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De A, Jee JP, Park YJ. Why Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles encounter bottlenecks in clinical translation despite promising oxygen carriers? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114292. [PMID: 38636883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Artificial Oxygen Carriers (AOCs) have emerged as ground-breaking biomedical solutions, showcasing tremendous potential for enhancing human health and saving lives. Perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based AOCs, in particular, have garnered significant interest among researchers, leading to numerous clinical trials since the 1980 s. However, despite decades of exploration, the success rate has remained notably limited. This comprehensive review article delves into the landscape of clinical trials involving PFC compounds, shedding light on the challenges and factors contributing to the lack of clinical success with PFC nanoparticles till date. By scrutinizing the existing trials, the article aims to uncover the underlying issues like pharmacological side effects of the PFC and the nanomaterials used for the designing, complex formulation strategy and poor clinical trial designs of the formulation. More over each generation of the PFC formulation were discussed with details for their failure in the clinical trials limitations that block the path of PFC-based AOCs' full potential. Furthermore, the review emphasizes a forward-looking approach by outlining the future pathways and strategies essential for achieving success in clinical trials. AOCs require advanced yet biocompatible single-componentformulations. The new trend might be a novel drug delivery technique, like gel emulsion or reverse PFC emulsion with fluoro surfactants. Most importantly, well-planned clinical trials may end in a success story.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita De
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro , Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Pil Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro , Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16499, Republic of Korea; Research Center, IMDpharm Inc., 17 Daehak 4-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16226, Korea.
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2
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Deepika, Pandey S. Intramolecular dimer formation reveals anomalous solvation within fluorous solvent perfluorodecalin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23233-23241. [PMID: 37608694 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02284f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the unusual properties of fluorine, a fluorous solvent obtained by replacing hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms in a hydrocarbon solvent may afford unusual solute solvation and aggregation. A fluorescent dipyrenyl probe, 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane (BPP), was utilized to explore intramolecular aggregation within perfluorodecalin (PFD), a prototypical fluorous solvent. Steady-state fluorescence emission and excitation along with excited-state emission intensity decay of BPP were acquired in the temperature range of 293.15 to 333.15 K in fluorous solvent PFD and n-hexane-added PFD. The probe BPP is known to form an intramolecular excimer in common hydrocarbon solvents, which is characterized by a broad structureless low-energy emission band; the formation of intramolecular excimers exclusively in the excited state was confirmed via excitation scans along with the intensity decay of the monomer and excimer, respectively. While intramolecular dimerization of BPP does occur in PFD, emission wavelength-dependent excitation spectra and fits of the intensity decay data reveal that intramolecular aggregation takes place in the ground state as well. This ground-state heterogeneity is reduced as the temperature is increased. In the presence of as small as 0.1 mole fraction of n-hexane, the ground-state aggregation vanishes, and intramolecular dimerization again takes place exclusively in the excited state. The data hint at the poor solvation of BPP in PFD to be responsible for intramolecular ground-state aggregation. In PFD-rich (PFD + n-hexane) mixtures, probe pyrene (Py) was found to be preferentially solvated by n-hexane, further corroborating the above-mentioned proposition. Clear differences in solute solvation within a fluorous solvent as compared to hydrocarbon solvents leading to unexpected solubilization and aggregation in fluorous media are amply demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Siddharth Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
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3
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Pidcoke HF, Delacruz W, Herzig MC, Schaffer BS, Leazer ST, Fedyk CG, Montogomery RK, Prat NJ, Parida BK, Aden JK, Scherer MR, Reddick RL, Shade RE, Cap AP. Perfluorocarbons cause thrombocytopenia, changes in RBC morphology and death in a baboon model of systemic inflammation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279694. [PMID: 36584001 PMCID: PMC9803179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A perfluorocarbon (PFC) investigated for treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) delivers oxygen to support brain function, but causes transient thrombocytopenia. TBI can cause acute inflammation with resulting thrombocytopenia; an interaction between the PFC effects and TBI inflammation might exacerbate thrombocytopenia. Therefore, PFC effects on platelet (PLT) function and hemostasis in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of inflammation in the baboon were studied. Animals were randomized to receive saline ±LPS, and ± one of two doses of PFC. PLT count, transmission electron microscopy, and microparticle populations were quantified at baseline (BL) and at 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours; hemostatic parameters for aggregometry and for blood clotting were measured at baseline (BL) and days 3 and 4. Injection of vehicle and LPS caused thrombocytopenia within hours; PFCs caused delayed thrombocytopenia beginning 48 hours post-infusion. LPS+PFC produced a more prolonged PLT decline and decreased clot strength. LPS+PFC increased ADP-stimulated aggregation, but PFC alone did not. Microparticle abundance was greatest in the LPS+PFC groups. LPS+PFC caused diffuse microvascular hemorrhage and death in 2 of 5 baboons in the low dose LPS-PFC group and 2 of 2 in the high dose LPS-PFC group. Necropsy and histology suggested death was caused by shock associated with hemorrhage in multiple organs. Abnormal morphology of platelets and red blood cells were notable for PFC inclusions. In summary, PFC infusion caused clinically significant thrombocytopenia and exacerbated LPS-induced platelet activation. The interaction between these effects resulted in decreased hemostatic capacity, diffuse bleeding, shock and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F. Pidcoke
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Wilfred Delacruz
- Hematology-Oncology Service, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Maryanne C. Herzig
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Beverly S. Schaffer
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sahar T. Leazer
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Chriselda G. Fedyk
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Robbie K. Montogomery
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nicolas J. Prat
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Bijaya K. Parida
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - James K. Aden
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Scherer
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Reddick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Shade
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Cap
- Blood and Shock Resuscitation, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
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Le Gal M, Renard E, Simon-Colin C, Larrat B, Langlois V. Amphiphilic and Perfluorinated Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoate) Nanocapsules for 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8090121. [PMID: 34562943 PMCID: PMC8466264 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8090121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have recently emerged as valuable tools in biomedical imaging techniques. Here PEGylated and fluorinated nanocapsules based on poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) containing a liquid core of perfluorooctyl bromide PFOB were formulated by an emulsion-evaporation process as potential 19F MRI imaging agents. Unsaturated poly(hydroxyalkanoate), PHAU, was produced by marine bacteria using coprah oil and undecenoic acid as substrates. PHA-g-(F; PEG) was prepared by two successive controlled thiol-ene reactions from PHAU with firstly three fluorinated thiols having from 3 up to 17 fluorine atoms and secondly with PEG-SH. The resulting PHA-g-(F; PEG)-based PFOB nanocapsules, with a diameter close to 250–300 nm, are shown to be visible in 19F MRI with an acquisition time of 15 min. The results showed that PFOB-nanocapsules based on PHA-g-(F; PEG) have the potential to be used as novel contrast agents for 19F MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Gal
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, CNRS, Ifremer, University Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France; (M.L.G.); (C.S.-C.)
- ICMPE, CNRS, University Paris Est Creteil, F-94010 Creteil, France;
| | - Estelle Renard
- ICMPE, CNRS, University Paris Est Creteil, F-94010 Creteil, France;
| | - Christelle Simon-Colin
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, CNRS, Ifremer, University Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France; (M.L.G.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Benoit Larrat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Valérie Langlois
- ICMPE, CNRS, University Paris Est Creteil, F-94010 Creteil, France;
- Correspondence:
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Zhu J, Parsons JT, Yang Y, Martin E, Brophy DF, Spiess BD. Platelet and White Cell Reactivity to Top-Load Intravenous Perfluorocarbon Infusion in Healthy Sheep. J Surg Res 2021; 267:342-349. [PMID: 34192613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorocarbon emulsions (PFCs) are intravenous artificial oxygen carriers with enhanced gas solubility. As lipid micelle nanoparticle emulsions, PFCs may have a class effect that causes degrees of thrombocytopenia. Understanding the extent of the platelet effects, including mechanism and potential inflammation after PFC infusion, is important for safe human trials. METHODS Normal sheep (Dorper) were infused with 5 mL/kg of Oxygent (w/v 60% PFC) or Perftoran (w/v 20% PFC). Controls received 6% Hetastarch or were naive. Blood samples were analyzed from baseline, time 0 (the end of infusion), 3 and 24 hours, and 4 and 7 days. Platelet count, plateletcrit, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, and CD-62p (a platelet activation-dependent membrane protein) were measured. Neutrophils, monocytes, and total white blood cell counts were analyzed. RESULTS In these inflammatory cell lines, there were no consistent changes or cellular activation after PFC infusion. A decrease (<10% from baseline and naive controls) in platelet count was seen on day 4 after Oxygent infusion (3 g/kg), which recovered by day 7. No platelet effect was seen in Perftoran (1 g/kg). Plateletcrit, mean platelet volume, and platelet distribution width did not change significantly at any time point among the groups. CD-62p, ADP, and collagen aggregometry showed no significant change in platelet function. CONCLUSION There was no evidence of overall reduction in platelet number, or any correlation with the change in platelet activation or inhibition. Therefore, the risk of increased thrombosis/bleeding after PFC intravenous infusion is low in this non-trauma sheep model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiepei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610.
| | - J Travis Parsons
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida College of Public Health & Health Professions and College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Erika Martin
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Donald F Brophy
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Bruce D Spiess
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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Lambert E, Janjic JM. Quality by design approach identifies critical parameters driving oxygen delivery performance in vitro for perfluorocarbon based artificial oxygen carriers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5569. [PMID: 33692373 PMCID: PMC7946885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) exhibiting high solubility for oxygen are attractive materials as artificial oxygen carriers (AOC), an alternative to whole blood or Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs). PFC-based AOCs, however, met clinical translation roadblocks due to product quality control challenges. To overcome these issues, we present an adaptation of Quality by Design (QbD) practices to optimization of PFC nanoemulsions (PFC-NEs) as AOCs. QbD elements including quality risk management, design of experiments (DoE), and multivariate data analysis facilitated the identification of composition and process parameters that strongly impacted PFC colloidal stability and oxygen transport function. Resulting quantitative relationships indicated a composition-driven tradeoff between stability and oxygen transport. It was found that PFC content was most predictive of in vitro oxygen release, but the PFC type (perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether, PCE or perfluorooctyl bromide, PFOB) had no effect on oxygen release. Furthermore, we found, under constant processing conditions, all PFC-NEs, comprised of varied PFC and hydrocarbon content, exhibited narrow droplet size range (100–150 nm) and narrow size distribution. Representative PFOB-NE maintained colloidal attributes upon manufacturing on larger scale (100 mL). QbD approach offers unique insights into PFC AOC performance, which will overcome current product development challenges and accelerate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lambert
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Jelena M Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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7
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Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers: from physics to physiology. Pflugers Arch 2020; 473:139-150. [PMID: 33141239 PMCID: PMC7607370 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing biocompatible, synthetic oxygen carriers is a consistently challenging task that researchers have been pursuing for decades. Perfluorocarbons (PFC) are fascinating compounds with a huge capacity to dissolve gases, where the respiratory gases are of special interest for current investigations. Although largely chemically and biologically inert, pure PFCs are not suitable for injection into the vascular system. Extensive research created stable PFC nano-emulsions that avoid (i) fast clearance from the blood and (ii) long organ retention time, which leads to undesired transient side effects. PFC-based oxygen carriers (PFOCs) show a variety of application fields, which are worthwhile to investigate. To understand the difficulties that challenge researchers in creating formulations for clinical applications, this review provides the physical background of PFCs’ properties and then illuminates the reasons for instabilities of PFC emulsions. By linking the unique properties of PFCs and PFOCs to physiology, it elaborates on the response, processing and dysregulation, which the body experiences through intravascular PFOCs. Thereby the reader will receive a scientific and easily comprehensible overview why PFOCs are precious tools for so many diverse application areas from cancer therapeutics to blood substitutes up to organ preservation and diving disease.
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8
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Shoemaker JT, Zhang W, Atlas SI, Bryan RA, Inman SW, Vukasinovic J. A 3D Cell Culture Organ-on-a-Chip Platform With a Breathable Hemoglobin Analogue Augments and Extends Primary Human Hepatocyte Functions in vitro. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:568777. [PMID: 33195413 PMCID: PMC7645268 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.568777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable advances in three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures and organ-on-a-chip technologies have opened the door to recapitulate complex aspects of human physiology, pathology, and drug responses in vitro. The challenges regarding oxygen delivery, throughput, assay multiplexing, and experimental complexity are addressed to ensure that perfused 3D cell culture organ-on-a-chip models become a routine research tool adopted by academic and industrial stakeholders. To move the field forward, we present a throughput-scalable organ-on-a-chip insert system that requires a single tube to operate 48 statistically independent 3D cell culture organ models. Then, we introduce in-well perfusion to circumvent the loss of cell signaling and drug metabolites in otherwise one-way flow of perfusate. Further, to augment the relevancy of 3D cell culture models in vitro, we tackle the problem of oxygen transport by blood using, for the first time, a breathable hemoglobin analog to improve delivery of respiratory gases to cells, because in vivo approximately 98% of oxygen delivery to cells takes place via reversible binding to hemoglobin. Next, we show that improved oxygenation shifts cellular metabolic pathways toward oxidative phosphorylation that contributes to the maintenance of differentiated liver phenotypes in vitro. Lastly, we demonstrate that the activity of cytochrome P450 family of drug metabolizing enzymes is increased and prolonged in primary human hepatocytes cultured in 3D compared to two-dimensional (2D) cell culture gold standard with important ramifications for drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions and pharmacokinetic studies in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanrui Zhang
- Lena Biosciences, Inc., Atlanta, GA, United States
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Wang F, Wang Z, Pang L, Wan S, Qiu L. Preparation and in vitro study of stromal cell-derived factor 1-targeted Fe 3O 4/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/perfluorohexane nanoparticles. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2003-2012. [PMID: 32782510 PMCID: PMC7401195 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with traditional imaging techniques, multimodal imaging obtains more accurate images that may increase disease detection rates. The present study prepared stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)-loaded, targeted nanoparticles coated with iron (II,III) oxide and perfluorohexane (PFH) to be used as polymer-shelled contrast agents with multimodal imaging functions, with the aim of improving tongue cancer and lymph node metastasis diagnosis. The multifunctional, targeted, polymeric nanoparticles were prepared using a double emulsion method and chemokine SDF-1 was conjugated to nanoparticles by a sulfide bond. The nanoparticles were spherical, uniform size and well dispersed. The results of the in vitro photoacoustic and ultrasonic imaging experiments demonstrated that the multifunctional nanoparticles displayed excellent multimodal imaging functions, as even small concentrations of nanoparticles presented clear ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. When the temperature reached the boiling point of PFH (56˚C), a liquid-gas phase change occurred and the microsphere volume and acoustic impedance increased, leading to enhanced ultrasonic development. The nanoparticles were automatically targeted to tongue squamous carcinoma cells in vitro via SDF-1-CXC chemokine receptor 4 interactions. The targeted experiment and flow cytometry results indicated that the nanoparticles underwent strong targeted binding to human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) cells. In summary, the nanoparticles were automatically targeted to SCC-15 cells and displayed promising characteristics for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. Higher concentrations of nanoparticles was associated with clearer imaged and greater echo intensity value and photoacoustic value. The present study established a foundation for the development of procedures for primary tongue cancer and lymph node metastasis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Depatment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Liang Pang
- Depatment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Shuliang Wan
- Depatment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Depatment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
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Biswas B, Singh PC. The role of fluorocarbon group in the hydrogen bond network, photophysical and solvation dynamics of fluorinated molecules. J Fluor Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Mayer D, Ferenz KB. Perfluorocarbons for the treatment of decompression illness: how to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2421-2433. [PMID: 31686213 PMCID: PMC6858394 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decompression illness (DCI) is a complex clinical syndrome caused by supersaturation of respiratory gases in blood and tissues after abrupt reduction in ambient pressure. The resulting formation of gas bubbles combined with pulmonary barotrauma leads to venous and arterial gas embolism. Severity of DCI depends on the degree of direct tissue damage caused by growing bubbles or indirect cell injury by impaired oxygen transport, coagulopathy, endothelial dysfunction, and subsequent inflammatory processes. The standard therapy of DCI requires expensive and not ubiquitously accessible hyperbaric chambers, so there is an ongoing search for alternatives. In theory, perfluorocarbons (PFC) are ideal non-recompressive therapeutics, characterized by high solubility of gases. A dual mechanism allows capturing of excess nitrogen and delivery of additional oxygen. Since the 1980s, numerous animal studies have proven significant benefits concerning survival and reduction in DCI symptoms by intravenous application of emulsion-based PFC preparations. However, limited shelf-life, extended organ retention and severe side effects have prevented approval for human usage by regulatory authorities. These negative characteristics are mainly due to emulsifiers, which provide compatibility of PFC to the aqueous medium blood. The encapsulation of PFC with amphiphilic biopolymers, such as albumin, offers a new option to achieve the required biocompatibility avoiding toxic emulsifiers. Recent studies with PFC nanocapsules, which can also be used as artificial oxygen carriers, show promising results. This review summarizes the current state of research concerning DCI pathology and the therapeutic use of PFC including the new generation of non-emulsified formulations based on nanocapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Mayer
- Department of Gastroenterology, REGIOMED Klinikum Coburg, 96450, Coburg, Germany
| | - Katja Bettina Ferenz
- Institute of Physiology, CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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Zhang F, Zhuang J, Esteban Fernández de Ávila B, Tang S, Zhang Q, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. A Nanomotor-Based Active Delivery System for Intracellular Oxygen Transport. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11996-12005. [PMID: 31556988 PMCID: PMC6832785 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Active transport of gas molecules is critical to preserve the physiological functions of organisms. Oxygen, as the most essential gas molecule, plays significant roles in maintaining the metabolism and viability of cells. Herein, we report a nanomotor-based delivery system that combines the fast propulsion of acoustically propelled gold nanowire nanomotors (AuNW) with the high oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cell membrane-cloaked perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions (RBC-PFC) for active intracellular delivery of oxygen. The oxygen delivery capacity and kinetics of the AuNW nanomotors carrying RBC-PFC (denoted as "Motor-PFC") are examined under ultrasound field. Specifically, the fast movement of the Motor-PFC under an acoustic field accelerates intracellular delivery of oxygen to J774 macrophage cells. Upon entering the cells, the oxygen loaded in the Motor-PFC is sustainably released, which maintains the cell viability when cultured under hypoxic conditions. The acoustically propelled Motor-PFC leads to significantly higher cell viability (84.4%) over a 72 h period, compared to control samples with free RBC-PFC (44.4%) or to passive Motor-PFC (32.7%). These results indicate that the Motor-PFC can act as an effective delivery vehicle for active intracellular oxygen transport. While oxygen is used here as a model gas molecule, the Motor-PFC platform can be readily expanded to the active delivery of other gas molecules to various target cells.
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Ferenz KB, Steinbicker AU. Artificial Oxygen Carriers-Past, Present, and Future-a Review of the Most Innovative and Clinically Relevant Concepts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:300-310. [PMID: 30837280 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood transfusions are a daily practice in hospitals. Since these products are limited in availability and have various, harmful side effects, researchers have pursued the goal to develop artificial blood components for about 40 years. Development of oxygen therapeutics and stem cells are more recent goals. Medline (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?holding=ideudelib), ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov), EU Clinical Trials Register (https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu), and Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.anzctr.org.au) were searched up to July 2018 using search terms related to artificial blood products in order to identify new and ongoing research over the last 5 years. However, for products that are already well known and important to or relevant in gaining a better understanding of this field of research, the reader is punctually referred to some important articles published over 5 years ago. This review includes not only clinically relevant substances such as heme-oxygenating carriers, perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers, stem cells, and organ conservation, but also includes interesting preclinically advanced compounds depicting the pipeline of potential new products. In- depth insights into specific benefits and limitations of each substance, including the biochemical and physiologic background are included. "Fancy" ideas such as iron-based substances, O2 microbubbles, cyclodextranes, or lugworms are also elucidated. To conclude, this systematic up-to-date review includes all actual achievements and ongoing clinical trials in the field of artificial blood products to pursue the dream of artificial oxygen carrier supply. Research is on the right track, but the task is demanding and challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja B Ferenz
- Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (K.B.F.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Westphalian Wilhelminian University Muenster, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (A.U.S.)
| | - Andrea U Steinbicker
- Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (K.B.F.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Westphalian Wilhelminian University Muenster, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (A.U.S.)
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Zhuang J, Ying M, Spiekermann K, Holay M, Zhang Y, Chen F, Gong H, Lee JH, Gao W, Fang RH, Zhang L. Biomimetic Nanoemulsions for Oxygen Delivery In Vivo. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804693. [PMID: 30294884 PMCID: PMC6487258 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Blood transfusion is oftentimes required for patients suffering from acute trauma or undergoing surgical procedures in order to help maintain the body's oxygen levels. The continued demand worldwide for blood products is expected to put significant strain on available resources and infrastructure. Unfortunately, efforts to develop viable alternatives to human red blood cells for transfusion are generally unsuccessful. Here, a hybrid natural-synthetic nanodelivery platform that combines the biocompatibility of the natural RBC membrane with the oxygen-carrying ability of perfluorocarbons is reported. The resulting formulation can be stored long-term and exhibits a high capacity for oxygen delivery, helping to mitigate the effects of hypoxia in vitro. In an animal model of hemorrhagic shock, mice are resuscitated at an efficacy comparable to whole blood infusion. By leveraging the advantageous properties of its constituent parts, this biomimetic oxygen delivery system may have the potential to address a critical need in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhuang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Man Ying
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kevin Spiekermann
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maya Holay
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joo Hee Lee
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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15
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Chapelin F, Capitini CM, Ahrens ET. Fluorine-19 MRI for detection and quantification of immune cell therapy for cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:105. [PMID: 30305175 PMCID: PMC6180584 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, immune cell therapy has emerged as a potent treatment for multiple cancers, first through groundbreaking leukemia therapy, and more recently, by tackling solid tumors. Developing successful therapeutic strategies using live cells could benefit from the ability to rapidly determine their in vivo biodistribution and persistence. Assaying cell biodistribution is unconventional compared to traditional small molecule drug pharmacokinetic readouts used in the pharmaceutical pipeline, yet this information is critical towards understanding putative therapeutic outcomes and modes of action. Towards this goal, efforts are underway to visualize and quantify immune cell therapy in vivo using advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Cell labeling probes based on perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions, paired with fluorine-19 MRI detection, enables background-free quantification of cell localization and survival. Here, we highlight recent preclinical and clinical uses of perfluorocarbon probes and 19F MRI for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) studies employing experimental T lymphocytes, NK, PBMC, and dendritic cell therapies. We assess the forward looking potential of this emerging imaging technology to aid discovery and preclinical phases, as well as clinical trials. The limitations and barriers towards widespread adoption of this technology, as well as alternative imaging strategies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California of San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA.
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Ren W, Qiu LH, Gao Z, Li P, Zhao X, Hu CC. [Preparation of multifunctional nanoparticles targeting tongue cancer and in vitro study]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2018; 36:240-246. [PMID: 29984921 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to prepare docetaxel (DOC)-loaded multifunctional nanoparticles containing indocyanine green (ICG) and perfluorohexane (PFH) as targeted drug delivery system, which is supplemented with stromal cellderived factor-1 (SDF-1), and characterize their properties. METHODS Multifunctional nanoparticles were prepared by using the double emulsion method. SDF-1 was covalently conjugated to the surface of the nanoparticles through thioether bonding. Their particle size, distribution, and surface potential were determined with the Malvern measuring instrument. The conjugation of SDF-1 was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscope. Encapsulation efficiency (ELC), drug loading capacity (DLC), and release regularity of the nanoparticles were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro photothermal property was recorded by a thermal imager. The in vitro imaging capacity was observed by a photoacoustic instrument and an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus. Targeting capability was assessed by flow cytometry. The cell activity on SCC-15 cells was checked by CCK-8 method. RESULTS The targeted multifunctional nanoparticles showed regularly sphericity. The diameter was (502.88±17.92) nm. The zeta potential was (-11.5±3.15) mV. ELC was 54.12%±1.74%. DLC was 1.08 mg·mL-1. In vitro drug release was initially fast and subsequently slow. The photothermal characteristics were related to the concentration; the higher the concentration, the higher the temperature. Nanoparticles could detect significant photoacoustic and ultrasound signals. The in vitro targeting rate was 89.99%. No significant differences of cell viability in the SINPs groups were observed at each concentration (P>0.05). The inhibition effect of DOC-SINPs was stronger than that of SINPs whether or not in the presence of laser irradiation among the groups of 150 and 200 μg·mL-1 (P<
0.05). CONCLUSIONS Multifunctional nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment were successfully prepared and displayed dualmode ultrasound/photoacoustic imaging and antitumor effects of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- Dep. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Li-Hua Qiu
- Dep. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing 401147, China;Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- Dept. of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Cheng-Chen Hu
- Dep. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing 401147, China
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Khurana A, Chapelin F, Xu H, Acevedo JR, Molinolo A, Nguyen Q, Ahrens ET. Visualization of macrophage recruitment in head and neck carcinoma model using fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:1972-1980. [PMID: 28748562 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of infiltrating macrophages in murine models of single and double mutation head and neck tumors using a novel fluorine-19 (19 F) MRI technology. METHODS Tumor cell lines single-hit/SCC4 or double-hit/Cal27, with mutations of TP53 and TP53 & FHIT, respectively, were injected bilaterally into the flanks of (n = 10) female mice. With tumors established, perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion was injected intravenously, which labels in situ predominantly monocytes and macrophages. Longitudinal spin density-weighted 19 F MRI data enabled quantification of the macrophage burden in tumor and surrounding tissue. RESULTS The average number of 19 F atoms within the tumors was twice as high in the Cal27 group compared with SCC4 (3.9 × 1019 and 2.0 × 101919 F/tumor, respectively; P = 0.0034) two days after contrast injection, signifying increased tumor-associated macrophages in double-hit tumors. The difference was still significant 10 days after injection. Histology stains correlated with in vivo results, exhibiting numerous perfluorocarbon-labeled macrophages in double-hit tumors and to a lesser extent in single-hit tumors. CONCLUSIONS This study helps to establish 19 F MRI as a method for quantifying immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, allowing distinction between double and single-hit head and neck tumors. This technique would be extremely valuable in the clinic for pretreatment planning, prognostics, and post-treatment surveillance. Magn Reson Med 79:1972-1980, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Khurana
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph R Acevedo
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alfred Molinolo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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18
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Wrobeln A, Schlüter KD, Linders J, Zähres M, Mayer C, Kirsch M, Ferenz KB. Functionality of albumin-derived perfluorocarbon-based artificial oxygen carriers in the Langendorff-heart. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 45:723-730. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1284858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wrobeln
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Linders
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, CeNIDE, Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Zähres
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, CeNIDE, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, CeNIDE, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Kirsch
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja B. Ferenz
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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19
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Vu-Quang H, Vinding MS, Xia D, Nielsen T, Ullisch MG, Dong M, Nielsen NC, Kjems J. Chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) perfluorooctyl bromide nanoparticles for cell labeling in 19F magnetic resonance imaging. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:936-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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McKellar SC, Sotelo J, Mowat JPS, Wright PA, Moggach SA. Perfluorocarbon liquid under pressure: a medium for gas delivery. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for CO2 delivery to a porous material is reported, wherein a perfluorocarbon containing dissolved CO2 has been used as a pressure-transmitting liquid in a high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. McKellar
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and the Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jorge Sotelo
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and the Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh, UK
| | - John P. S. Mowat
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews, UK
| | - Paul A. Wright
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews, UK
| | - Stephen A. Moggach
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and the Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Zhong J, Narsinh K, Morel PA, Xu H, Ahrens ET. In Vivo Quantification of Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Rats Using Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Immune Cell Recruitment outside the Nervous System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140238. [PMID: 26485716 PMCID: PMC4618345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in identifying new therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) can be accelerated by using imaging biomarkers of disease progression or abatement in model systems. In this study, we evaluate the ability to noninvasively image and quantitate disease pathology using emerging “hot-spot” 19F MRI methods in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat, a model of MS. Rats with clinical symptoms of EAE were compared to control rats without EAE, as well as to EAE rats that received daily prophylactic treatments with cyclophosphamide. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion was injected intravenously, which labels predominately monocytes and macrophages in situ. Analysis of the spin-density weighted 19F MRI data enabled quantification of the apparent macrophage burden in the central nervous system and other tissues. The in vivo MRI results were confirmed by extremely high-resolution 19F/1H magnetic resonance microscopy in excised tissue samples and histopathologic analyses. Additionally, 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of intact tissue samples was used to assay the PFC biodistribution in EAE and control rats. In vivo hot-spot 19F signals were detected predominantly in the EAE spinal cord, consistent with the presence of inflammatory infiltrates. Surprising, prominent 19F hot-spots were observed in bone-marrow cavities adjacent to spinal cord lesions; these were not observed in control animals. Quantitative evaluation of cohorts receiving cyclophosphamide treatment displayed significant reduction in 19F signal within the spinal cord and bone marrow of EAE rats. Overall, 19F MRI can be used to quantitatively monitored EAE disease burden, discover unexpected sites of inflammatory activity, and may serve as a sensitive biomarker for the discovery and preclinical assessment of novel MS therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhong
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kazim Narsinh
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Penelope A. Morel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Cosco D, Fattal E, Fresta M, Tsapis N. Perfluorocarbon-loaded micro and nanosystems for medical imaging: A state of the art. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Koch A, Saran S, Tran DDH, Klebba-Färber S, Thiesler H, Sewald K, Schindler S, Braun A, Klopfleisch R, Tamura T. Murine precision-cut liver slices (PCLS): a new tool for studying tumor microenvironments and cell signaling ex vivo. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:73. [PMID: 25376987 PMCID: PMC4226874 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most insidious characteristics of cancer is its spread to and ability to compromise distant organs via the complex process of metastasis. Communication between cancer cells and organ-resident cells via cytokines/chemokines and direct cell-cell contacts are key steps for survival, proliferation and invasion of metastasized cancer cells in organs. Precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) are considered to closely reflect the in vivo situation and are potentially useful for studying the interaction of cancer cells with liver-resident cells as well as being a potentially useful tool for screening anti-cancer reagents. Application of the PCLS technique in the field of cancer research however, has not yet been well developed. Results We established the mouse PCLS system using perfluorodecalin (PFD) as an artificial oxygen carrier. Using this system we show that the adherence of green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled MDA-MB-231 (highly invasive) cells to liver tissue in the PCLS was 5-fold greater than that of SK-BR-3 (less invasive) cells. In addition, we generated PCLS from THOC5, a member of transcription/export complex (TREX), knockout (KO) mice. The PCLS still expressed Gapdh or Albumin mRNAs at normal levels, while several chemokine/growth factor or metalloprotease genes, such as Cxcl12, Pdgfa, Tgfb, Wnt11, and Mmp1a genes were downregulated more than 2-fold. Interestingly, adhesion of cancer cells to THOC5 KO liver slices was far less (greater than 80% reduction) than to wild-type liver slices. Conclusion Mouse PCLS cultures in the presence of PFD may serve as a useful tool for screening local adherence and invasiveness of individual cancer cells, since single cells can be observed. This method may also prove useful for identification of genes in liver-resident cells that support cancer invasion by using PCLS from transgenic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Koch
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Shashank Saran
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Doan Duy Hai Tran
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sabine Klebba-Färber
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin Atemwegspharmakologie, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Susann Schindler
- Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin Atemwegspharmakologie, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin Atemwegspharmakologie, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag- Str. 15, D-14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Teruko Tamura
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
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Balducci A, Wen Y, Zhang Y, Helfer BM, Hitchens TK, Meng WS, Wesa AK, Janjic JM. A novel probe for the non-invasive detection of tumor-associated inflammation. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23034. [PMID: 23526711 PMCID: PMC3601170 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel dual-mode contrast agent was formulated through the addition of an optical near infrared (NIR) probe to a perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent, which labels inflammatory cells in situ. A single PFC-NIR imaging agent enables both a qualitative, rapid optical monitoring of an inflammatory state and a quantitative, detailed and tissue-depth independent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The feasibility of in vivo optical imaging of the inflammatory response was demonstrated in a subcutaneous murine breast carcinoma model. Ex vivo optical imaging was used to quantify the PFC-NIR signal in the tumor and organs, and results correlated well with quantitative 19F NMR analyses of intact tissues. 19F MRI was employed to construct a three-dimensional image of the cellular microenvironment at the tumor site. Flow cytometry of isolated tumor cells was used to identify the cellular localization of the PFC-NIR probe within the tumor microenvironment. Contrast is achieved through the labeling of host cells involved in the immune response, but not tumor cells. The major cellular reservoir of the imaging agent were tumor-infiltrating CD11b+ F4/80low Gr-1low cells, a cell subset sharing immunophenotypic features with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells are recruited to sites of inflammation and are implicated in immune evasion and tumor progression. This PFC-NIR contrast agent coupled to non-invasive, quantitative imaging techniques could serve as a valuable tool for evaluating novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Balducci
- Department of Research and Development; Celsense, Inc.; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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25
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Kim HR, Kim JH, Choi EJ, Lee YK, Kie JH, Jang MH, Seoh JY. Hyperoxygenation attenuated a murine model of atopic dermatitis through raising skin level of ROS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109297. [PMID: 25275529 PMCID: PMC4183587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease resulting from excessive stimulation of immune cells. Traditionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the progression of inflammatory diseases, but several opposing observations suggest the protective role of ROS in inflammatory disease. Recently, we demonstrated ROS prevented imiquimod-induced psoriatic dermatitis through enhancing regulatory T cell function. Thus, we hypothesized AD might also be attenuated in elevated levels of ROS through tissue hyperoxygenation, such as by hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) or applying an oxygen-carrying chemical, perfluorodecalin (PFD). Elevated levels of ROS in the skin have been demonstrated directly by staining with dihydroethidum as well as indirectly by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). A murine model of AD was developed by repeated application of a chemical irritant (1% 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene) and house dust mite (Dermatophagoide farinae) extract on one ear of BALB/c mice. The results showed treatment with HBOT or PFD significantly attenuated AD, comparably with 0.1% prednicarbate without any signs of side effects, such as telangiectasia. The expressions of interleukin-17A and interferon-γ were also decreased in the AD lesions by treatment with HBOT or PFD. Enhanced expression of IDO and reduced level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, in association with increased frequency of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the AD lesions, might be involved in the underlying mechanism of oxygen therapy. Taken together, it was suggested that tissue hyperoxygenation, by HBOT or treatment with PFD, might attenuate AD through enhancing skin ROS level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ran Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (IBB), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Kyong Lee
- Ewha Womans University High School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hae Kie
- Pathology, National Health Insurance Cooperation Ilsan Hospital, Koyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ho Jang
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (IBB), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MHJ); (JYS)
| | - Ju-Young Seoh
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MHJ); (JYS)
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26
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Blaeser A, Campos DFD, Köpf M, Weber M, Fischer H. Assembly of thin-walled, cell-laden hydrogel conduits inflated with perfluorocarbon. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04135f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Chu SJ, Huang KL, Wu SY, Ko FC, Wu GC, Li RY, Li MH. Systemic administration of FC-77 dampens ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury in rats. Inflammation 2014; 36:1383-92. [PMID: 23807052 PMCID: PMC7101555 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) reportedly attenuates acute lung injury induced by acid aspiration and phorbol myristate acetate. However, the effects of PFCs on ischemia–reperfusion (IR)-induced lung injury have not been investigated. Typical acute lung injury was induced in rats by 60 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion in isolated and perfused rat lung model. Rat lungs were randomly assigned to receive PBS (control), 1 % FC-77, IR only, or IR with different doses of FC-77 (0.1 %, 0.5 %, or 1 %). Subsequently, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), perfusate, and lung tissues were collected to evaluate the degree of lung injury. IR caused a significant increase in the following parameters: pulmonary arterial pressure, capillary filtration coefficient, lung weight gain, lung weight/body weight ratio, wet/dry lung weight ratio, and protein concentration in BALF. TNF-α and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 concentrations in perfusate samples and MDA concentration and MPO activities in lung tissues were also significantly increased. Histopathology showed increased septal thickness and neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissues. Furthermore, NF-κB activity was significantly increased in the lungs. However, pretreatment with 1 % FC-77 prior to IR significantly attenuated the increases in these parameters. In conclusion, our results suggest that systemic FC-77 administration had a protective effect on IR-induced acute lung injury. These protective mechanisms may have been mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB activation and attenuation of subsequent inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jye Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Laudien J, Naglav D, Groβ-Heitfeld C, Ferenz KB, de Groot H, Mayer C, Schulz S, Schnepf A, Kirsch M. Perfluorodecalin-soluble fluorescent dyes for the monitoring of circulating nanocapsules with intravital fluorescence microscopy. J Microencapsul 2014; 31:738-45. [PMID: 24963954 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.918668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorodecalin (PFD) is an established artificial oxygen carrier due to its physical capability to solve the respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. PFD-filled poly(n-butyl-cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanocapsules are already discussed as effective artificial oxygen carriers, and their principal suitability for intravenous administration had been shown. To further elucidate their action in vivo, it is imperative to characterise their preclinical safety and particularly their biodistribution. For these purposes, intravital fluorescence microscopy would display an attractive technique in order to monitor the PACA nanocapsules in vivo, but unfortunately, it is impossible to stain the PACA nanocapsules with a fluorescent dye fulfilling special criteria required for in vivo microscopy. In order to develop such a dye, a long-chained fluorinated thiol was used to modify a BODIPY derivative that is a highly fluorescent organic compound belonging to the difluoro-boraindacene family, as well as to functionalise mesoscopic systems, such as CdSe/ZnS-quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, a functionalisation of porphyrin derivatives was investigated by placing divalent ions in the centre of these systems. Due to the high solubility of all synthesised dyes in PFD, it should be possible to stain PFD-filled particles in general. However, only the functionalised BODIPY derivative was suitable for in vivo monitoring of the PFD-filled PACA nanocapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laudien
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
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29
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Mousnier L, Huang N, Morvan E, Fattal E, Tsapis N. Influence of polymer end-chemistry on the morphology of perfluorohexane polymeric microcapsules intended as ultrasound contrast agents. Int J Pharm 2014; 471:10-7. [PMID: 24836666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) composed of a liquid perfluorocarbon (PFC) core surrounded by a polymer shell have shown promising echogenicity as well as stability. In a strategy to optimize the ultrasound properties of these systems, encapsulating a liquid PFC with a low boiling point such as perfluorohexane (PFH) was suggested. The ultimate aim of these systems would be to induce phase-transition of the liquid PFH into gas by acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) to further increase the UCA acoustic response. Microcapsules with a perfluorohexane core have been developed by an emulsion-evaporation process, using three biodegradable polymers: PLGA and PLA with acid (PLA-COOH) and ester (PLA-COOR) terminations. Despite their similar properties, these polymers were found to strongly influence the final microcapsule morphology. While PLGA was able to form nice core-shell microcapsules, the use of PLA-COOH led to decentered microcapsules and big "eye" morphologies, and PLA-COOR induced the formation of "acorn" morphologies. To shed light on morphologies disparities, polymer interfacial behavior was studied at the dichloromethane-water and the PFH-dichloromethane interfaces. One can conclude that the core-shell structure is the result of a significant adsorption of the polymer at the dichloromethane-water interface together with a good stability of the PFH droplet within the emulsion globule. Previous work has shown that the capsule's thickness-to-radius (T/R) ratio can be controlled easily by varying the polymer to perfluorocarbon proportions. This versatility was confirmed for PFH capsules with PLA-COOH and PLGA shells. Finally, the encapsulation efficiency of PFH was assessed by relating the T/R ratio to the volume fraction of PFH and by (19)F NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mousnier
- Univ Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; CNRS UMR 8612, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - N Huang
- Univ Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; CNRS UMR 8612, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - E Morvan
- BioCIS, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8076, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - E Fattal
- Univ Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; CNRS UMR 8612, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - N Tsapis
- Univ Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; CNRS UMR 8612, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Chernyshev VS, Skliar M. Surface tension of water in the presence of perfluorocarbon vapors. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1937-43. [PMID: 24652374 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52289j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorocarbons are highly hydrophobic, biocompatible compounds with a variety of medical applications. Despite significant interest, the study of interfacial properties of fluorocarbons in aqueous systems has received limited attention. In this study, we investigate the influence of perfluoropentane and perfluorohexane vapors on the surface tension of water at room temperature. The results show a substantial decrease in the surface tension of water in the presence of perfluorocarbon vapors. In the investigated range of partial pressures up to the saturation value, a linear correlation between the surface tension and the partial pressure was found. This suggests that an adsorbed perfluorocarbon layer is formed on the surface of water. For comparison, the effect of the perfluorocarbon vapor on the surface tension of methanol was also investigated and a similar dependence was observed. Our results indicate that the stability and dynamic transitions of fluorocarbon colloids, which may be dispersed under physiological conditions as microdroplets, bubbles, or their combination, are likely affected by the composition of liquid and gas phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy S Chernyshev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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31
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Venkataraman A, Adams RJ. Neurologic complications of sickle cell disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 120:1015-25. [PMID: 24365368 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4087-0.00068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of genetic blood disorders that vary in severity, but the most severe forms, primarily homozygous sickle cell anemia, are associated with neurologic complications. Over the last 90 years it has become established that some patients will develop severe arterial disease of the intracranial brain arteries and suffer brain infarction. Smaller infarctions and brain atrophy may also be seen and over time there appear to be negative cognitive effects in some patients, with or without abnormal brain imaging. Focal mononeuropathies and pneumococcal meningitis are also more common in these patients. Brain infarction in children can largely be prevented screening children beginning at age 2 years and instituting regular blood transfusion when the Doppler indicates high stroke risk (>200cm/sec). Iron overload and the uncertain duration of transfusion are disadvantages but overall this approach, tested in a randomized clinical trial, reduced first stroke by over 90%. Secondary stroke prevention has not been subjected to a randomized controlled trial except for one recently stopped comparison of regular transfusions compared to hydroxuyrea (results favored transfusion). The usual stroke prevention agents (such as aspirin or warfarin) have not been rigorously tested. Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography give evidence of subtle and sometimes overt brain injury due to stroke in many adults, but a preventive strategy for adults with SCD has not been developed. Bone marrow transplantation is the only cure, but some non-neurologic symptoms can be controlled in adults with hydroxuyrea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Venkataraman
- Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Division, Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Adams
- South Carolina Stroke Center of Economic Excellence and Medical University of South Carolina Stroke Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Stephan C, Schlawne C, Grass S, Waack IN, Ferenz KB, Bachmann M, Barnert S, Schubert R, Bastmeyer M, de Groot H, Mayer C. Artificial oxygen carriers based on perfluorodecalin-filled poly(n-butyl-cyanoacrylate) nanocapsules. J Microencapsul 2013; 31:284-92. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.843600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wang YG, Kim H, Mun S, Kim D, Choi Y. Indocyanine green-loaded perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions for bimodal (19)F-magnetic resonance/nearinfrared fluorescence imaging and subsequent phototherapy. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2013; 3:132-40. [PMID: 23833726 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2013.06.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an indocyanine green-loaded perfluorocarbon (ICG/PFCE) nanoemulsion as a multifunctional theranostic nanomedicine which enables not only (19)F magnetic resonance (MR)/near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) bimodal imaging but also subsequent photodynamic/photothermal dual therapy of cancer. The hydrodynamic size of ICG/PFCE nanoemulsions was 164.2 nm. The stability of indocyanine green (ICG) in aqueous solution was significantly improved when loaded on perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. In addition, ICG/PFCE nanoemulsions showed good dispersion stability in aqueous media containing 10% fetal bovine serum, for at least 14 days. (19)F-MRI of ICG/PFCE nanoemulsions showed that the signal intensity increased with increasing nanoemulsion concentration with no signal observed from the surrounding background. Using NIRF imaging with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion alone, without ICG, did not produce NIRF, while clear and bright fluorescent images were obtained with ICG/PFCE nanoemulsions at 10-µM ICG equivalent. The capacity of ICG-loaded nanoemulsions to generate heat following light irradiation by using an 810-nm laser was comparable to that of free ICG, while singlet oxygen generation of ICG-loaded nanoemulsions was significantly better than that of free ICG. In vitro cytotoxicity tests and fluorescence microscopy confirmed biocompatibility of the nanoemulsion. Upon light irradiation, U87MG glioblastoma cells incubated with ICG/PFCE nanoemulsions underwent necrotic cell death. The therapeutic mechanism during light illumination appears to be mainly due to the photodynamic effect at lower ICG concentrations, whilst the photothermal effect became more obvious at increased ICG concentrations, enabling combined photodynamic/photothermal therapy of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Guo Wang
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Korea
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34
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Ahrens ET, Zhong J. In vivo MRI cell tracking using perfluorocarbon probes and fluorine-19 detection. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:860-71. [PMID: 23606473 PMCID: PMC3893103 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a brief review of preclinical in vivo cell-tracking methods and applications using perfluorocarbon (PFC) probes and fluorine-19 ((19) F) MRI detection. Detection of the (19) F signal offers high cell specificity and quantification ability in spin density-weighted MR images. We discuss the compositions of matter, methods and applications of PFC-based cell tracking using ex vivo and in situ PFC labeling in preclinical studies of inflammation and cellular therapeutics. We also address the potential applicability of (19) F cell tracking to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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35
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Jeong SY, Shin CH, Kim SJ. Theoretical study on the structures and the electron affinities of cyclic perfluoroalkanes (c-PFA). ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2013.26.1.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Balducci A, Wen Y, Zhang Y, Helfer BM, Hitchens TK, Meng WS, Wesa AK, Janjic JM. A novel probe for the non-invasive detection of tumor-associated inflammation. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e23034. [PMID: 23526711 DOI: 10.4161/onci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel dual-mode contrast agent was formulated through the addition of an optical near infrared (NIR) probe to a perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent, which labels inflammatory cells in situ. A single PFC-NIR imaging agent enables both a qualitative, rapid optical monitoring of an inflammatory state and a quantitative, detailed and tissue-depth independent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The feasibility of in vivo optical imaging of the inflammatory response was demonstrated in a subcutaneous murine breast carcinoma model. Ex vivo optical imaging was used to quantify the PFC-NIR signal in the tumor and organs, and results correlated well with quantitative 19F NMR analyses of intact tissues. 19F MRI was employed to construct a three-dimensional image of the cellular microenvironment at the tumor site. Flow cytometry of isolated tumor cells was used to identify the cellular localization of the PFC-NIR probe within the tumor microenvironment. Contrast is achieved through the labeling of host cells involved in the immune response, but not tumor cells. The major cellular reservoir of the imaging agent were tumor-infiltrating CD11b+ F4/80low Gr-1low cells, a cell subset sharing immunophenotypic features with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells are recruited to sites of inflammation and are implicated in immune evasion and tumor progression. This PFC-NIR contrast agent coupled to non-invasive, quantitative imaging techniques could serve as a valuable tool for evaluating novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Balducci
- Department of Research and Development; Celsense, Inc.; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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37
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Tschiersch H, Liebsch G, Borisjuk L, Stangelmayer A, Rolletschek H. An imaging method for oxygen distribution, respiration and photosynthesis at a microscopic level of resolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:926-936. [PMID: 22985120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological samples are far from homogeneous, with complex compartmentation being the norm. Major physiological processes such as respiration do not therefore occur in a uniform manner within most tissues, and it is currently not possible to image its gradients in living plant tissues. A compact fluorescence ratiometric-based device is presented here, consisting of an oxygen-sensitive foil and a USB (universal serial bus) microscope. The sensor foil is placed on the sample surface and, based on the localized change in fluorescence signal over time, information about the oxygen consumption (respiration) or evolution (photosynthesis) can be obtained. Using this imaging technique, it was possible to demonstrate the spatial pattern of oxygen production and consumption at a c. 20-μm level of resolution, and their visualization in the rhizosphere, stem and leaf, and within the developing seed. The oxygen mapping highlighted the vascular tissues as the major stem sink for oxygen. In the leaf, the level of spatial resolution was sufficient to visualize the gas exchange in individual stomata. We conclude that the novel sensor set-up can visualize gradients in oxygen-consuming and producing processes, thereby facilitating the study of the spatial dynamics of respiration and photosynthesis in heterogeneous plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Tschiersch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Gregor Liebsch
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Josef-Engert-Strasse 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Achim Stangelmayer
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Josef-Engert-Strasse 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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38
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Epstein AK, Wong TS, Belisle RA, Boggs EM, Aizenberg J. Liquid-infused structured surfaces with exceptional anti-biofouling performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13182-7. [PMID: 22847405 PMCID: PMC3421179 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201973109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria primarily exist in robust, surface-associated communities known as biofilms, ubiquitous in both natural and anthropogenic environments. Mature biofilms resist a wide range of antimicrobial treatments and pose persistent pathogenic threats. Treatment of adherent biofilm is difficult, costly, and, in medical systems such as catheters or implants, frequently impossible. At the same time, strategies for biofilm prevention based on surface chemistry treatments or surface microstructure have been found to only transiently affect initial attachment. Here we report that Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) prevent 99.6% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm attachment over a 7-d period, as well as Staphylococcus aureus (97.2%) and Escherichia coli (96%), under both static and physiologically realistic flow conditions. In contrast, both polytetrafluoroethylene and a range of nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces accumulate biofilm within hours. SLIPS show approximately 35 times the reduction of attached biofilm versus best case scenario, state-of-the-art PEGylated surface, and over a far longer timeframe. We screen for and exclude as a factor cytotoxicity of the SLIPS liquid, a fluorinated oil immobilized on a structured substrate. The inability of biofilm to firmly attach to the surface and its effective removal under mild flow conditions (about 1 cm/s) are a result of the unique, nonadhesive, "slippery" character of the smooth liquid interface, which does not degrade over the experimental timeframe. We show that SLIPS-based antibiofilm surfaces are stable in submerged, extreme pH, salinity, and UV environments. They are low-cost, passive, simple to manufacture, and can be formed on arbitrary surfaces. We anticipate that our findings will enable a broad range of antibiofilm solutions in the clinical, industrial, and consumer spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Epstein
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Tak-Sing Wong
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Rebecca A. Belisle
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Emily Marie Boggs
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Buer BC, Meagher JL, Stuckey JA, Marsh ENG. Structural basis for the enhanced stability of highly fluorinated proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4810-5. [PMID: 22411812 PMCID: PMC3324029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncanonical amino acids have proved extremely useful for modifying the properties of proteins. Among them, extensively fluorinated (fluorous) amino acids seem particularly effective in increasing protein stability; however, in the absence of structural data, the basis of this stabilizing effect remains poorly understood. To address this problem, we solved X-ray structures for three small proteins with hydrophobic cores that are packed with either fluorocarbon or hydrocarbon side chains and compared their stabilities. Although larger, the fluorinated residues are accommodated within the protein with minimal structural perturbation, because they closely match the shape of the hydrocarbon side chains that they replace. Thus, stability increases seem to be better explained by increases in buried hydrophobic surface area that accompany fluorination than by specific fluorous interactions between fluorinated side chains. This finding is illustrated by the design of a highly fluorinated protein that, by compensating for the larger volume and surface area of the fluorinated side chains, exhibits similar stability to its nonfluorinated counterpart. These structure-based observations should inform efforts to rationally modulate protein function using noncanonical amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeanne A. Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - E. Neil G. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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40
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Littlejohn GR, Love J. A simple method for imaging Arabidopsis leaves using perfluorodecalin as an infiltrative imaging medium. J Vis Exp 2012:3394. [PMID: 22301790 PMCID: PMC3462561 DOI: 10.3791/3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of plant leaves or vertebrate lungs further difficulties arise from multiple transitions in refractive index between cellular components, between cells and airspaces and between the biological tissue and the rest of the optical system. Moreover, refractive index mismatches lead to attenuation of fluorophore excitation and signal emission in fluorescence microscopy. We describe here the application of the perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin (PFD), as an infiltrative imaging medium which optically improves laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) sample imaging at depth, without resorting to damaging increases in laser power and has minimal physiological impact2. We describe the protocol for use of PFD with Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue, which is optically complex as a result of its structure (Figure 1). PFD has a number of attributes that make it suitable for this use3. The refractive index of PFD (1.313) is comparable with that of water (1.333) and is closer to that of cytosol (approx. 1.4) than air (1.000). In addition, PFD is readily available, non-fluorescent and is non-toxic. The low surface tension of PFD (19 dynes cm-1) is lower than that of water (72 dynes cm-1) and also below the limit (25 - 30 dyne cm-1) for stomatal penetration4, which allows it to flood the spongy mesophyll airspaces without the application of a potentially destructive vacuum or surfactant. Finally and crucially, PFD has a great capacity for dissolving CO2 and O2, which allows gas exchange to be maintained in the flooded tissue, thus minimizing the physiological impact on the sample. These properties have been used in various applications which include partial liquid breathing and lung inflation5,6, surgery7, artificial blood8, oxygenation of growth media9, and studies of ice crystal formation in plants10. Currently, it is common to mount tissue in water or aqueous buffer for live confocal imaging. We consider that the use of PFD as a mounting medium represents an improvement on existing practice and allows the simple preparation of live whole leaf samples for imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Littlejohn
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Exeter
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Lui FE, Yu B, Baron DM, Lei C, Zapol WM, Kluger R. Hemodynamic responses to a hemoglobin bis-tetramer and its polyethylene glycol conjugate. Transfusion 2011; 52:974-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Alberca I, Asuero MS, Bóveda JL, Carpio N, Contreras E, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Forteza A, García-Erce JA, García de Lorenzo A, Gomar C, Gómez A, Llau JV, López-Fernández MF, Moral V, Muñoz M, Páramo JA, Torrabadella P, Quintana M, Sánchez C. [The "Seville" Consensus Document on Alternatives to Allogenic Blood Transfusion. Sociedades españolas de Anestesiología (SEDAR), Medicina Intensiva (SEMICYUC), Hematología y Hemoterapia (AEHH), Transfusión sanguínea (SETS) Trombosis y Hemostasia (SETH)]. Med Clin (Barc) 2011; 127 Suppl 1:3-20. [PMID: 17020674 DOI: 10.1157/13093075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Consensus Document on Alternatives to Allogenic Blood Transfusion (AABT) has been drawn up by a panel of experts from 5 scientific societies. The Spanish Societies of Anesthesiology (SEDAR), Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC), Hematology and Hemotherapy (AEHH), Blood Transfusion (SETS) and Thrombosis and Hemostasis (SETH) have sponsored and participated in this Consensus Document. Alternatives to blood transfusion have been divided into pharmacological and non-pharmacological, with 4 modules and 12 topics. The main objective variable was the reduction of allogenic blood transfusions and/or the number of transfused patients. The extent to which this objective was achieved by each AABT was evaluated using the Delphi method, which classifies the grade of recommendation from A (supported by controlled studies) to E (non-controlled studies and expert opinion). The experts concluded that most of the indications for AABT were based on middle or low grades of recommendation, "C", "D", or "E", thus indicating the need for further controlled studies.
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Ahrens ET, Young WB, Xu H, Pusateri LK. Rapid quantification of inflammation in tissue samples using perfluorocarbon emulsion and fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance. Biotechniques 2011; 50:229-34. [PMID: 21548906 PMCID: PMC5012185 DOI: 10.2144/000113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of inflammation in tissue samples can be a time-intensive bottleneck in therapeutic discovery and preclinical endeavors. We describe a versatile and rapid approach to quantitatively assay macrophage burden in intact tissue samples. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion is injected intravenously, and the emulsion droplets are effectively taken up by monocytes and macrophages. These 'in situ' labeled cells participate in inflammatory events in vivo resulting in PFC accumulation at inflammatory loci. Necropsied tissues or intact organs are subjected to conventional fluorine-19 ((19)F) NMR spectroscopy to quantify the total fluorine content per sample, proportional to the macrophage burden. We applied these methods to a rat model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) exhibiting extensive inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the spinal cord. In a cohort of EAE rats, we used (19)F NMR to derive an inflammation index (IFI) in intact CNS tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm intracellular colocalization of the PFC droplets within CNS CD68+ cells having macrophage morphology. The IFI linearly correlated to mRNA levels of CD68 via real-time PCR analysis. This (19)F NMR approach can accelerate tissue analysis by at least an order of magnitude compared with histological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Ruiz-Cabello J, Barnett BP, Bottomley PA, Bulte JW. Fluorine (19F) MRS and MRI in biomedicine. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:114-29. [PMID: 20842758 PMCID: PMC3051284 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Shortly after the introduction of (1)H MRI, fluorinated molecules were tested as MR-detectable tracers or contrast agents. Many fluorinated compounds, which are nontoxic and chemically inert, are now being used in a broad range of biomedical applications, including anesthetics, chemotherapeutic agents, and molecules with high oxygen solubility for respiration and blood substitution. These compounds can be monitored by fluorine ((19)F) MRI and/or MRS, providing a noninvasive means to interrogate associated functions in biological systems. As a result of the lack of endogenous fluorine in living organisms, (19)F MRI of 'hotspots' of targeted fluorinated contrast agents has recently opened up new research avenues in molecular and cellular imaging. This includes the specific targeting and imaging of cellular surface epitopes, as well as MRI cell tracking of endogenous macrophages, injected immune cells and stem cell transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- NMR Group, Institute of Functional Studies, Complutense University and CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brad P. Barnett
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Paul A. Bottomley
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W.M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Littlejohn GR, Gouveia JD, Edner C, Smirnoff N, Love J. Perfluorodecalin enhances in vivo confocal microscopy resolution of Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:1018-1025. [PMID: 20374500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
*Air spaces in the leaf mesophyll generate deleterious optical effects that compromise confocal microscopy. *Leaves were mounted in the nontoxic, nonfluorescent perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin (PFD), and optical enhancement and physiological effect were assessed using confocal microscopy and chlorophyll fluorescence. *Mounting leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana in PFD significantly improved the optical qualities of the leaf, thereby enabling high-resolution laser scanning confocal imaging over twofold deeper into the mesophyll, compared with using water. Incubation in PFD had less physiological impact on the mounted specimen than water. *We conclude that the application of PFD as a mounting medium substantially increases confocal image resolution of living mesophyll and vascular bundle cells, with minimal physiological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Littlejohn
- School of Biosciences, The University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - João D Gouveia
- School of Biosciences, The University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Christoph Edner
- School of Biosciences, The University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- School of Biosciences, The University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - John Love
- School of Biosciences, The University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Bauer J, Zähres M, Zellermann A, Kirsch M, Petrat F, de Groot H, Mayer C. Perfluorocarbon-filled poly(lactide-co-gylcolide) nano- and microcapsules as artificial oxygen carriers for blood substitutes: a physico-chemical assessment. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:122-32. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040903052002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ntwampe SKO, Sheldon MS. Effect of a perfluorocarbon-Pluronic F 68-based emulsion on aPhanerochaete chrysosporiumbiofilm immobilised in a membrane gradostat bioreactor. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nieuwoudt M, Wiggett S, Malfeld S, van der Merwe SW. Imaging glucose metabolism in perfluorocarbon-perfused hepatocyte bioreactors using positron emission tomography. J Artif Organs 2009; 12:247-57. [PMID: 20035398 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-009-0480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro hepatocyte bioreactor functionality depends particularly on maintaining appropriate oxygen levels and exposure to nonparenchymal cells. An attractive solution without immunological consequences to the patient is incorporating a perfluorocarbon oxygen carrier in the circulating medium and co-culturing hepatocytes with stellate cells. Since bioreactors are normally sealed sterile units, demonstrating metabolic functionality is hindered by limited access to the cells after their aggregation in the matrix. A novel possibility is to use positron emission tomography (PET) to image cellular radioactive glucose uptake under O(2)-limited conditions. In this study, primary cell isolation procedures were carried out on eight pigs. Pairs of cell-seeded and cell-free (control) bioreactors with and without perfluorocarbon were cultured under identical conditions and were oxygenated using hypoxic (5% O(2)) and ambient (20% O(2)) gas mixes. Sixteen PET scans were conducted 24 h after cell isolation, the same timescale as that involved in treating a liver failure patient with a primary-cell bioreactor. In all cases, cell-seeded bioreactors without perfluorocarbon were more radioactive, i.e., were more glycolytic, than those with perfluorocarbon. This difference was significant in the hypoxic pair of bioreactors but not in the ambient pair of bioreactors. Additionally, in the same hypoxic bioreactors, circulating extracellular steady-state glucose levels were significantly lower and lactate levels were higher than those in the ambient bioreactors. Similar findings have been made in other in vitro hepatocyte studies investigating the effects of perfluorocarbons. PET is attractive for studying in situ O(2)-dependent bioreactor metabolism because of its visual and numerically quantifiable outputs. Longer-term metabolic studies (e.g., 5-10 days) investigating the effect of perfluorocarbon on bioreactor longevity will complement these findings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nieuwoudt
- Bioengineering Unit, Hepatology Research Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Prinshof Campus, Dr Savage road, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Díaz-López R, Tsapis N, Fattal E. Liquid perfluorocarbons as contrast agents for ultrasonography and (19)F-MRI. Pharm Res 2009; 27:1-16. [PMID: 19902338 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are fluorinated compounds that have been used for many years in clinics mainly as gas/oxygen carriers and for liquid ventilation. Besides this main application, PFCs have also been tested as contrast agents for ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging since the end of the 1970s. However, most of the PFCs applied as contrast agents for imaging were gaseous. This class of PFCs has been recently substituted by liquid PFCs as ultrasound contrast agents. Additionally, liquid PFCs are being tested as contrast agents for (19)F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to yield dual contrast agents for both ultrasonography and (19)F MRI. This review focuses on the development and applications of the different contrast agents containing liquid perfluorocarbons for ultrasonography and/or MRI: large and small size emulsions (i.e. nanoemulsions) and nanocapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Díaz-López
- Univ Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Tan Q, El-Badry AM, Contaldo C, Steiner R, Hillinger S, Welti M, Hilbe M, Spahn DR, Jaussi R, Higuera G, van Blitterswijk CA, Luo Q, Weder W. The effect of perfluorocarbon-based artificial oxygen carriers on tissue-engineered trachea. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:2471-80. [PMID: 19292679 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological effect of the perfluorocarbon-based artificial oxygen carrier (Oxygent) was investigated in tissue-engineered trachea (TET) construction. Media supplemented with and without 10% Oxygent were compared in all assessments. Partial tissue oxygen tension (PtO(2)) was measured with polarographic microprobes; epithelial metabolism was monitored by microdialysis inside the TET epithelium perfused with the medium underneath. Chondrocyte-DegraPol constructs were cultured for 1 month with the medium before glycosaminoglycan assessment and histology. Tissue reaction of TET epithelial scaffolds immersed with the medium was evaluated on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Oxygent perfusion medium increased the TET epithelial PtO(2) (51.2 +/- 0.3 mm Hg vs. 33.4 +/- 0.3 mm Hg at 200 microm thickness; 12.5 +/- 0.1 mm Hg vs. 3.1 +/- 0.1 mm Hg at 400 microm thickness, p < 0.01) and decreased the lactate concentration (0.63 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.80 +/- 0.06 mmol/L, p < 0.05), lactate/pyruvate (1.87 +/- 0.26 vs. 3.36 +/- 10.13, p < 0.05), and lactate/glucose ratios (0.10 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.29 +/- 0.14, p < 0.05). Chondrocyte-DegraPol in Oxygent group presented lower glycosaminoglycan value (0.03 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.00, p < 0.05); histology slides showed poor acid mucopolysaccharides formation. Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging showed no difference in functional capillary density between the scaffolds cultured on chorioallantoic membranes. The foreign body reaction was similar in both groups. We conclude that Oxygent increases TET epithelial PtO(2), improves epithelial metabolism, does not impair angiogenesis, and tends to slow cartilage tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tan
- Shanghai Lung Tumor Clinical Medical Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai, China
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