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Johnson H, Vestal ML, Husain AM. A Novel Technique for Intraoperative Mapping of the Somatosensory Cortex. World Neurosurg 2024; 188:170-176. [PMID: 38789031 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraoperative mapping of the nervous system is used to identify "eloquent" cortical areas. In this technical report, we describe a novel way of mapping the somatosensory cortex so that injury to those critical pathways can be avoided. METHODS An 8-year-old female with drug resistant epilepsy presented for resection of a right posterior parietal focal cortical dysplasia. Left median nerve stimulation was used to record somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) directly from the somatosensory cortex with a strip electrode. A handheld monopolar electrode was also used to record both the median and tibial SEP. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil was used. RESULTS SEP recordings were obtained from a 4-contact strip electrode placed across the central sulcus. A phase reversal was identified and the most likely post central gyrus was noted. With the strip electrode left in place, a monopolar handheld electrode was used to record the median nerve SEPs from different locations on the postcentral gyrus. The tibial nerve was also stimulated to record where the highest amplitude tibial nerve SEP was present. This map was used delineate functionally "eloquent" areas to avoid during surgery. During resection, the median nerve SEP was recorded from the strip electrode continuously. No significant change in the SEP was noted, and the patient awoke without any sensory deficits. CONCLUSIONS Sensory mapping of the cortex is possible with a handheld monopolar electrode. This technique is easy to perform and can help reduce neurological morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Matthew L Vestal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Aatif M Husain
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Neurodiagnostic Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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2
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Lee DH, Chung CK, Kim JS, Ryun S. Unraveling tactile categorization and decision-making in the subregions of supramarginal gyrus via direct cortical stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 158:16-26. [PMID: 38134532 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the potential of direct cortical stimulation (DCS) to modulate tactile categorization and decision-making, as well as to identify the specific locations where these cognitive functions occur. METHODS We analyzed behavioral changes in three epilepsy patients with implanted electrodes using electrocorticography (ECoG) and a vibrotactile discrimination task. DCS was applied to investigate its impact on tactile categorization and decision-making processes. We determined the precise location of the electrodes where each cognitive function was modulated. RESULTS This functional discrimination was related with gamma band activity from ECoG. DCS selectively affected either tactile categorization or decision-making processes. Tactile categorization was modulated by stimulating the rostral part of the supramarginal gyrus, while decision-making was modulated by stimulating the caudal part. CONCLUSIONS DCS can enhance cognitive processes and map brain regions responsible for tactile categorization and decision-making within the supramarginal gyrus. This study also demonstrates that DCS and the gamma activity of ECoG can concordantly identify the detailed brain mapping in a tactile process compared to other functional neuroimaging. SIGNIFICANCE The combination of DCS and ECoG gamma activity provides a more nuanced and detailed understanding of brain function than traditional neuroimaging techniques alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyeok Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - June Sic Kim
- The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyun Ryun
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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3
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Ades C, Abd MA, Hutchinson DT, Tognoli E, Du E, Wei J, Engeberg ED. Biohybrid Robotic Hand to Investigate Tactile Encoding and Sensorimotor Integration. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:78. [PMID: 38392124 PMCID: PMC10886511 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
For people who have experienced a spinal cord injury or an amputation, the recovery of sensation and motor control could be incomplete despite noteworthy advances with invasive neural interfaces. Our objective is to explore the feasibility of a novel biohybrid robotic hand model to investigate aspects of tactile sensation and sensorimotor integration with a pre-clinical research platform. Our new biohybrid model couples an artificial hand with biological neural networks (BNN) cultured in a multichannel microelectrode array (MEA). We decoded neural activity to control a finger of the artificial hand that was outfitted with a tactile sensor. The fingertip sensations were encoded into rapidly adapting (RA) or slowly adapting (SA) mechanoreceptor firing patterns that were used to electrically stimulate the BNN. We classified the coherence between afferent and efferent electrodes in the MEA with a convolutional neural network (CNN) using a transfer learning approach. The BNN exhibited the capacity for functional specialization with the RA and SA patterns, represented by significantly different robotic behavior of the biohybrid hand with respect to the tactile encoding method. Furthermore, the CNN was able to distinguish between RA and SA encoding methods with 97.84% ± 0.65% accuracy when the BNN was provided tactile feedback, averaged across three days in vitro (DIV). This novel biohybrid research platform demonstrates that BNNs are sensitive to tactile encoding methods and can integrate robotic tactile sensations with the motor control of an artificial hand. This opens the possibility of using biohybrid research platforms in the future to study aspects of neural interfaces with minimal human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Ades
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Moaed A Abd
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | | | - Emmanuelle Tognoli
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - E Du
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Jianning Wei
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Erik D Engeberg
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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4
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Nolan SO, Melugin PR, Erickson KR, Adams WR, Farahbakhsh ZZ, Mcgonigle CE, Kwon MH, Costa VD, Lapish CC, Hackett TA, Cuzon Carlson VC, Constantinidis C, Grant KA, Siciliano CA. Recurrent activity within microcircuits of macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tracks cognitive flexibility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.23.559125. [PMID: 38529503 PMCID: PMC10962741 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.23.559125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Human and non-human primate data clearly implicate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as critical for advanced cognitive functions 1,2 . It is thought that intracortical synaptic architectures within dlPFC are the integral neurobiological substrate that gives rise to these processes, including working memory, inferential reasoning, and decision-making 3-7 . In the prevailing model, each cortical column makes up one fundamental processing unit composed of dense intrinsic connectivity, conceptualized as the 'canonical' cortical microcircuit 3,8 . Each cortical microcircuit receives sensory and cognitive information from a variety of sources which are represented by sustained activity within the microcircuit, referred to as persistent or recurrent activity 4,9 . Via recurrent connections within the microcircuit, activity can propagate for a variable length of time, thereby allowing temporary storage and computations to occur locally before ultimately passing a transformed representation to a downstream output 4,5,10 . Competing theories regarding how microcircuit activity is coordinated have proven difficult to reconcile in vivo where intercortical and intracortical computations cannot be fully dissociated 5,9,11,12 . Here, we interrogated the intrinsic features of isolated microcircuit networks using high-density calcium imaging of macaque dlPFC ex vivo . We found that spontaneous activity is intrinsically maintained by microcircuit architecture, persisting at a high rate in the absence of extrinsic connections. Further, using perisulcal stimulation to evoke persistent activity in deep layers, we found that activity propagates through stochastically assembled intracortical networks, creating predictable population-level events from largely non-overlapping ensembles. Microcircuit excitability covaried with individual cognitive performance, thus anchoring heuristic models of abstract cortical functions within quantifiable constraints imposed by the underlying synaptic architecture.
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5
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Bensmaia SJ, Tyler DJ, Micera S. Restoration of sensory information via bionic hands. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:443-455. [PMID: 33230305 PMCID: PMC10233657 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-00630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who have lost the use of their hands because of amputation or spinal cord injury can use prosthetic hands to restore their independence. A dexterous prosthesis requires the acquisition of control signals that drive the movements of the robotic hand, and the transmission of sensory signals to convey information to the user about the consequences of these movements. In this Review, we describe non-invasive and invasive technologies for conveying artificial sensory feedback through bionic hands, and evaluate the technologies' long-term prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sliman J Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dustin J Tyler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
- Translational Neural Engineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Sohn WJ, Lim J, Wang PT, Pu H, Malekzadeh-Arasteh O, Shaw SJ, Armacost M, Gong H, Kellis S, Andersen RA, Liu CY, Heydari P, Nenadic Z, Do AH. Benchtop and bedside validation of a low-cost programmable cortical stimulator in a testbed for bi-directional brain-computer-interface research. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1075971. [PMID: 36711153 PMCID: PMC9878125 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1075971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bi-directional brain-computer interfaces (BD-BCI) to restore movement and sensation must achieve concurrent operation of recording and decoding of motor commands from the brain and stimulating the brain with somatosensory feedback. Methods A custom programmable direct cortical stimulator (DCS) capable of eliciting artificial sensorimotor response was integrated into an embedded BCI system to form a safe, independent, wireless, and battery powered testbed to explore BD-BCI concepts at a low cost. The BD-BCI stimulator output was tested in phantom brain tissue by assessing its ability to deliver electrical stimulation equivalent to an FDA-approved commercial electrical cortical stimulator. Subsequently, the stimulator was tested in an epilepsy patient with subcortical electrocorticographic (ECoG) implants covering the sensorimotor cortex to assess its ability to elicit equivalent responses as the FDA-approved counterpart. Additional safety features (impedance monitoring, artifact mitigation, and passive and active charge balancing mechanisms) were also implemeneted and tested in phantom brain tissue. Finally, concurrent operation with interleaved stimulation and BCI decoding was tested in a phantom brain as a proof-of-concept operation of BD-BCI system. Results The benchtop prototype BD-BCI stimulator's basic output features (current amplitude, pulse frequency, pulse width, train duration) were validated by demonstrating the output-equivalency to an FDA-approved commercial cortical electrical stimulator (R 2 > 0.99). Charge-neutral stimulation was demonstrated with pulse-width modulation-based correction algorithm preventing steady state voltage deviation. Artifact mitigation achieved a 64.5% peak voltage reduction. Highly accurate impedance monitoring was achieved with R 2 > 0.99 between measured and actual impedance, which in-turn enabled accurate charge density monitoring. An online BCI decoding accuracy of 93.2% between instructional cues and decoded states was achieved while delivering interleaved stimulation. The brain stimulation mapping via ECoG grids in an epilepsy patient showed that the two stimulators elicit equivalent responses. Significance This study demonstrates clinical validation of a fully-programmable electrical stimulator, integrated into an embedded BCI system. This low-cost BD-BCI system is safe and readily applicable as a testbed for BD-BCI research. In particular, it provides an all-inclusive hardware platform that approximates the limitations in a near-future implantable BD-BCI. This successful benchtop/human validation of the programmable electrical stimulator in a BD-BCI system is a critical milestone toward fully-implantable BD-BCI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Joon Sohn
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Won Joon Sohn ✉
| | - Jeffrey Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Po T. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Haoran Pu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Omid Malekzadeh-Arasteh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Susan J. Shaw
- Department of Neurology, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, United States,Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Armacost
- Department of Neurology, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, United States,Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Neurology, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, United States,Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Spencer Kellis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Richard A. Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Charles Y. Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, United States,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Payam Heydari
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Zoran Nenadic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - An H. Do
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,An H. Do ✉
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7
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Gupta A, Vardalakis N, Wagner FB. Neuroprosthetics: from sensorimotor to cognitive disorders. Commun Biol 2023; 6:14. [PMID: 36609559 PMCID: PMC9823108 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprosthetics is a multidisciplinary field at the interface between neurosciences and biomedical engineering, which aims at replacing or modulating parts of the nervous system that get disrupted in neurological disorders or after injury. Although neuroprostheses have steadily evolved over the past 60 years in the field of sensory and motor disorders, their application to higher-order cognitive functions is still at a relatively preliminary stage. Nevertheless, a recent series of proof-of-concept studies suggest that electrical neuromodulation strategies might also be useful in alleviating some cognitive and memory deficits, in particular in the context of dementia. Here, we review the evolution of neuroprosthetics from sensorimotor to cognitive disorders, highlighting important common principles such as the need for neuroprosthetic systems that enable multisite bidirectional interactions with the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gupta
- grid.462010.1Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Fabien B. Wagner
- grid.462010.1Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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8
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Obara K, Kaneshige M, Suzuki M, Yokoyama O, Tazoe T, Nishimura Y. Corticospinal interface to restore voluntary control of joint torque in a paralyzed forearm following spinal cord injury in non-human primates. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1127095. [PMID: 36960166 PMCID: PMC10028188 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1127095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The corticospinal tract plays a major role in the control of voluntary limb movements, and its damage impedes voluntary limb control. We investigated the feasibility of closed-loop brain-controlled subdural spinal stimulation through a corticospinal interface for the modulation of wrist torque in the paralyzed forearm of monkeys with spinal cord injury at C4/C5. Subdural spinal stimulation of the preserved cervical enlargement activated multiple muscles on the paralyzed forearm and wrist torque in the range from flexion to ulnar-flexion. The magnitude of the evoked torque could be modulated by changing current intensity. We then employed the corticospinal interface designed to detect the firing rate of an arbitrarily selected "linked neuron" in the forearm territory of the primary motor cortex (M1) and convert it in real time to activity-contingent electrical stimulation of a spinal site caudal to the lesion. Linked neurons showed task-related activity that modulated the magnitude of the evoked torque and the activation of multiple muscles depending on the required torque. Unlinked neurons, which were independent of spinal stimulation and located in the vicinity of the linked neurons, exhibited task-related or -unrelated activity. Thus, monkeys were able to modulate the wrist torque of the paralyzed forearm by modulating the firing rate of M1 neurons including unlinked and linked neurons via the corticospinal interface. These results suggest that the corticospinal interface can replace the function of the corticospinal tract after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Obara
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Neural Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Miki Kaneshige
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Suzuki
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokoyama
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tazoe
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Nishimura
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Neural Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukio Nishimura,
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Huggins JE, Krusienski D, Vansteensel MJ, Valeriani D, Thelen A, Stavisky S, Norton JJS, Nijholt A, Müller-Putz G, Kosmyna N, Korczowski L, Kapeller C, Herff C, Halder S, Guger C, Grosse-Wentrup M, Gaunt R, Dusang AN, Clisson P, Chavarriaga R, Anderson CW, Allison BZ, Aksenova T, Aarnoutse E. Workshops of the Eighth International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting: BCIs: The Next Frontier. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2022; 9:69-101. [PMID: 36908334 PMCID: PMC9997957 DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2021.2009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Eighth International Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Meeting was held June 7-9th, 2021 in a virtual format. The conference continued the BCI Meeting series' interactive nature with 21 workshops covering topics in BCI (also called brain-machine interface) research. As in the past, workshops covered the breadth of topics in BCI. Some workshops provided detailed examinations of specific methods, hardware, or processes. Others focused on specific BCI applications or user groups. Several workshops continued consensus building efforts designed to create BCI standards and increase the ease of comparisons between studies and the potential for meta-analysis and large multi-site clinical trials. Ethical and translational considerations were both the primary topic for some workshops or an important secondary consideration for others. The range of BCI applications continues to expand, with more workshops focusing on approaches that can extend beyond the needs of those with physical impairments. This paper summarizes each workshop, provides background information and references for further study, presents an overview of the discussion topics, and describes the conclusion, challenges, or initiatives that resulted from the interactions and discussion at the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Huggins
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States 325 East Eisenhower, Room 3017; Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-5744, 734-936-7177
| | - Dean Krusienski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219
| | - Mariska J Vansteensel
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Dept of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonia Thelen
- eemagine Medical Imaging Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - James J S Norton
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, US Department of Veterans Affairs, 113 Holland Ave, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Anton Nijholt
- Faculty EEMCS, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot Müller-Putz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, GrazBCI Lab, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nataliya Kosmyna
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Media Lab, E14-548, Cambridge, MA 02139, Unites States
| | | | | | - Christian Herff
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christoph Guger
- g.tec medical engineering GmbH/Guger Technologies OG, Austria, Sierningstrasse 14, 4521 Schiedlberg, Austria, +43725122240-0
| | - Moritz Grosse-Wentrup
- Research Group Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, Data Science @ Uni Vienna University of Vienna
| | - Robert Gaunt
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 3520 5th Ave, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 412-383-1426
| | - Aliceson Nicole Dusang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation R&D Service, Providence, RI
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ricardo Chavarriaga
- IEEE Standards Association Industry Connections group on neurotechnologies for brain-machine interface, Center for Artificial Intelligence, School of Engineering, ZHAW-Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - Charles W Anderson
- Department of Computer Science, Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Brendan Z Allison
- Dept. of Cognitive Science, Mail Code 0515, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, United States, 619-534-9754
| | - Tetiana Aksenova
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Clinatec, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Erik Aarnoutse
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Szymanski LJ, Kellis S, Liu CY, Jones KT, Andersen RA, Commins D, Lee B, McCreery DB, Miller CA. Neuropathological effects of chronically implanted, intracortical microelectrodes in a tetraplegic patient. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34314384 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac127e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Intracortical microelectrode arrays (MEA) can be used as part of a brain-machine interface system to provide sensory feedback control of an artificial limb to assist persons with tetraplegia. Variability in functionality of electrodes has been reported but few studies in humans have examined the impact of chronic brain tissue responses revealed postmortem on electrode performancein vivo. Approach.In a tetraplegic man, recording MEAs were implanted into the anterior intraparietal area and Brodmann's area 5 (BA5) of the posterior parietal cortex and a recording and stimulation array was implanted in BA1 of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The participant expired from unrelated causes seven months after MEA implantation. The underlying tissue of two of the three devices was processed for histology and electrophysiological recordings were assessed.Main results.Recordings of neuronal activity were obtained from all three MEAs despite meningeal encapsulation. However, the S1 array had a greater encapsulation, yielded lower signal quality than the other arrays and failed to elicit somatosensory percepts with electrical stimulation. Histological examination of tissues underlying S1 and BA5 implant sites revealed localized leptomeningeal proliferation and fibrosis, lymphocytic infiltrates, astrogliosis, and foreign body reaction around the electrodes. The BA5 recording site showed focal cerebral microhemorrhages and leptomeningeal vascular ectasia. The S1 site showed focal tissue damage including vascular recanalization, neuronal loss, and extensive subcortical white matter necrosis. The tissue response at the S1 site included hemorrhagic-induced injury suggesting a likely mechanism for reduced function of the S1 implant.Significance.Our findings are similar to those from animal studies with chronic intracortical implants and suggest that vascular disruption and microhemorrhage during device implantation are important contributors to overall array and individual electrode performance and should be a topic for future device development to mitigate tissue responses. Neurosurgical considerations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Szymanski
- Department of Pathology, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Spencer Kellis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles Y Liu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kymry T Jones
- Department of Pathology, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard A Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Deborah Commins
- Department of Pathology, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Douglas B McCreery
- Huntington Medical Research Institute, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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11
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Sun F, Zhang G, Yu T, Zhang X, Wang X, Yan X, Qiao L, Ma K, Zhang X. Functional characteristics of the human primary somatosensory cortex: An electrostimulation study. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 118:107920. [PMID: 33770611 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The common knowledge of the functional organization of the human primary somatosensory cortex (S1) had been primarily established by Penfield who electrically stimulated the exposed surface [referred as Brodmann area (BA)1] of S1 under neurosurgical conditions. Nevertheless, the functional information regarding the deep surface (BA 2 and 3) of S1 is poorly understood. We retrospectively analyzed all the clinical manifestations induced by extra-operative cortical electrical stimulation (ES) in 33 patients with medically intractable epilepsy who underwent stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) monitoring for presurgical assessment. Demographic and clinical data were gathered and evaluated to delineate the determinants of the occurrence of positive responses, types of responses, and size of body regions involved. The stimulation of 244 sites in S1 yielded 198 positive sites (81.1%), most of which were located in the sulcal cortex. In multivariable analyses, no clinical or demographic factors predicted the occurrence of responses or their threshold levels. The size of body region involved in the responses had ordinal association with the stimulated BA sites (p < 0.001). Various types of responses elicited from the S1 were documented and classified, and the predictors of those responses were also assessed. Our analysis revealed the functional characteristics of the entire S1 and proved the multiplicity of functions of S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiao Sun
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Tao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xueyuan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
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12
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Abstract
Neural devices have the capacity to enable users to regain abilities lost due to disease or injury - for instance, a deep brain stimulator (DBS) that allows a person with Parkinson's disease to regain the ability to fluently perform movements or a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) that enables a person with spinal cord injury to control a robotic arm. While users recognize and appreciate the technologies' capacity to maintain or restore their capabilities, the neuroethics literature is replete with examples of concerns expressed about agentive capacities: A perceived lack of control over the movement of a robotic arm might result in an altered sense of feeling responsible for that movement. Clinicians or researchers being able to record and access detailed information of a person's brain might raise privacy concerns. A disconnect between previous, current, and future understandings of the self might result in a sense of alienation. The ability to receive and interpret sensory feedback might change whether someone trusts the implanted device or themselves. Inquiries into the nature of these concerns and how to mitigate them has produced scholarship that often emphasizes one issue - responsibility, privacy, authenticity, or trust - selectively. However, we believe that examining these ethical dimensions separately fails to capture a key aspect of the experience of living with a neural device. In exploring their interrelations, we argue that their mutual significance for neuroethical research can be adequately captured if they are described under a unified heading of agency. On these grounds, we propose an "Agency Map" which brings together the diverse neuroethical dimensions and their interrelations into a comprehensive framework. With this, we offer a theoretically-grounded approach to understanding how these various dimensions are interwoven in an individual's experience of agency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eran Klein
- University of Washington
- Oregon Health and Science University
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13
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Kramer DR, Lamorie-Foote K, Barbaro M, Lee MB, Peng T, Gogia A, Nune G, Liu CY, Kellis SS, Lee B. Utility and lower limits of frequency detection in surface electrode stimulation for somatosensory brain-computer interface in humans. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 48:E2. [PMID: 32006952 DOI: 10.3171/2019.11.focus19696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) has been successful in evoking artificial somatosensation in both humans and animals, but much is unknown about the optimal stimulation parameters needed to generate robust percepts of somatosensation. In this study, the authors investigated frequency as an adjustable stimulation parameter for artificial somatosensation in a closed-loop brain-computer interface (BCI) system. METHODS Three epilepsy patients with subdural mini-electrocorticography grids over the hand area of S1 were asked to compare the percepts elicited with different stimulation frequencies. Amplitude, pulse width, and duration were held constant across all trials. In each trial, subjects experienced 2 stimuli and reported which they thought was given at a higher stimulation frequency. Two paradigms were used: first, 50 versus 100 Hz to establish the utility of comparing frequencies, and then 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 Hz were pseudorandomly compared. RESULTS As the magnitude of the stimulation frequency was increased, subjects described percepts that were "more intense" or "faster." Cumulatively, the participants achieved 98.0% accuracy when comparing stimulation at 50 and 100 Hz. In the second paradigm, the corresponding overall accuracy was 73.3%. If both tested frequencies were less than or equal to 10 Hz, accuracy was 41.7% and increased to 79.4% when one frequency was greater than 10 Hz (p = 0.01). When both stimulation frequencies were 20 Hz or less, accuracy was 40.7% compared with 91.7% when one frequency was greater than 20 Hz (p < 0.001). Accuracy was 85% in trials in which 50 Hz was the higher stimulation frequency. Therefore, the lower limit of detection occurred at 20 Hz, and accuracy decreased significantly when lower frequencies were tested. In trials testing 10 Hz versus 20 Hz, accuracy was 16.7% compared with 85.7% in trials testing 20 Hz versus 50 Hz (p < 0.05). Accuracy was greater than chance at frequency differences greater than or equal to 30 Hz. CONCLUSIONS Frequencies greater than 20 Hz may be used as an adjustable parameter to elicit distinguishable percepts. These findings may be useful in informing the settings and the degrees of freedom achievable in future BCI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Kramer
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and.,2Neurorestoration Center, and
| | | | - Michael Barbaro
- 3Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and
| | - Morgan B Lee
- 3Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and
| | - Terrance Peng
- 3Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and
| | - Angad Gogia
- 3Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and
| | | | - Charles Y Liu
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and.,2Neurorestoration Center, and
| | - Spencer S Kellis
- 2Neurorestoration Center, and.,5Department of Biology and Biological Engineering and.,6Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Brian Lee
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and.,2Neurorestoration Center, and
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14
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Vigren P, Eriksson M, Duffau H, Wretman A, Lindehammar H, Milos P, Richter J, Karlsson T, Gauffin H. Experiences of awake surgery in non-tumoural epilepsy in eloquent localizations. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 199:106251. [PMID: 33031989 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst modern awake intraoperative mapping has been widely accepted and implemented in the last decades in neuro-oncology, sparse reports have been published on the safety and efficiency of this approach in epilepsy surgery. METHOD This article reports four cases with different locations of epileptogenic zones as examples of possible safe and efficient resections. RESULT The results of the resections on seizure control were Engel 1 (no disabling seizures) in all cases and no patient experienced significant neurological deficits. DISCUSSION The discussion focuses on aspects of the future of epilepsy surgery in a hodotopical paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vigren
- Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, Region Östergötland, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, Linköping University Hospital, Region Östergötland, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Eriksson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linköping University Hospital, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hugues Duffau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Wretman
- Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, Region Östergötland, Sweden; Department of Behavioral Science, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Hans Lindehammar
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Neurophysiology, Linköping University Hospital, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Peter Milos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linköping University Hospital, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Johan Richter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linköping University Hospital, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Thomas Karlsson
- Department of Behavioral Science, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Helena Gauffin
- Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, Region Östergötland, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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15
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Weaver KE, Caldwell DJ, Cronin JA, Kuo CH, Kogan M, Houston B, Sanchez V, Martinez V, Ojemann JG, Rane S, Ko AL. Concurrent Deep Brain Stimulation Reduces the Direct Cortical Stimulation Necessary for Motor Output. Mov Disord 2020; 35:2348-2353. [PMID: 32914888 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging literatures suggest that deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease affects multiple circuit mechanisms. One proposed mechanism is the normalization of primary motor cortex (M1) pathophysiology via effects on the hyperdirect pathway. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that DBS would reduce the current intensity necessary to modulate motor-evoked potentials from focally applied direct cortical stimulation (DCS). METHODS Intraoperative subthalamic DBS, DCS, and preoperative diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired in 8 patients with Parkinson's disease. RESULTS In 7 of 8 patients, DBS significantly reduced the M1 DCS current intensity required to elicit motor-evoked potentials. This neuromodulation was specific to select DBS bipolar configurations. In addition, the volume of activated tissue models of these configurations were significantly associated with overlap of the hyperdirect pathway. CONCLUSIONS DBS reduces the current necessary to elicit a motor-evoked potential using DCS. This supports a circuit mechanism of DBS effectiveness, potentially involving the hyperdirect pathway that speculatively may underlie reductions in hypokinetic abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt E Weaver
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for NeuroTechnologies, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J Caldwell
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of BioEngineering, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeneva A Cronin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of BioEngineering, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Kogan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Brady Houston
- Dept of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Victor Sanchez
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vicente Martinez
- Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for NeuroTechnologies, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Swati Rane
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew L Ko
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for NeuroTechnologies, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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16
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Chen B, Zhang B, Chen C, Hu J, Qi J, He T, Tian P, Zhang X, Ni G, Cheng MMC. Penetrating glassy carbon neural electrode arrays for brain-machine interfaces. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:43. [PMID: 32504225 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a fabrication method for glassy carbon neural electrode arrays that combines 3D printing and chemical pyrolysis technology. The carbon electrodes have excellent biological compatibility and can be used in neural signal recording. A pretreated Si wafer is used as the substrate for 3D printing, and then, stereolithography 3D printing technology is employed to print photosensitive resin into a cone shape. Next, chemical pyrolysis is applied to convert the 3D prints into glassy carbon electrodes and modify the electrochemical performance of the carbon electrodes. Finally, the glassy carbon electrodes are packed with conductive wires and PDMS. The proposed fabrication method simplifies the manufacturing process of carbon materials, and electrodes can be fabricated without the need of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The height of the carbon electrodes is 1.5 mm, and the exposure area of the tips is 0.78 mm2, which is convenient for the implantation procedure. The specific capacitance of the glassy carbon arrays is higher than that of a platinum electrode (9.18 mF/cm2 vs 3.32 mF/cm2, respectively), and the impedance at 1 kHz is lower (7.1 kΩ vs 8.8 kΩ). The carbon electrodes were tested in vivo, and they showed excellent performance in neural signal recording. The signal-to-noise ratio of the carbon electrodes is 50.73 ± 6.11, which is higher than that of the Pt electrode (20.15 ± 5.32) under the same testing conditions. The proposed fabrication method of glassy carbon electrodes provides a novel approach to manufacture penetrating electrodes for nerve interfaces in biomedical engineering and microelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Boshen Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China Capital Medical University affiliate Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxin Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mark Ming-Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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17
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Song E, Li J, Won SM, Bai W, Rogers JA. Materials for flexible bioelectronic systems as chronic neural interfaces. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:590-603. [PMID: 32461684 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineered systems that can serve as chronically stable, high-performance electronic recording and stimulation interfaces to the brain and other parts of the nervous system, with cellular-level resolution across macroscopic areas, are of broad interest to the neuroscience and biomedical communities. Challenges remain in the development of biocompatible materials and the design of flexible implants for these purposes, where ulimate goals are for performance attributes approaching those of conventional wafer-based technologies and for operational timescales reaching the human lifespan. This Review summarizes recent advances in this field, with emphasis on active and passive constituent materials, design architectures and integration methods that support necessary levels of biocompatibility, electronic functionality, long-term stable operation in biofluids and reliability for use in vivo. Bioelectronic systems that enable multiplexed electrophysiological mapping across large areas at high spatiotemporal resolution are surveyed, with a particular focus on those with proven chronic stability in live animal models and scalability to thousands of channels over human-brain-scale dimensions. Research in materials science will continue to underpin progress in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enming Song
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sang Min Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wubin Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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18
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Ganzer PD, Colachis SC, Schwemmer MA, Friedenberg DA, Dunlap CF, Swiftney CE, Jacobowitz AF, Weber DJ, Bockbrader MA, Sharma G. Restoring the Sense of Touch Using a Sensorimotor Demultiplexing Neural Interface. Cell 2020; 181:763-773.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Kramer DR, Lee MB, Barbaro M, Gogia AS, Peng T, Liu C, Kellis S, Lee B. Mapping of primary somatosensory cortex of the hand area using a high-density electrocorticography grid for closed-loop brain computer interface. J Neural Eng 2020; 18. [PMID: 32131064 PMCID: PMC7483626 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab7c8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ideal modality for generating sensation in sensorimotor brain computer interfaces (BCI) has not been determined. Here we report the feasibility of using a high-density "mini"-electrocorticography (mECoG) grid in a somatosensory BCI system. Thirteen subjects with intractable epilepsy underwent standard clinical implantation of subdural electrodes for the purpose of seizure localization. An additional high-density mECoG grid was placed (Adtech, 8 by 8, 1.2-mm exposed, 3-mm center-to-center spacing) over the hand area of primary somatosensory cortex. Following implantation, cortical mapping was performed with stimulation parameters of frequency: 50 Hz, pulse-width: 250 µs, pulse duration: 4 s, polarity: alternating, and current that ranged from 0.5 mA to 12 mA at the discretion of the epileptologist. Location of the evoked sensory percepts was recorded along with a description of the sensation. The hand was partitioned into 48 distinct boxes. A box was included if sensation was felt anywhere within the box. The percentage of the hand covered was 63.9% (± 34.4%) (mean ± s.d.). Mean redundancy, measured as electrode pairs stimulating the same box, was 1.9 (± 2.2) electrodes per box; and mean resolution, measured as boxes included per electrode pair stimulation, was 11.4 (± 13.7) boxes with 8.1 (± 10.7) boxes in the digits and 3.4 (± 6.0) boxes in the palm. Functional utility of the system was assessed by quantifying usable percepts. Under the strictest classification, "dermatomally exclusive" percepts, the mean was 2.8 usable percepts per grid. Allowing "perceptually unique" percepts at the same anatomical location, the mean was 5.5 usable percepts per grid. Compared to the small area of coverage and redundancy of a microelectrode system, or the poor resolution of a standard ECoG grid, a mECoG is likely the best modality for a somatosensory BCI system with good coverage of the hand and minimal redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Richard Kramer
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, Stanford, California, 94305-6104, UNITED STATES
| | - Morgan Brianna Lee
- Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-0001, UNITED STATES
| | - Michael Barbaro
- Neurosurgery, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, UNITED STATES
| | - Angad S Gogia
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9034, UNITED STATES
| | - Terrance Peng
- Neurosurgery, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, UNITED STATES
| | - Charles Liu
- Neuroresotoration Center and Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, UNITED STATES
| | - Spencer Kellis
- Neurosurgery, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, UNITED STATES
| | - Brian Lee
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, UNITED STATES
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20
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Loutit AJ, Potas JR. Restoring Somatosensation: Advantages and Current Limitations of Targeting the Brainstem Dorsal Column Nuclei Complex. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:156. [PMID: 32184706 PMCID: PMC7058659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current neural prostheses can restore limb movement to tetraplegic patients by translating brain signals coding movements to control a variety of actuators. Fast and accurate somatosensory feedback is essential for normal movement, particularly dexterous tasks, but is currently lacking in motor neural prostheses. Attempts to restore somatosensory feedback have largely focused on cortical stimulation which, thus far, have succeeded in eliciting minimal naturalistic sensations. Yet, a question that deserves more attention is whether the cortex is the best place to activate the central nervous system to restore somatosensation. Here, we propose that the brainstem dorsal column nuclei are an ideal alternative target to restore somatosensation. We review some of the recent literature investigating the dorsal column nuclei functional organization and neurophysiology and highlight some of the advantages and limitations of the dorsal column nuclei as a future neural prosthetic target. Recent evidence supports the dorsal column nuclei as a potential neural prosthetic target, but also identifies several gaps in our knowledge as well as potential limitations which need to be addressed before such a goal can become reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason R. Potas
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Hughes C, Herrera A, Gaunt R, Collinger J. Bidirectional brain-computer interfaces. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2020; 168:163-181. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63934-9.00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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From thought to action: The brain-machine interface in posterior parietal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26274-26279. [PMID: 31871144 PMCID: PMC6936686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902276116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A dramatic example of translational monkey research is the development of neural prosthetics for assisting paralyzed patients. A neuroprosthesis consists of implanted electrodes that can record the intended movement of a paralyzed part of the body, a computer algorithm that decodes the intended movement, and an assistive device such as a robot limb or computer that is controlled by these intended movement signals. This type of neuroprosthetic system is also referred to as a brain-machine interface (BMI) since it interfaces the brain with an external machine. In this review, we will concentrate on BMIs in which microelectrode recording arrays are implanted in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a high-level cortical area in both humans and monkeys that represents intentions to move. This review will first discuss the basic science research performed in healthy monkeys that established PPC as a good source of intention signals. Next, it will describe the first PPC implants in human patients with tetraplegia from spinal cord injury. From these patients the goals of movements could be quickly decoded, and the rich number of action variables found in PPC indicates that it is an appropriate BMI site for a very wide range of neuroprosthetic applications. We will discuss research on learning to use BMIs in monkeys and humans and the advances that are still needed, requiring both monkey and human research to enable BMIs to be readily available in the clinic.
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23
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Cutrone A, Micera S. Implantable Neural Interfaces and Wearable Tactile Systems for Bidirectional Neuroprosthetics Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801345. [PMID: 31763784 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprosthetics and neuromodulation represent a promising field for several related applications in the central and peripheral nervous system, such as the treatment of neurological disorders, the control of external robotic devices, and the restoration of lost tactile functions. These actions are allowed by the neural interface, a miniaturized implantable device that most commonly exploits electrical energy to fulfill these operations. A neural interface must be biocompatible, stable over time, low invasive, and highly selective; the challenge is to develop a safe, compact, and reliable tool for clinical applications. In case of anatomical impairments, neuroprosthetics is bound to the need of exploring the surrounding environment by fast-responsive and highly sensitive artificial tactile sensors that mimic the natural sense of touch. Tactile sensors and neural interfaces are closely interconnected since the readouts from the first are required to convey information to the neural implantable apparatus. The role of these devices is pivotal hence technical improvements are essential to ensure a secure system to be eventually adopted in daily life. This review highlights the fundamental criteria for the design and microfabrication of neural interfaces and artificial tactile sensors, their use in clinical applications, and future enhancements for the release of a second generation of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Cutrone
- The Biorobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The Biorobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1202, Switzerland
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24
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O'Doherty JE, Shokur S, Medina LE, Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MAL. Creating a neuroprosthesis for active tactile exploration of textures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21821-21827. [PMID: 31591224 PMCID: PMC6815176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908008116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) can produce percepts that mimic somatic sensation and, thus, has potential as an approach to sensorize prosthetic limbs. However, it is not known whether ICMS could recreate active texture exploration-the ability to infer information about object texture by using one's fingertips to scan a surface. Here, we show that ICMS of S1 can convey information about the spatial frequencies of invisible virtual gratings through a process of active tactile exploration. Two rhesus monkeys scanned pairs of visually identical screen objects with the fingertip of a hand avatar-controlled first via a joystick and later via a brain-machine interface-to find the object with denser virtual gratings. The gratings consisted of evenly spaced ridges that were signaled through individual ICMS pulses generated whenever the avatar's fingertip crossed a ridge. The monkeys learned to interpret these ICMS patterns, evoked by the interplay of their voluntary movements and the virtual textures of each object, to perform a sensory discrimination task. Discrimination accuracy followed Weber's law of just-noticeable differences (JND) across a range of grating densities; a finding that matches normal cutaneous sensation. Moreover, 1 monkey developed an active scanning strategy where avatar velocity was integrated with the ICMS pulses to interpret the texture information. We propose that this approach could equip upper-limb neuroprostheses with direct access to texture features acquired during active exploration of natural objects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solaiman Shokur
- Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Associação Alberto Santos Dumont para Apoio à Pesquisa (AASDAP), São Paulo, Brazil, 05440-000
- School of Engineering, Institute of Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1016 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonel E Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Mikhail A Lebedev
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces of the Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia 101000
- Department of Information and Internet Technologies of Digital Health Institute, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia 119146
| | - Miguel A L Nicolelis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Macaíba, Brazil 59280-000
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25
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Sound- and current-driven laminar profiles and their application method mimicking acoustic responses in the mouse auditory cortex in vivo. Brain Res 2019; 1721:146312. [PMID: 31323198 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The local application of electrical currents to the cortex is one of the most commonly used techniques to activate neurons, and this intracortical stimulation (ICS) could potentially lead to new types of neuroprosthetic devices that can be directly applied to the cortex. To identify whether ICS-activated circuits are physiological vs. profoundly artificial, it is necessary to record in vivo the responses of the same neuronal population to both natural sensory stimuli and artificial electric stimuli. However, few studies have extensively reported simultaneous electrophysiological recordings combined with ICS. Here, we evaluated the similarity between sound- and ICS-driven cortical response patterns in different cortical layers. In the mouse auditory cortex, we performed laminar recordings using 16-channel silicon electrodes and ICS using sharp glass-pipette electrodes containing biocytin for layer identification. In different cortical depths, short current pulses were delivered in vivo to mice under urethane anesthesia. For the recorded data, we mainly analyzed properties of local field potentials and current source densities (CSDs). We demonstrated that electrical stimulation evoked different excitation patterns according to the stimulated cortical layer; responses to electric stimuli in layer 4 were most likely to mimic acoustic responses. Next, we proposed a CSD-based stimulation method to artificially synthesize sound-driven responses, using an approximation method associated with a linear combination of CSD patterns electrically stimulated in the different cortical layers. The result indicates that synthesized responses were consistent with the canonical model of sound processing. Using these approaches, we provide a new technique in which natural sound-driven responses can be mimicked by well-designed computational stimulation pattern sequences in a layer-dependent manner. These findings may aid in the future development of an electrical stimulation methodology for a cortical prosthesis.
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26
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Kirin SC, Yanagisawa T, Oshino S, Edakawa K, Tanaka M, Kishima H, Nishimura Y. Somatosensation Evoked by Cortical Surface Stimulation of the Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1019. [PMID: 31607854 PMCID: PMC6769168 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex using intracranial electrodes is crucial for the evocation of artificial somatosensations, typically tactile sensations associated with specific regions of the body, in brain-machine interface (BMI) applications. The qualitative characteristics of these artificially evoked somatosensations has been well documented. As of yet, however, the quantitative aspects of these evoked somatosensations, that is to say the quantitative relationship between intensity of electrical stimulation and perceived intensity of the resultant somatosensation remains obscure. This study aimed to explore this quantitative relationship by surface electrical stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex in two human participants undergoing electrocorticographic monitoring prior to surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy. Electrocorticogram electrodes on the primary somatosensory cortical surface were stimulated with varying current intensities, and a visual analogue scale was employed to provide a quantitative measure of intensity of the evoked sensations. Evoked sensations included those of the thumb, tongue, and hand. A clear linear relationship between current intensity and perceived intensity of sensation was observed. These findings provide novel insight into the quantitative nature of primary somatosensory cortex electrical stimulation-evoked sensation for development of somatosensory neuroprosthetics for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- St. Clair Kirin
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan
| | - Takufumi Yanagisawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takufumi Yanagisawa, ;
| | - Satoru Oshino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kohtaroh Edakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masataka Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kishima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukio Nishimura
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan
- Neural Prosthesis Project, Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Yukio Nishimura,
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27
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Kramer DR, Lamorie-Foote K, Barbaro M, Lee M, Peng T, Gogia A, Liu CY, Kellis SS, Lee B. Functional Frequency Discrimination From Cortical Somatosensory Stimulation in Humans. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:832. [PMID: 31440133 PMCID: PMC6692717 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, efforts to produce artificial sensation through cortical stimulation of primary somatosensory cortex (PSC) in humans have proven safe and reliable. Changes in stimulation parameters like frequency and amplitude have been shown to elicit different percepts, but without clearly defined psychometric profiles. This study investigates the functionally useful limits of frequency changes on the percepts felt by three epilepsy patients with subdural electrocorticography (ECoG) grids. Subjects performing a hidden target task were stimulated with parameters of constant amplitude, pulse-width, and pulse-duration, and a randomly selected set of two frequencies (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 100 Hz). They were asked to decide which target had the “higher” frequency. Objectively, an increase in frequency differences was associated with an increase in perceived intensity. Reliable detection of stimulation occurred at and above 40 Hz with a lower limit of detection around 20 Hz and a just-noticeable difference estimated at less than 10 Hz. These findings suggest that frequency can be used as a reliable, adjustable parameter and may be useful in establishing settings and thresholds of functionality in future BCI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Kramer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Neurorestoration Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Krista Lamorie-Foote
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael Barbaro
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Morgan Lee
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Terrance Peng
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Angad Gogia
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles Y Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Neurorestoration Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Spencer S Kellis
- Neurorestoration Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Neurorestoration Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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28
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Caldwell DJ, Ojemann JG, Rao RPN. Direct Electrical Stimulation in Electrocorticographic Brain-Computer Interfaces: Enabling Technologies for Input to Cortex. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:804. [PMID: 31440127 PMCID: PMC6692891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocorticographic brain computer interfaces (ECoG-BCIs) offer tremendous opportunities for restoring function in individuals suffering from neurological damage and for advancing basic neuroscience knowledge. ECoG electrodes are already commonly used clinically for monitoring epilepsy and have greater spatial specificity in recording neuronal activity than techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG). Much work to date in the field has focused on using ECoG signals recorded from cortex as control outputs for driving end effectors. An equally important but less explored application of an ECoG-BCI is directing input into cortex using ECoG electrodes for direct electrical stimulation (DES). Combining DES with ECoG recording enables a truly bidirectional BCI, where information is both read from and written to the brain. We discuss the advantages and opportunities, as well as the barriers and challenges presented by using DES in an ECoG-BCI. In this article, we review ECoG electrodes, the physics and physiology of DES, and the use of electrical stimulation of the brain for the clinical treatment of disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. We briefly discuss some of the translational, regulatory, financial, and ethical concerns regarding ECoG-BCIs. Next, we describe the use of ECoG-based DES for providing sensory feedback and for probing and modifying cortical connectivity. We explore future directions, which may draw on invasive animal studies with penetrating and surface electrodes as well as non-invasive stimulation methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We conclude by describing enabling technologies, such as smaller ECoG electrodes for more precise targeting of cortical areas, signal processing strategies for simultaneous stimulation and recording, and computational modeling and algorithms for tailoring stimulation to each individual brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Caldwell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rajesh P N Rao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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29
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Caldwell DJ, Cronin JA, Wu J, Weaver KE, Ko AL, Rao RPN, Ojemann JG. Direct stimulation of somatosensory cortex results in slower reaction times compared to peripheral touch in humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3292. [PMID: 30824821 PMCID: PMC6397274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) could help restore sensation and provide task-relevant feedback in a neuroprosthesis. However, the psychophysics of S1 DCS is poorly studied, including any comparison to cutaneous haptic stimulation. We compare the response times to DCS of human hand somatosensory cortex through electrocorticographic grids with response times to haptic stimuli delivered to the hand in four subjects. We found that subjects respond significantly slower to S1 DCS than to natural, haptic stimuli for a range of DCS train durations. Median response times for haptic stimulation varied from 198 ms to 313 ms, while median responses to reliably perceived DCS ranged from 254 ms for one subject, all the way to 528 ms for another. We discern no significant impact of learning or habituation through the analysis of blocked trials, and find no significant impact of cortical stimulation train duration on response times. Our results provide a realistic set of expectations for latencies with somatosensory DCS feedback for future neuroprosthetic applications and motivate the study of neural mechanisms underlying human perception of somatosensation via DCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Caldwell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. .,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. .,National Science Foundation Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, USA.
| | - Jeneva A Cronin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. .,National Science Foundation Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, USA.
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,National Science Foundation Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, USA
| | - Kurt E Weaver
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,National Science Foundation Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, USA
| | - Andrew L Ko
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,National Science Foundation Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, USA
| | - Rajesh P N Rao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,National Science Foundation Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,National Science Foundation Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, USA
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30
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Progress in the Field of Micro-Electrocorticography. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10010062. [PMID: 30658503 PMCID: PMC6356841 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1940s electrocorticography (ECoG) devices and, more recently, in the last decade, micro-electrocorticography (µECoG) cortical electrode arrays were used for a wide set of experimental and clinical applications, such as epilepsy localization and brain⁻computer interface (BCI) technologies. Miniaturized implantable µECoG devices have the advantage of providing greater-density neural signal acquisition and stimulation capabilities in a minimally invasive fashion. An increased spatial resolution of the µECoG array will be useful for greater specificity diagnosis and treatment of neuronal diseases and the advancement of basic neuroscience and BCI research. In this review, recent achievements of ECoG and µECoG are discussed. The electrode configurations and varying material choices used to design µECoG arrays are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages of µECoG technology compared to electroencephalography (EEG), ECoG, and intracortical electrode arrays. Electrode materials that are the primary focus include platinum, iridium oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), indium tin oxide (ITO), and graphene. We discuss the biological immune response to µECoG devices compared to other electrode array types, the role of µECoG in clinical pathology, and brain⁻computer interface technology. The information presented in this review will be helpful to understand the current status, organize available knowledge, and guide future clinical and research applications of µECoG technologies.
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31
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Collins KL, Sarma D, Hakimian S, Tsai JJ, Ojemann JG. Preserved evoked conscious perception of phosphenes with direct stimulation of deafferented primary visual cortex. EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR CASE REPORTS 2019; 11:84-86. [PMID: 30788215 PMCID: PMC6369119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The premise of neuro-rehabilitation after injury is to access the residual capacity of the nervous system to improve function. We describe a patient who developed a quadrantopsia and drug-resistant focal epilepsy after an arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage. Thirty years later, he underwent placement of subdural electrodes for seizure mapping. Phosphenes were elicited in the blind right visual field with stimulation of occipital cortex. This case demonstrates that visual cortex may retain functional organization after a partial subcortical visual pathway injury. This persistent conscious mapping suggests that disconnected visual cortex could serve as a region for interfacing with neural prosthetic devices for acquired blindness. Stimulation of occipital cortex elicited phosphenes in a blind visual field. Conscious visual perception can be preserved after visual pathway injury. Disconnected visual cortex could serve to interface with neural prosthetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Collins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Devapratim Sarma
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Shahin Hakimian
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Harborview Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeff J Tsai
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Harborview Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Harborview Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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32
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Delhaye BP, Long KH, Bensmaia SJ. Neural Basis of Touch and Proprioception in Primate Cortex. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1575-1602. [PMID: 30215864 PMCID: PMC6330897 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sense of proprioception allows us to keep track of our limb posture and movements and the sense of touch provides us with information about objects with which we come into contact. In both senses, mechanoreceptors convert the deformation of tissues-skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or joints-into neural signals. Tactile and proprioceptive signals are then relayed by the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system, where they are processed to give rise to percepts of objects and of the state of our body. In this review, we first examine briefly the receptors that mediate touch and proprioception, their associated nerve fibers, and pathways they follow to the cerebral cortex. We then provide an overview of the different cortical areas that process tactile and proprioceptive information. Next, we discuss how various features of objects-their shape, motion, and texture, for example-are encoded in the various cortical fields, and the susceptibility of these neural codes to attention and other forms of higher-order modulation. Finally, we summarize recent efforts to restore the senses of touch and proprioception by electrically stimulating somatosensory cortex. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1575-1602, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit P Delhaye
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Katie H Long
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Sliman J Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.,Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
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33
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Tipper G, Low HL. An insight into sight. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2018; 79:472-473. [PMID: 30070940 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2018.79.8.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Tipper
- Specialist Registrar in Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Hospital, Romford, Essex RM7 0AG
| | - H L Low
- Consultant Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Hospital, Romford, Essex
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34
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Lee B, Kramer D, Armenta Salas M, Kellis S, Brown D, Dobreva T, Klaes C, Heck C, Liu C, Andersen RA. Engineering Artificial Somatosensation Through Cortical Stimulation in Humans. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:24. [PMID: 29915532 PMCID: PMC5994581 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory feedback is a critical aspect of motor control rehabilitation following paralysis or amputation. Current human studies have demonstrated the ability to deliver some of this sensory information via brain-machine interfaces, although further testing is needed to understand the stimulation parameters effect on sensation. Here, we report a systematic evaluation of somatosensory restoration in humans, using cortical stimulation with subdural mini-electrocorticography (mini-ECoG) grids. Nine epilepsy patients undergoing implantation of cortical electrodes for seizure localization were also implanted with a subdural 64-channel mini-ECoG grid over the hand area of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). We mapped the somatotopic location and size of receptive fields evoked by stimulation of individual channels of the mini-ECoG grid. We determined the effects on perception by varying stimulus parameters of pulse width, current amplitude, and frequency. Finally, a target localization task was used to demonstrate the use of artificial sensation in a behavioral task. We found a replicable somatotopic representation of the hand on the mini-ECoG grid across most subjects during electrical stimulation. The stimulus-evoked sensations were usually of artificial quality, but in some cases were more natural and of a cutaneous or proprioceptive nature. Increases in pulse width, current strength and frequency generally produced similar quality sensations at the same somatotopic location, but with a perception of increased intensity. The subjects produced near perfect performance when using the evoked sensory information in target acquisition tasks. These findings indicate that electrical stimulation of somatosensory cortex through mini-ECoG grids has considerable potential for restoring useful sensation to patients with paralysis and amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Armenta Salas
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Spencer Kellis
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - David Brown
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Tatyana Dobreva
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Christian Klaes
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Christi Heck
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Richard A Andersen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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35
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Nimbalkar S, Castagnola E, Balasubramani A, Scarpellini A, Samejima S, Khorasani A, Boissenin A, Thongpang S, Moritz C, Kassegne S. Ultra-Capacitive Carbon Neural Probe Allows Simultaneous Long-Term Electrical Stimulations and High-Resolution Neurotransmitter Detection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6958. [PMID: 29725133 PMCID: PMC5934383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new class of carbon-based neural probes that consist of homogeneous glassy carbon (GC) microelectrodes, interconnects and bump pads. These electrodes have purely capacitive behavior with exceptionally high charge storage capacity (CSC) and are capable of sustaining more than 3.5 billion cycles of bi-phasic pulses at charge density of 0.25 mC/cm2. These probes enable both high SNR (>16) electrical signal recording and remarkably high-resolution real-time neurotransmitter detection, on the same platform. Leveraging a new 2-step, double-sided pattern transfer method for GC structures, these probes allow extended long-term electrical stimulation with no electrode material corrosion. Cross-section characterization through FIB and SEM imaging demonstrate strong attachment enabled by hydroxyl and carbonyl covalent bonds between GC microstructures and top insulating and bottom substrate layers. Extensive in-vivo and in-vitro tests confirmed: (i) high SNR (>16) recordings, (ii) highest reported CSC for non-coated neural probe (61.4 ± 6.9 mC/cm2), (iii) high-resolution dopamine detection (10 nM level - one of the lowest reported so far), (iv) recording of both electrical and electrochemical signals, and (v) no failure after 3.5 billion cycles of pulses. Therefore, these probes offer a compelling multi-modal platform for long-term applications of neural probe technology in both experimental and clinical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Nimbalkar
- MEMS Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,NSF-ERC Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- MEMS Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,NSF-ERC Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arvind Balasubramani
- MEMS Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,NSF-ERC Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alice Scarpellini
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Soshi Samejima
- University of Washington, Division of Physical Therapy Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Seattle, WA, USA.,NSF-ERC Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abed Khorasani
- University of Washington, Division of Physical Therapy Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Seattle, WA, USA.,NSF-ERC Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrien Boissenin
- University of Washington, Division of Physical Therapy Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Seattle, WA, USA.,NSF-ERC Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sanitta Thongpang
- University of Washington, Division of Physical Therapy Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Seattle, WA, USA.,NSF-ERC Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chet Moritz
- University of Washington, Division of Physical Therapy Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Seattle, WA, USA.,NSF-ERC Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sam Kassegne
- MEMS Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA. .,NSF-ERC Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE), Seattle, WA, USA.
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Armenta Salas M, Bashford L, Kellis S, Jafari M, Jo H, Kramer D, Shanfield K, Pejsa K, Lee B, Liu CY, Andersen RA. Proprioceptive and cutaneous sensations in humans elicited by intracortical microstimulation. eLife 2018; 7:32904. [PMID: 29633714 PMCID: PMC5896877 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioneering work with nonhuman primates and recent human studies established intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) as a method of inducing discriminable artificial sensation. However, these artificial sensations do not yet provide the breadth of cutaneous and proprioceptive percepts available through natural stimulation. In a tetraplegic human with two microelectrode arrays implanted in S1, we report replicable elicitations of sensations in both the cutaneous and proprioceptive modalities localized to the contralateral arm, dependent on both amplitude and frequency of stimulation. Furthermore, we found a subset of electrodes that exhibited multimodal properties, and that proprioceptive percepts on these electrodes were associated with higher amplitudes, irrespective of the frequency. These novel results demonstrate the ability to provide naturalistic percepts through ICMS that can more closely mimic the body’s natural physiological capabilities. Furthermore, delivering both cutaneous and proprioceptive sensations through artificial somatosensory feedback could improve performance and embodiment in brain-machine interfaces. Nerves throughout the body send information about touch, temperature, body position and pain through the spinal cord to the brain. A part of the brain called the somatosensory cortex processes this information. Spinal cord injuries disrupt these messages. Even though the somatosensory cortex has not been damaged, sensation is lost for the affected body areas. No treatment exists to repair the spinal cord so the loss of sensation is permanent. Applying electricity to the somatosensory cortex can produce artificial sensations. Scientists are testing this approach to restore a sense of touch for people with spinal cord injury. Early experiments show that using different patterns of electrical stimulation generates unnatural sensations in different body parts. People receiving the stimulation describe it as tingling or shocks. Scientists wonder if they can improve the technique to mimic feelings like touch or body position to make it easier for people with a spinal injury to move or use prostheses. Now, Armenta Salas et al. generated more natural sensations in a person with a spinal cord injury. Instead of taking the usual approach of delivering large currents to the surface of cortex, they inserted small electrodes into the inside of the cortex to stimulate it with small currents. In the experiments, electrodes were implanted in the somatosensory cortex of a volunteer who had lost the use of his limbs and torso because of a spinal injury. Armenta Salas et al. applied different patterns of electrical stimuli and the volunteer reported what they felt like. The patient described sensations like a pinch or squeeze in the forearm or upper arm with certain patterns. In some cases, the patient reported the sensation of the arm moving with stronger electrical currents. The experiments show that electrical stimulation of the brain can recreate some natural sensations. These sensations could help patients using robotic or prosthetic arms become more dexterous. It might also help patients view artificial limbs as part of their bodies, which could improve their sense of wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Armenta Salas
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,T & C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Luke Bashford
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,T & C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Spencer Kellis
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,T & C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Matiar Jafari
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,T & C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, United States
| | - HyeongChan Jo
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,T & C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Daniel Kramer
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Kelsie Pejsa
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,T & C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Charles Y Liu
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, United States.,Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, United States
| | - Richard A Andersen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,T & C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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Wang J, Thow XY, Wang H, Lee S, Voges K, Thakor NV, Yen SC, Lee C. A Highly Selective 3D Spiked Ultraflexible Neural (SUN) Interface for Decoding Peripheral Nerve Sensory Information. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29205933 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sensors on the skin are proposed as a way to capture information that can be used in intracortical microstimulation or peripheral intraneural stimulation to restore sensory feedback to persons with tetraplegia. However, the ability of these artificial sensors to replicate the density and complexity of the natural mechanoreceptors is limited. One relatively unexplored approach is to make use of the signals from surviving tactile and proprioceptive receptors in existing limbs by recording from their transmitting axons within the primary sensory nerves. Here, a novel spiked ultraflexible neural (SUN) interface that is implanted into the peripheral nervous system to capture sensory information from these mechanoreceptors in acute rat experiments is described. The novel 3D design, which integrates spiked structures for intrafascicular nerve recording with an ultraflexible substrate, enables a unique conformal interface to the target nerve. With the high-quality recording (average signal-to-noise-ratio of 1.4) provided by the electrode, tactile from proprioceptive stimuli can be differentiated in terms of the firing rate. In toe pinching experiments, high spatial resolution classification can be achieved with support vector machine classifier. Further work remains to be done to assess the chronic recording capability of the SUN interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Xin Yuan Thow
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Kai Voges
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Nitish V. Thakor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Shih-Cheng Yen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
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Park DW, Ness JP, Brodnick SK, Esquibel C, Novello J, Atry F, Baek DH, Kim H, Bong J, Swanson KI, Suminski AJ, Otto KJ, Pashaie R, Williams JC, Ma Z. Electrical Neural Stimulation and Simultaneous in Vivo Monitoring with Transparent Graphene Electrode Arrays Implanted in GCaMP6f Mice. ACS NANO 2018; 12:148-157. [PMID: 29253337 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation using implantable electrodes is widely used to treat various neuronal disorders such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy and is a widely used research tool in neuroscience studies. However, to date, devices that help better understand the mechanisms of electrical stimulation in neural tissues have been limited to opaque neural electrodes. Imaging spatiotemporal neural responses to electrical stimulation with minimal artifact could allow for various studies that are impossible with existing opaque electrodes. Here, we demonstrate electrical brain stimulation and simultaneous optical monitoring of the underlying neural tissues using carbon-based, fully transparent graphene electrodes implanted in GCaMP6f mice. Fluorescence imaging of neural activity for varying electrical stimulation parameters was conducted with minimal image artifact through transparent graphene electrodes. In addition, full-field imaging of electrical stimulation verified more efficient neural activation with cathode leading stimulation compared to anode leading stimulation. We have characterized the charge density limitation of capacitive four-layer graphene electrodes as 116.07-174.10 μC/cm2 based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, failure bench testing, and in vivo testing. This study demonstrates the transparent ability of graphene neural electrodes and provides a method to further increase understanding and potentially improve therapeutic electrical stimulation in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Park
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Seoul , Seoul 130-743, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Farid Atry
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kyle I Swanson
- Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix, Arizona 85013, United States
| | | | | | - Ramin Pashaie
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Kim LH, McLeod RS, Kiss ZHT. A new psychometric questionnaire for reporting of somatosensory percepts. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:013002. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa966a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Central nervous system microstimulation: Towards selective micro-neuromodulation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Lucas TH, Liu X, Zhang M, Sritharan S, Planell-Mendez I, Ghenbot Y, Torres-Maldonado S, Brandon C, Van der Spiegel J, Richardson AG. Strategies for Autonomous Sensor-Brain Interfaces for Closed-Loop Sensory Reanimation of Paralyzed Limbs. Neurosurgery 2017; 64:11-20. [PMID: 28899065 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Lucas
- Translational Neuromodulation Labora-tory, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, Department of Neuro-surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xilin Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Milin Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sri Sritharan
- Translational Neuromodulation Labora-tory, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, Department of Neuro-surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ivette Planell-Mendez
- Translational Neuromodulation Labora-tory, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, Department of Neuro-surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yohannes Ghenbot
- Translational Neuromodulation Labora-tory, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, Department of Neuro-surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Solymar Torres-Maldonado
- Translational Neuromodulation Labora-tory, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, Department of Neuro-surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cameron Brandon
- Translational Neuromodulation Labora-tory, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, Department of Neuro-surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jan Van der Spiegel
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew G Richardson
- Translational Neuromodulation Labora-tory, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, Department of Neuro-surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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42
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Liu X, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. Design of a Closed-Loop, Bidirectional Brain Machine Interface System With Energy Efficient Neural Feature Extraction and PID Control. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:729-742. [PMID: 28029630 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2016.2622738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a bidirectional brain machine interface (BMI) microsystem designed for closed-loop neuroscience research, especially experiments in freely behaving animals. The system-on-chip (SoC) consists of 16-channel neural recording front-ends, neural feature extraction units, 16-channel programmable neural stimulator back-ends, in-channel programmable closed-loop controllers, global analog-digital converters (ADC), and peripheral circuits. The proposed neural feature extraction units includes 1) an ultra low-power neural energy extraction unit enabling a 64-step natural logarithmic domain frequency tuning, and 2) a current-mode action potential (AP) detection unit with time-amplitude window discriminator. A programmable proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller has been integrated in each channel enabling a various of closed-loop operations. The implemented ADCs include a 10-bit voltage-mode successive approximation register (SAR) ADC for the digitization of the neural feature outputs and/or local field potential (LFP) outputs, and an 8-bit current-mode SAR ADC for the digitization of the action potential outputs. The multi-mode stimulator can be programmed to perform monopolar or bipolar, symmetrical or asymmetrical charge balanced stimulation with a maximum current of 4 mA in an arbitrary channel configuration. The chip has been fabricated in 0.18 μ m CMOS technology, occupying a silicon area of 3.7 mm 2. The chip dissipates 56 μW/ch on average. General purpose low-power microcontroller with Bluetooth module are integrated in the system to provide wireless link and SoC configuration. Methods, circuit techniques and system topology proposed in this work can be used in a wide range of relevant neurophysiology research, especially closed-loop BMI experiments.
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Sritharan SY, Richardson AG, Weigand PK, Planell-Mendez I, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH. Somatosensory encoding with cuneate nucleus microstimulation: Detection of artificial stimuli. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:4719-4722. [PMID: 28269325 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The sense of touch and proprioception are critical to movement control. After spinal cord injury, these senses may be restored with direct, electrical microstimulation of the brain as part of a complete sensorimotor neuroprosthesis. The present study was designed to test, in part, the hypothesis that the cuneate nucleus (CN) of the brainstem is a suitable site to encode somatosensory information. Two rhesus macaques were implanted with microelectrode arrays providing chronic access to the CN. The monkeys were trained on an active touch oddity task to detect vibrotactile stimuli. When the vibrotactile stimuli were replaced with electrical stimuli delivered to the CN, initial detection probabilities were near chance. Detection performance improved over time, reaching a plateau after about 10 daily sessions. At plateau performance, the monkeys exhibited detection probabilities that were 68-80% higher than the chance probability. Finally, detection probability was quantified as a function of stimulus amplitude. The resulting psychometric curve showed a detection threshold of 45 μA for 100-Hz stimulus trains. These behavioral data are the first to show that artificial CN activation is sufficient for perception. The results are consistent with our hypothesis and motivate future tests of the CN as a somatosensory encoding site.
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The ovine motor cortex: A review of functional mapping and cytoarchitecture. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:306-315. [PMID: 28595827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, sheep (Ovis aries) have emerged as a useful animal model for neurological research due to their relatively large brain and blood vessel size, their cortical architecture, and their docile temperament. However, the functional anatomy of sheep brain is not as well studied as that of non-human primates, rodents, and felines. For example, while the location of the sheep motor cortex has been known for many years, there have been few studies of the somatotopy of the motor cortex and there were a range of discrepancies across them. The motivation for this review is to provide a definitive resource for studies of the sheep motor cortex. This work critically reviews the literature examining the organization of the motor cortex in sheep, utilizing studies that have applied direct electrical stimulation and histological methods A clearer understanding of the sheep brain will facilitate and progress the use of this species as a scientific animal model for neurological research.
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45
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Hiremath SV, Tyler-Kabara EC, Wheeler JJ, Moran DW, Gaunt RA, Collinger JL, Foldes ST, Weber DJ, Chen W, Boninger ML, Wang W. Human perception of electrical stimulation on the surface of somatosensory cortex. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176020. [PMID: 28489913 PMCID: PMC5425101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancement in electrocorticography (ECoG)-based brain-computer interface technology has sparked a new interest in providing somatosensory feedback using ECoG electrodes, i.e., cortical surface electrodes. We conducted a 28-day study of cortical surface stimulation in an individual with arm paralysis due to brachial plexus injury to examine the sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. A high-density ECoG grid was implanted over the somatosensory and motor cortices. Stimulation through cortical surface electrodes over the somatosensory cortex successfully elicited arm and hand sensations in our participant with chronic paralysis. There were three key findings. First, the intensity of perceived sensation increased monotonically with both pulse amplitude and pulse frequency. Second, changing pulse width changed the type of sensation based on qualitative description provided by the human participant. Third, the participant could distinguish between stimulation applied to two neighboring cortical surface electrodes, 4.5 mm center-to-center distance, for three out of seven electrode pairs tested. Taken together, we found that it was possible to modulate sensation intensity, sensation type, and evoke sensations across a range of locations from the fingers to the upper arm using different stimulation electrodes even in an individual with chronic impairment of somatosensory function. These three features are essential to provide effective somatosensory feedback for neuroprosthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivayogi V. Hiremath
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. Tyler-Kabara
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jesse J. Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Moran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Gaunt
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Collinger
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Foldes
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Douglas J. Weber
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Michael L. Boninger
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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46
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Oscillatory brain activity changes by anodal tDCS - An ECoG study on anesthetized beagles. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:5258-5261. [PMID: 28269450 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Measuring neuronal activity of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is essential for investigating tDCS in stimuli or after stimuli effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the oscillatory changes from anodal tDCS using electrocorticography (ECoG) on beagles. We applied 2 mA anodal tDCS and monitored the ECoG signals (32 channels, 512 Hz sampling rate) for 15 minutes in three anesthetized beagles. Then, we compared the power changes before, during, and after tDCS in six different bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, low-gamma, and mid-gamma bands). The significantly increasing oscillatory changes from the mid-frequency bands (theta, alpha, and beta bands) to the high-frequency bands (low-gamma and mid-gamma bands) were observed. The results suggest that anodal tDCS may modulate high-frequency bands in the focal area of the cortex, which is relevant to electroencephalogram (EEG) studies.
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Highly Stable Glassy Carbon Interfaces for Long-Term Neural Stimulation and Low-Noise Recording of Brain Activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40332. [PMID: 28084398 PMCID: PMC5234039 DOI: 10.1038/srep40332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the superior electrochemical properties, in-vivo performance and long term stability under electrical stimulation of a new electrode material fabricated from lithographically patterned glassy carbon. For a direct comparison with conventional metal electrodes, similar ultra-flexible, micro-electrocorticography (μ-ECoG) arrays with platinum (Pt) or glassy carbon (GC) electrodes were manufactured. The GC microelectrodes have more than 70% wider electrochemical window and 70% higher CTC (charge transfer capacity) than Pt microelectrodes of similar geometry. Moreover, we demonstrate that the GC microelectrodes can withstand at least 5 million pulses at 0.45 mC/cm2 charge density with less than 7.5% impedance change, while the Pt microelectrodes delaminated after 1 million pulses. Additionally, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) was selectively electrodeposited on both sets of devices to specifically reduce their impedances for smaller diameters (<60 μm). We observed that PEDOT-PSS adhered significantly better to GC than Pt, and allowed drastic reduction of electrode size while maintaining same amount of delivered current. The electrode arrays biocompatibility was demonstrated through in-vitro cell viability experiments, while acute in vivo characterization was performed in rats and showed that GC microelectrode arrays recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) with an almost twice SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) when compared to the Pt ones.
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Abstract
Replacing the function of a missing or paralyzed limb with a prosthetic device that acts and feels like one's own limb is a major goal in applied neuroscience. Recent studies in nonhuman primates have shown that motor control and sensory feedback can be achieved by connecting sensors in a robotic arm to electrodes implanted in the brain. However, it remains unknown whether electrical brain stimulation can be used to create a sense of ownership of an artificial limb. In this study on two human subjects, we show that ownership of an artificial hand can be induced via the electrical stimulation of the hand section of the somatosensory (SI) cortex in synchrony with touches applied to a rubber hand. Importantly, the illusion was not elicited when the electrical stimulation was delivered asynchronously or to a portion of the SI cortex representing a body part other than the hand, suggesting that multisensory integration according to basic spatial and temporal congruence rules is the underlying mechanism of the illusion. These findings show that the brain is capable of integrating "natural" visual input and direct cortical-somatosensory stimulation to create the multisensory perception that an artificial limb belongs to one's own body. Thus, they serve as a proof of concept that electrical brain stimulation can be used to "bypass" the peripheral nervous system to induce multisensory illusions and ownership of artificial body parts, which has important implications for patients who lack peripheral sensory input due to spinal cord or nerve lesions.
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Devecioğlu İ, Güçlü B. Psychophysical correspondence between vibrotactile intensity and intracortical microstimulation for tactile neuroprostheses in rats. J Neural Eng 2016; 14:016010. [PMID: 27991426 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/14/1/016010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies showed that intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) generates artificial sensations which can be utilized as somatosensory feedback in cortical neuroprostheses. To mimic the natural psychophysical response, ICMS parameters are modulated according to psychometric equivalence functions (PEFs). PEFs match the intensity levels of ICMS and mechanical stimuli, which elicit equal detection probabilities, but they typically do not include the frequency as a control variable. We aimed to establish frequency-dependent PEFs for vibrotactile stimulation of the glabrous skin and ICMS in the primary somatosensory cortex of awake freely behaving rats. APPROACH We collected psychometric data for vibrotactile and ICMS detection at three stimulation frequencies (40, 60 and 80 Hz). The psychometric data were fitted with a model equation of two independent variables (stimulus intensity and frequency) and four subject-dependent parameters. For each rat, we constructed a separate PEF which was used to estimate the ICMS current amplitude for a given displacement amplitude and frequency. The ICMS frequency was set equal to the vibrotactile frequency. We validated the PEFs in a modified task which included randomly selected probe trials presented either with a vibrotactile or an ICMS stimulus, and also at frequencies and intensity levels not tested before. MAIN RESULTS The PEFs were generally successful in estimating the ICMS current intensities (no significant differences between vibrotactile and ICMS trials in Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests). Specifically, hit rates from both trial conditions were significantly correlated in 86% of the cases, and 52% of all data had perfect match in linear regression. SIGNIFICANCE The psychometric correspondence model presented in this study was constructed based on surface functions which define psychophysical detection probability as a function of stimulus intensity and frequency. Therefore, it may be used for the real-time modulation of the frequency and intensity of ICMS pulses in somatosensory neuroprostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Devecioğlu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul 34684, Turkey. Biomedical Engineering Department, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
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Flesher SN, Collinger JL, Foldes ST, Weiss JM, Downey JE, Tyler-Kabara EC, Bensmaia SJ, Schwartz AB, Boninger ML, Gaunt RA. Intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:361ra141. [PMID: 27738096 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex offers the potential for creating a sensory neuroprosthesis to restore tactile sensation. Whereas animal studies have suggested that both cutaneous and proprioceptive percepts can be evoked using this approach, the perceptual quality of the stimuli cannot be measured in these experiments. We show that microstimulation within the hand area of the somatosensory cortex of a person with long-term spinal cord injury evokes tactile sensations perceived as originating from locations on the hand and that cortical stimulation sites are organized according to expected somatotopic principles. Many of these percepts exhibit naturalistic characteristics (including feelings of pressure), can be evoked at low stimulation amplitudes, and remain stable for months. Further, modulating the stimulus amplitude grades the perceptual intensity of the stimuli, suggesting that intracortical microstimulation could be used to convey information about the contact location and pressure necessary to perform dexterous hand movements associated with object manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene N Flesher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jennifer L Collinger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Stephen T Foldes
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Weiss
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John E Downey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Tyler-Kabara
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Sliman J Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Andrew B Schwartz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Systems Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael L Boninger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Robert A Gaunt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. .,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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