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Ban S, Lee H, Chen J, Kim HS, Hu Y, Cho SJ, Yeo WH. Recent advances in implantable sensors and electronics using printable materials for advanced healthcare. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 257:116302. [PMID: 38648705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This review article focuses on the recent printing technological progress in healthcare, underscoring the significant potential of implantable devices across diverse applications. Printing technologies have widespread use in developing health monitoring devices, diagnostic systems, and surgical devices. Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress in fabricating low-profile implantable devices, driven by advancements in printing technologies and nanomaterials. The importance of implantable biosensors and bioelectronics is highlighted, specifically exploring printing tools using bio-printable inks for practical applications, including a detailed examination of fabrication processes and essential parameters. This review also justifies the need for mechanical and electrical compatibility between bioelectronics and biological tissues. In addition to technological aspects, this article delves into the importance of appropriate packaging methods to enhance implantable devices' performance, compatibility, and longevity, which are made possible by integrating cutting-edge printing technology. Collectively, we aim to shed light on the holistic landscape of implantable biosensors and bioelectronics, showcasing their evolving role in advancing healthcare through innovative printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeb Ban
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30024, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Haran Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiehao Chen
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30024, USA
| | - Hee-Seok Kim
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yuhang Hu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30024, USA; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Seong J Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30024, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Paul AA, Aladese AD, Marks RS. Additive Manufacturing Applications in Biosensors Technologies. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:60. [PMID: 38391979 PMCID: PMC10887193 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has emerged as an attractive state-of-the-art tool for precisely fabricating functional materials with complex geometries, championing several advancements in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and therapeutics. However, this technology has an untapped potential for biotechnological applications, such as sensor and biosensor development. By exploring these avenues, the scope of 3D printing technology can be expanded and pave the way for groundbreaking innovations in the biotechnology field. Indeed, new printing materials and printers would offer new possibilities for seamlessly incorporating biological functionalities within the growing 3D scaffolds. Herein, we review the additive manufacturing applications in biosensor technologies with a particular emphasis on extrusion-based 3D printing modalities. We highlight the application of natural, synthetic, and composite biomaterials as 3D-printed soft hydrogels. Emphasis is placed on the approach by which the sensing molecules are introduced during the fabrication process. Finally, future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Abbey Paul
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Adedamola D. Aladese
- Department of Physics and Material Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Robert S. Marks
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel;
- Ilse Katz Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel
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Smith MAA, Khot MI, Taccola S, Fry NR, Muhonen PL, Tipper JL, Jayne DG, Kay RW, Harris RA. A digitally driven manufacturing process for high resolution patterning of cell formations. Biomed Microdevices 2023; 25:16. [PMID: 37084116 PMCID: PMC10121500 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the engineering and validation of an enabling technology that facilitates new capabilities in in vitro cell models for high-throughput screening and tissue engineering applications. This is conducted through a computerized system that allows the design and deposition of high-fidelity microscale patterned coatings that selectively alter the chemical and topographical properties of cell culturing surfaces. Significantly, compared to alternative methods for microscale surface patterning, this is a digitally controlled and automated process thereby allowing scientists to rapidly create and explore an almost infinite range of cell culture patterns. This new capability is experimentally validated across six different cell lines demonstrating how the precise microscale deposition of these patterned coatings can influence spatiotemporal growth and movement of endothelial, fibroblast, neuronal and macrophage cells. To further demonstrate this platform, more complex patterns are then created and shown to guide the behavioral response of colorectal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A A Smith
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - M Ibrahim Khot
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Silvia Taccola
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicholas R Fry
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pirkko L Muhonen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joanne L Tipper
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David G Jayne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Robert W Kay
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Russell A Harris
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Słoma M. 3D printed electronics with nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5623-5648. [PMID: 36880539 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of printing, deposition and writing techniques have been incorporated to fabricate electronic devices in the last decades. This approach, printed electronics, has gained great interest in research and practical applications and is successfully fuelling the growth in materials science and technology. On the other hand, a new player is emerging, additive manufacturing, called 3D printing, introducing a new capability to create geometrically complex constructs with low cost and minimal material waste. Having such tremendous technology in our hands, it was just a matter of time to combine advances of printed electronics technology for the fabrication of unique 3D structural electronics. Nanomaterial patterning with additive manufacturing techniques can enable harnessing their nanoscale properties and the fabrication of active structures with unique electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, magnetic and biological properties. In this paper, we will briefly review the properties of selected nanomaterials suitable for electronic applications and look closer at the current achievements in the synergistic integration of nanomaterials with additive manufacturing technologies to fabricate 3D printed structural electronics. The focus is fixed strictly on techniques allowing as much as possible fabrication of spatial 3D objects, or at least conformal ones on 3D printed substrates, while only selected techniques are adaptable for 3D printing of electronics. Advances in the fabrication of conductive paths and circuits, passive components, antennas, active and photonic components, energy devices, microelectromechanical systems and sensors are presented. Finally, perspectives for development with new nanomaterials, multimaterial and hybrid techniques, bioelectronics, integration with discrete components and 4D-printing are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Słoma
- Micro- and Nanotechnology Division, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 8 Sw. A Boboli St., 02-525 Warsaw, Poland.
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Taccola S, da Veiga T, Chandler JH, Cespedes O, Valdastri P, Harris RA. Micro-scale aerosol jet printing of superparamagnetic Fe 3O 4 nanoparticle patterns. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17931. [PMID: 36289308 PMCID: PMC9606284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunity to create different patterns of magnetic nanoparticles on surfaces is highly desirable across many technological and biomedical applications. In this paper, this ability is demonstrated for the first time using a computer-controlled aerosol jet printing (AJP) technology. AJP is an emerging digitally driven, non-contact and mask-less printing process which has distinguishing advantages over other patterning technologies as it offers high-resolution and versatile direct-write deposition of a wide range of materials onto a variety of substrates. This research demonstrates the ability of AJP to reliably print large-area, fine-feature patterns of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) onto both rigid material (glass) and soft and flexible materials (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofilms). Investigation identified and controlled influential process variables which permitted feature sizes in the region of 20 μm to be realised. This method could be employed for a wide range of applications that require a flexible and responsive process that permits high yield and rapid patterning of magnetic material over large areas. As a first proof of concept, we present patterned magnetic nanofilms with enhanced manipulability under external magnetic field gradient control and which are capable of performing complex movements such as rotation and bending, with applicability to soft robotics and biomedical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Taccola
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Future Manufacturing Processes Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tomas da Veiga
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403STORM Lab, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James H. Chandler
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403STORM Lab, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Oscar Cespedes
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Pietro Valdastri
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403STORM Lab, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Russell A. Harris
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Future Manufacturing Processes Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Aerosol Jet Printing of 3D Pillar Arrays from Photopolymer Ink. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163411. [PMID: 36015668 PMCID: PMC9412835 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An aerosol jet printing (AJP) printing head built on top of precise motion systems can provide positioning deviation down to 3 μm, printing areas as large as 20 cm × 20 cm × 30 cm, and five-axis freedom of movement. Typical uses of AJP are 2D printing on complex or flexible substrates, primarily for applications in printed electronics. Nearly all commercially available AJP inks for 2D printing are designed and optimized to reach desired electronic properties. In this work, we explore AJP for the 3D printing of free-standing pillar arrays. We utilize aryl epoxy photopolymer as ink coupled with a cross-linking “on the fly” technique. Pillar structures 550 μm in height and with a diameter of 50 μm were 3D printed. Pillar structures were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, where the morphology, number of printed layers and side effects of the AJP technique were investigated. Satellite droplets and over-spray seem to be unavoidable for structures smaller than 70 μm. Nevertheless, reactive ion etching (RIE) as a post-processing step can mitigate AJP side effects. AJP-RIE together with photopolymer-based ink can be promising for the 3D printing of microstructures, offering fast and maskless manufacturing without wet chemistry development and heat treatment post-processing.
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Ali MA, Hu C, Yttri EA, Panat R. Recent Advances in 3D Printing of Biomedical Sensing Devices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2107671. [PMID: 36324737 PMCID: PMC9624470 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing, is a rapidly evolving technique that allows for the fabrication of functional materials with complex architectures, controlled microstructures, and material combinations. This capability has influenced the field of biomedical sensing devices by enabling the trends of device miniaturization, customization, and elasticity (i.e., having mechanical properties that match with the biological tissue). In this paper, the current state-of-the-art knowledge of biomedical sensors with the unique and unusual properties enabled by 3D printing is reviewed. The review encompasses clinically important areas involving the quantification of biomarkers (neurotransmitters, metabolites, and proteins), soft and implantable sensors, microfluidic biosensors, and wearable haptic sensors. In addition, the rapid sensing of pathogens and pathogen biomarkers enabled by 3D printing, an area of significant interest considering the recent worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, is also discussed. It is also described how 3D printing enables critical sensor advantages including lower limit-of-detection, sensitivity, greater sensing range, and the ability for point-of-care diagnostics. Further, manufacturing itself benefits from 3D printing via rapid prototyping, improved resolution, and lower cost. This review provides researchers in academia and industry a comprehensive summary of the novel possibilities opened by the progress in 3D printing technology for a variety of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azahar Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Chunshan Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Eric A Yttri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rahul Panat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
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Gibney R, Ferraris E. Bioprinting of Collagen Type I and II via Aerosol Jet Printing for the Replication of Dense Collagenous Tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:786945. [PMID: 34805132 PMCID: PMC8602098 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.786945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen has grown increasingly present in bioprinting, however collagen bioprinting has mostly been limited to the extrusion printing of collagen type I to form weak collagen hydrogels. While these weak collagen hydrogels have their applications, synthetic polymers are often required to reinforce gel-laden constructs that aim to replicate dense collagenous tissues found in vivo. In this study, aerosol jet printing (AJP) was used to print and process collagen type I and II into dense constructs with a greater capacity to replicate the dense collagenous ECM found in connective tissues. Collagen type I and II was isolated from animal tissues to form solutions for printing. Collagen type I and II constructs were printed with 576 layers and measured to have average effective elastic moduli of 241.3 ± 94.3 and 196.6 ± 86.0 kPa (±SD), respectively, without any chemical modification. Collagen type II solutions were measured to be less viscous than type I and both collagen type I and II exhibited a drop in viscosity due to AJP. Circular dichroism and SDS-PAGE showed collagen type I to be more vulnerable to structural changes due to the stresses of the aerosol formation step of aerosol jet printing while the collagen type II triple helix was largely unaffected. SEM illustrated that distinct layers remained in the aerosol jet print constructs. The results show that aerosol jet printing should be considered an effective way to process collagen type I and II into stiff dense constructs with suitable mechanical properties for the replication of dense collagenous connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Gibney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven Campus De Nayer, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eleonora Ferraris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven Campus De Nayer, Leuven, Belgium
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Herbert R, Lim H, Park S, Kim J, Yeo W. Recent Advances in Printing Technologies of Nanomaterials for Implantable Wireless Systems in Health Monitoring and Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100158. [PMID: 34019731 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of wireless implantable sensors and integrated systems, enabled by advances in flexible and stretchable electronics technologies, is emerging to advance human health monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment. Progress in material and fabrication strategies allows for implantable electronics for unobtrusive monitoring via seamlessly interfacing with tissues and wirelessly communicating. Combining new nanomaterials and customizable printing processes offers unique possibilities for high-performance implantable electronics. Here, this report summarizes the recent progress and advances in nanomaterials and printing technologies to develop wireless implantable sensors and electronics. Advances in materials and printing processes are reviewed with a focus on challenges in implantable applications. Demonstrations of wireless implantable electronics and advantages based on these technologies are discussed. Lastly, existing challenges and future directions of nanomaterials and printing are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herbert
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Hyo‐Ryoung Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Sehyun Park
- School of Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University Vancouver WA 98686 USA
| | - Jong‐Hoon Kim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University Vancouver WA 98686 USA
| | - Woon‐Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Neural Engineering Center Institute for Materials Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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Gibney R, Patterson J, Ferraris E. High-Resolution Bioprinting of Recombinant Human Collagen Type III. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2973. [PMID: 34503013 PMCID: PMC8434404 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of commercial collagen inks for extrusion-based bioprinting has increased the amount of research on pure collagen bioprinting, i.e., collagen inks not mixed with gelatin, alginate, or other more common biomaterial inks. New printing techniques have also improved the resolution achievable with pure collagen bioprinting. However, the resultant collagen constructs still appear too weak to replicate dense collagenous tissues, such as the cornea. This work aims to demonstrate the first reported case of bioprinted recombinant collagen films with suitable optical and mechanical properties for corneal tissue engineering. The printing technology used, aerosol jet® printing (AJP), is a high-resolution printing method normally used to deposit conductive inks for electronic printing. In this work, AJP was employed to deposit recombinant human collagen type III (RHCIII) in overlapping continuous lines of 60 µm to form thin layers. Layers were repeated up to 764 times to result in a construct that was considered a few hundred microns thick when swollen. Samples were subsequently neutralised and crosslinked using EDC:NHS crosslinking. Nanoindentation and absorbance measurements were conducted, and the results show that the AJP-deposited RHCIII samples possess suitable mechanical and optical properties for corneal tissue engineering: an average effective elastic modulus of 506 ± 173 kPa and transparency ≥87% at all visible wavelengths. Circular dichroism showed that there was some loss of helicity of the collagen due to aerosolisation. SDS-PAGE and pepsin digestion were used to show that while some collagen is degraded due to aerosolisation, it remains an inaccessible substrate for pepsin cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Gibney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Patterson
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Group, IMDEA Materials Institute, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Ferraris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
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11
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Hales S, Tokita E, Neupane R, Ghosh U, Elder B, Wirthlin D, Kong YL. 3D printed nanomaterial-based electronic, biomedical, and bioelectronic devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:172001. [PMID: 31805540 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5f29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to seamlessly integrate functional materials into three-dimensional (3D) constructs has been of significant interest, as it can enable the creation of multifunctional devices. Such integration can be achieved with a multiscale, multi-material 3D printing strategy. This technology has enabled the creation of unique devices such as personalized tissue regenerative scaffolds, biomedical implants, 3D electronic devices, and bionic constructs which are challenging to realize with conventional manufacturing processes. In particular, the incorporation of nanomaterials into 3D printed devices can endow a wide range of constructs with tailorable mechanical, chemical, and electrical functionalities. This review highlights the advances and unique possibilities in the fabrication of novel electronic, biomedical, and bioelectronic devices that are realized by the synergistic integration of nanomaterials with 3D printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hales
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
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12
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Seiti M, Ginestra P, Ferraro RM, Ceretti E, Ferraris E. Nebulized jet-based printing of bio-electrical scaffolds for neural tissue engineering: a feasibility study. Biofabrication 2020; 12:025024. [PMID: 32000155 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab71e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the application of a direct writing technique for printing conductive patterns onto a biocompatible electrospun-pyrolysed carbon-fibre-based substrate. The result is a first study towards the production of bio-electrical scaffolds that could be used to enhance the promotion of efficient connections among neurons for in vitro studies in the field of neural tissue engineering. An electrospinning process is employed for production of the materials derived from the precursor polyacrylonitrile, in which the embedding of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is also investigated. Subsequently, the methodology of research into suitable parameters for the printed electronics, using a commercial silver nanoparticle (Øavg,particle size ∼ 100 nm) ink, is described. The results show values of 2 Ω cm for the resistivity of the carbon-fibre materials and conductive printed lines of resistance ∼50 Ω on glass and less than ∼140 Ω on carbon-fibre samples. Biocompatibility results demonstrate the possibility of using electrospun-pyrolysed mats, also with embedded CNTs, as potential neural substrates for spatially localized electrical stimulation across a tissue. In addition, the data concerning the potential toxicity of silver suspensions are in accordance with the literature, showing a dose-dependent behaviour. This work is a pioneering feasibility study of the use of the flexible and versatile printed electronic approach, combined with engineered biocompatible substrates, to realize integrated bio-electrical scaffolds for in vitro neural tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Seiti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus De Nayer, KU Leuven, Belgium. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Parate K, Rangnekar SV, Jing D, Mendivelso-Perez DL, Ding S, Secor EB, Smith EA, Hostetter JM, Hersam MC, Claussen JC. Aerosol-Jet-Printed Graphene Immunosensor for Label-Free Cytokine Monitoring in Serum. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8592-8603. [PMID: 32040290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based inks are becoming increasingly attractive for printing low-cost and flexible electrical circuits due to their high electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and manufacturing scalability. Conventional graphene printing techniques, such as screen and inkjet printing, are limited by stringent ink viscosity requirements properties and large as-printed line width that impedes the performance of printed biosensors. Here, we report an aerosol-jet-printed (AJP) graphene-based immunosensor capable of monitoring two distinct cytokines: interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) with 40 μm finger widths were printed from graphene-nitrocellulose ink on a polyimide substrate. The IDEs were annealed in CO2 to introduce reactive oxygen species on the graphene surface that act as chemical handles to covalently link IFN-γ and IL-10 antibodies to the graphene surfaces. The resultant AJP electrochemical immunosensors are capable of monitoring cytokines in serum with wide sensing range (IFN-γ: 0.1-5 ng/mL; IL-10: 0.1-2 ng/mL), low detection limit (IFN-γ: 25 pg/ml and IL-10: 46 pg/ml) and high selectivity (antibodies exhibited minimal cross-reactivity with each other and IL-6) without the need for sample prelabeling or preconcentration. Moreover, these biosensors are mechanically flexible with minimal change in signal output after 250 bending cycles over a high curvature (Φ = 5 mm). Hence, this technology could be applied to numerous electrochemical applications that require low-cost electroactive circuits that are disposable and/or flexible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Parate
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Sonal V Rangnekar
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Dapeng Jing
- Materials Analysis and Research Laboratory , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50010 , Unites States
| | | | - Shaowei Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Ethan B Secor
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Jesse M Hostetter
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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14
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Williams NX, Watson N, Joh DY, Chilkoti A, Franklin AD. Aerosol jet printing of biological inks by ultrasonic delivery. Biofabrication 2020; 12:025004. [PMID: 31778993 PMCID: PMC7047942 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab5cf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Printing is a promising method to reduce the cost of fabricating biomedical devices. While there have been significant advancements in direct-write printing techniques, non-contact printing of biological reagents has been almost exclusively limited to inkjet printing. Motivated by this lacuna, this work investigated aerosol jet printing (AJP) of biological reagents onto a nonfouling polymer brush to fabricate in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays. The ultrasonication ink delivery process, which had previously been reported to damage DNA molecules, caused no degradation of printed proteins, allowing printing of a streptavidin-biotin binding assay with sub-nanogram ml-1 analytical sensitivity. Furthermore, a carcinoembryogenic antigen IVD was printed and found to have sensitivities in the clinically relevant range (limit of detection of approximately 0.5 ng ml-1 and a dynamic range of approximately three orders of magnitude). Finally, the multi-material printing capabilities of the aerosol jet printer were demonstrated by printing silver nanowires and streptavidin as interconnected patterns in the same print job without removal of the substrate from the printer, which will facilitate the fabrication of mixed-material devices. As cost, versatility, and ink usage become more prominent factors in the development of IVDs, this work has shown that AJP should become a more widely considered technique for fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas X Williams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC 27708, United States of America
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Borghetti M, Serpelloni M, Sardini E. Printed Strain Gauge on 3D and Low-Melting Point Plastic Surface by Aerosol Jet Printing and Photonic Curing. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194220. [PMID: 31569363 PMCID: PMC6806140 DOI: 10.3390/s19194220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Printing sensors and electronics directly on the objects is very attractive for producing smart devices, but it is still a challenge. Indeed, in some applications, the substrate that supports the printed electronics could be non-planar or the thermal curing of the functional inks could damage temperature-sensitive substrates such as plastics, fabric or paper. In this paper, we propose a new method for manufacturing silver-based strain sensors with arbitrary and custom geometries directly on plastic objects with curvilinear surfaces: (1) the silver lines are deposited by aerosol jet printing, which can print on non-planar or 3D surfaces; (2) photonic sintering quickly cures the deposited layer, avoiding the overheating of the substrate. To validate the manufacturing process, we printed strain gauges with conventional geometry on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) conduits. The entire manufacturing process, included sensor wiring and optional encapsulation, is performed at room temperature, compatible with the plastic surface. At the end of the process, the measured thickness of the printed sensor was 8.72 μm on average, the volume resistivity was evaluated 40 μΩ∙cm, and the thermal coefficient resistance was measured 0.150 %/°C. The average resistance was (71 ± 7) Ω and the gauge factor was found to be 2.42 on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Borghetti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Mauro Serpelloni
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emilio Sardini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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16
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Navikas V, Gavutis M, Rakickas T, Valiokas RN. Scanning Probe-Directed Assembly and Rapid Chemical Writing Using Nanoscopic Flow of Phospholipids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28449-28460. [PMID: 31287949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic systems offer a huge potential for discovery of new molecular transport and chemical phenomena that can be employed for future technologies. Herein, we report on the transport behavior of surface-reactive compounds in a nanometer-scale flow of phospholipids from a scanning probe. We have investigated microscopic deposit formation on polycrystalline gold by lithographic printing and writing of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and eicosanethiol mixtures, with the latter compound being a model case for self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). By analyzing the ink transport rates, we found that the transfer of thiols was fully controlled by the fluid lipid matrix allowing to achieve a certain jetting regime, i.e., transport rates previously not reported in dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) studies on surface-reactive, SAM-forming molecules. Such a transport behavior deviated significantly from the so-called molecular diffusion models, and it was most obvious at the high writing speeds, close to 100 μm s-1. Moreover, the combined data from imaging ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopy revealed a rapid and efficient ink phase separation occurring in the AFM tip-gold contact zone. The force curve analysis indicated formation of a mixed ink meniscus behaving as a self-organizing liquid. Based on our data, it has to be considered as one of the co-acting mechanisms driving the surface reactions and self-assembly under such highly nonequilibrium, crowded environment conditions. The results of the present study significantly extend the capabilities of DPN using standard AFM instrumentation: in the writing regime, the patterning speed was already comparable to that achievable by using electron beam systems. We demonstrate that lipid flow-controlled chemical patterning process is directly applicable for rapid prototyping of solid-state devices having mesoscopic features as well as for biomolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Navikas
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
| | - Martynas Gavutis
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
| | - Tomas Rakickas
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
| | - Ramu Nas Valiokas
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
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17
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Aerosol Jet Printed 3D Electrochemical Sensors for Protein Detection. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18113719. [PMID: 30388817 PMCID: PMC6263692 DOI: 10.3390/s18113719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of electrochemical sensors for the analysis of biological samples is nowadays widespread and highly demanded from diagnostic and pharmaceutical research, but the reliability and repeatability still remain debated issues. In the expanding field of printed electronics, Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) appears promising to bring an improvement in resolution, miniaturization, and flexibility. In this paper, the use of AJP is proposed to design and fabricate customized electrochemical sensors in term of geometry, materials and 3D liquid sample confinement, reducing variability in the functionalization process. After an analysis of geometrical, electrical and surface features, the optimal layout has been selected. An electrochemical test has been then performed quantifying Interleukin-8, selected as reference protein, by means of Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. AJP sensors have been compared with standard screen-printed electrodes in terms of current density and relative standard deviation. Results from AJP sensors with Ag-based Anodic Stripping Voltammetry confirmed nanostructures capability to reduce the limit of detection (from 2.1 to 0.3 ng/mL). Furthermore, AJP appeared to bring an improvement in term of relative standard deviation from 50 to 10%, if compared to screen-printed sensors. This is promising to improve reliability and repeatability of measurement techniques integrable in several biotechnological applications.
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18
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Cheng J, Li H, Zhou J, Cao Z, Wu D, Liu C. Influences of diantimony trioxide on laser-marking properties of thermoplastic polyurethane. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Wang T, Ramnarayanan A, Cheng H. Real Time Analysis of Bioanalytes in Healthcare, Food, Zoology and Botany. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 18:E5. [PMID: 29267256 PMCID: PMC5795934 DOI: 10.3390/s18010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand for real time analysis of bioanalytes has spurred development in the field of wearable technology to offer non-invasive data collection at a low cost. The manufacturing processes for creating these sensing systems vary significantly by the material used, the type of sensors needed and the subject of study as well. The methods predominantly involve stretchable electronic sensors to monitor targets and transmit data mainly through flexible wires or short-range wireless communication devices. Capable of conformal contact, the application of wearable technology goes beyond the healthcare to fields of food, zoology and botany. With a brief review of wearable technology and its applications to various fields, we believe this mini review would be of interest to the reader in broad fields of materials, sensor development and areas where wearable sensors can provide data that are not available elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Wang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Ashwin Ramnarayanan
- School of Engineering Design, Technology and Professional Programs, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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20
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Gabardo CM, Soleymani L. Deposition, patterning, and utility of conductive materials for the rapid prototyping of chemical and bioanalytical devices. Analyst 2016; 141:3511-25. [PMID: 27001624 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid prototyping is a critical step in the product development cycle of miniaturized chemical and bioanalytical devices, often categorized as lab-on-a-chip devices, biosensors, and micro-total analysis systems. While high throughput manufacturing methods are often preferred for large-volume production, rapid prototyping is necessary for demonstrating and predicting the performance of a device and performing field testing and validation before translating a product from research and development to large volume production. Choosing a specific rapid prototyping method involves considering device design requirements in terms of minimum feature sizes, mechanical stability, thermal and chemical resistance, and optical and electrical properties. A rapid prototyping method is then selected by making engineering trade-off decisions between the suitability of the method in meeting the design specifications and manufacturing metrics such as speed, cost, precision, and potential for scale up. In this review article, we review four categories of rapid prototyping methods that are applicable to developing miniaturized bioanalytical devices, single step, mask and deposit, mask and etch, and mask-free assembly, and we will focus on the trade-offs that need to be made when selecting a particular rapid prototyping method. The focus of the review article will be on the development of systems having a specific arrangement of conductive or semiconductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gabardo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Canada
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Seifert T, Sowade E, Roscher F, Wiemer M, Gessner T, Baumann RR. Additive Manufacturing Technologies Compared: Morphology of Deposits of Silver Ink Using Inkjet and Aerosol Jet Printing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie503636c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Seifert
- Digital
Printing and Imaging Technology, TU Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center
for Microtechnologies (ZfM), TU Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Enrico Sowade
- Digital
Printing and Imaging Technology, TU Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Frank Roscher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Maik Wiemer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Thomas Gessner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Reinhard R. Baumann
- Digital
Printing and Imaging Technology, TU Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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22
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Kreider A, Sell S, Kowalik T, Hartwig A, Grunwald I. Influence of immobilization protocol on the structure and function of surface bound proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:378-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Pál E, Kun R, Schulze C, Zöllmer V, Lehmhus D, Bäumer M, Busse M. Composition-dependent sintering behaviour of chemically synthesised CuNi nanoparticles and their application in aerosol printing for preparation of conductive microstructures. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Lesch A, Momotenko D, Cortés-Salazar F, Wirth I, Tefashe UM, Meiners F, Vaske B, Girault HH, Wittstock G. Fabrication of soft gold microelectrode arrays as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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25
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Pál E, Zöllmer V, Lehmhus D, Busse M. Synthesis of Cu0.55Ni0.44Mn0.01 alloy nanoparticles by solution combustion method and their application in aerosol printing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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