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Disease progression due to dual infection in an HLA-B57-positive asymptomatic long-term nonprogressor infected with a nef-defective HIV-1 strain. Virology 2010; 405:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Rivera-Amill V, Silverstein PS, Noel RJ, Kumar S, Kumar A. Morphine and rapid disease progression in nonhuman primate model of AIDS: inverse correlation between disease progression and virus evolution. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 5:122-32. [PMID: 20013315 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have a formidable capacity for mutation and adaptation, a characteristic that has contributed to the extensive genetic variability. Evolutionary pressures imposed within the host and the viral capacity to mutate lead to the generation of such variants. To date, very little information is available regarding the evolution of HIV with drug abuse as a cofounding factor. Using our macaque model of drug dependency and AIDS, we have investigated the dynamics of SIV mutations in the genes tat, vpr, envelope, and nef. The results presented in this review, from our laboratory and others, contribute to the overall understanding of how drugs of abuse might influence immune selective pressure contribution to variation in different SIV genes. Additionally, the studies presented could help enlighten the development of HIV vaccines that take into consideration viral diversity.
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3
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Rong R, Li B, Lynch RM, Haaland RE, Murphy MK, Mulenga J, Allen SA, Pinter A, Shaw GM, Hunter E, Robinson JE, Gnanakaran S, Derdeyn CA. Escape from autologous neutralizing antibodies in acute/early subtype C HIV-1 infection requires multiple pathways. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000594. [PMID: 19763269 PMCID: PMC2741593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One aim for an HIV vaccine is to elicit neutralizing antibodies (Nab) that can limit replication of genetically diverse viruses and prevent establishment of a new infection. Thus, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of Nab during the early stages of natural infection could prove useful in achieving this goal. Here we demonstrate that viral escape readily occurred despite the development of high titer autologous Nab in two subjects with acute/early subtype C infection. To provide a detailed portrayal of the escape pathways, Nab resistant variants identified at multiple time points were used to create a series of envelope (Env) glycoprotein chimeras and mutants within the background of a corresponding newly transmitted Env. In one subject, Nab escape was driven predominantly by changes in the region of gp120 that extends from the beginning of the V3 domain to the end of the V5 domain (V3V5). However, Nab escape pathways in this subject oscillated and at times required cooperation between V1V2 and the gp41 ectodomain. In the second subject, escape was driven by changes in V1V2. This V1V2-dependent escape pathway was retained over time, and its utility was reflected in the virus's ability to escape from two distinct monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) derived from this same patient via introduction of a single potential N-linked glycosylation site in V2. Spatial representation of the sequence changes in gp120 suggested that selective pressure acted upon the same regions of Env in these two subjects, even though the Env domains that drove escape were different. Together the findings argue that a single mutational pathway is not sufficient to confer escape in early subtype C HIV-1 infection, and support a model in which multiple strategies, including potential glycan shifts, direct alteration of an epitope sequence, and cooperative Env domain conformational masking, are used to evade neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bing Li
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Lynch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Haaland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Megan K. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph Mulenga
- Zambia Emory HIV Research Project, ZEHRP, Lusaka, Zambia
- Zambia Blood Transfusion Service, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Susan A. Allen
- Zambia Emory HIV Research Project, ZEHRP, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- New Jersey School of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Eric Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - S. Gnanakaran
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Gorry PR, McPhee DA, Verity E, Dyer WB, Wesselingh SL, Learmont J, Sullivan JS, Roche M, Zaunders JJ, Gabuzda D, Crowe SM, Mills J, Lewin SR, Brew BJ, Cunningham AL, Churchill MJ. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated, nef-deleted HIV-1 strains in vivo. Retrovirology 2007; 4:66. [PMID: 17888184 PMCID: PMC2075523 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In efforts to develop an effective vaccine, sterilizing immunity to primate lentiviruses has only been achieved by the use of live attenuated viruses carrying major deletions in nef and other accessory genes. Although live attenuated HIV vaccines are unlikely to be developed due to a myriad of safety concerns, opportunities exist to better understand the correlates of immune protection against HIV infection by studying rare cohorts of long-term survivors infected with attenuated, nef-deleted HIV strains such as the Sydney blood bank cohort (SBBC). Here, we review studies of viral evolution, pathogenicity, and immune responses to HIV infection in SBBC members. The studies show that potent, broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies and robust CD8+ T-cell responses to HIV infection were not necessary for long-term control of HIV infection in a subset of SBBC members, and were not sufficient to prevent HIV sequence evolution, augmentation of pathogenicity and eventual progression of HIV infection in another subset. However, a persistent T-helper proliferative response to HIV p24 antigen was associated with long-term control of infection. Together, these results underscore the importance of the host in the eventual outcome of infection. Thus, whilst generating an effective antibody and CD8+ T-cell response are an essential component of vaccines aimed at preventing primary HIV infection, T-helper responses may be important in the generation of an effective therapeutic vaccine aimed at blunting chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Gorry
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale A McPhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute for Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin Verity
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute for Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne B Dyer
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven L Wesselingh
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Learmont
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John S Sullivan
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- Center for Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne M Crowe
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Mills
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology & Community Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Melissa J Churchill
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Verity EE, Zotos D, Wilson K, Chatfield C, Lawson VA, Dwyer DE, Cunningham A, Learmont J, Dyer W, Sullivan J, Churchill M, Wesselingh SL, Gabuzda D, Gorry PR, McPhee DA. Viral phenotypes and antibody responses in long-term survivors infected with attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 containing deletions in the nef and long terminal repeat regions. J Virol 2007; 81:9268-78. [PMID: 17567690 PMCID: PMC1951448 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00650-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sydney Blood Bank Cohort (SBBC) consists of eight blood transfusion recipients infected with nef-attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquired from a single donor. Here, we show that viral phenotypes and antibody responses differ considerably between individual cohort members, despite the single source of infection. Replication of isolated virus varied from barely detectable to similar to that of the wild-type virus, and virus isolated from five SBBC members showed coreceptor usage signatures unique to each individual. Higher viral loads and stronger neutralizing antibody responses were associated with better-replicating viral strains, and detectable viral replication was essential for the development of strong and sustained humoral immune responses. Despite the presence of strong neutralizing antibodies in a number of SBBC members, disease progression was not prevented, and each cohort member studied displayed a unique outcome of infection with nef-attenuated HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Verity
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Kumar R, Orsoni S, Norman L, Verma AS, Tirado G, Giavedoni LD, Staprans S, Miller GM, Buch SJ, Kumar A. Chronic morphine exposure causes pronounced virus replication in cerebral compartment and accelerated onset of AIDS in SIV/SHIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques. Virology 2006; 354:192-206. [PMID: 16876224 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Six morphine-exposed and 3 control male Indian rhesus macaques were intravenously inoculated with mixture of SHIV(KU), SHIV(89.6)P and SIV/17E-Fr. These animals were followed for a period of 56 weeks in order to determine CD4 and CD8 profile, viral loads in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), relative distribution of 3 pathogenic viruses in blood and brain, binding as well neutralizing antibody levels and cellular immune responses. Both morphine-exposed and control macaques showed a precipitous loss of CD4+ T cells; control animals, however, showed a greater tendency to recover these cells than did their morphine-exposed counterparts. The plasma and CSF viral loads were significantly higher in morphine-exposed group than those in the control group. Four morphine-exposed animals succumbed to SIV/SHIV-induced AIDS at week 18, 19, 20 and 51; post-infection with neurological disorders was found in 3 of the 4 animals. At the end of the 56-week observation period, 2 morphine-exposed and 3 control animals were still alive. All 3 viruses replicated in the blood of both morphine-exposed and control macaques, but the cerebral compartment showed a selection phenomenon; only SIV/17E-Fr and SHIV(KU) successfully crossed the blood brain barrier (BBB). The morphine-exposed macaques further favored viral migration through the blood brain barrier (BBB). SIV/17E-Fr crossed the BBB within 2 weeks in both morphine-exposed and control macaques, whereas SHIV(KU) crossed the BBB more rapidly in morphine-exposed than in control macaques. Three morphine-exposed macaques (euthanized at weeks 18, 19 and 20) did not develop cellular or humoral immune responses, whereas the other 3 morphine-exposed and 3 control macaques developed both cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, AIDS Research Program and Department of Microbiology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR 00732, Puerto Rico
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Lorenzo E, Colon MC, Almodovar S, Maldonado IM, Gonzalez S, Costa SE, Hill MD, Mendoza R, Sepulveda G, Yanagihara R, Nerurkar V, Kumar R, Yamamura Y, Scott WA, Kumar A. Influence of CD4+ T cell counts on viral evolution in HIV-infected individuals undergoing suppressive HAART. Virology 2005; 330:116-26. [PMID: 15527839 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the viral C2-V4 envelope diversity, glycosylation patterns, and dS/dN ratios of plasma HIV-1 in an attempt to better understand the complex interaction between viral quasispecies and the host-selective pressures pre- and post-HAART. Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene of five patients revealed monophyletic clustering in patients with higher CD4+ T cell counts and sequence intermingling in those with lower CD4+ T cells in relation to the stage of HAART. Our analyses also showed clear shifts in N-linked glycosylation patterns in patients with higher CD4+ T cells, suggesting possible distinct immunological pressures pre- and post-HAART. The relative preponderance of synonymous/nonsynonymous changes in the envelope region suggested a positive selection in patients with higher CD4+ T cells, whereas lack of evidence for positive selection was found in the patients with lower CD4+ T cells. An exception to the last analysis occurred in the only patient who reached complete viral suppression, maybe due to drug pressure exerted over the pol gene that may obscure the immune pressure/selection at the envelope in this analysis. All these indications may suggest that even when HAART generates viral suppression, quasispecies evolve in the envelope gene probably resulting from host-selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lorenzo
- AIDS Research Program, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico.
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Mackay GA, Liu Z, Singh DK, Smith MS, Mukherjee S, Sheffer D, Jia F, Adany I, Sun KH, Dhillon S, Zhuge W, Narayan O. Protection Against Late-Onset AIDS in Macaques Prophylactically Immunized with a Live Simian HIV Vaccine Was Dependent on Persistence of the Vaccine Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4100-7. [PMID: 15356160 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This is a 5-year follow-up study on 12 macaques that were immunized orally with two live SHIV vaccines, six with V1 and six with V2. All 12 macaques became persistently infected after transient replication of the vaccine viruses; all were challenged vaginally 6 mo later with homologous pathogenic SHIV(KU-1). Two of the V1 group developed full-blown AIDS without evidence of vaccine virus DNA in tissues. The data on the 10 vaccinated survivors showed that all 10 became infected with SHIV(KU-1) and that DNA of both vaccine and SHIV(KU-1) viruses were present 6 mo postchallenge, with minimal replication of SHIV(KU-1). During the following 5 years, these animals remained persistently infected, but with only one of the two viruses. Six animals eliminated their vaccine virus after variable periods of time and four of these succumbed to reactivation of the challenge virus and AIDS. Five years after challenge, four latently infected animals, two with V2 and two with SHIV(KU-1), were reinoculated with SHIV(KU-1.) This resulted in transient superinfection and the animals promptly returned to their prechallenge status. Immunosuppression of the four animals 1 year later with Abs to CD8+ lymphocytes resulted in transiently productive replication of their respective latent viruses, and upon recovery of CD8+ lymphocytes, they reverted to their latent virus status. The major finding was that of eight animals that eliminated the vaccine virus, six developed AIDS. The two others harboring SHIV(KU-1) remain at risk for developing late-onset disease. The primary correlate against AIDS was persistence of the vaccine virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Mackay
- Marion Merrell Dow Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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9
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Donners H, Davis D, Willems B, van der Groen G. Inter-subtype cross-neutralizing antibodies recognize epitopes on cell-associated HIV-1 virions. J Med Virol 2003; 69:173-81. [PMID: 12683404 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infected individuals with cross-neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1 isolates belonging to Group M (envA-H) and O, are identified. To investigate the neutralization-kinetics of primary isolates with these antibodies, different neutralization assay conditions are compared. Each set is summarized as a/b/c where a is the time in hours for which antibody is incubated with virus, b is the time in hours allowed for virus to absorb to cells, c is the total culture period in days, from the cells' first exposure to virus, before antigen production (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) or number of fluorescent cells (GHOST) are measured. In HIV-infected individuals, neutralizing antibodies can be detected against a wide range of primary isolates (Group M; A-H and Group O) in PBMC-assays with short incubation phases (1/2/7 or 1/24/7). If cultures are extended (1/2/14 or 1/24/14), however, neutralization can be lost. In kinetic experiments, neutralization can even be seen without pre-incubation (a=0 hr). This study shows that neutralization of primary HIV isolates by cross-reactive antibodies can continue after the virus has bound to its target cell. This neutralization, however, is not an all or nothing loss in virus infectivity. Most often it leads only to a reduction in viral replication rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Donners
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Vlasak J, Williams AL, Chenine AL, McClure HM, Anderson DC, O'Neil S, Ruprecht RM. Live attenuated, nef-deleted SIV is pathogenic in most adult macaques after prolonged observation. AIDS 2003; 17:157-66. [PMID: 12545074 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200301240-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A live attenuated SIV vaccine strain, termed SIVmac239Delta3 and containing large deletions in, and the negative regulatory element, was previously shown to cause AIDS mostly in monkeys vaccinated as infants. In the present study, we demonstrate that SIVmac239Delta3 is pathogenic in most vaccinated adult monkeys, given enough time. METHODS Eleven rhesus macaques vaccinated as adults with SIVmac239Delta3 were followed for extended periods (up to 6.8 years). RESULTS We found signs of immune dysregulation in all 11 adult vaccinees. All animals developed persistently inverted CD4 : CD8 T-cell ratios, seven (64%) had persistent recurrent viremia, and six (55%) had decreased CD4 T-cell counts (< 500 x 10 cells/l). Further signs included low CD4CD29 lymphocyte subsets, loss of anti-Gag antibodies, anemia, thrombocytopenia, wasting, and opportunistic infections. Two adult vaccinees (18%) subsequently developed AIDS. Development of chronic, recurrent viremia with plasma viral RNA loads > or = 10 copies/ml and cytoviremia was a poor prognostic sign. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that with time, a live attenuated, multiply deleted SIV vaccine can cause immune dysregulation in most vaccine recipients, even in initially immune competent, healthy adults. Immune dysfunction can progress to full AIDS. However, pathogenic effects became evident only several years after vaccination. Thus, mass vaccination of humans with similarly constructed live attenuated HIV vaccines, recently suggested for countries with high HIV-1 transmission rates, seems contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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11
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Kumar A, Mukherjee S, Shen J, Buch S, Li Z, Adany I, Liu Z, Zhuge W, Piatak M, Lifson J, McClure H, Narayan O. Immunization of macaques with live simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) vaccines conferred protection against AIDS induced by homologous and heterologous SHIVs and simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology 2002; 301:189-205. [PMID: 12359422 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the vaccine potential of SHIVs attenuated by deletion of viral accessory genes, seven rhesus macaques were sequentially immunized with Delta vpu Delta nefSHIV-4 (vaccine-I) followed by Delta vpuSHIV(PPC) (vaccine-II). Despite the absence of virological evidence of productive infection with the vaccine strains, based on analysis of infectivity among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the vaccinated animals, all seven animals developed binding as well as neutralizing antibodies against both vaccine-I and -II. The animals also developed vaccine virus-specific CTLs that recognized homologous as well as heterologous pathogenic SHIVs and SIV, and also soluble inhibitory factors that blocked the in vitro replication of the vaccine strains and different challenge viruses. Virus-specific cellular and humoral responses were sustained throughout a 58-week prechallenge period. To model aspects of natural transmission, the animals received a mucosal (rectal) challenge, with a mixture of three challenge viruses, SHIV(KU), SHIV(89.6)P, and SIV(mac)R71/17E. Two mock-vaccinated control animals inoculated with the same mixture of challenge viruses developed large numbers of infectious PBMC, high plasma viremia, and precipitous loss of CD4(+) T cells. The control animals did not develop any immune responses and succumbed to AIDS between 6 and 7 weeks postchallenge. All seven vaccinated animals became infected with challenge viruses as indicated by the presence of infectious cells in the PBMC and/or viral RNA in plasma. However, peak plasma viremia in vaccinates was two to nearly five logs lower than in the control animals and later plasma viral RNA became undetectable in all vaccinates. Vaccinated animals maintained normal CD4(+) T cell levels throughout the study. Challenge with pathogenic viruses caused massive anamnestic responses as determined by quantitation of virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells by intracellular IFN-gamma staining, and these cells persisted for at least 74 weeks. The study is still in progress and at this time DNA of SIV has become undetectable in lymph nodes of six of the seven vaccinates, SHIV(89.6)P in five of the seven, and SHIV(KU) in three of the seven animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Kansas City 66160, USA.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stamatatos
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Vlasak J, Chenine AL, Li PL, Baba TW, Montefiori DC, McClure HM, Anderson DC, Ruprecht RM. Molecular evolution of human immunodeficiency virus env in humans and monkeys: similar patterns occur during natural disease progression or rapid virus passage. J Virol 2002; 76:5278-84. [PMID: 11967343 PMCID: PMC136137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.10.5278-5284.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal rhesus macaque 95-3 was inoculated with nonpassaged simian-human immunodeficiency virus strain SHIV-vpu(+), which encodes env of the laboratory-adapted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strain IIIB and is considered nonpathogenic. CD4(+) T-cell counts dropped to <200 cells/microl within 4.6 years, and monkey 95-3 died with opportunistic infections 5.9 years postinoculation. Transfer of blood from 95-3 to two naive adult macaques resulted in high peak viral loads and rapid, persistent T-cell depletion. Progeny virus evolved in 95-3 despite high SHIV-vpu(+) neutralizing antibody titers and still used CXCR4 but, in contrast to parental SHIV-vpu(+), productively infected macrophages and resisted neutralization. Sequence analysis revealed three new potential glycosylation sites in gp120; another two were lost. Strikingly similar mutations were detected in a laboratory worker who progressed to AIDS after accidental HIV-IIIB infection (T. Beaumont et al., J. Virol. 75:2246-2252, 2001), thus supporting the SHIV-vpu(+)/rhesus macaque system as a relevant model. Similar mutations were also described after rapid passage of chimeric viruses encoding IIIB env in rhesus and pig-tailed macaques (M. Cayabyab et al., J. Virol. 73:976-984, 1999; Z. Q. Liu et al., Virology 260:295-307, 1999; S. V. Narayan et al., Virology 256:54-63, 1999; R. Raghavan et al., Brain Pathol. 7:851-861, 1997; E. B. Stephens et al., Virology 231:313-321, 1997). Thus, HIV-IIIB env evolved similarly in three different species; this selection occurred in chronically infected individuals during disease progression as well as after rapid virus passage. We postulate that evolutionary pressure led to the outgrowth of more aggressive viral variants in all three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115-6084, USA
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14
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Miyazaki Y, Kuwata T, Takehisa J, Hayami M. Analysis of a primary isolate-like virus from simian and human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaque having broad neutralizing activity. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:469-75. [PMID: 11958690 DOI: 10.1089/088922202753614236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the changes of neutralizing antibodies and viruses during simian and human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection, we examined the cross-neutralizing ability of sequential sera from three macaques infected with SHIV, NM-3rN, and analyzed the sensitivity of the reisolate to neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing activities of macaques' sera against the parental HIV-1 showed a persistent increase. Neutralizing activities were highly strain specific, but the spectrum of the neutralizing activity expanded against various clades of primary HIV-1s at 3 years after infection in one of the three macaques. The reisolate from an NM3-rN-infected macaque at 56 wpi, designated as R4356, was neutralized by sera from this macaque at a much lower titer than NM-3rN, even by the sera collected 2 years after the reisolation. Sera from macaques that were newly infected with R4356 also did not neutralize R4356 despite neutralizing NM-3rN strongly. These results suggested that long-term persistent infection with SHIV induced neutralizing antibodies with a broad spectrum. However, a virus resistant to the neutralizing antibodies emerged in the persistently infected macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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15
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Mooij P, Heeney JL. Rational development of prophylactic HIV vaccines based on structural and regulatory proteins. Vaccine 2001; 20:304-21. [PMID: 11672892 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The severity of the AIDS epidemic clearly emphasises the urgent need to expedite HIV vaccine candidates into clinical trials. Prophylactic HIV vaccine candidates have been evaluated in non-human primates. Based on specific proof of principle studies the first phase III clinical studies have recently begun in humans. However, a truly effective HIV vaccine is not yet at hand and many problems related to specific properties of the virus remain to be overcome. Previously proven empirical approaches have largely failed and now rational thinking based on an understanding of immunity to lentiviral infections is needed. This review addresses the scientific problems and complications facing the development of an HIV vaccine as well as the possible strategies currently available to overcome these problems. Recent attention has focussed on identifying the immune correlates and mechanisms of protection from either HIV infection or protection from disease progression. Based on these observations, the logic and rational behind the development of multiple component vaccine strategies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2288 Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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17
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Kumar A, Lifson JD, Li Z, Jia F, Mukherjee S, Adany I, Liu Z, Piatak M, Sheffer D, McClure HM, Narayan O. Sequential immunization of macaques with two differentially attenuated vaccines induced long-term virus-specific immune responses and conferred protection against AIDS caused by heterologous simian human immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV(89.6)P). Virology 2001; 279:241-56. [PMID: 11145906 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four rhesus macaques were sequentially immunized with live vaccines DeltavpuDeltanefSHIV-4 (vaccine-I) and Deltavpu SHIV(PPC) (vaccine-II). The vaccine viruses did not replicate productively in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the vaccinated animals. All four animals developed binding antibodies against both the vaccine-I and -II envelope glycoproteins but neutralizing antibodies only against vaccine-I. They developed vaccine virus-specific CTLs that also recognized homologous as well as heterologous pathogenic SHIVs. Thirty weeks after the last immunization, the vaccinated animals and three unvaccinated control animals were challenged iv with a highly virulent heterologous SHIV(89.6)P. As expected, the three unvaccinated control animals developed large numbers of infectious PBMCs, high plasma viremia, and precipitous loss of CD4(+) T cells. Two controls did not develop any immune response and succumbed to AIDS in about 6 months. The third control animal developed neutralizing antibodies and had a more chronic disease course, but eventually succumbed to AIDS-related complications 81 weeks after inoculation. The four vaccinated animals became infected with challenge virus as indicated by the presence of challenge virus-specific DNA in the PBMCs and RNA in plasma. However, virus in these animals replicated approximately 200- to 60,000-fold less efficiently than in control animals and eventually, plasma viral RNA became undetectable in three of the four vaccinates. The animals maintained normal CD4(+) T-cell levels throughout the observation period of 85 weeks after a transient drop at Week 3 postchallenge. They also maintained CTL responses throughout the observation period. These studies thus showed that the graded immunization schedule resulted in a safe and highly effective long-lasting immune response that was associated with protection against AIDS by highly pathogenic heterologous SHIV(89.6)P.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA.
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18
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Kumar A, Buch S, Foresman L, Bischofberger N, Lifson JD, Narayan O. Development of virus-specific immune responses in SHIV(KU)-infected macaques treated with PMPA. Virology 2001; 279:97-108. [PMID: 11145893 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic intervention with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can lead to the suppression of HIV viremia below the threshold of detection for several years. However, impact of HAART on reconstitution of virus-specific immune responses remains poorly understood. In this study, four macaques were infected with pathogenic SHIV(KU). One week postinoculation two of the four animals were treated with PMPA [9-R-(2-phosphophomethoxypropyl)adenine] daily for 83 days. Two other macaques, that did not receive treatment, exhibited explosive virus replication accompanied by a near total loss of CD4(+) T cells and succumbed to AIDS-related complications within 6 months of infection. These animals did not develop any virus-specific immune responses. On the contrary, the animals that received PMPA showed transient loss of CD4(+) T cells that recovered during the treatment period. The virus burden declined below the level of detection that rebounded soon after cessation of PMPA therapy. The virus replicated productively for several weeks before both animals controlled the productive replication of virus. This control of virus replication was found to be associated with the development of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, T-helper cells, and CTLs. Although PMPA did not eliminate virus from the animals, it provided them with enough time to mount virus-specific immune responses that eventually controlled the virus replication in the blood. Our results suggest that antiretroviral therapy, if initiated early during infection, would help the host in mounting virus-specific immune responses that might control productive replication of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Marion Merrell Dow Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA.
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19
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Silverstein PS, Mackay GA, Mukherjee S, Li Z, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Narayan O, Kumar A. Pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(KU) inoculated into immunized macaques caused infection, but virus burdens progressively declined with time. J Virol 2000; 74:10489-97. [PMID: 11044093 PMCID: PMC110923 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.22.10489-10497.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-macaque model of AIDS, we had shown in a previous report that a live, nonpathogenic strain of SHIV, further attenuated by deletion of the vpu gene and inoculated orally into adult macaques, had effectively prevented AIDS following vaginal inoculation with pathogenic SHIV(KU). Examination of lymph nodes from the animals at 18 weeks postchallenge had shown that all six animals were persistently infected with challenge virus. We report here on a 2-year follow-up study on the nature of the persistent infections in these animals. DNA of the vaccine virus was present in the lymph nodes at all time points tested, as far as 135 weeks postchallenge. In contrast, the DNA of SHIV(KU) became undetectable in one animal by week 55 and in three others by week 63. These four macaques have remained negative for SHIV(KU) DNA as far as the last time point examined at week 135. Quantification of the total viral DNA concentration in lymph nodes during the observation period showed a steady decline. All animals developed neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte responses to SHIV(KU) that persisted throughout the observation period. Vaccine-like viruses were isolated from two animals, and a SHIV(KU)-like virus was isolated from one of the two macaques that remained positive for SHIV(KU) DNA. There was no evidence of recombination between the vaccine and the challenge viruses. Thus, immunization with the live vaccine not only prevented disease but also contributed to the steady decline in the virus burdens in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Silverstein
- Marion Merrell Dow Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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