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Research Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Juhász G, Madarász M, Szmola B, Fedor FZ, Balogh-Lantos Z, Szabó Á, Rózsa B, Fekete Z. Hippocampal recording with a soft microelectrode array in a cranial window imaging scheme: a validation study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:24585. [PMID: 39427030 PMCID: PMC11490575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-75170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has a crucial role in the formation, consolidation and recall of memories as well as in navigation related processes. These functions are in the focus of neuroscience and different disciplines have contributed to this research field for decades. Two-photon imaging in awake animals is a valuable new aspect for these observations, especially when it is supported by electrophysiology. In this study, we applied high speed two-photon hippocampal imaging through a chronically implanted, soft, transparent microelectrode (STM) device incorporated into a cranial window chamber in awake mice. We monitored the impedance of the recording sites over the course of the experiments to observe long-term changes in recording quality. The large-scale ipsilateral local field potential (LFP) recordings from the dorsal hippocampus provided reliable sharp wave-ripples (SPW-Rs), multi-unit activity (MUA) and single-unit activity (SUA) for up to two months. Calcium imaging of GCaMP6f. labeled cells from the CA1 pyramidal layer under the transparent device was possible even after six months in thy1-GCaMP6f. transgenic mice. We investigated the immune response with GFAP staining after the end of the long-term experiments. Based on our results, this dedicated transparent electrode device proved to be suitable for simultaneous two-photon imaging and large-scale electrophysiological measurements in chronic experiments in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Juhász
- Two-Photon Measurement Technology Research Group, The Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Madarász
- BrainVisionCenter, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai PhD Program of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Szmola
- BrainVisionCenter, Budapest, Hungary
- Two-Photon Measurement Technology Research Group, The Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - F Z Fedor
- BrainVisionCenter, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Balogh-Lantos
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Roska Tamas Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Á Szabó
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Rózsa
- BrainVisionCenter, Budapest, Hungary.
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
- Two-Photon Measurement Technology Research Group, The Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Z Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Sleep Oscillation Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Clark AM, Ingold A, Reiche CF, Cundy D, Balsor JL, Federer F, McAlinden N, Cheng Y, Rolston JD, Rieth L, Dawson MD, Mathieson K, Blair S, Angelucci A. An optrode array for spatiotemporally-precise large-scale optogenetic stimulation of deep cortical layers in non-human primates. Commun Biol 2024; 7:329. [PMID: 38485764 PMCID: PMC10940688 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has transformed studies of neural circuit function, but remains challenging to apply to non-human primates (NHPs). A major challenge is delivering intense, spatiotemporally-precise, patterned photostimulation across large volumes in deep tissue. Such stimulation is critical, for example, to modulate selectively deep-layer corticocortical feedback circuits. To address this need, we have developed the Utah Optrode Array (UOA), a 10×10 glass needle waveguide array fabricated atop a novel opaque optical interposer, and bonded to an electrically addressable µLED array. In vivo experiments with the UOA demonstrated large-scale, spatiotemporally precise, activation of deep circuits in NHP cortex. Specifically, the UOA permitted both focal (confined to single layers/columns), and widespread (multiple layers/columns) optogenetic activation of deep layer neurons, as assessed with multi-channel laminar electrode arrays, simply by varying the number of activated µLEDs and/or the irradiance. Thus, the UOA represents a powerful optoelectronic device for targeted manipulation of deep-layer circuits in NHP models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexander Ingold
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christopher F Reiche
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Donald Cundy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Justin L Balsor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Frederick Federer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Niall McAlinden
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yunzhou Cheng
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John D Rolston
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loren Rieth
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Martin D Dawson
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Keith Mathieson
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Steve Blair
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Madarász M, Fedor FZ, Fekete Z, Rózsa B. Immunohistological responses in mice implanted with Parylene HT - ITO ECoG devices. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1209913. [PMID: 37746144 PMCID: PMC10513038 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1209913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transparent epidural devices that facilitate the concurrent use of electrophysiology and neuroimaging are arising tools for neuroscience. Testing the biocompatibility and evoked immune response of novel implantable devices is essential to lay down the fundamentals of their extensive application. Here we present an immunohistochemical evaluation of a Parylene HT/indium-tin oxide (ITO) based electrocorticography (ECoG) device, and provide long-term biocompatibility data at three chronic implantation lengths. We implanted Parylene HT/ITO ECoG devices epidurally in 5 mice and evaluated the evoked astroglial response, neuronal density and cortical thickness. We found increased astroglial response in the superficial cortical layers of all mice compared to contralateral unimplanted controls. This difference was largest at the first time point and decreased over time. Neuronal density was lower on the implanted side only at the last time point, while cortical thickness was smaller in the first and second time points, but not at the last. In this study, we present data that confirms the feasibility and chronic use of Parylene HT/ITO ECoG devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Madarász
- BrainVision Center, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai PhD Program of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Z. Fedor
- BrainVision Center, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Sleep Oscillation Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- BrainVision Center, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Two-Photon Measurement Technology Research Group, The Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Femtonics Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang Q, Shen Z, Sun X, Yu D, Liu K, Mugo SM, Chen W, Wang D, Zhang Q. Electron Conductive and Transparent Hydrogels for Recording Brain Neural Signals and Neuromodulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211159. [PMID: 36563409 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recording brain neural signals and optogenetic neuromodulations open frontiers in decoding brain neural information and neurodegenerative disease therapeutics. Conventional implantable probes suffer from modulus mismatch with biological tissues and an irreconcilable tradeoff between transparency and electron conductivity. Herein, a strategy is proposed to address these tradeoffs, which generates conductive and transparent hydrogels with polypyrrole-decorated microgels as cross-linkers. The optical transparency of the electrodes can be attributed to the special structures that allow light waves to bypass the microgel particles and minimize their interaction. Demonstrated by probing the hippocampus of rat brains, the biomimetic electrode shows a prolonged capacity for simultaneous optogenetic neuromodulation and recording of brain neural signals. More importantly, an intriguing brain-machine interaction is realized, which involves signal input to the brain, brain neural signal generation, and controlling limb behaviors. This breakthrough work represents a significant scientific advancement toward decoding brain neural information and developing neurodegenerative disease therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanduo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiguang Sun
- Department of Hand Surgery, Public Research Platform, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, P. R. China
| | - Dehai Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Public Research Platform, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, ABT5J4S2, Canada
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fekete Z, Zátonyi A, Kaszás A, Madarász M, Slézia A. Transparent neural interfaces: challenges and solutions of microengineered multimodal implants designed to measure intact neuronal populations using high-resolution electrophysiology and microscopy simultaneously. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:66. [PMID: 37213820 PMCID: PMC10195795 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the feasibility of using transparent neural interfaces in multimodal in vivo experiments on the central nervous system. Multimodal electrophysiological and neuroimaging approaches hold great potential for revealing the anatomical and functional connectivity of neuronal ensembles in the intact brain. Multimodal approaches are less time-consuming and require fewer experimental animals as researchers obtain denser, complex data during the combined experiments. Creating devices that provide high-resolution, artifact-free neural recordings while facilitating the interrogation or stimulation of underlying anatomical features is currently one of the greatest challenges in the field of neuroengineering. There are numerous articles highlighting the trade-offs between the design and development of transparent neural interfaces; however, a comprehensive overview of the efforts in material science and technology has not been reported. Our present work fills this gap in knowledge by introducing the latest micro- and nanoengineered solutions for fabricating substrate and conductive components. Here, the limitations and improvements in electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, the stability and longevity of the integrated features, and biocompatibility during in vivo use are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Psychology, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A. Zátonyi
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A. Kaszás
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541 Gardanne, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - M. Madarász
- János Szentágothai PhD Program of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- BrainVision Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A. Slézia
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang F, Zhang L, Xia J, Zhao W, Dong S, Ye Z, Pan G, Luo J, Zhang S. Multimodal Electrocorticogram Active Electrode Array Based on Zinc Oxide-Thin Film Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204467. [PMID: 36403238 PMCID: PMC9839861 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Active electrocorticogram (ECoG) electrodes can amplify weak electrophysiological signals and improve anti-interference ability; however, traditional active electrodes are opaque and cannot realize photoelectric collaborative observation. In this study, an active and fully transparent ECoG array based on zinc oxide thin-film transistors (ZnO TFTs) is developed as a local neural signal amplifier for electrophysiological monitoring. The transparency of the proposed ECoG array is up to 85%, which is superior to that of the previously reported active electrode arrays. Various electrical characterizations have demonstrated its ability to record electrophysiological signals with a higher signal-to-noise ratio of 19.9 dB compared to the Au grid (13.2 dB). The high transparency of the ZnO-TFT electrode array allows the concurrent collection of high-quality electrophysiological signals (32.2 dB) under direct optical stimulation of the optogenetic mice brain. The ECoG array can also work under 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging to record local brain signals without affecting brain tissue imaging. As the most transparent active ECoG array to date, it provides a powerful multimodal tool for brain observation, including recording brain activity under synchronized optical modulation and 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of EducationQiushi Academy for Advanced StudiesZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio‐Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness AppraisalZhejiang University38 Zheda RoadHangzhou310027China
| | - Luxi Zhang
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringFrontier Center of Brain Science and Brain‐machine IntegrationCancer CenterZhejiang University38 Zheda RoadHangzhou310027China
| | - Jie Xia
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang University38 Zheda RoadHangzhou310027China
| | - Wanpeng Zhao
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang University38 Zheda RoadHangzhou310027China
| | - Shurong Dong
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringFrontier Center of Brain Science and Brain‐machine IntegrationCancer CenterZhejiang University38 Zheda RoadHangzhou310027China
| | - Zhi Ye
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang University38 Zheda RoadHangzhou310027China
| | - Gang Pan
- College of Computer Science and TechnologyZhejiang University38 Zheda RoadHangzhou310027China
| | - Jikui Luo
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang University38 Zheda RoadHangzhou310027China
| | - Shaomin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of EducationQiushi Academy for Advanced StudiesZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio‐Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness AppraisalZhejiang University38 Zheda RoadHangzhou310027China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Donaldson PD, Navabi ZS, Carter RE, Fausner SML, Ghanbari L, Ebner TJ, Swisher SL, Kodandaramaiah SB. Polymer Skulls With Integrated Transparent Electrode Arrays for Cortex-Wide Opto-Electrophysiological Recordings. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200626. [PMID: 35869830 PMCID: PMC9573805 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiology and optical imaging provide complementary neural sensing capabilities - electrophysiological recordings have high temporal resolution, while optical imaging allows recording of genetically-defined populations at high spatial resolution. Combining these two modalities for simultaneous large-scale, multimodal sensing of neural activity across multiple brain regions can be very powerful. Here, transparent, inkjet-printed electrode arrays with outstanding optical and electrical properties are seamlessly integrated with morphologically conformant transparent polymer skulls. Implanted on transgenic mice expressing the Calcium (Ca2+ ) indicator GCaMP6f in excitatory neurons, these "eSee-Shells" provide a robust opto-electrophysiological interface for over 100 days. eSee-Shells enable simultaneous mesoscale Ca2+ imaging and electrocorticography (ECoG) acquisition from multiple brain regions covering 45 mm2 of cortex under anesthesia and in awake animals. The clarity and transparency of eSee-Shells allow recording single-cell Ca2+ signals directly below the electrodes and interconnects. Simultaneous multimodal measurement of cortical dynamics reveals changes in both ECoG and Ca2+ signals that depend on the behavioral state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preston D. Donaldson
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities200 Union St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Zahra S. Navabi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities117 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Russell E. Carter
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities312 Church St. SE, 7–105 Nils Hasselmo HallMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Skylar M. L. Fausner
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities117 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Leila Ghanbari
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities117 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities312 Church St. SE, 7–105 Nils Hasselmo HallMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Sarah L. Swisher
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities200 Union St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Suhasa B. Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities117 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities312 Church St. SE, 7–105 Nils Hasselmo HallMinneapolisMN55455USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities321 Church St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dijk G, Kaszas A, Pas J, O’Connor RP. Fabrication and in vivo 2-photon microscopy validation of transparent PEDOT:PSS microelectrode arrays. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:90. [PMID: 36051746 PMCID: PMC9424218 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transparent microelectrode arrays enable simultaneous electrical recording and optical imaging of neuronal networks in the brain. Electrodes made of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) are transparent; however, device fabrication necessitates specific processes to avoid deterioration of the organic material. Here, we present an innovative fabrication scheme for a neural probe that consists of transparent PEDOT:PSS electrodes and demonstrate its compatibility with 2-photon microscopy. The electrodes show suitable impedance to record local field potentials from the cortex of mice and sufficient transparency to visualize GCaMP6f-expressing neurons underneath the PEDOT:PSS features. The results validate the performance of the neural probe, which paves the way to study the complex dynamics of in vivo neuronal activity with both a high spatial and temporal resolution to better understand the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerwin Dijk
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Department of Bioelectronics, Gardanne, 13541 France
- Panaxium SAS, Aix-en-Provence, 13100 France
| | - Attila Kaszas
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Department of Bioelectronics, Gardanne, 13541 France
| | - Jolien Pas
- Panaxium SAS, Aix-en-Provence, 13100 France
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Donaldson PD, Swisher SL. Transparent, Low-Impedance Inkjet-Printed PEDOT:PSS Microelectrodes for Multi-modal Neuroscience. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI. A, APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE : PSS 2022; 219:2100683. [PMID: 37641661 PMCID: PMC10461862 DOI: 10.1002/pssa.202100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Transparent microelectrodes that facilitate simultaneous optical and electrophysiological interfacing are desirable tools for neuroscience. Electrodes made from transparent conductors such as graphene and indium tin oxide (ITO) show promise but are often limited by poor interfacial charge-transfer properties. Here, microelectrodes are demonstrated that take advantage of the transparency and volumetric capacitance of the mixed ion-electron conductor Poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Ring-shaped microelectrodes are fabricated by inkjet-printing PEDOT:PSS, encapsulating with Parylene-C, and then exposing a contact site that is much smaller than the microelectrode outer diameter. This unique structure allows the encapsulated portion of the microelectrode volume surrounding the contact site to participate in signal transduction, which reduces impedance and enhances charge storage capacity. While using the same 100 μm diameter contact site, increasing the outer diameter of the encapsulated electrode from 300 to 550 μm reduces the impedance from 294±21 to 98±2 kΩ, respectively, at 1 Hz. Similarly, the charge storage capacity is enhanced from 6 to 21 mC cm-2. The PEDOT:PSS microelectrodes provide a low-haze, high-transmittance optical interface, demonstrating their suitability for optical neuroscience applications. They remain functional after a million 1 V stimulation cycles, up to 600 μA of stimulation current, and more than 1000 mechanical bending cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preston D Donaldson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sarah L Swisher
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu X, Yang X, Song L, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Yang X, Wang Y, Pei W, Li W. A Modified Miniscope System for Simultaneous Electrophysiology and Calcium Imaging in vivo. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:682019. [PMID: 34483855 PMCID: PMC8415406 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.682019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The miniscope system is one of the calcium (Ca2+) imaging tools with small size and lightweight and can realize the deep-brain Ca2+ imaging not confined to the cerebral cortex. Combining Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology recording has been an efficient method for extracting high temporal-spatial resolution signals in the brain. In this study, a particular electrode probe was developed and assembled on the imaging lens to modify the miniscope system. The electrode probe can be tightly integrated into the lens of the miniscope without increasing the volume, weight, and implantation complexity. In vivo tests verified that the proposed modified system has realized the simultaneous recording of Ca2+ signals and local field potential (LFP) signal in the hippocampus CA1 region of an adult mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wu
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Song
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Li
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Pei
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ramezani Z, Seo KJ, Fang H. Hybrid Electrical and Optical Neural Interfaces. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2021; 31:044002. [PMID: 34177136 PMCID: PMC8232899 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6439/abeb30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural interfaces bridge the nervous system and the outside world by recording and stimulating neurons. Combining electrical and optical modalities in a single, hybrid neural interface system could lead to complementary and powerful new ways to explore the brain. It has gained robust and exciting momentum recently in neuroscience and neural engineering research. Here, we review developments in the past several years aiming to achieve such hybrid electrical and optical microsystem platforms. Specifically, we cover three major categories of technological advances: transparent neuroelectrodes, optical neural fibers with electrodes, and neural probes/grids integrating electrodes and microscale light-emitting diodes. We discuss examples of these probes tailored to combine electrophysiological recording with optical imaging or optical neural stimulation of the brain and possible directions of future innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang W, Gong Y, Yao CY, Shrestha M, Jia Y, Qiu Z, Fan QH, Weber A, Li W. A fully transparent, flexible PEDOT:PSS-ITO-Ag-ITO based microelectrode array for ECoG recording. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1096-1108. [PMID: 33522526 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrative neural interfaces combining neurophysiology and optogenetics with neural imaging provide numerous opportunities for neuroscientists to study the structure and function of neural circuits in the brain. Such a comprehensive interface demands miniature electrode arrays with high transparency, mechanical flexibility, electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility. Conventional transparent microelectrodes made of a single material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), ultrathin metals, graphene and poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), hardly possess the desired combination of those properties. Herein, ultra-flexible, highly conductive and fully transparent microscale electrocorticogram (μECoG) electrode arrays made of a PEDOT:PSS-ITO-Ag-ITO assembly are constructed on thin parylene C films. The PEDOT:PSS-ITO-Ag-ITO assembly achieves a maximum ∼14% enhancement in light transmission over a broad spectrum (350-650 nm), a significant reduction in electrochemical impedance by 91.25%, and an increase in charge storage capacitance by 1229.78 μC cm-2. Peeling, bending, and Young's modulus tests verify the enhanced mechanical flexibility and robustness of the multilayer assembly. The μECoG electrodes enable electrical recordings with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) (∼35-36 dB) under different color photostimulations, suggesting that the electrodes are resilient to photon-induced artifacts. In vivo animal experiments confirm that our array can successfully record light-evoked ECoG oscillations from the primary visual cortex (V1) of an anesthetized rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Yang
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fedor FZ, Zátonyi A, Cserpán D, Somogyvári Z, Borhegyi Z, Juhász G, Fekete Z. Application of a flexible polymer microECoG array to map functional coherence in schizophrenia model. MethodsX 2020; 7:101117. [PMID: 33194564 PMCID: PMC7644754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatomically, connections form the fundamental brain network, functionally the different types of oscillatory electric activities are creating a temporarily connected fraction of the anatomical connectome generating an output to the motor system. Schizophrenia can be considered as a connectome disease, in which the sensory input generates a schizophrenia specific temporary connectome and the signal processing becomes diseased showing hallucinations and adverse behavioral reactions. In this work, flexible, 32-channel polymer microelectrode arrays fabricated by the authors are used to map the functional coherence on large cortical areas during physiological activities in a schizophrenia model in rats.-Fabrication of a flexible microECoG array is shown.-Protocol to use a flexible microECoG is demonstrated to characterize connectome diseases in rats.-Customized method to analyze the functional coherence between different cortical areas during visually evoked potential is detailed.-R-based implementation of the analysis method is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Z Fedor
- Doctoral School of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, Pannon University, Veszprém, Hungary.,ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Zátonyi
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Cserpán
- Theoretical Neuroscience and Complex Systems Research Group, Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Somogyvári
- Theoretical Neuroscience and Complex Systems Research Group, Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Borhegyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Juhász
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Fekete
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brosch M, Deckert M, Rathi S, Takagaki K, Weidner T, Ohl FW, Schmidt B, Lippert MT. An optically transparent multi-electrode array for combined electrophysiology and optophysiology at the mesoscopic scale. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046014. [PMID: 32705997 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aba1a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of tissue penetrating opto-electrodes to simultaneously record and optogenetically influence brain activity have been developed. For experiments at the surface of the brain, such as electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings and surface optogenetics, fewer devices have been described and no device has found widespread adoption for neuroscientific experiments. One issue slowing adoption is the complexity and fragility of existing devices, typically based on transparent electrode materials like graphene and indium-tin oxide (ITO). We focused here on improving existing processes based on metal traces and polyimide (PI), which produce more robust and cost-effective devices, to develop a multi-electrode array for optophysiology. APPROACH The most widely used substrate material for surface electrodes, PI, has seen little use for optophysiologicalμECoG/ECoG arrays. This is due to its lack of transparency at optogenetically relevant short wavelengths. Here we use very thin layers of PI in combination with chrome-gold-platinum electrodes to achieve the necessary substrate transparency and high mechanical flexibility in a device that still rejects light artifacts well. MAIN RESULTS The manufactured surface arrays have a thickness of only 6.5 µm, resulting in 80% transparency for blue light. We demonstrate immunity against opto-electric artifacts, long term stability and biocompatibility as well as suitability for optical voltage imaging. The biocompatible arrays are capable of recording stable ECoGs over months without any measurable degradation and can be used to map the tonotopic organization of the curved rodent auditory cortex. SIGNIFICANCE Our novel probes combine proven materials and processing steps to create optically near-transparent electrode arrays with superior longevity. In contrast to previous opto-electrodes, our probes are simple to manufacture, robust, offer long-term stability, and are a practical engineering solution for optophysiological experiments not requiring transparency of the electrode sites themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Brosch
- Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|