1
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Lan X, Boluk Y, Adesida AB. 3D Bioprinting of Hyaline Cartilage Using Nasal Chondrocytes. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1816-1834. [PMID: 36952145 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limited self-repair capacity of the hyaline cartilage, the repair of cartilage remains an unsolved clinical problem. Tissue engineering strategy with 3D bioprinting technique has emerged a new insight by providing patient's personalized cartilage grafts using autologous cells for hyaline cartilage repair and regeneration. In this review, we first summarized the intrinsic property of hyaline cartilage in both maxillofacial and orthopedic regions to establish the requirement for 3D bioprinting cartilage tissue. We then reviewed the literature and provided opinion pieces on the selection of bioprinters, bioink materials, and cell sources. This review aims to identify the current challenges for hyaline cartilage bioprinting and the directions for future clinical development in bioprinted hyaline cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Lan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yaman Boluk
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Adetola B Adesida
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopedic Surgery & Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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2
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Pramanik S, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Alsanie WF, Nainwal P, Kimothi V, Deepak A, Sargsyan AS. Unveiling the versatility of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels: a comprehensive journey into biomedical applications. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:042008. [PMID: 38768611 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad4df7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have gained significant recognition as versatile biomaterials in the biomedical domain. GelMA hydrogels emulate vital characteristics of the innate extracellular matrix by integrating cell-adhering and matrix metalloproteinase-responsive peptide motifs. These features enable cellular proliferation and spreading within GelMA-based hydrogel scaffolds. Moreover, GelMA displays flexibility in processing, as it experiences crosslinking when exposed to light irradiation, supporting the development of hydrogels with adjustable mechanical characteristics. The drug delivery landscape has been reshaped by GelMA hydrogels, offering a favorable platform for the controlled and sustained release of therapeutic actives. The tunable physicochemical characteristics of GelMA enable precise modulation of the kinetics of drug release, ensuring optimal therapeutic effectiveness. In tissue engineering, GelMA hydrogels perform an essential role in the design of the scaffold, providing a biomimetic environment conducive to cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Incorporating GelMA in three-dimensional printing further improves its applicability in drug delivery and developing complicated tissue constructs with spatial precision. Wound healing applications showcase GelMA hydrogels as bioactive dressings, fostering a conducive microenvironment for tissue regeneration. The inherent biocompatibility and tunable mechanical characteristics of GelMA provide its efficiency in the closure of wounds and tissue repair. GelMA hydrogels stand at the forefront of biomedical innovation, offering a versatile platform for addressing diverse challenges in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. This review provides a comprehensive overview, fostering an in-depth understanding of GelMA hydrogel's potential impact on progressing biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheersha Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Nainwal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Vishwadeepak Kimothi
- Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India
| | - A Deepak
- Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600128, India
| | - Armen S Sargsyan
- Scientific and Production Center 'Armbiotechnology' NAS RA, 14 Gyurjyan Str., Yerevan 0056, Armenia
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3
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Kara Özenler A, Distler T, Akkineni AR, Tihminlioglu F, Gelinsky M, Boccaccini AR. 3D bioprinting of mouse pre-osteoblasts and human MSCs using bioinks consisting of gelatin and decellularized bone particles. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025027. [PMID: 38394672 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad2c98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
One of the key challenges in biofabrication applications is to obtain bioinks that provide a balance between printability, shape fidelity, cell viability, and tissue maturation. Decellularization methods allow the extraction of natural extracellular matrix, preserving tissue-specific matrix proteins. However, the critical challenge in bone decellularization is to preserve both organic (collagen, proteoglycans) and inorganic components (hydroxyapatite) to maintain the natural composition and functionality of bone. Besides, there is a need to investigate the effects of decellularized bone (DB) particles as a tissue-based additive in bioink formulation to develop functional bioinks. Here we evaluated the effect of incorporating DB particles of different sizes (≤45 and ≤100μm) and concentrations (1%, 5%, 10% (wt %)) into bioink formulations containing gelatin (GEL) and pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) or human mesenchymal stem cells (hTERT-MSCs). In addition, we propose a minimalistic bioink formulation using GEL, DB particles and cells with an easy preparation process resulting in a high cell viability. The printability properties of the inks were evaluated. Additionally, rheological properties were determined with shear thinning and thixotropy tests. The bioprinted constructs were cultured for 28 days. The viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of cells were evaluated using biochemical assays and fluorescence microscopy. The incorporation of DB particles enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity which might be due to the natural collagen and hydroxyapatite content of DB particles. Alkaline phosphatase activity is increased significantly by using DB particles, notably, without an osteogenic induction of the cells. Moreover, fluorescence images display pronounced cell-material interaction and cell attachment inside the constructs. With these promising results, the present minimalistic bioink formulation is envisioned as a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering as a clinically translatable material with straightforward preparation and high cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Kara Özenler
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Bioengineering, İzmir 35433, Turkey
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Distler
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ashwini Rahul Akkineni
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Funda Tihminlioglu
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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4
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Das S, Thimukonda Jegadeesan J, Basu B. Advancing Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: 3D Bioprinting of GelMA-Based Cell-Laden Electroactive Bioinks for Nerve Conduits. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1620-1645. [PMID: 38345020 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries often result in substantial impairment of the neurostimulatory organs. While the autograft is still largely used as the "gold standard" clinical treatment option, nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are currently considered a promising approach for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration. While several attempts have been made to construct NGCs using various biomaterial combinations, a comprehensive exploration of the process science associated with three-dimensional (3D) extrusion printing of NGCs with clinically relevant sizes (length: 20 mm; diameter: 2-8 mm), while focusing on tunable buildability using electroactive biomaterial inks, remains unexplored. In addressing this gap, we present here the results of the viscoelastic properties of a range of a multifunctional gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)/carbon nanofiber (CNF)/gellan gum (GG) hydrogel bioink formulations and printability assessment using experiments and quantitative models. Our results clearly established the positive impact of the gellan gum on the enhancement of the rheological properties. Interestingly, the strategic incorporation of PEGDA as a secondary cross-linker led to a remarkable enhancement in the strength and modulus by 3 and 8-fold, respectively. Moreover, conductive CNF addition resulted in a 4-fold improvement in measured electrical conductivity. The use of four-component electroactive biomaterial ink allowed us to obtain high neural cell viability in 3D bioprinted constructs. While the conventionally cast scaffolds can support the differentiation of neuro-2a cells, the most important result has been the excellent cell viability of neural cells in 3D encapsulated structures. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the potential of 3D bioprinting and multimodal biophysical cues in developing functional yet critical-sized nerve conduits for peripheral nerve tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Das
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Bikramjit Basu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Lee J, Lee E, Huh SJ, Kang JI, Park KM, Byun H, Lee S, Kim E, Shin H. Composite Spheroid-Laden Bilayer Hydrogel for Engineering Three-Dimensional Osteochondral Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:225-243. [PMID: 38062771 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A combination of hydrogels and stem cell spheroids has been used to engineer three-dimensional (3D) osteochondral tissue, but precise zonal control directing cell fate within the hydrogel remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a composite spheroid-laden bilayer hydrogel to imitate osteochondral tissue by spatially controlled differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. Meticulous optimization of the spheroid-size and mechanical strength of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel enables the cells to homogeneously sprout within the hydrogel. Moreover, fibers immobilizing transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) or bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were incorporated within the spheroids, which induced chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation of cells in general media, respectively. The spheroids-filled GelMA solution was crosslinked to create the bilayer hydrogel, which demonstrated a strong interfacial adhesion between the two layers. The cell sprouting enhanced the adhesion of each hydrogel, demonstrated by increase in tensile strength from 4.8 ± 0.4 to 6.9 ± 1.2 MPa after 14 days of culture. Importantly, the spatially confined delivery of BMP-2 within the spheroids increased mineral deposition and more than threefold enhanced osteogenic genes of cells in the bone layer while the cells induced by TGF-β1 signals were apparently differentiated into chondrocytes within the cartilage layer. The results suggest that our composite spheroid-laden hydrogel could be used for the biofabrication of osteochondral tissue, which can be applied to engineer other complex tissues by delivery of appropriate biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon Il Kang
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Park
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Byun
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Agrawal A, Hussain CM. 3D-Printed Hydrogel for Diverse Applications: A Review. Gels 2023; 9:960. [PMID: 38131946 PMCID: PMC10743314 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have emerged as a versatile and promising class of materials in the field of 3D printing, offering unique properties suitable for various applications. This review delves into the intersection of hydrogels and 3D printing, exploring current research, technological advancements, and future directions. It starts with an overview of hydrogel basics, including composition and properties, and details various hydrogel materials used in 3D printing. The review explores diverse 3D printing methods for hydrogels, discussing their advantages and limitations. It emphasizes the integration of 3D-printed hydrogels in biomedical engineering, showcasing its role in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. Beyond healthcare, it also examines their applications in the food, cosmetics, and electronics industries. Challenges like resolution limitations and scalability are addressed. The review predicts future trends in material development, printing techniques, and novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Physics, Shri Neelkantheshwar Government Post-Graduate College, Khandwa 450001, India;
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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7
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Dutta SD, Patil TV, Ganguly K, Randhawa A, Acharya R, Moniruzzaman M, Lim KT. Trackable and highly fluorescent nanocellulose-based printable bio-resins for image-guided tissue regeneration. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121232. [PMID: 37659796 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic tracking of cell migration during tissue regeneration remains challenging owing to imaging techniques that require sophisticated devices, are often lethal to healthy tissues. Herein, we developed a 3D printable non-invasive polymeric hydrogel based on 2,2,6,6-(tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized nanocellulose (T-CNCs) and carbon dots (CDs) for the dynamic tracking of cells. The as-prepared T-CNC@CDs were used to fabricate a liquid bio-resin containing gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (GPCD) for digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting. The shear-thinning properties of the GPCD bio-resin were further improved by the addition of T-CNC@CDs, allowing high-resolution 3D printing and bioprinting of human cells with higher cytocompatibility (viability ∼95 %). The elastic modulus of the printed GPCD hydrogel was found to be ∼13 ± 4.2 kPa, which is ideal for soft tissue engineering. The as-fabricated hydrogel scaffold exhibited tunable structural color property owing to the addition of T-CNC@CDs. Owing to the unique fluorescent property of T-CNC@CDs, the human skin cells could be tracked within the GPCD hydrogel up to 30 days post-printing. Therefore, we anticipate that GPCD bio-resin can be used for 3D bioprinting with high structural stability, dynamic tractability, and tunable mechanical stiffness for image-guided tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Institue of Forest Science, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Aayushi Randhawa
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rumi Acharya
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Moniruzzaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Institue of Forest Science, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Cernencu AI, Vlasceanu GM, Serafim A, Pircalabioru G, Ionita M. 3D double-reinforced graphene oxide - nanocellulose biomaterial inks for tissue engineered constructs. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24053-24063. [PMID: 37577089 PMCID: PMC10414018 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02786d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of improved fabrication technologies, particularly 3D printing, has enabled the engineering of bone tissue for patient-specific healing and the fabrication of in vitro tissue models for ex vivo testing. However, inks made from natural polymers often fall short in terms of mechanical strength, stability, and the induction of osteogenesis. Our research focused on developing novel printable formulations using a gelatin/pectin polymeric matrix that integrate synergistic reinforcement components i.e. graphene oxide (GO) and oxidized nanocellulose fibers (CNF). Using 3D printing technology and the aforementioned biomaterial composite inks, bone-like scaffolds were created. To simulate critical-sized flaws and demonstrate scaffold fidelity, 3D scaffolds were successfully printed using formulations with varied GO concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1% wt with respect to polymer content). The addition of GO to hydrogel inks enhanced not only the compressive modulus but also the printability and scaffold fidelity compared to the pure colloid-gelatin/pectin system. Due to its strong potential for 3D bioprinting, the sample containing 0.5% GO is shown to have the greatest perspectives for bone tissue models and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Cernencu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
| | - George M Vlasceanu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
| | - Andrada Serafim
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
| | - Gratiela Pircalabioru
- eBio-hub Research-Center, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest 6 Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, Campus Building Bucharest 061344 Romania
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest Bucharest 050095 Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists 54 Splaiul Independentei Bucharest 050094 Romania
| | - Mariana Ionita
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street Bucharest 011061 Romania
- eBio-hub Research-Center, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest 6 Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, Campus Building Bucharest 061344 Romania
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Schulik J, Salehi S, Boccaccini AR, Schrüfer S, Schubert DW, Arkudas A, Kengelbach-Weigand A, Horch RE, Schmid R. Comparison of the Behavior of 3D-Printed Endothelial Cells in Different Bioinks. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:751. [PMID: 37508778 PMCID: PMC10376299 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials with characteristics similar to extracellular matrix and with suitable bioprinting properties are essential for vascular tissue engineering. In search for suitable biomaterials, this study investigated the three hydrogels alginate/hyaluronic acid/gelatin (Alg/HA/Gel), pre-crosslinked alginate di-aldehyde with gelatin (ADA-GEL), and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) with respect to their mechanical properties and to the survival, migration, and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, the behavior of HUVECs was compared with their behavior in Matrigel. For this purpose, HUVECs were mixed with the inks both as single cells and as cell spheroids and printed using extrusion-based bioprinting. Good printability with shape fidelity was determined for all inks. The rheological measurements demonstrated the gelling consistency of the inks and shear-thinning behavior. Different Young's moduli of the hydrogels were determined. However, all measured values where within the range defined in the literature, leading to migration and sprouting, as well as reconciling migration with adhesion. Cell survival and proliferation in ADA-GEL and GelMA hydrogels were demonstrated for 14 days. In the Alg/HA/Gel bioink, cell death occurred within 7 days for single cells. Sprouting and migration of the HUVEC spheroids were observed in ADA-GEL and GelMA. Similar behavior of the spheroids was seen in Matrigel. In contrast, the spheroids in the Alg/HA/Gel ink died over the time studied. It has been shown that Alg/HA/Gel does not provide a good environment for long-term survival of HUVECs. In conclusion, ADA-GEL and GelMA are promising inks for vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schulik
- Laboratory for Tissue-Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery University Hospital of Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Chair of Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrüfer
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk W Schubert
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Laboratory for Tissue-Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery University Hospital of Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Kengelbach-Weigand
- Laboratory for Tissue-Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery University Hospital of Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Laboratory for Tissue-Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery University Hospital of Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rafael Schmid
- Laboratory for Tissue-Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery University Hospital of Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Mir A, Lee E, Shih W, Koljaka S, Wang A, Jorgensen C, Hurr R, Dave A, Sudheendra K, Hibino N. 3D Bioprinting for Vascularization. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050606. [PMID: 37237676 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the world of clinic treatments, 3D-printed tissue constructs have emerged as a less invasive treatment method for various ailments. Printing processes, scaffold and scaffold free materials, cells used, and imaging for analysis are all factors that must be observed in order to develop successful 3D tissue constructs for clinical applications. However, current research in 3D bioprinting model development lacks diverse methods of successful vascularization as a result of issues with scaling, size, and variations in printing method. This study analyzes the methods of printing, bioinks used, and analysis techniques in 3D bioprinting for vascularization. These methods are discussed and evaluated to determine the most optimal strategies of 3D bioprinting for successful vascularization. Integrating stem and endothelial cells in prints, selecting the type of bioink according to its physical properties, and choosing a printing method according to physical properties of the desired printed tissue are steps that will aid in the successful development of a bioprinted tissue and its vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amatullah Mir
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eugenia Lee
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wesley Shih
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah Koljaka
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anya Wang
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Caitlin Jorgensen
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Riley Hurr
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Amartya Dave
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Krupa Sudheendra
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Advocate Children's Hospital, 4440 W 95th St. Oak Lawn, IL 60453, USA
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11
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Ganguly K, Dutta SD, Randhawa A, Patel DK, Patil TV, Lim KT. Transcriptomic Changes toward Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on 3D-Printed GelMA/CNC Hydrogel under Pulsatile Pressure Environment. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202163. [PMID: 36637340 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic soft hydrogels used in bone tissue engineering frequently produce unsatisfactory outcomes. Here, it is investigated how human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) differentiated into early osteoblasts on remarkably soft 3D hydrogel (70 ± 0.00049 Pa). Specifically, hBMSCs seeded onto cellulose nanocrystals incorporated methacrylate gelatin hydrogels are subjected to pulsatile pressure stimulation (PPS) of 5-20 kPa for 7 days. The PPS stimulates cellular processes such as mechanotransduction, cytoskeletal distribution, prohibition of oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, osteogenic marker gene expression, and osteo-specific cytokine secretions in hBMSCs on soft substrates. The involvement of Piezo 1 is the main ion channel involved in mechanotransduction. Additionally, RNA-sequencing results reveal differential gene expression concerning osteogenic differentiation, bone mineralization, ion channel activity, and focal adhesion. These findings suggest a practical and highly scalable method for promoting stem cell commitment to osteogenesis on soft matrices for clinical reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Aayushi Randhawa
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Biomechagen Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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12
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Bercea M. Rheology as a Tool for Fine-Tuning the Properties of Printable Bioinspired Gels. Molecules 2023; 28:2766. [PMID: 36985738 PMCID: PMC10058016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, efforts have been oriented toward the development of suitable gels for 3D printing, with controlled morphology and shear-thinning behavior in well-defined conditions. As a multidisciplinary approach to the fabrication of complex biomaterials, 3D bioprinting combines cells and biocompatible materials, which are subsequently printed in specific shapes to generate 3D structures for regenerative medicine or tissue engineering. A major interest is devoted to the printing of biomimetic materials with structural fidelity after their fabrication. Among some requirements imposed for bioinks, such as biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and the possibility to be sterilized, the nondamaging processability represents a critical issue for the stability and functioning of the 3D constructs. The major challenges in the field of printable gels are to mimic at different length scales the structures existing in nature and to reproduce the functions of the biological systems. Thus, a careful investigation of the rheological characteristics allows a fine-tuning of the material properties that are manufactured for targeted applications. The fluid-like or solid-like behavior of materials in conditions similar to those encountered in additive manufacturing can be monitored through the viscoelastic parameters determined in different shear conditions. The network strength, shear-thinning, yield point, and thixotropy govern bioprintability. An assessment of these rheological features provides significant insights for the design and characterization of printable gels. This review focuses on the rheological properties of printable bioinspired gels as a survey of cutting-edge research toward developing printed materials for additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bercea
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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13
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Naranjo-Alcazar R, Bendix S, Groth T, Gallego Ferrer G. Research Progress in Enzymatically Cross-Linked Hydrogels as Injectable Systems for Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030230. [PMID: 36975679 PMCID: PMC10048521 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have been developed for different biomedical applications such as in vitro culture platforms, drug delivery, bioprinting and tissue engineering. Enzymatic cross-linking has many advantages for its ability to form gels in situ while being injected into tissue, which facilitates minimally invasive surgery and adaptation to the shape of the defect. It is a highly biocompatible form of cross-linking, which permits the harmless encapsulation of cytokines and cells in contrast to chemically or photochemically induced cross-linking processes. The enzymatic cross-linking of synthetic and biogenic polymers also opens up their application as bioinks for engineering tissue and tumor models. This review first provides a general overview of the different cross-linking mechanisms, followed by a detailed survey of the enzymatic cross-linking mechanism applied to both natural and synthetic hydrogels. A detailed analysis of their specifications for bioprinting and tissue engineering applications is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Naranjo-Alcazar
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sophie Bendix
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Material Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gloria Gallego Ferrer
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Carlos III Health Institute (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 46022 Valencia, Spain
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14
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Cadamuro F, Nicotra F, Russo L. 3D printed tissue models: From hydrogels to biomedical applications. J Control Release 2023; 354:726-745. [PMID: 36682728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of new advanced constructs resembling structural and functional properties of human organs and tissues requires a deep knowledge of the morphological and biochemical properties of the extracellular matrices (ECM), and the capacity to reproduce them. Manufacturing technologies like 3D printing and bioprinting represent valuable tools for this purpose. This review will describe how morphological and biochemical properties of ECM change in different tissues, organs, healthy and pathological states, and how ECM mimics with the required properties can be generated by 3D printing and bioprinting. The review describes and classifies the polymeric materials of natural and synthetic origin exploited to generate the hydrogels acting as "inks" in the 3D printing process, with particular emphasis on their functionalization allowing crosslinking and conjugation with signaling molecules to develop bio-responsive and bio-instructive ECM mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cadamuro
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy; CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland.
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15
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Inorganic/Biopolymers Hybrid Hydrogels Dual Cross-Linked for Bone Tissue Regeneration. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120762. [PMID: 36547286 PMCID: PMC9777565 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering, the potential of re-growing new tissue has been considered, however, developments towards such clinical and commercial outcomes have been modest. One of the most important elements here is the selection of a biomaterial that serves as a "scaffold" for the regeneration process. Herein, we designed hydrogels composed of two biocompatible natural polymers, namely gelatin with photopolymerizable functionalities and a pectin derivative amenable to direct protein conjugation. Aiming to design biomimetic hydrogels for bone regeneration, this study proposes double-reinforcement by way of inorganic/biopolymer hybrid filling composed of Si-based compounds and cellulose nanofibers. To attain networks with high flexibility and elastic modulus, a double-crosslinking strategy was envisioned-photochemical and enzyme-mediated conjugation reactions. The dual cross-linked procedure will generate intra- and intermolecular interactions between the protein and polysaccharide and might be a resourceful strategy to develop innovative scaffolding materials.
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16
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Liu H, Fan P, Jin F, Huang G, Guo X, Xu F. Dynamic and static biomechanical traits of cardiac fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1042030. [PMID: 36394025 PMCID: PMC9659743 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathology in cardiovascular diseases which are reported as the leading cause of death globally. In recent decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the biomechanical traits of fibrosis play important roles in cardiac fibrosis initiation, progression and treatment. In this review, we summarize the four main distinct biomechanical traits (i.e., stretch, fluid shear stress, ECM microarchitecture, and ECM stiffness) and categorize them into two different types (i.e., static and dynamic), mainly consulting the unique characteristic of the heart. Moreover, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of different biomechanical traits on cardiac fibrosis, their transduction mechanisms, and in-vitro engineered models targeting biomechanical traits that will aid the identification and prediction of mechano-based therapeutic targets to ameliorate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengbei Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fanli Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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17
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Rizzo R, Bonato A, Chansoria P, Zenobi-Wong M. Macroporous Aligned Hydrogel Microstrands for 3D Cell Guidance. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3871-3882. [PMID: 35977074 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering strongly relies on the use of hydrogels as highly hydrated 3D matrices to support the maturation of laden cells. However, because of the lack of microarchitecture and sufficient porosity, common hydrogel systems do not provide physical cell-instructive guidance cues and efficient transport of nutrients and oxygen to the inner part of the construct. A controlled, organized cellular alignment and resulting alignment of secreted ECM are hallmarks of muscle, tendons, and nerves and play an important role in determining their functional properties. Although several strategies to induce cellular alignment have been investigated in 2D systems, the generation of cell-instructive 3D hydrogels remains a challenge. Here, we report on the development of a simple and scalable method to efficiently generate highly macroporous constructs featuring aligned guidance cues. A precross-linked bulk hydrogel is pressed through a grid with variable opening sizes, thus deconstructing it into an array of aligned, high aspect ratio microgels (microstrands) with tunable diameter that are eventually stabilized by a second photoclick cross-linking step. This method has been investigated and optimized both in silico and in vitro, thereby leading to conditions with excellent viability and organized cellular alignment. Finally, as proof of concept, the method has been shown to direct aligned muscle tissue maturation. These findings demonstrate the 3D physical guidance potential of our system, which can be used for a variety of anisotropic tissues and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Angela Bonato
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Parth Chansoria
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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18
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Shen J, Zhang S, Fang X, Salmon S. Advances in 3D Gel Printing for Enzyme Immobilization. Gels 2022; 8:460. [PMID: 35892719 PMCID: PMC9331464 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating enzymes with three-dimensional (3D) printing is an exciting new field of convergence research that holds infinite potential for creating highly customizable components with diverse and efficient biocatalytic properties. Enzymes, nature's nanoscale protein-based catalysts, perform crucial functions in biological systems and play increasingly important roles in modern chemical processing methods, cascade reactions, and sensor technologies. Immobilizing enzymes on solid carriers facilitates their recovery and reuse, improves stability and longevity, broadens applicability, and reduces overall processing and chemical conversion costs. Three-dimensional printing offers extraordinary flexibility for creating high-resolution complex structures that enable completely new reactor designs with versatile sub-micron functional features in macroscale objects. Immobilizing enzymes on or in 3D printed structures makes it possible to precisely control their spatial location for the optimal catalytic reaction. Combining the rapid advances in these two technologies is leading to completely new levels of control and precision in fabricating immobilized enzyme catalysts. The goal of this review is to promote further research by providing a critical discussion of 3D printed enzyme immobilization methods encompassing both post-printing immobilization and immobilization by physical entrapment during 3D printing. Especially, 3D printed gel matrix techniques offer mild single-step entrapment mechanisms that produce ideal environments for enzymes with high retention of catalytic function and unparalleled fabrication control. Examples from the literature, comparisons of the benefits and challenges of different combinations of the two technologies, novel approaches employed to enhance printed hydrogel physical properties, and an outlook on future directions are included to provide inspiration and insights for pursuing work in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaomeng Fang
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sonja Salmon
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
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19
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Anand R, Salar Amoli M, Huysecom AS, Amorim PA, Agten H, Geris L, Bloemen V. A tunable gelatin-hyaluronan dialdehyde/methacryloyl gelatin interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel for additive tissue manufacturing. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35700719 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac78b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Methacryloyl gelatin (GelMA) is a versatile material for bioprinting because of its tunable physical properties and inherent bioactivity. Bioprinting of GelMA is often met with challenges such as lower viscosity of GelMA inks due to higher methacryloyl substitution and longer physical gelation time at room temperature. In this study, a tunable interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel was prepared from gelatin-hyaluronan dialdehyde (Gel-HDA) Schiff's polymer, and 100% methacrylamide substituted GelMA for biofabrication through extrusion based bioprinting. Temperature sweep rheology measurements show a higher sol-gel transition temperature for IPN (30 °C) compared to gold standard GelMA (27 °C). Furthermore, to determine the tunability of the IPN hydrogel, several IPN samples were prepared by combining different ratios of Gel-HDA and GelMA achieving a compressive modulus ranging from 20.6 ± 2.48 KPa to 116.7 ± 14.80 KPa. Our results showed that the mechanical properties and printability at room temperature could be tuned by adjusting the ratios of GelMA and Gel-HDA. To evaluate cell response to the material, MC3T3-E1 mouse pre-osteoblast cells were embedded in hydrogels and 3D-printed, demonstrating excellent cell viability and proliferation after 10 d of 3Din vitroculture, making the IPN an interesting bioink for the fabrication of 3D constructs for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmi Anand
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research and Super Speciality Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Kottayam, Kerala 686009, India
| | - Mehdi Salar Amoli
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Imaging & Pathology/OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Campus Sint-Rafaël, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - An-Sofie Huysecom
- Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paulo Alexandre Amorim
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannah Agten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit GIGA-R In Silico Medicine, Université de Liege, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, Liège, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Bloemen
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Böttcher B, Pflieger A, Schumacher J, Jungnickel B, Feller KH. 3D Bioprinting of Prevascularized Full-Thickness Gelatin-Alginate Structures with Embedded Co-Cultures. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060242. [PMID: 35735485 PMCID: PMC9219913 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bioprinting allows the creation of complex three-dimensional cell laden grafts with spatial placements of different cell lines. However, a major challenge is insufficient nutrient transfer, especially with the increased size of the graft causing necrosis and reduced proliferation. A possibility to improve nutrient support is the integration of tubular structures for reducing diffusion paths. In this study the influence of prevascularization in full-thickness grafts on cell growth with a variation of cultivation style and cellular composition was investigated. To perform this, the rheological properties of the used gelatin-alginate hydrogel as well as possibilities to improve growth conditions in the hydrogel were assessed. Prevascularized grafts were manufactured using a pneumatic extrusion-based bioprinter with a coaxial extrusion tool. The prevascularized grafts were statically and dynamically cultured with a monoculture of HepG2 cells. Additionally, a co-culture of HepG2 cells, fibroblasts and HUVEC-TERT2 was created while HUVEC-TERT2s were concentrically placed around the hollow channels. A static culture of prevascularized grafts showed short-term improvements in cell proliferation compared to avascular grafts, while a perfusion-based culture showed improvements in mid-term cultivation times. The cultivation of the co-culture indicated the formation of vascular structures from the hollow channels toward avascular areas. According to these results, the integration of prevascular structures show beneficial effects for the in vitro cultivation of bioprinted grafts for which its impact can be increased in larger grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Böttcher
- Institute for Microsystem and Precision Engineering, Ernst-Abbe University of Applied Science Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (B.B.); (A.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Astrid Pflieger
- Institute for Microsystem and Precision Engineering, Ernst-Abbe University of Applied Science Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (B.B.); (A.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Schumacher
- Institute for Microsystem and Precision Engineering, Ernst-Abbe University of Applied Science Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (B.B.); (A.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Berit Jungnickel
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Karl-Heinz Feller
- Institute for Microsystem and Precision Engineering, Ernst-Abbe University of Applied Science Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (B.B.); (A.P.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-205-621
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21
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Chen Y, Zhai MJ, Mehwish N, Xu MD, Wang Y, Gong YX, Ren MM, Deng H, Lee BH. Comparison of globular albumin methacryloyl and random-coil gelatin methacryloyl: Preparation, hydrogel properties, cell behaviors, and mineralization. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:692-708. [PMID: 35150780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine serum albumin methacryloyl (BSAMA) is a newly emerging photocurable globular protein-based material whereas gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is one of the most popular photocurable fibrous protein-based materials. So far, the influence of their different structural conformations as building blocks on hydrogel properties and mineral deposition has not been investigated. Here, we compared their differences in structures, gelation kinetics, hydrogel properties, mineralization, and cell behaviors. BSAMA maintained a stable globular structure while GelMA exhibited temperature-sensitive conformations (4 - 37 °C). BSAMA displayed slower gelation kinetics and much more retarded enzymatic degradation compared to GelMA. Photocurable BSAMA (6.41 - 390.95 kPa) and GelMA hydrogels (36.09 - 199.70 kPa) exhibited tunable mechanical properties depending on their concentrations (10 - 20%). Interestingly, BSAMA hydrogels mineralized needle-like apatite (Ca/P: 1.409) with higher crystallinity compared to GelMA hydrogels (Ca/P: 1.344). BSAMA and GelMA supported satisfactory cell (MC3T3-L1) viability of 99.43 ± 0.57% and 97.14 ± 0.69%, respectively. However, BSAMA gels were less favorable to cell proliferation and migration than GelMA gels. In serum-free environments, cells on GelMA displayed a higher amount of attachment, a more elongated shape, and a longer protrusion compared to those on BSAMA (p < 0.01) during the early adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China; Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Meng Jiao Zhai
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Nabila Mehwish
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Meng Die Xu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yi Xuan Gong
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Man Man Ren
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Rengerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China.
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22
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Translational organoid technology – the convergence of chemical, mechanical, and computational biology. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1121-1135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Trengove A, Duchi S, Onofrillo C, O'Connell CD, Di Bella C, O'Connor AJ. Microbial Transglutaminase Improves ex vivo Adhesion of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels to Human Cartilage. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 3:773673. [PMID: 35047967 PMCID: PMC8757843 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.773673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current surgical techniques to treat articular cartilage defects fail to produce a satisfactory long-term repair of the tissue. Regenerative approaches show promise in their ability to generate hyaline cartilage using biomaterials in combination with stem cells. However, the difficulty of seamlessly integrating the newly generated cartilage with the surrounding tissue remains a likely cause of long-term failure. To begin to address this integration issue, our strategy exploits a biological enzyme (microbial transglutaminase) to effect bioadhesion of a gelatin methacryloyl implant to host tissue. Mechanical characterization of the bioadhesive material shows that enzymatic crosslinking is compatible with photocrosslinking, allowing for a dual-crosslinked system with improved mechanical properties, and a slower degradation rate. Biocompatibility is illustrated with a 3D study of the metabolic activity of encapsulated human adipose derived stem cells. Furthermore, enzymatic crosslinking induced by transglutaminase is not prevented by the presence of cells, as measured by the bulk modulus of the material. Adhesion to human cartilage is demonstrated ex vivo with a significant increase in adhesive strength (5.82 ± 1.4 kPa as compared to 2.87 ± 0.9 kPa, p < 0.01) due to the addition of transglutaminase. For the first time, we have characterized a bioadhesive material composed of microbial transglutaminase and GelMA that can encapsulate cells, be photo crosslinked, and bond to host cartilage, taking a step toward the integration of regenerative implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trengove
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Serena Duchi
- Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carmine Onofrillo
- Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathal D O'Connell
- Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudia Di Bella
- Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea J O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Song K, Ren B, Zhai Y, Chai W, Huang Y. Effects of transglutaminase cross-linking process on printability of gelatin microgel-gelatin solution composite bioink. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34823234 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac3d75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a powerful engineering approach for various tissue engineering applications, particularly for the development of 3D cellular structures with unique mechanical and/or biological properties. For the jammed gelatin microgel-gelatin solution composite bioink, comprising a discrete phase of microgels (enzymatically gelled gelatin microgels) and a cross-linkable continuous gelatin precursor solution-based phase containing transglutaminase (TG), its rheological properties and printability change gradually due to the TG enzyme-induced cross-linking process. The objective of this study is to establish a direct mapping between the printability of the gelatin microgel-gelatin solution based cross-linkable composite bioink and the TG concentration and cross-linking time, respectively. Due to the inclusion of TG in the composite bioink, the bioink starts cross-linking once prepared and is usually prepared right before a printing process. Herein, the bioink printability is evaluated based on the three metrics: injectability, feature formability, and process-induced cell injury. In this study, the rheological properties such as the storage modulus and viscosity have been first systematically investigated and predicted at different TG concentrations and times during the cross-linking process using the first-order cross-linking kinetics model. The storage modulus and viscosity have been satisfactorily modeled as exponential functions of the TG concentration and time with an experimentally calibrated cross-linking kinetic rate constant. Furthermore, the injectability, feature formability, and process-induced cell injury have been successfully correlated to the TG concentration and cross-linking time via the storage modulus, viscosity, and/or process-induced shear stress. By combing the good injectability, good feature formability, and satisfactory cell viability zones, a good printability zone (1.65, 0.61, and 0.31 h for the composite bioinks with 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00% w/v TG, respectively) has been established during the printing of mouse fibroblast-based 2% gelatin B microgel-3% gelatin B solution composite bioink. This printability zone approach can be extended to the use of other cross-linkable bioinks for bioprinting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Yingnan Zhai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Wenxuan Chai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
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25
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Boularaoui S, Shanti A, Lanotte M, Luo S, Bawazir S, Lee S, Christoforou N, Khan KA, Stefanini C. Nanocomposite Conductive Bioinks Based on Low-Concentration GelMA and MXene Nanosheets/Gold Nanoparticles Providing Enhanced Printability of Functional Skeletal Muscle Tissues. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5810-5822. [PMID: 34802227 PMCID: PMC8672345 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
There is a growing
need to develop novel well-characterized biological
inks (bioinks) that are customizable for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting
of specific tissue types. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is one such
candidate bioink due to its biocompatibility and tunable mechanical
properties. Currently, only low-concentration GelMA hydrogels (≤5%
w/v) are suitable as cell-laden bioinks, allowing high cell viability,
elongation, and migration. Yet, they offer poor printability. Herein,
we optimize GelMA bioinks in terms of concentration and cross-linking
time for improved skeletal muscle C2C12 cell spreading in 3D, and
we augment these by adding gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or a two-dimensional
(2D) transition metal carbide (MXene nanosheets) for enhanced printability
and biological properties. AuNP and MXene addition endowed GelMA with
increased conductivity (up to 0.8 ± 0.07 and 0.9 ± 0.12
S/m, respectively, compared to 0.3 ± 0.06 S/m for pure GelMA).
Furthermore, it resulted in an improvement of rheological properties
and printability, specifically at 10 °C. Improvements in electrical
and rheological properties led to enhanced differentiation of encapsulated
myoblasts and allowed for printing highly viable (97%) stable constructs.
Taken together, these results constitute a significant step toward
fabrication of 3D conductive tissue constructs with physiological
relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwa Boularaoui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Advanced Digital and Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Aya Shanti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Michele Lanotte
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Shaohong Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sarah Bawazir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sungmun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Nicolas Christoforou
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kamran A Khan
- Advanced Digital and Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Advanced Digital and Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127 Pisa, PI, Italy
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26
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Tan Z, Bilal M, Raza A, Cui J, Ashraf SS, Iqbal HMN. Expanding the Biocatalytic Scope of Enzyme-Loaded Polymeric Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040194. [PMID: 34842692 PMCID: PMC8628689 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, polymeric hydrogels have appeared promising matrices for enzyme immobilization to design, signify and expand bio-catalysis engineering. Therefore, the development and deployment of polymeric supports in the form of hydrogels and other robust geometries are continuously growing to green the twenty-first-century bio-catalysis. Furthermore, adequately fabricated polymeric hydrogel materials offer numerous advantages that shield pristine enzymes from denaturation under harsh reaction environments. For instance, cross-linking modulation of hydrogels, distinct rheological behavior, tunable surface entities along with elasticity and mesh size, larger surface-volume area, and hydrogels' mechanical cushioning attributes are of supreme interest makes them the ideal candidate for enzyme immobilization. Furthermore, suitable coordination of polymeric hydrogels with requisite enzyme fraction enables pronounced loading, elevated biocatalytic activity, and exceptional stability. Additionally, the unique catalytic harmony of enzyme-loaded polymeric hydrogels offers numerous applications, such as hydrogels as immobilization matrix, bio-catalysis, sensing, detection and monitoring, tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery applications. In this review, we spotlight the applied perspective of enzyme-loaded polymeric hydrogels with recent and relevant examples. The work also signifies the combined use of multienzyme systems and the future directions that should be attempted in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbiao Tan
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (H.M.N.I.)
| | - Ali Raza
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Jiandong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China;
| | - Syed Salman Ashraf
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates;
- Center for Biotechnology (BTC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (H.M.N.I.)
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27
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Sakr MA, Sakthivel K, Hossain T, Shin SR, Siddiqua S, Kim J, Kim K. Recent trends in gelatin methacryloyl nanocomposite hydrogels for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:708-724. [PMID: 34558808 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), a photocrosslinkable gelatin-based hydrogel, has been immensely used for diverse applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Apart from its excellent functionality and versatile mechanical properties, it is also suitable for a wide range of fabrication methodologies to generate tissue constructs of desired shapes and sizes. Despite its exceptional characteristics, it is predominantly limited by its weak mechanical strength, as some tissue types naturally possess high mechanical stiffness. The use of high GelMA concentrations yields high mechanical strength, but not without the compromise in its porosity, degradability, and three-dimensional (3D) cell attachment. Recently, GelMA has been blended with various natural and synthetic biomaterials to reinforce its physical properties to match with the tissue to be engineered. Among these, nanomaterials have been extensively used to form a composite with GelMA, as they increase its biological and physicochemical properties without affecting the unique characteristics of GelMA and also introduce electrical and magnetic properties. This review article presents the recent advances in the formation of hybrid GelMA nanocomposites using a variety of nanomaterials (carbon, metal, polymer, and mineral-based). We give an overview of each nanomaterial's characteristics followed by a discussion of the enhancement in GelMA's physical properties after its incorporation. Finally, we also highlight the use of each GelMA nanocomposite for different applications, such as cardiac, bone, and neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Sakr
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kabilan Sakthivel
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Towsif Hossain
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham Women's Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sumi Siddiqua
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Advanced Geo-materials Research Department, Korea Institute of Geosciece and Mineral Resources, Pohang-si, South Korea
| | - Keekyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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28
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Basara G, Ozcebe SG, Ellis BW, Zorlutuna P. Tunable Human Myocardium Derived Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for 3D Bioprinting and Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Gels 2021; 7:70. [PMID: 34208210 PMCID: PMC8293197 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of 3D tissue constructs with multiple cell types and matching mechanical properties remains a challenge in cardiac tissue engineering. Recently, 3D bioprinting has become a powerful tool to achieve these goals. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is a common scaffold material due to providing a native biochemical environment. Unfortunately, dECM's low mechanical stability prevents usage for bioprinting applications alone. In this study, we developed bioinks composed of decellularized human heart ECM (dhECM) with either gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) or GelMA-methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) hydrogels dual crosslinked with UV light and microbial transglutaminase (mTGase). We characterized the bioinks' mechanical, rheological, swelling, printability, and biocompatibility properties. Composite GelMA-MeHA-dhECM (GME) hydrogels demonstrated improved mechanical properties by an order of magnitude compared to the GelMA-dhECM (GE) hydrogels. All hydrogels were extrudable and compatible with human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (iCMs) and human cardiac fibroblasts (hCFs). Tissue-like beating of the printed constructs with striated sarcomeric alpha-actinin and connexin 43 expression was observed. The order of magnitude difference between the elastic modulus of these hydrogel composites offers applications in in vitro modeling of the myocardial infarct boundary. Here, as a proof of concept, we created an infarct boundary region with control over the mechanical properties along with the cellular and macromolecular content through printing iCMs with GE bioink and hCFs with GME bioink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Basara
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - S. Gulberk Ozcebe
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (S.G.O.); (B.W.E.)
| | - Bradley W. Ellis
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (S.G.O.); (B.W.E.)
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (S.G.O.); (B.W.E.)
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29
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Contessi Negrini N, Angelova Volponi A, Sharpe PT, Celiz AD. Tunable Cross-Linking and Adhesion of Gelatin Hydrogels via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4330-4346. [PMID: 34086456 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Engineering cytocompatible hydrogels with tunable physico-mechanical properties as a biomimetic three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM) is fundamental to guide cell response and target tissue regeneration or development of in vitro models. Gelatin represents an optimal choice given its ECM biomimetic properties; however, gelatin cross-linking is required to ensure structural stability at physiological temperature (i.e., T > Tsol-gel gelatin). Here, we use a previously developed cross-linking reaction between tetrazine (Tz)- and norbornene (Nb) modified gelatin derivatives to prepare gelatin hydrogels and we demonstrate the possible tuning of their properties by varying their degree of modification (DOM) and the Tz/Nb ratio (R). The percentage DOM of the gelatin derivatives was tuned between 5 and 15%. Hydrogels prepared with higher DOM cross-linked faster (i.e., 10-20 min) compared to hydrogels prepared with lower DOM (i.e., 60-70 min). A higher DOM and equimolar Tz/Nb ratio R resulted in hydrogels with lower weight variation after immersion in PBS at 37 °C. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were tuned by varying DOM and R by 1 order of magnitude, achieving elastic modulus E values ranging from 0.5 (low DOM and nonequimolar Tz/Nb ratio) to 5 kPa (high DOM and equimolar Tz/Nb ratio). Human dental pulp stem cells were embedded in the hydrogels and successfully 3D cultured in the hydrogels (percentage viable cells >85%). An increase in metabolic activity and a more elongated cell morphology was detected for cells cultured in hydrogels with lower mechanical properties (E < 1 kPa). Hydrogels prepared with an excess of Tz or Nb were successfully adhered and remained in contact during in vitro cultures, highlighting the potential use of these hydrogels as compartmentalized coculture systems. The successful tuning of the gelatin hydrogel properties here developed by controlling their bioorthogonal cross-linking is promising for tissue engineering and in vitro modeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Contessi Negrini
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 86 Wood Ln, W12 0BZ London, U.K
| | - Ana Angelova Volponi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT London, U.K
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT London, U.K
| | - Adam D Celiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 86 Wood Ln, W12 0BZ London, U.K
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30
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Song W, Ko J, Choi YH, Hwang NS. Recent advancements in enzyme-mediated crosslinkable hydrogels: In vivo-mimicking strategies. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:021502. [PMID: 33834154 PMCID: PMC8018798 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes play a central role in fundamental biological processes and have been traditionally used to trigger various processes. In recent years, enzymes have been used to tune biomaterial responses and modify the chemical structures at desired sites. These chemical modifications have allowed the fabrication of various hydrogels for tissue engineering and therapeutic applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the use of enzymes for hydrogel fabrication. Strategies to enhance the enzyme function and improve biocompatibility are described. In addition, we describe future opportunities and challenges for the production of enzyme-mediated crosslinkable hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmoon Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyeon Ko
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S. Hwang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: 82-2-880-1635. Fax: 82-2-880-7295
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31
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32
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Xing Y, Varghese B, Ling Z, Kar AS, Reinoso Jacome E, Ren X. Extracellular Matrix by Design: Native Biomaterial Fabrication and Functionalization to Boost Tissue Regeneration. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-021-00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Kokol V, Pottathara YB, Mihelčič M, Perše LS. Rheological properties of gelatine hydrogels affected by flow- and horizontally-induced cooling rates during 3D cryo-printing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Pedroza-González SC, Rodriguez-Salvador M, Pérez-Benítez BE, Alvarez MM, Santiago GTD. Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting: A Scientometric Analysis of Two Decades of Progress. Int J Bioprint 2021; 7:333. [PMID: 34007938 PMCID: PMC8126700 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i2.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This scientometric analysis of 393 original papers published from January 2000 to June 2019 describes the development and use of bioinks for 3D bioprinting. The main trends for bioink applications and the primary considerations guiding the selection and design of current bioink components (i.e., cell types, hydrogels, and additives) were reviewed. The cost, availability, practicality, and basic biological considerations (e.g., cytocompatibility and cell attachment) are the most popular parameters guiding bioink use and development. Today, extrusion bioprinting is the most widely used bioprinting technique. The most reported use of bioinks is the generic characterization of bioink formulations or bioprinting technologies (32%), followed by cartilage bioprinting applications (16%). Similarly, the cell-type choice is mostly generic, as cells are typically used as models to assess bioink formulations or new bioprinting methodologies rather than to fabricate specific tissues. The cell-binding motif arginine-glycine-aspartate is the most common bioink additive. Many articles reported the development of advanced functional bioinks for specific biomedical applications; however, most bioinks remain the basic compositions that meet the simple criteria: Manufacturability and essential biological performance. Alginate and gelatin methacryloyl are the most popular hydrogels that meet these criteria. Our analysis suggests that present-day bioinks still represent a stage of emergence of bioprinting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cristina Pedroza-González
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica y Eléctrica, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico
| | | | | | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico 64849
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica y Eléctrica, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico
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35
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Mu X, Agostinacchio F, Xiang N, Pei Y, Khan Y, Guo C, Cebe P, Motta A, Kaplan DL. Recent Advances in 3D Printing with Protein-Based Inks. Prog Polym Sci 2021; 115:101375. [PMID: 33776158 PMCID: PMC7996313 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a transformative manufacturing strategy, allowing rapid prototyping, customization, and flexible manipulation of structure-property relationships. Proteins are particularly appealing to formulate inks for 3D printing as they serve as essential structural components of living systems, provide a support presence in and around cells and for tissue functions, and also provide the basis for many essential ex vivo secreted structures in nature. Protein-based inks are beneficial in vivo due to their mechanics, chemical and physical match to the specific tissue, and full degradability, while also to promoting implant-host integration and serving as an interface between technology and biology. Exploiting the biological, chemical, and physical features of protein-based inks can provide key opportunities to meet the needs of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Despite these benefits, protein-based inks impose nontrivial challenges to 3D printing such as concentration and rheological features and reconstitution of the structural hierarchy observed in nature that is a source of the robust mechanics and functions of these materials. This review introduces photo-crosslinking mechanisms and rheological principles that underpins a variety of 3D printing techniques. The review also highlights recent advances in the design, development, and biomedical utility of monolithic and composite inks from a range of proteins, including collagen, silk, fibrinogen, and others. One particular focus throughout the review is to introduce unique material characteristics of proteins, including amino acid sequences, molecular assembly, and secondary conformations, which are useful for designing printing inks and for controlling the printed structures. Future perspectives of 3D printing with protein-based inks are also provided to support the promising spectrum of biomedical research accessible to these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Francesca Agostinacchio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Ning Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ying Pei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yousef Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Chengchen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Antonella Motta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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36
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Liu Y, Wong CW, Chang SW, Hsu SH. An injectable, self-healing phenol-functionalized chitosan hydrogel with fast gelling property and visible light-crosslinking capability for 3D printing. Acta Biomater 2021; 122:211-219. [PMID: 33444794 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing hydrogels attract broad attention as cell/drug carriers for direct injection into damaged tissues or as bioinks for three-dimensional (3D) printing of tissue-like constructs. For application in 3D printing, the self-healing hydrogels should maintain the steady rheological properties during printing process, and be further stabilized by secondary post-printing crosslinking. Here, a chitosan self-healing hydrogel is developed for injectable hydrogel and printable ink using phenol-functionalized chitosan and dibenzaldehyde-terminated telechelic poly(ethylene glycol). Phenol functionalization of chitosan can introduce unique interaction that allows the hydrogel to possess fast gelling rate, good self-healing ability, and long-range critical gel behavior, as well as secondary visible light-crosslinking capability. The hydrogel is easily pre-formed in a syringe and extruded through a 26-gauge needle to produce a continuous and stackable filament. The cell-laden hydrogel is successfully printed into a 3D construct. Moreover, the hydrogel is developed for modular 3D printing, where hydrogel modules (LEGO-like building blocks) are individually printed and assembled into an integrated construct followed by secondary visible light-crosslinking. The versatile phenol-functionalized chitosan self-healing hydrogel will open up numerous potential applications, particularly in 3D bioprinting and modular 3D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chui-Wei Wong
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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37
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Shahbazi M, Jäger H. Current Status in the Utilization of Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing Process: A Systematic Review of the Materials, Processes, and Challenges. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:325-369. [PMID: 35014287 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing technique that allows rapid prototyping of objects with intricate architectures. This Review covers the recent state-of-the-art of biopolymers (protein and carbohydrate-based materials) application in pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food printing and main reinforcement approaches of biomacromolecular structure for the development of 3D constructs. Some perspectives and main important limitations with the biomaterials utilization for advanced 3D printing procedures are also provided. Because of the improved the ink's flow behavior and enhance the mechanical strength of resulting printed architectures, biopolymers are the most used materials for 3D printing applications. Biobased polymers by taking advantage of modifying the ink viscosity could improve the resolution of deposited layers, printing precision, and consequently, develop well-defined geometries. In this regard, the rheological properties of printable biopolymeric-based inks and factors affecting ink flow behavior related to structural properties of printed constructs are discussed. On the basis of successful applications of biopolymers in 3D printing, it is suggested that other biomacromolecules and nanoparticles combined with the matrix can be introduced into the ink dispersions to enhance the multifunctionality of 3D structures. Furthermore, tuning the biopolymer's structural properties offers the most common and essential approach to attain the printed architectures with precisely tailored geometry. We finish the Review by giving a viewpoint of the upcoming 3D printing process and recognize some of the existing bottlenecks facing the blossoming 3D pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyar Shahbazi
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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38
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Niu X, Ferracci G, Lin M, Rong X, Zhu M, Cho NJ, Lee BH. Highly substituted decoupled gelatin methacrylamide free of hydrolabile methacrylate impurities: An optimum choice for long-term stability and cytocompatibility. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:479-490. [PMID: 33275977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA; GM) contains impurities, including hydrolabile photosensitive methacrylate groups or soluble methacrylic acid (MA), which could be potentially detrimental to its in vitro and in vivo applications. To date, the influence of GM photocurable side chains on the cytotoxicity and ambient structural stability has remained to be investigated. Here, we successfully separated highly substituted decoupled gelatin methacrylamide (DGM) from GM via removing methacrylate impurities in order to evaluate its stability, cell viability, and cell toxicity, compared to GM, DGM plus soluble MA, and soluble MA. The photocurable methacrylate groups in GM were hydrolytically labile in neutral solutions, changing into soluble MA over time; on the other hand, the photocurable methacrylamide groups in DGM remained intact under the same conditions. Soluble MA was found to decrease cell viability in a dose dependent manner and caused severe cell toxicity at above 10 mg/mL. DGM plus MA started to impair cell viability at a 25 mg/mL concentration. DGM exhibited excellent cell viability and little cell toxicity across the treated concentrations (0.1-25 mg/mL). DGM without hydrolabile methacrylate and cytotoxic MA impurities could be a better choice for long term stability and good cell compatibility for bioapplications including bioprinting and cell encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Niu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Gaia Ferracci
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Mian Lin
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Xiaona Rong
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Mengxiang Zhu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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39
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Schwab A, Levato R, D’Este M, Piluso S, Eglin D, Malda J. Printability and Shape Fidelity of Bioinks in 3D Bioprinting. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11028-11055. [PMID: 32856892 PMCID: PMC7564085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting uses additive manufacturing techniques for the automated fabrication of hierarchically organized living constructs. The building blocks are often hydrogel-based bioinks, which need to be printed into structures with high shape fidelity to the intended computer-aided design. For optimal cell performance, relatively soft and printable inks are preferred, although these undergo significant deformation during the printing process, which may impair shape fidelity. While the concept of good or poor printability seems rather intuitive, its quantitative definition lacks consensus and depends on multiple rheological and chemical parameters of the ink. This review discusses qualitative and quantitative methodologies to evaluate printability of bioinks for extrusion- and lithography-based bioprinting. The physicochemical parameters influencing shape fidelity are discussed, together with their importance in establishing new models, predictive tools and printing methods that are deemed instrumental for the design of next-generation bioinks, and for reproducible comparison of their structural performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schwab
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo D’Este
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Piluso
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David Eglin
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Jos Malda
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Yu C, Schimelman J, Wang P, Miller KL, Ma X, You S, Guan J, Sun B, Zhu W, Chen S. Photopolymerizable Biomaterials and Light-Based 3D Printing Strategies for Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10695-10743. [PMID: 32323975 PMCID: PMC7572843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of additive manufacturing, known commonly as 3D printing, this technology has revolutionized the biofabrication landscape and driven numerous pivotal advancements in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many 3D printing methods were developed in short course after Charles Hull first introduced the power of stereolithography to the world. However, materials development was not met with the same enthusiasm and remained the bottleneck in the field for some time. Only in the past decade has there been deliberate development to expand the materials toolbox for 3D printing applications to meet the true potential of 3D printing technologies. Herein, we review the development of biomaterials suited for light-based 3D printing modalities with an emphasis on bioprinting applications. We discuss the chemical mechanisms that govern photopolymerization and highlight the application of natural, synthetic, and composite biomaterials as 3D printed hydrogels. Because the quality of a 3D printed construct is highly dependent on both the material properties and processing technique, we included a final section on the theoretical and practical aspects behind light-based 3D printing as well as ways to employ that knowledge to troubleshoot and standardize the optimization of printing parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jacob Schimelman
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Pengrui Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kathleen L Miller
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Xuanyi Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shangting You
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiaao Guan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bingjie Sun
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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41
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Janarthanan G, Shin HS, Kim IG, Ji P, Chung EJ, Lee C, Noh I. Self-crosslinking hyaluronic acid-carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel enhances multilayered 3D-printed construct shape integrity and mechanical stability for soft tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045026. [PMID: 32629438 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba2f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary challenges in extrusion-based 3D bioprinting is the ability to print self-supported multilayered constructs with biocompatible hydrogels. The bioinks should have sufficient post-printing mechanical stability for soft tissue and organ regeneration. Here, we report on the synthesis, characterization and 3D printability of hyaluronic acid (HA)-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogels cross-linked through N-acyl-hydrazone bonding. The hydrogel's hydrolytic stability was acquired by the effects of both the prevention of the oxidation of the six-membered rings of HA, and the stabilization of acyl-hydrazone bonds. The shear-thinning and self-healing properties of the hydrogel allowed us to print different 3D constructs (lattice, cubic and tube) of up to 50 layers with superior precision and high post-printing stability without support materials or post-processing depending on their compositions (H7:C3, H5:C5 and H3:C7). Morphological analyses of different zones of the 3D-printed constructs were undertaken for verification of the interconnection of pores. Texture profile analysis (TPA) (hardness (strength), elastic recovery, etc) and cyclic compression studies of the 3D-printed constructs demonstrated exceptional elastic properties and fast recovery after 50% strain, respectively, which have been attributed to the addition of CMC into HA. A model drug quercetin was released in a sustained manner from hydrogels and 3D constructs. In vitro cytotoxicity studies confirmed the excellent cyto-compatibility of these gels. In vivo mice studies prove that these biocompatible hydrogels enhance angiogenesis. The results indicate that controlling the key properties (e.g. self-crosslinking capacity, composition) can lead to the generation of multilayered constructs from 3D-bioprintable HA-CMC hydrogels capable of being leveraged for soft tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinathan Janarthanan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea. Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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42
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Mancha Sánchez E, Gómez-Blanco JC, López Nieto E, Casado JG, Macías-García A, Díaz Díez MA, Carrasco-Amador JP, Torrejón Martín D, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Pagador JB. Hydrogels for Bioprinting: A Systematic Review of Hydrogels Synthesis, Bioprinting Parameters, and Bioprinted Structures Behavior. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:776. [PMID: 32850697 PMCID: PMC7424022 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, bioprinting is rapidly evolving and hydrogels are a key component for its success. In this sense, synthesis of hydrogels, as well as bioprinting process, and cross-linking of bioinks represent different challenges for the scientific community. A set of unified criteria and a common framework are missing, so multidisciplinary research teams might not efficiently share the advances and limitations of bioprinting. Although multiple combinations of materials and proportions have been used for several applications, it is still unclear the relationship between good printability of hydrogels and better medical/clinical behavior of bioprinted structures. For this reason, a PRISMA methodology was conducted in this review. Thus, 1,774 papers were retrieved from PUBMED, WOS, and SCOPUS databases. After selection, 118 papers were analyzed to extract information about materials, hydrogel synthesis, bioprinting process, and tests performed on bioprinted structures. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze materials used and their influence on the bioprinting parameters that ultimately generate tridimensional structures. Furthermore, a comparison of mechanical and cellular behavior of those bioprinted structures is presented. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are exposed to improve reproducibility and facilitate a fair comparison of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Mancha Sánchez
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesús Usón, Cáceres, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Gómez-Blanco
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesús Usón, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Esther López Nieto
- Stem Cells Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesús Usón, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier G. Casado
- Stem Cells Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesús Usón, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - María A. Díaz Díez
- School of Industrial Engineering, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | | | - J. Blas Pagador
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesús Usón, Cáceres, Spain
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43
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Xu Y, Jacquat RPB, Shen Y, Vigolo D, Morse D, Zhang S, Knowles TPJ. Microfluidic Templating of Spatially Inhomogeneous Protein Microgels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000432. [PMID: 32529798 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
3D scaffolds in the form of hydrogels and microgels have allowed for more native cell-culture systems to be developed relative to flat substrates. Native biological tissues are, however, usually spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic, but regulating the spatial density of hydrogels at the microscale to mimic this inhomogeneity has been challenging to achieve. Moreover, the development of biocompatible synthesis approaches for protein-based microgels remains challenging, and typical gelation conditions include UV light, extreme pH, extreme temperature, or organic solvents, factors which can compromise the viability of cells. This study addresses these challenges by demonstrating an approach to fabricate protein microgels with controllable radial density through microfluidic mixing and physical and enzymatic crosslinking of gelatin precursor molecules. Microgels with a higher density in their cores and microgels with a higher density in their shells are demonstrated. The microgels have robust stability at 37 °C and different dissolution rates through enzymolysis, which can be further used for gradient scaffolds for 3D cell culture, enabling controlled degradability, and the release of biomolecules. The design principles of the microgels could also be exploited to generate other soft materials for applications ranging from novel protein-only micro reactors to soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Raphaël P B Jacquat
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yi Shen
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Daniele Vigolo
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Morse
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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44
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He H, Li D, Lin Z, Peng L, Yang J, Wu M, Cheng D, Pan H, Ruan C. Temperature-programmable and enzymatically solidifiable gelatin-based bioinks enable facile extrusion bioprinting. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045003. [PMID: 32492671 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab9906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of exceptional bioinks with excellent printability, high fidelity, and excellent cell viability maintenance for extrusion bioprinting remains a major challenge. Gelatin is an ideal candidate bioink due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-immunogenicity. However, its inherently low viscosity and unstable physical gelation under physiological conditions make it unsuitable for direct extrusion bioprinting of tissue-like gelatin constructs with high fidelity. Herein, sequential chemical modification using reversible quadruple-hydrogen-bonded ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) and enzyme-responsive tyramine moieties (Tyr) were devloped to endow the gelatin with a temperature-programmable viscosity and enzyme-controlled solidification, thus realizing enhanced printability and superior fidelity. As demonstrated in a proof-of-concept study, various cell-laden constructs were built based on our modified gelatin, including two-dimensional human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC)-laden patterns, three-dimensional interconnected hBMSC-laden scaffolds, a reversible twisting-tension human-scale hBMSC-laden ear, a bicellular tibia-like construct containing hBMSCs and endothelial cells and a hexagonal prism-shaped hepatocyte-laden scaffold. The loaded cells in the construct have high viability of over 90% at 24 h, and show proliferation and protein secretion over one week, suggesting that Gel-UPy-Tyr-based constructs under physiological temperature not only can keep high fidelity, but also can support the growth and functions of the loaded cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin He
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China. These authors contributed equally
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45
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Lee DH, Tamura A, Arisaka Y, Seo JH, Yui N. Mechanically Reinforced Gelatin Hydrogels by Introducing Slidable Supramolecular Cross-Linkers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1787. [PMID: 31683825 PMCID: PMC6918157 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tough mechanical properties are generally required for tissue substitutes used in regeneration of damaged tissue, as these substitutes must be able to withstand the external physical force caused by stretching. Gelatin, a biopolymer derived from collagen, is a biocompatible and cell adhesive material, and is thus widely utilized as a component of biomaterials. However, the application of gelatin hydrogels as a tissue substitute is limited owing to their insufficient mechanical properties. Chemical cross-linking is a promising method to improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels. We examined the potential of the chemical cross-linking of gelatin hydrogels with carboxy-group-modified polyrotaxanes (PRXs), a supramolecular polymer comprising a poly(ethylene glycol) chain threaded into the cavity of α-cyclodextrins (α-CDs), to improve mechanical properties such as stretchability and toughness. Cross-linking gelatin hydrogels with threading α-CDs in PRXs could allow for freely mobile cross-linking points to potentially improve the mechanical properties. Indeed, the stretchability and toughness of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs were slightly higher than those of the hydrogels with the conventional chemical cross-linkers 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). In addition, the hysteresis loss of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs after repeated stretching and relaxation cycles in a hydrated state was remarkably improved in comparison with that of conventional cross-linked hydrogels. It is considered that the freely mobile cross-linking points of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs attenuates the stress concentration. Accordingly, gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs would provide excellent mechanical properties as biocompatible tissue substitutes exposed to a continuous external physical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hoon Lee
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Arisaka
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Ji-Hun Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Nobuhiko Yui
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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46
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Employing PEG crosslinkers to optimize cell viability in gel phase bioinks and tailor post printing mechanical properties. Acta Biomater 2019; 99:121-132. [PMID: 31539655 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of 3D bioprinting has rapidly grown, yet the fundamental ability to manipulate material properties has been challenging with current bioink methods. Here, we change bioink properties using our PEG cross-linking (PEGX) bioink method with the objective of optimizing cell viability while retaining control of mechanical properties of the final bioprinted construct. First, we investigate cytocompatible, covalent cross-linking chemistries for bioink synthesis (e.g. Thiol Michael type addition and bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction). We demonstrate these reactions are compatible with the bioink method, which results in high cell viability. The PEGX method is then exploited to optimize extruded cell viability by manipulating bioink gel robustness, characterized by mass flow rate. Below a critical point, cell viability linearly decreases with decreasing flow rates, but above this point, high viability is achieved. This work underscores the importance of building a foundational understanding of the relationships between extrudable bioink properties and cell health post-printing to more efficiently tune material properties for a variety of tissue and organ engineering applications. Finally, we also develop a post-printing, cell-friendly cross-linking strategy utilizing the same reactions used for synthesis. This secondary cross-linking leads to a range of mechanical properties relevant to soft tissue engineering as well as highly viable cell-laden gels stable for over one month in culture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrate that a PEG crosslinking bioink method can be used with various cytocompatible, covalent cross-linking reactions: Thiol Michael type addition and tetrazine-norbornene click. The ability to vary bioink chemistry expands candidate polymers, and therefore can expedite development of new bioinks from unique polymers. We confirm post-printed cell viability and are the first to probe, in covalently cross-linked inks, how cell viability is impacted by different flow properties (mass flow rate). Finally, we also present PEG cross-linking as a new method of post-printing cross-linking that improves mechanical properties and stability while maintaining cell viability. By varying the cross-linking reaction, this method can be applicable to many types of polymers/inks for easy adoption by others investigating bioinks and hydrogels.
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Diamantides N, Dugopolski C, Blahut E, Kennedy S, Bonassar LJ. High density cell seeding affects the rheology and printability of collagen bioinks. Biofabrication 2019; 11:045016. [PMID: 31342915 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An advantage of bioprinting is the ability to incorporate cells into the hydrogel bioink allowing for precise control over cell placement within a construct. Previous work found that the printability of collagen bioinks is highly dependent on their rheological properties. The effect of cell density on collagen rheological properties and, therefore, printability has not been assessed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of incorporating cells on the rheology and printability of collagen bioinks. Primary chondrocytes, at densities relevant to cartilage tissue engineering (up to 100 × 106 cells ml-1), were incorporated into 8 mg ml-1 collagen bioinks. Bioink rheological properties before, during, and after gelation as well as printability were assessed. Cell-laden printed constructs were also cultured for up to 14 d to assess longer-term cell behavior. The addition of cells resulted in an increase in the storage modulus and viscosity of the collagen before gelation. However, the storage modulus after gelation and the rate of gelation decreased with increasing cell density. Theoretical models were compared to the rheological data to suggest frameworks that could be used to predict the rheological properties of cell-laden bioinks. Printability testing showed that improved printability could be achieved with higher cell densities. Fourteen-day culture studies showed that the printing process had no adverse effects on the viability or function of printed cells. Overall, this study shows that collagen bioinks are conducive to bioprinting with a wide range of cell densities while maintaining high printability and chondrocyte viability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Diamantides
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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Basara G, Yue X, Zorlutuna P. Dual Crosslinked Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels for Photolithography and 3D Printing. Gels 2019; 5:E34. [PMID: 31277240 PMCID: PMC6787727 DOI: 10.3390/gels5030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have been used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because of their biocompatibility, photopatternability, printability, and tunable mechanical and rheological properties. However, low mechanical strength limits their applications in controlled drug release, non-viral gene therapy, and tissue and disease modeling. In this work, a dual crosslinking method for GelMA is introduced. First, photolithography was used to pattern the gels through the crosslinking of methacrylate incorporated amine groups of GelMA. Second, a microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) solution was introduced in order to enzymatically crosslink the photopatterned gels by initiating a chemical reaction between the glutamine and lysine groups of the GelMA hydrogel. The results showed that dual crosslinking improved the stiffness and rheological properties of the hydrogels without affecting cell viability, when compared to single crosslinking with either ultraviolet (UV) exposure or mTGase treatment. Our results also demonstrate that when treated with mTGase, hydrogels show decreased swelling properties and better preservation of photolithographically patterned shapes. Similar effects were observed when three dimensional (3D) printed and photocrosslinked substrates were treated with mTGase. Such dual crosslinking methods can be used to improve the mechanical properties and pattern fidelity of GelMA gels, as well as dynamic control of the stiffness of tissue engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Basara
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Yue
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Echave MC, Hernáez-Moya R, Iturriaga L, Pedraz JL, Lakshminarayanan R, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Taebnia N, Orive G. Recent advances in gelatin-based therapeutics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:773-779. [PMID: 31009588 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1610383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomaterials have provided a wide range of exciting opportunities in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Gelatin, a collagen-derived natural biopolymer, has been extensively used in regenerative medicine applications over the years, due to its cell-responsive properties and the capacity to deliver a wide range of biomolecules. AREAS COVERED The most relevant properties of gelatin as biomaterial are presented together with its main therapeutic applications. The latter includes drug delivery systems, tissue engineering approaches, potential uses as ink for 3D/4D Bioprinting, and its relevance in organ-on-a-chip platforms. EXPERT OPINION Advances in polymer chemistry, mechanobiology, imaging technologies, and 3D biofabrication techniques have expanded the application of gelatin in multiple biomedical research applications ranging from bone and cartilage tissue engineering, to wound healing and anti-cancer therapy. Here, we highlight the latest advances in gelatin-based approaches within the fields of biomaterial-based drug delivery and tissue engineering together with some of the most relevant challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Carmen Echave
- a NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7 , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain.,b Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Raquel Hernáez-Moya
- a NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7 , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain.,b Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Leire Iturriaga
- a NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7 , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain.,b Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- a NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7 , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain.,b Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- c Anti-Infectives Research Group , Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , Discovery Tower , Singapore.,d Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program , Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- e Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals , Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech , Copenhagen , Denmark.,f Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Nayere Taebnia
- e Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals , Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gorka Orive
- a NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7 , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain.,b Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain.,c Anti-Infectives Research Group , Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , Discovery Tower , Singapore.,g University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua) , Vitoria , Spain
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Zhu M, Wang Y, Ferracci G, Zheng J, Cho NJ, Lee BH. Gelatin methacryloyl and its hydrogels with an exceptional degree of controllability and batch-to-batch consistency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6863. [PMID: 31053756 PMCID: PMC6499775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is a versatile material for a wide range of bioapplications. There is an intense interest in developing effective chemical strategies to prepare GelMA with a high degree of batch-to-batch consistency and controllability in terms of methacryloyl functionalization and physiochemical properties. Herein, we systematically investigated the batch-to-batch reproducibility and controllability of producing GelMA (target highly and lowly substituted versions) via a one-pot strategy. To assess the GelMA product, several parameters were evaluated, including the degree of methacryloylation, secondary structure, and enzymatic degradation, along with the mechanical properties and cell viability of GelMA hydrogels. The results showed that two types of target GelMA with five batches exhibited a high degree of controllability and reproducibility in compositional, structural, and functional properties owing to the highly controllable one-pot strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiang Zhu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.,Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Gaia Ferracci
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jing Zheng
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.,Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China. .,Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China.
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