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Chen M, Jiang Z, Zou X, You X, Cai Z, Huang J. Advancements in tissue engineering for articular cartilage regeneration. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25400. [PMID: 38352769 PMCID: PMC10862692 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury is a prevalent clinical condition resulting from trauma, tumors, infection, osteoarthritis, and other factors. The intrinsic lack of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels within cartilage tissue severely limits its self-regenerative capacity after injury. Current treatment options, such as conservative drug therapy and joint replacement, have inherent limitations. Achieving perfect regeneration and repair of articular cartilage remains an ongoing challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering has emerged as a key focus in articular cartilage injury research, aiming to utilize cultured and expanded tissue cells combined with suitable scaffold materials to create viable, functional tissues. This review article encompasses the latest advancements in seed cells, scaffolds, and cytokines. Additionally, the role of stimulatory factors including cytokines and growth factors, genetic engineering techniques, biophysical stimulation, and bioreactor systems, as well as the role of scaffolding materials including natural scaffolds, synthetic scaffolds, and nanostructured scaffolds in the regeneration of cartilage tissues are discussed. Finally, we also outline the signaling pathways involved in cartilage regeneration. Our review provides valuable insights for scholars to address the complex problem of cartilage regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo You
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinming Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Suito H, Fujikawa K, Ohsako M. ENPP1 downregulation and FGF23 upregulation in growth-related calcification of the tibial tuberosity in rats. J Anat 2024; 244:333-342. [PMID: 37814911 PMCID: PMC10780148 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During tibial tuberosity growth, superficial and deep portions can be observed; however, the deep portion is not observed after the growth period, as it develops into bone tissues. Calcification in vivo is known to be constitutively suppressed by ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) but promoted by tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). FGF23 promotes calcification of enthesis. Gene expression of FGF23 increased rapidly at 13W in this study. Therefore, the tibial tuberosity is speculated to develop via Enpp1 downregulation and Tnap upregulation; however, the understanding of these processes remains unclear. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to explore the age-related structural changes and underlying gene expression changes in the tibial tuberosity of rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (3-, 7-, and 13-week-old; eight each). The tibial tuberosity superficial and deep portions were clearly observed in 3- and 7-week-old rats, but the presence of the deep portion was not confirmed in 13-week-old rats. The extracellular matrix of hypertrophic chondrocytes was calcified. Furthermore, the Enpp1 expression was the highest in 3-week-old rats and decreased with growth. The TNAP expression did not differ significantly among the groups. The deep portion area was significantly lower in 3-week-old rats than in 7-week-old rats. Generally, the extracellular matrix of the immature chondrocytes is not calcified. Therefore, we speculated that the cartilaginous tibial tuberosity calcifies and ossifies with growth. The Enpp1 expression decreased with growth, whereas the Tnap expression remained unchanged. Thus, we surmise that the tibial tuberosity calcifies with growth and that this process involves Enpp1 downregulation and FGF23 upregulation. As Osgood-Schlatter disease is closely related to the calcification of the tibial tuberosity, these findings may help clarify the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirai Suito
- Graduate School of Human Life Design, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellowships DC, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Fujikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ohsako
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Suito H, Fujikawa K, Ohsako M. Eccentric contractions during downhill running induce Osgood‒Schlatter disease in the tibial tuberosity in rats: a focus on histological structures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9863. [PMID: 37332037 PMCID: PMC10277288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD), a condition that affects adolescents, causes inflammation, pain, and prominence at the tibial tuberosity. The causes of OSD are not well understood, but eccentric contractions in the quadriceps have been suggested as a possible factor. To investigate this, a study was conducted in which 24 rats were divided into two groups: the downhill treadmill running (DR) group and the control (CO) group. The DR group underwent a preliminary running program for 1 week, followed by a main running program for 3 weeks. The results showed that the deep region of the tibial tuberosity in the DR group was larger than that in the CO group, and inflammatory cytokines involved in gene expression were upregulated in the DR group. The anterior articular cartilage and deep region in the DR group were also immunoreactive to substance P. Additionally, high-activity chondrocytes of small size were observed in the non-calcified matrix. Thus, the DR group exhibited symptoms similar to OSD, including inflammation, pain, and prominence. These findings suggest that eccentric contractions in the quadriceps may play a role in the development of OSD. Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of this condition and develop effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirai Suito
- Graduate School of Human Life Design, Toyo University, 1-7-11 Akabanedai, Kita-Ku 115-8650, Tokyo, Japan.
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellowships DC, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Fujikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Density, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ohsako
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Phan TN, Fan CH, Yeh CK. Application of Ultrasound to Enhancing Stem Cells Associated Therapies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10546-w. [PMID: 37119453 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell therapy exhibits self-renewal capacity and multi-directional differentiation potential and is considered an important regenerative approach for the treatment of several diseases. However, insufficient cell transplantation efficiency, uncontrollable differentiation, low cell viability, and difficult tracing limit its clinical applications and treatment outcome. Ultrasound (US) has mechanical, cavitation, and thermal effects that can produce different biological effects on organs, tissues, and cells. US can be combined with different US-responsive particles for enhanced physical-chemical stimulation and drug delivery. In the meantime, US also can provide a noninvasive and harmless imaging modality for deep tissue in vivo. An in-depth evaluation of the role and mechanism of action of US in stem cell therapy would enhance understanding of US and encourage research in this field. In this article, we comprehensively review progress in the application of US alone and combined with US-responsive particles for the promotion of proliferation, differentiation, migration, and in vivo detection of stem cells and the potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Nhan Phan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Chen Y, Yang H, Wang Z, Zhu R, Cheng L, Cheng Q. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes mesenchymal stem cell transplantation-based articular cartilage regeneration via inhibiting the TNF signaling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:93. [PMID: 37069673 PMCID: PMC10111837 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation therapy is highly investigated for the regenerative repair of cartilage defects. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has the potential to promote chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigated the promoting effects and mechanisms underlying LIPUS stimulation on the chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and further evaluated its regenerative application value in articular cartilage defects in rats. METHODS LIPUS was applied to stimulate cultured hUC-MSCs and C28/I2 cells in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining, qPCR analysis, and transcriptome sequencing were used to detect mature cartilage-related markers of gene and protein expression for a comprehensive evaluation of differentiation. Injured articular cartilage rat models were established for further hUC-MSC transplantation and LIPUS stimulation in vivo. Histopathology and H&E staining were used to evaluate the repair effects of the injured articular cartilage with LIPUS stimulation. RESULTS The results showed that LIPUS stimulation with specific parameters effectively promoted the expression of mature cartilage-related genes and proteins, inhibited TNF-α gene expression in hUC-MSCs, and exhibited anti-inflammation in C28/I2 cells. In addition, the articular cartilage defects of rats were significantly repaired after hUC-MSC transplantation and LIPUS stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, LIPUS stimulation could realize articular cartilage regeneration based on hUC-MSC transplantation due to the inhibition of the TNF signaling pathway, which is of clinical value for the relief of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Chen
- Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huiyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Qian Cheng
- Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Volz M, Wyse-Sookoo KR, Travascio F, Huang CY, Best TM. MECHANOBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR STIMULATING CHONDROGENESIS OF STEM CELLS. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:460-487. [PMID: 35615879 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is the process of differentiation of stem cells into mature chondrocytes. Such a process consists of chemical, functional, and structural changes which are initiated and mediated by the host environment of the cells. To date, the mechanobiology of chondrogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Hence, experimental activity is focused on recreating specific environmental conditions for stimulating chondrogenesis, and to look for a mechanistic interpretation of the mechanobiological response of cells in the cartilaginous tissues. There are a large number of studies on the topic that vary considerably in their experimental protocols used for providing environmental cues to cells for differentiation, making generalizable conclusions difficult to ascertain. The main objective of this contribution is to review the mechanobiological stimulation of stem cell chondrogenesis and methodological approaches utilized to date to promote chondrogenesis of stem cells in-vitro. In-vivo models will also be explored, but this area is currently limited. An overview of the experimental approaches used by different research groups may help the development of unified testing methods that could be used to overcome existing knowledge gaps, leading to an accelerated translation of experimental findings to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Volz
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | | | - Francesco Travascio
- University of Miami, 5452, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 1251 Memorial Drive, MEB 217B, Coral Gables, Florida, United States, 33146;
| | - Chun-Yuh Huang
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | - Thomas M Best
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States;
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Hua Z, Li S, Liu Q, Yu M, Liao M, Zhang H, Xiang X, Wu Q. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Promotes Osteogenic Potential of iPSC-Derived MSCs but Fails to Simplify the iPSC-EB-MSC Differentiation Process. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:841778. [PMID: 35656194 PMCID: PMC9152674 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.841778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) are a promising cell source for bone tissue engineering. However, iMSCs have less osteogenic potential than BMSCs, and the classical iPSC-EB-iMSC process to derive iMSCs from iPSCs is too laborious as it involves multiple in vitro steps. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a safe therapeutic modality used to promote osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Whether LIPUS can facilitate osteogenic differentiation of iMSCs and simplify the iPSC-EB-iMSC process is unknown. We stimulated iMSCs with LIPUS at different output intensities (20, 40, and 60 mW/cm2) and duty cycles (20, 50, and 80%). Results of ALP activity assay, osteogenic gene expression, and mineralization quantification demonstrated that LIPUS was able to promote osteogenic differentiation of iMSCs, and it worked best at the intensity of 40 mW/cm2 and the duty cycle of 50% (LIPUS40/50). The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was involved in LIPUS40/50-mediated osteogenesis. When cranial bone defects were implanted with iMSCs, LIPUS40/50 stimulation resulted in a significant higher new bone filling rate (72.63 ± 17.04)% than the non-stimulated ones (34.85 ± 4.53)%. Daily exposure to LIPUS40/50 may accelerate embryoid body (EB)-MSC transition, but it failed to drive iPSCs or EB cells to an osteogenic lineage directly. This study is the first to demonstrate the pro-osteogenic effect of LIPUS on iMSCs. Although LIPUS40/50 failed to simplify the classical iPSC-EB-MSC differentiation process, our preliminary results suggest that LIPUS with a more suitable parameter set may achieve the goal. LIPUS is a promising method to establish an efficient model for iPSC application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingqing Wu
- *Correspondence: Qingqing Wu, ; Xuerong Xiang,
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8
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Xia P, Wang Q, Song J, Wang X, Wang X, Lin Q, Cheng K, Chen A, Li X. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Enhances the Efficacy of Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs in Osteoarthritis Cartilage Repair by Regulating Autophagy-Mediated Exosome Release. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221093060. [PMID: 35438034 PMCID: PMC9137322 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221093060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study explored whether low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) enhances the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage repair by regulating autophagy-mediated exosome release. DESIGN MSCs were isolated from the rat bone marrow and treated with rapamycin, 3-methyladenine, or LIPUS. The mechanism of the LIPUS-stimulated exosome release by MSCs was analyzed by inhibiting autophagy. In addition, the MSCs were co-cultured with OA chondrocytes and stimulated by LIPUS, with or without exosome release inhibitor intervention. The exosome release was detected through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis, and biomarker expression analysis. Autophagy was analyzed through TEM, autophagy-related gene expression analysis, and immunofluorescence analysis in vitro. Furthermore, a rat knee OA model was constructed and treated with MSCs, GW4869, and LIPUS. The cartilage repair was assessed through histopathological analysis and extracellular matrix protein expression analysis. RESULTS The in vitro results indicated that LIPUS promoted MSC exosome release by activating autophagy. The in vivo results demonstrated that LIPUS significantly enhanced the positive effects of MSCs on OA cartilage. These effects were significantly blocked by GW4869, an inhibitor of exosome release. CONCLUSIONS LIPUS can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in OA cartilage repair, and the underlying mechanism is related to the increase in autophagy-mediated exosome release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiulong Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anliang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueping Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Xueping Li, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210012, China.
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9
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Kong Y, Duan J, Liu F, Han L, Li G, Sun C, Sang Y, Wang S, Yi F, Liu H. Regulation of stem cell fate using nanostructure-mediated physical signals. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12828-12872. [PMID: 34661592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major issues in tissue engineering is regulation of stem cell differentiation toward specific lineages. Unlike biological and chemical signals, physical signals with adjustable properties can be applied to stem cells in a timely and localized manner, thus making them a hot topic for research in the fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering, and cell biology. According to the signals sensed by cells, physical signals used for regulating stem cell fate can be classified into six categories: mechanical, light, thermal, electrical, acoustic, and magnetic. In most cases, external macroscopic physical fields cannot be used to modulate stem cell fate, as only the localized physical signals accepted by the surface receptors can regulate stem cell differentiation via nanoscale fibrin polysaccharide fibers. However, surface receptors related to certain kinds of physical signals are still unknown. Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of functional materials for energy conversion. Consequently, localized physical fields can be produced by absorbing energy from an external physical field and subsequently releasing another type of localized energy through functional nanostructures. Based on the above concepts, we propose a methodology that can be utilized for stem cell engineering and for the regulation of stem cell fate via nanostructure-mediated physical signals. In this review, the combined effect of various approaches and mechanisms of physical signals provides a perspective on stem cell fate promotion by nanostructure-mediated physical signals. We expect that this review will aid the development of remote-controlled and wireless platforms to physically guide stem cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo, using optimized stimulation parameters and mechanistic investigations while driving the progress of research in the fields of materials science, cell biology, and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Jiazhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Neurological Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chunhui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Shuhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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10
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Self-organization and culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cell spheroids in acoustic levitation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8355. [PMID: 33863936 PMCID: PMC8052426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, 3D cell culture models such as spheroid or organoid technologies have known important developments. Many studies have shown that 3D cultures exhibit better biomimetic properties compared to 2D cultures. These properties are important for in-vitro modeling systems, as well as for in-vivo cell therapies and tissue engineering approaches. A reliable use of 3D cellular models still requires standardized protocols with well-controlled and reproducible parameters. To address this challenge, a robust and scaffold-free approach is proposed, which relies on multi-trap acoustic levitation. This technology is successfully applied to Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) maintained in acoustic levitation over a 24-h period. During the culture, MSCs spontaneously self-organized from cell sheets to cell spheroids with a characteristic time of about 10 h. Each acoustofluidic chip could contain up to 30 spheroids in acoustic levitation and four chips could be ran in parallel, leading to the production of 120 spheroids per experiment. Various biological characterizations showed that the cells inside the spheroids were viable, maintained the expression of their cell surface markers and had a higher differentiation capacity compared to standard 2D culture conditions. These results open the path to long-time cell culture in acoustic levitation of cell sheets or spheroids for any type of cells.
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11
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Walker M, Luo J, Pringle EW, Cantini M. ChondroGELesis: Hydrogels to harness the chondrogenic potential of stem cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 121:111822. [PMID: 33579465 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a highly complex microenvironment, whose various components converge to regulate cell fate. Hydrogels, as water-swollen polymer networks composed by synthetic or natural materials, are ideal candidates to create biologically active substrates that mimic these matrices and target cell behaviour for a desired tissue engineering application. Indeed, the ability to tune their mechanical, structural, and biochemical properties provides a framework to recapitulate native tissues. This review explores how hydrogels have been engineered to harness the chondrogenic response of stem cells for the repair of damaged cartilage tissue. The signalling processes involved in hydrogel-driven chondrogenesis are also discussed, identifying critical pathways that should be taken into account during hydrogel design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Walker
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Eonan William Pringle
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Marco Cantini
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK.
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12
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Xia P, Wang X, Wang Q, Wang X, Lin Q, Cheng K, Li X. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Promotes Autophagy-Mediated Migration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cartilage Repair. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689720986142. [PMID: 33412895 PMCID: PMC7797574 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720986142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) migration is promoted by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), but its mechanism is unclear. Since autophagy is known to regulate cell migration, our study aimed to investigate if LIPUS promotes the migration of MSCs via autophagy regulation. We also aimed to investigate the effects of intra-articular injection of MSCs following LIPUS stimulation on osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage. For the in vitro study, rat bone marrow-derived MSCs were treated with an autophagy inhibitor or agonist, and then they were stimulated by LIPUS. Migration of MSCs was detected by transwell migration assays, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) protein levels were quantified. For the in vivo study, a rat knee OA model was generated and treated with LIPUS after an intra-articular injection of MSCs with autophagy inhibitor added. The cartilage repair was assessed by histopathological analysis and extracellular matrix protein expression. The in vitro results suggest that LIPUS increased the expression of SDF-1 and CXCR4, and it promoted MSC migration. These effects were inhibited and enhanced by autophagy inhibitor and agonist, respectively. The in vivo results demonstrate that LIPUS significantly enhanced the cartilage repair effects of MSCs on OA, but these effects were blocked by autophagy inhibitor. Our results suggest that the migration of MSCs was enhanced by LIPUS through the activation autophagy, and LIPUS improved the protective effect of MSCs on OA cartilage via autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xueping Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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13
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Vahedi P, Hosainzadegan H, Brazvan B, Roshangar L, Shafaei H, Salimnejad R. Treatment of cartilage defects by Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in a sheep model. Cell Tissue Bank 2020; 22:369-378. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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de Lucas B, Pérez LM, Bernal A, Gálvez BG. Ultrasound Therapy: Experiences and Perspectives for Regenerative Medicine. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091086. [PMID: 32957737 PMCID: PMC7563547 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound has emerged as a novel tool for clinical applications, particularly in the context of regenerative medicine. Due to its unique physico-mechanical properties, low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) has been approved for accelerated fracture healing and for the treatment of established non-union, but its utility has extended beyond tissue engineering to other fields, including cell regeneration. Cells and tissues respond to acoustic ultrasound by switching on genetic repair circuits, triggering a cascade of molecular signals that promote cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, differentiation, and extracellular matrix production. LIUS also induces angiogenesis and tissue regeneration and has anti-inflammatory and anti-degenerative effects. Accordingly, the potential application of ultrasound for tissue repair/regeneration has been tested in several studies as a stand-alone treatment and, more recently, as an adjunct to cell-based therapies. For example, ultrasound has been proposed to improve stem cell homing to target tissues due to its ability to create a transitional and local gradient of cytokines and chemokines. In this review, we provide an overview of the many applications of ultrasound in clinical medicine, with a focus on its value as an adjunct to cell-based interventions. Finally, we discuss the various preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the potential of ultrasound for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Lucas
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (B.d.L.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Laura M. Pérez
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (B.d.L.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Aurora Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (B.d.L.); (L.M.P.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Chu YC, Lim J, Hwang WH, Lin YX, Wang JL. Piezoelectric stimulation by ultrasound facilitates chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 148:EL58. [PMID: 32752766 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A cellular stimulation device utilizing an AT-cut quartz coverslip mounted on an ultrasonic live imaging chamber is developed to investigate the effect of piezoelectric stimulation. Two types of chambers deliver ultrasound at intensities ranging from 1 to 20 mW/cm2 to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded on the quartz coverslip. The quartz coverslip imposes additionally localized electric charges as it vibrates with the stimulation. The device was applied to explore whether piezoelectric stimulation can facilitate chondrogenesis of MSCs. The results suggest piezoelectric stimulation drove clustering of MSCs and consequently facilitated chondrogenesis of MSCs without the use of differentiation media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Cherng Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
| | - Jormay Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
| | - Wen-Hao Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
| | - Yu-Xuan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
| | - Jaw-Lin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
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16
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Masterson J, Kluge B, Burdette A, Sr GL. Sustained acoustic medicine; sonophoresis for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delivery in arthritis. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:363-372. [PMID: 32657251 PMCID: PMC7373207 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Arthritis pain is primarily managed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac. Topical diclofenac gel is limited in efficacy due to its limited penetration through the skin. This study investigates the use of a multihour, wearable, localized, sonophoresis transdermal drug delivery device for the penetration enhancement of diclofenac through the skin. Materials & methods: A commercially available, sustained acoustic medicine (sam®) ultrasound device providing 4 h, 1.3 W, 132 mW/cm2, 3 MHz ultrasound treatment was evaluated for increasing the drug delivery of diclofenac gel through a human skin model and was compared with standard of care topical control diclofenac gel. Results: Sonophoresis of the diclofenac gel for 4 h increases diclofenac delivery by 3.8× (p < 0.01), and penetration by 32% (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Sustained acoustic medicine can be used as a transdermal drug-delivery device for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Masterson
- Next Apprenticeship Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Brett Kluge
- Next Apprenticeship Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Aaron Burdette
- Next Apprenticeship Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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17
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Song BW, Park JH, Kim B, Lee S, Lim S, Kim SW, Choi JW, Lee J, Kang M, Hwang KC, Chae DS, Kim IK. A Combinational Therapy of Articular Cartilage Defects: Rapid and Effective Regeneration by Using Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound After Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Transplantation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:313-322. [PMID: 32274698 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although low-intensity pulsed ultrasound has been reported to be potential cartilage regeneration, there still unresolved treatment due to cartilage fibrosis and degeneration by a lack of rapid and high-efficiency treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a combination therapy of focused acoustic force and stem cells at site for fast and efficient healing on cartilage regeneration. METHODS Using a rat articular cartilage defects model, one million adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) were injected into the defect site, and low-intensity focused ultrasound (LOFUS) in the range of 100-600 mV was used for 20 min/day for 2 weeks. All experimental groups were sacrificed after 4 weeks in total. The gross appearance score and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Alcian blue, and Safranin O staining were used for measuring the chondrogenic potential. The cartilage characteristics were observed, and type II collagen, Sox 9, aggrecan, and type X collagen were stained with immunofluorescence. The results of the comprehensive analysis were calculated using the Mankin scoring method. RESULTS The gross appearance scores of regenerated cartilage and chondrocyte-like cells in H&E images were higher in LOFUS-treated groups compared to those in negative control or ASC-treated groups. Safranin O and Alcian blue staining demonstrated that the 100 and 300 mV LOFUS groups showed greater synthesis of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan. The ASC + LOFUS 300 mV group showed positive regulation of type II collagen, Sox 9 and aggrecan and negative regulation of type X collagen, which indicated the occurrence of cartilage regeneration based on the Mankin score result. CONCLUSION The combination therapy, which involved treatment with ASC and 300 mV LOFUS, quickly and effectively reduced articular cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Wook Song
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Seahyoung Lee
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Biomedical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Lim
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Biomedical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Biomedical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Choi
- Institute for Biomedical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Institute for Biomedical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Biomedical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sik Chae
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, International St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea.
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea. .,Institute for Biomedical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Uddin SMZ, Komatsu DE. Therapeutic Potential Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound for Osteoarthritis: Pre-clinical and Clinical Perspectives. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:909-920. [PMID: 31959508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), degeneration of cartilage associated with aging, lifestyle, and trauma, is one of the most common diseases that leads to lower quality of life and socioeconomic burden in the United States. Clinically, OA is initially managed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but eventually requires surgical intervention to reduce pain and increase function. Cartilage is a mechanotransductive tissue and requires a mechanical stimulus to sustain its mechanical and physiologic properties. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a cyclic acoustic wave that can provide essential mechanical stimuli to activate molecular and cellular pathways leading to chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation and activity, as well as to inhibit inflammatory pathways associated with OA. The activation of chondrocyte proliferation and inhibition of anti-inflammatory cytokines make LIPUS a potential therapy for mild to moderate OA. Although a few review articles have described the effects of ultrasound on chondrocytes and cartilage, there remains a need for a comprehensive analysis of our current understanding of the basic science and clinical status of the effects of low-intensity ultrasound on chondrocytes and cartilage and the implications of these studies on LIPUS as a therapeutic option for OA. This review analyzes recent literature describing the results of LIPUS using in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical models and clinical studies, as well as future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar M Z Uddin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
| | - David E Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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19
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Liu DD, Ullah M, Concepcion W, Dahl JJ, Thakor AS. The role of ultrasound in enhancing mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapies. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:850-866. [PMID: 32157802 PMCID: PMC7381806 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been a popular platform for cell‐based therapy in regenerative medicine due to their propensity to home to damaged tissue and act as a repository of regenerative molecules that can promote tissue repair and exert immunomodulatory effects. Accordingly, a great deal of research has gone into optimizing MSC homing and increasing their secretion of therapeutic molecules. A variety of methods have been used to these ends, but one emerging technique gaining significant interest is the use of ultrasound. Sound waves exert mechanical pressure on cells, activating mechano‐transduction pathways and altering gene expression. Ultrasound has been applied both to cultured MSCs to modulate self‐renewal and differentiation, and to tissues‐of‐interest to make them a more attractive target for MSC homing. Here, we review the various applications of ultrasound to MSC‐based therapies, including low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound, pulsed focused ultrasound, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy, as well as the use of adjunctive therapies such as microbubbles. At a molecular level, it seems that ultrasound transiently generates a local gradient of cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules that facilitate MSC homing. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these methods are far from fully elucidated and may differ depending on the ultrasound parameters. We thus put forth minimal criteria for ultrasound parameter reporting, in order to ensure reproducibility of studies in the field. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will enhance our ability to optimize this promising therapy to assist MSC‐based approaches in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Liu
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Waldo Concepcion
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jeremy J Dahl
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Avnesh S Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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20
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Sahu N, Budhiraja G, Subramanian A. Preconditioning of mesenchymal stromal cells with low-intensity ultrasound: influence on chondrogenesis and directed SOX9 signaling pathways. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:6. [PMID: 31900222 PMCID: PMC6942392 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Continuous low-intensity ultrasound (cLIUS) facilitates the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the absence of exogenously added transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) by upregulating the expression of transcription factor SOX9, a master regulator of chondrogenesis. The present study evaluated the molecular events associated with the signaling pathways impacting SOX9 gene and protein expression under cLIUS. Methods Human bone marrow-derived MSCs were exposed to cLIUS stimulation at 14 kPa (5 MHz, 2.5 Vpp) for 5 min. The gene and protein expression of SOX9 was evaluated. The specificity of SOX9 upregulation under cLIUS was determined by treating the MSCs with small molecule inhibitors of select signaling molecules, followed by cLIUS treatment. Signaling events regulating SOX9 expression under cLIUS were analyzed by gene expression, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Results cLIUS upregulated the gene expression of SOX9 and enhanced the nuclear localization of SOX9 protein when compared to non-cLIUS-stimulated control. cLIUS was noted to enhance the phosphorylation of the signaling molecule ERK1/2. Inhibition of MEK/ERK1/2 by PD98059 resulted in the effective abrogation of cLIUS-induced SOX9 expression, indicating that cLIUS-induced SOX9 upregulation was dependent on the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Inhibition of integrin and TRPV4, the upstream cell-surface effectors of ERK1/2, did not inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and therefore did not abrogate cLIUS-induced SOX9 expression, thereby suggesting the involvement of other mechanoreceptors. Consequently, the effect of cLIUS on the actin cytoskeleton, a mechanosensitive receptor regulating SOX9, was evaluated. Diffused and disrupted actin fibers observed in MSCs under cLIUS closely resembled actin disruption by treatment with cytoskeletal drug Y27632, which is known to increase the gene expression of SOX9. The upregulation of SOX9 under cLIUS was, therefore, related to cLIUS-induced actin reorganization. SOX9 upregulation induced by actin reorganization was also found to be dependent on the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Conclusions Collectively, preconditioning of MSCs by cLIUS resulted in the nuclear localization of SOX9, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and disruption of actin filaments, and the expression of SOX9 was dependent on the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 under cLIUS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1532-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neety Sahu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0643, USA.,Present Address: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, 94304, USA
| | - Gaurav Budhiraja
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0643, USA
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
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21
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Cell alignment and accumulation using acoustic nozzle for bioprinting. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17774. [PMID: 31780803 PMCID: PMC6883046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting could spatially align various cells in high accuracy to simulate complex and highly organized native tissues. However, the uniform suspension and low concentration of cells in the bioink and subsequently printed construct usually results in weak cell-cell interaction and slow proliferation. Acoustic manipulation of biological cells during the extrusion-based bioprinting by a specific structural vibration mode was proposed and evaluated. Both C2C12 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) could be effectively and quickly accumulated at the center of the cylindrical tube and consequently the middle of the printed construct with acoustic excitation at the driving frequency of 871 kHz. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of cell distributions fitted with a Gaussian curve showed a significant reduction by about 2.2 fold in the printed construct. The viability, morphology, and differentiation of these cells were monitored and compared. C2C12 cells that were undergone the acoustic excitation had nuclei oriented densely within ±30° and decreased circularity index by 1.91 fold or significant cell elongation in the printing direction. In addition, the formation of the capillary-like structure in the HUVECs construct was found. The number of nodes, junctions, meshes, and branches of HUVECs on day 14 was significantly greater with acoustic excitation for the enhanced neovascularization. Altogether, the proposed acoustic technology can satisfactorily accumulate/pattern biological cells in the printed construct at high biocompatibility. The enhanced cell interaction and differentiation could subsequently improve the performance and functionalities of the engineered tissue samples.
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22
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Crossman J, Alzaheri N, Abdallah MN, Tamimi F, Flood P, Alhadainy H, El-Bialy T. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound increases mandibular height and Col-II and VEGF expression in arthritic mice. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 104:112-118. [PMID: 31177013 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving persistent inflammation resulting in cartilage and bone damage. RA can affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and damage to the TMJ condyle can lead to craniofacial developmental disturbances, causing micrognathia, malocclusion, retrognathia, and increased overjet. Current treatments of TMJ arthritis are unsatisfactory. This pilot study aimed to investigate the effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on the mandible and TMJ condyles in an RA mouse model using micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT), histologic, and immunohistochemical analyses. METHODS MRL-lpr/lpr mice received LIPUS application to their TMJs for 20 min/day for 2 and 4 weeks. Micro-CT analysis measured condylar length and width, posterior mandibular height (P.M.H), mandibular ramus length (M.R.L), effective mandibular length (Ef.M.L), angular process length (A.P.L), mandibular plane (M.P), mandibular axis (M.Ax), and lower incisor height (L.I.H). Condylar cartilage thickness was histologically measured, and type II collagen (Col-II), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Comparing the LIPUS-treated group with the control, P.M.H, M.R.L, and M.P were significantly greater in the LIPUS-treated group. Immunostaining for Col-II and VEGF was stronger in the LIPUS-treated group after 4 weeks. OPG showed slightly more expression in the LIPUS group. CONCLUSIONS LIPUS may enhance mandibular and TMJ condylar bone formation in this RA mouse model by preventing any growth disturbances involved in inflammation. Further studies are recommended to analyze the effect of LIPUS on TMJ of RA in other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Alzaheri
- King Saudi Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | - Patrick Flood
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, AB, Canada.
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23
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Martínez-Moreno D, Jiménez G, Gálvez-Martín P, Rus G, Marchal JA. Cartilage biomechanics: A key factor for osteoarthritis regenerative medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1067-1075. [PMID: 30910703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disorder that is highly extended in the global population. Several researches and therapeutic strategies have been probed on OA but without satisfactory long-term results in joint replacement. Recent evidences show how the cartilage biomechanics plays a crucial role in tissue development. This review describes how physics alters cartilage and its extracellular matrix (ECM); and its role in OA development. The ECM of the articular cartilage (AC) is widely involved in cartilage turnover processes being crucial in regeneration and joint diseases. We also review the importance of physicochemical pathways following the external forces in AC. Moreover, new techniques probed in cartilage tissue engineering for biomechanical stimulation are reviewed. The final objective of these novel approaches is to create a cellular implant that maintains all the biochemical and biomechanical properties of the original tissue for long-term replacements in patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martínez-Moreno
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada E-18100, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain
| | - G Jiménez
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada E-18100, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18016, Spain
| | - P Gálvez-Martín
- Advanced Therapies Area, Pharmascience Division, Bioibérica S.A.U., E-08029 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain
| | - G Rus
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada E-18100, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain; Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, Politécnico de Fuentenueva, Granada E-18071, Spain.
| | - J A Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada E-18100, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18016, Spain.
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24
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Wang X, Lin Q, Zhang T, Wang X, Cheng K, Gao M, Xia P, Li X. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells via regulation of autophagy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:41. [PMID: 30670079 PMCID: PMC6343259 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can induce mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation, although the mechanism of its potential effects on chondrogenic differentiation is unknown. Since autophagy is known to regulate the differentiation of MSCs, the aim of our study was to determine whether LIPUS induced chondrogenesis via autophagy regulation. Methods MSCs were isolated from the rat bone marrow, cultured in either standard or chondrogenic medium, and stimulated with 3 MHz of LIPUS given in 20% on–off cycles, with or without prior addition of an autophagy inhibitor or agonist. Chondrogenesis was evaluated on the basis of aggrecan (AGG) organization and the amount of type II collagen (COL2) and the mRNA expression of AGG, COL2, and SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (SOX9) genes. Results LIPUS promoted the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, as shown by the changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and upregulation of chondrogenic genes, and these effects were respectively augmented and inhibited by the autophagy inhibitor and agonist. Conclusions Taken together, these results indicate that LIPUS promotes MSC chondrogenesis by inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Mingxia Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China.
| | - Xueping Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China.
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Huang X, Das R, Patel A, Nguyen TD. Physical Stimulations for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 4:216-237. [PMID: 30740512 PMCID: PMC6366645 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of techniques and methods are actively invented by clinicians and scientists who are dedicated to the field of musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. Biological, chemical, and physiological factors, which play key roles in musculoskeletal tissue development, have been extensively explored. However, physical stimulation is increasingly showing extreme importance in the processes of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, proliferation and maturation through defined dose parameters including mode, frequency, magnitude, and duration of stimuli. Studies have shown manipulation of physical microenvironment is an indispensable strategy for the repair and regeneration of bone and cartilage, and biophysical cues could profoundly promote their regeneration. In this article, we review recent literature on utilization of physical stimulation, such as mechanical forces (cyclic strain, fluid shear stress, etc.), electrical and magnetic fields, ultrasound, shock waves, substrate stimuli, etc., to promote the repair and regeneration of bone and cartilage tissue. Emphasis is placed on the mechanism of cellular response and the potential clinical usage of these stimulations for bone and cartilage regeneration.
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Jiang H, Hong T, Wang T, Wang X, Cao L, Xu X, Zheng M. Gene expression profiling of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7070-7077. [PMID: 30378112 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteogenesis is a multiple-step process through which osteoblasts are derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with multilineage differentiation potential. This study aimed to analyze gene expression profiling during osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human MSCs were isolated and induced for differentiation in osteogenic medium. Full-genome gene expression microarrays and gene ontology analysis were performed. RESULTS A total of 1,680 differentially expressed genes in differentiated MSCs were identified including 430 upregulated and 1,250 downregulated. Moreover, pathway-act-network analysis showed that cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway and focal adhesion, had high degree (>5). The ribonucleotide reductase M1, thymidine kinase 1 and histone cluster 1 H3e also showed high degree (>10). Polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the differential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, SMAD family member 3, transforming growth factor beta 2, and fibroblast growth factor 14 in differentiated MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression profiling provides a foundation to reveal the mechanisms that regulate osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jiang
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lingling Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meirong Zheng
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
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Xia P, Wang X, Qu Y, Lin Q, Cheng K, Gao M, Ren S, Zhang T, Li X. TGF-β1-induced chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is promoted by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound through the integrin-mTOR signaling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:281. [PMID: 29237506 PMCID: PMC5729425 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a mechanical stimulus that plays a key role in regulating the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). However, the way in which it affects the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether LIPUS is able to influence TGF-β1-induced chondrogenesis of BMSCs through the integrin-mechanistic target of the Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Methods BMSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow and cultured in either standard or TGF-β1-treated culture medium. BMSCs were then subjected to LIPUS at a frequency of 3 MHz and a duty cycle of 20%, and integrin and mTOR inhibitors added in order to analyze their influence on cell differentiation. BMSCs were phenotypically analyzed by flow cytometry and the degree of chondrogenesis evaluated through toluidine blue staining, immunofluorescence, and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, expression of COL2, aggrecan, SOX9, and COL1 was assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Results We found that LIPUS promoted TGF-β1-induced chondrogenesis of BMSCs, represented by increased expression of COL2, aggrecan and SOX9 genes, and decreased expression of COL1. Notably, these effects were prevented following addition of integrin and mTOR inhibitors. Conclusions Taken together, these results indicate that mechanical stimulation combined with LIPUS promotes TGF-β1-induced chondrogenesis of BMSCs through the integrin-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Yanping Qu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Mingxia Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Shasha Ren
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Xueping Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China.
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Aliabouzar M, Lee SJ, Zhou X, Zhang GL, Sarkar K. Effects of scaffold microstructure and low intensity pulsed ultrasound on chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:495-506. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Se-jun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Grace Lijjie Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
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Kaur H, Siraki AG, Uludağ H, Dederich DN, Flood P, El-Bialy T. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species during Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Application in MC-3 T3 E1 Pre-osteoblast Cell Culture. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:2699-2712. [PMID: 28807447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) by application of low-intensity ultrasound (LIPUS) to MC-3 T3 E1 pre-osteoblasts. The cells were subjected to one LIPUS application for either 10 or 20 min, and the control group was exposed to a sham transducer. For ROS inhibition, 10 μM diphenylene iodonium (DPI) was added to the cells an hour before LIPUS application. Samples were collected 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after LIPUS application, and cells were evaluated for ROS generation, cell viability, gene expression and MAPK activation by immunoblot analyses. LIPUS caused a significant increase in ROS and cell viability in the non-DPI-treated group. Expression of RUNX2, OCN and OPN mRNA was higher in the LIPUS-treated groups at 1 h in both the DPI-treated and non-DPI-treated groups; RUNX2 and OCN mRNA levels increased at 6 h. ERK1/2 activation was increased in the LIPUS-treated groups. These results indicate that LIPUS activates MAPK by ROS generation in MC-3 T3 E1 pre-osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada.
| | - Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas N Dederich
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick Flood
- Department of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tarek El-Bialy
- Department of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Hanna H, Andre FM, Mir LM. Electrical control of calcium oscillations in mesenchymal stem cells using microsecond pulsed electric fields. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:91. [PMID: 28424094 PMCID: PMC5397732 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mesenchymal stem cells are promising tools for regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into many cellular types such as osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes amongst many other cell types. These cells present spontaneous calcium oscillations implicating calcium channels and pumps of the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. These oscillations regulate many basic functions in the cell such as proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, the possibility to mimic or regulate these oscillations might be useful to regulate mesenchymal stem cells biological functions. METHODS One or several electric pulses of 100 μs were used to induce Ca2+ spikes caused by the penetration of Ca2+ from the extracellular medium, through the transiently electropermeabilized plasma membrane, in human adipose mesenchymal stem cells from several donors. Attached cells were preloaded with Fluo-4 AM and exposed to the electric pulse(s) under the fluorescence microscope. Viability was also checked. RESULTS According to the pulse(s) electric field amplitude, it is possible to generate a supplementary calcium spike with properties close to those of calcium spontaneous oscillations, or, on the contrary, to inhibit the spontaneous calcium oscillations for a very long time compared to the pulse duration. Through that inhibition of the oscillations, Ca2+ oscillations of desired amplitude and frequency could then be imposed on the cells using subsequent electric pulses. None of the pulses used here, even those with the highest amplitude, caused a loss of cell viability. CONCLUSIONS An easy way to control Ca2+ oscillations in mesenchymal stem cells, through their cancellation or the addition of supplementary Ca2+ spikes, is reported here. Indeed, the direct link between the microsecond electric pulse(s) delivery and the occurrence/cancellation of cytosolic Ca2+ spikes allowed us to mimic and regulate the Ca2+ oscillations in these cells. Since microsecond electric pulse delivery constitutes a simple technology available in many laboratories, this new tool might be useful to further investigate the role of Ca2+ in human mesenchymal stem cells biological processes such as proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hanna
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, PR2, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cédex, France
| | - Franck M. Andre
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, PR2, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cédex, France
| | - Lluis M. Mir
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, PR2, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cédex, France
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Aliabouzar M, Zhang LG, Sarkar K. Lipid Coated Microbubbles and Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Enhance Chondrogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in 3D Printed Scaffolds. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37728. [PMID: 27883051 PMCID: PMC5121887 DOI: 10.1038/srep37728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-coated microbubbles are used to enhance ultrasound imaging and drug delivery. Here we apply these microbubbles along with low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) for the first time to enhance proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in a 3D printed poly-(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel scaffold. The hMSC proliferation increased up to 40% after 5 days of culture in the presence of 0.5% (v/v) microbubbles and LIPUS in contrast to 18% with LIPUS alone. We systematically varied the acoustic excitation parameters-excitation intensity, frequency and duty cycle-to find 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz and 20% duty cycle to be optimal for hMSC proliferation. A 3-week chondrogenic differentiation results demonstrated that combining LIPUS with microbubbles enhanced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production by 17% (5% with LIPUS alone), and type II collagen production by 78% (44% by LIPUS alone). Therefore, integrating LIPUS and microbubbles appears to be a promising strategy for enhanced hMSC growth and chondrogenic differentiation, which are critical components for cartilage regeneration. The results offer possibilities of novel applications of microbubbles, already clinically approved for contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging, in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Thakurta SG, Sahu N, Miller A, Budhiraja G, Akert L, Viljoen H, Subramanian A. Long-term culture of human mesenchymal stem cell-seeded constructs under ultrasound stimulation: evaluation of chondrogenesis. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/5/055016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kim HB, Swanberg KM, Han HS, Kim JC, Kim JW, Lee S, Lee CJ, Maeng S, Kim TS, Park JH. Prolonged stimulation with low-intensity ultrasound induces delayed increases in spontaneous hippocampal culture spiking activity. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:885-896. [PMID: 27465511 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound is a promising neural stimulation modality, but an incomplete understanding of its range and mechanism of effect limits its therapeutic application. We investigated the modulation of spontaneous hippocampal spike activity by ultrasound at a lower acoustic intensity and longer time scale than has been previously attempted, hypothesizing that spiking would change conditionally upon the availability of glutamate receptors. Using a 60-channel multielectrode array (MEA), we measured spontaneous spiking across organotypic rat hippocampal slice cultures (N = 28) for 3 min each before, during, and after stimulation with low-intensity unfocused pulsed or sham ultrasound (spatial-peak pulse average intensity 780 μW/cm2 ) preperfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, 300 μM kynurenic acid (KA), or 0.5 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX) at 3 ml/min. Spike rates were normalized and compared across stimulation type and period, subregion, threshold level, and/or perfusion condition using repeated-measures ANOVA and generalized linear mixed models. Normalized 3-min spike counts for large but not midsized, small, or total spikes increased after but not during ultrasound relative to sham stimulation. This result was recapitulated in subregions CA1 and dentate gyrus and replicated in a separate experiment for all spike size groups in slices pretreated with aCSF but not KA or TTX. Increases in normalized 18-sec total, midsized, and large spike counts peaked predominantly 1.5 min following ultrasound stimulation. Our low-intensity ultrasound setup exerted delayed glutamate receptor-dependent, amplitude- and possibly region-specific influences on spontaneous spike rates across the hippocampus, expanding the range of known parameters at which ultrasound may be used for neural activity modulation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Bum Kim
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kelley M Swanberg
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sok Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Chae Kim
- Biometrics Team, CTO Future IT Laboratory, LG Electronics Umyeon R&D Campus, Seocho-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Woo Kim
- Division of Polar Logistics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Seong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Gao Q, Walmsley AD, Cooper PR, Scheven BA. Ultrasound Stimulation of Different Dental Stem Cell Populations: Role of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling. J Endod 2016; 42:425-31. [PMID: 26830427 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from dental tissues may respond to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment, potentially providing a therapeutic approach to promoting dental tissue regeneration. This work aimed to compare LIPUS effects on the proliferation and MAPK signaling in MSCs from rodent dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) compared with MSCs from periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). METHODS Isolated MSCs were treated with 1-MHz LIPUS at an intensity of 250 or 750 mW/cm2 for 5 or 20 minutes. Cell proliferation was evaluated by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining after 24 hours of culture following a single LIPUS treatment. Specific ELISAs were used to determine the total and activated p38, ERK1/2, and JNK MAPK signaling proteins up to 4 hours after treatment. Selective MAPK inhibitors PD98059 (ERK1/2), SB203580 (p38), and SP600125 (JNK) were used to determine the role of activation of the particular MAPK pathways. RESULTS The proliferation of all MSC types was significantly increased after LIPUS treatment. LIPUS at a 750-mW/cm2 dose induced the greatest effects on DPSCs. BMSC proliferation was stimulated in equal measures by both intensities, whereas 250 mW/cm2 LIPUS exposure exerted maximum effects on PDLSCs. ERK1/2 was activated immediately in DPSCs after treatment. Concomitantly, DPSC proliferation was specifically modulated by ERK1/2 inhibition, whereas p38 and JNK inhibition exerted no effects. In BMSCs, JNK MAPK signaling was LIPUS activated, and the increase in proliferation was blocked by specific inhibition of the JNK pathway. In PDLSCs, JNK MAPK signaling was activated immediately after LIPUS, whereas p-p38 MAPK increased significantly in these cells 4 hours after exposure. Correspondingly, JNK and p38 inhibition modulated LIPUS-stimulated PDLSC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS LIPUS promoted MSC proliferation in an intensity and cell-specific dependent manner via activation of distinct MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Gao
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A Damien Walmsley
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Cooper
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Padilla F, Puts R, Vico L, Guignandon A, Raum K. Stimulation of Bone Repair with Ultrasound. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 880:385-427. [PMID: 26486349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22536-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the different options available for the use of ultrasound in the enhancement of fracture healing or in the reactivation of a failed healing process: LIPUS, shock waves and ultrasound-mediated delivery of bioactive molecules, such as growth factors or plasmids. The main emphasis is on LIPUS, or Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound, the most widespread and studied technique. LIPUS has pronounced bioeffects on tissue regeneration, while employing intensities within a diagnostic range. The biological response to LIPUS is complex as the response of numerous cell types to this stimulus involves several pathways. Known to-date mechanotransduction pathways involved in cell responses include MAPK and other kinases signaling pathways, gap-junctional intercellular communication, up-regulation and clustering of integrins, involvement of the COX-2/PGE2 and iNOS/NO pathways, and activation of the ATI mechanoreceptor. Mechanisms at the origin of LIPUS biological effects remain intriguing, and analysis is hampered by the diversity of experimental systems used in-vitro. Data point to clear evidence that bioeffects can be modulated by direct and indirect mechanical effects, like acoustic radiation force, acoustic streaming, propagation of surface waves, heat, fluid-flow induced circulation and redistribution of nutrients, oxygen and signaling molecules. One of the future engineering challenge is therefore the design of dedicated experimental set-ups allowing control of these different mechanical phenomena, and to relate them to biological responses. Then, the derivation of an 'acoustic dose' and the cross-calibration of the different experimental systems will be possible. Despite this imperfect knowledge of LIPUS biophysics, the clinical evidence, although most often of low quality, speaks in favor of the clinical use of LIPUS, when the economics of nonunion and the absence of toxicity of this ultrasound technology are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina Puts
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurence Vico
- Inserm U1059 Lab Biologie intégrée du Tissu Osseux, Université de Saint-Etienne, St-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Alain Guignandon
- Inserm U1059 Lab Biologie intégrée du Tissu Osseux, Université de Saint-Etienne, St-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Kay Raum
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Jia L, Chen J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen W. Focused Low-intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Affects Extracellular Matrix Degradation via Decreasing Chondrocyte Apoptosis and Inflammatory Mediators in a Surgically Induced Osteoarthritic Rabbit Model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:208-219. [PMID: 26403700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether focused low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (FLIPUS) affects extracellular matrix (ECM) production in osteoarthritic (OA) rabbits by decreasing chondrocyte apoptosis and pro-inflammatory mediators. An OA model using New Zealand White rabbits (N = 30) and 30 normal rabbits were randomized into three groups (2-, 4- and 8-wk groups; n = 10 knees each). A knee from each rabbit was randomly selected to receive FLIPUS and the other knee received a sham treatment as a control. Another 30 normal rabbits were blank controls. We measured ECM degradation, joint effusion volume and levels of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide. Also, ratios of chondrocyte proliferation and apoptosis were calculated. Compared with sham stimulation, FLIPUS attenuated release of type II collagen and proteoglycans and reduced chondrocyte apoptosis as well as total joint effusion volume and significantly alleviated OA-induced accretion of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide in the synovial fluid. FLIPUS application promoted ECM production in OA through down regulation inflammatory mediators, joint effusion volume and chondrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Suarez Castellanos IM, Balteanu B, Singh T, Zderic V. Therapeutic Modulation of Calcium Dynamics Using Ultrasound and Other Energy-Based Techniques. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 9:177-191. [DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2016.2555760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chung CY, Heebner J, Baskaran H, Welter JF, Mansour JM. Ultrasound Elastography for Estimation of Regional Strain of Multilayered Hydrogels and Tissue-Engineered Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2991-3003. [PMID: 26077987 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered (TE) cartilage constructs tend to develop inhomogeneously, thus, to predict the mechanical performance of the tissue, conventional biomechanical testing, which yields average material properties, is of limited value. Rather, techniques for evaluating regional and depth-dependent properties of TE cartilage, preferably non-destructively, are required. The purpose of this study was to build upon our previous results and to investigate the feasibility of using ultrasound elastography to non-destructively assess the depth-dependent biomechanical characteristics of TE cartilage while in a sterile bioreactor. As a proof-of-concept, and to standardize an assessment protocol, a well-characterized three-layered hydrogel construct was used as a surrogate for TE cartilage, and was studied under controlled incremental compressions. The strain field of the construct predicted by elastography was then validated by comparison with a poroelastic finite-element analysis (FEA). On average, the differences between the strains predicted by elastography and the FEA were within 10%. Subsequently engineered cartilage tissue was evaluated in the same test fixture. Results from these examinations showed internal regions where the local strain was 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than that near the surface. These studies document the feasibility of using ultrasound to evaluate the mechanical behaviors of maturing TE constructs in a sterile environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Chung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2123 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Glennan Building Room 616A, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Heebner
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2123 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Glennan Building Room 616A, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean F Welter
- Department of Biology (Skeletal Research Center), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Mansour
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2123 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Glennan Building Room 616A, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Ting SYW, Montagne K, Nishimura Y, Ushida T, Furukawa KS. Modulation of the Effect of Transforming Growth Factor-β3 by Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Scaffold-Free Dedifferentiated Articular Bovine Chondrocyte Tissues. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1005-14. [PMID: 25915185 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate how low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) modulates the effect of transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) on the differentiation of scaffold-free dedifferentiated bovine articular chondrocyte tissues toward a cartilage-like phenotype. Specifically, the effect of these stimuli on the expression of hypertrophic markers collagen type I, collagen type X, and cartilage-degrading collagenase gene expression for a scaffold-free model was analyzed. A bioreactor that applied LIPUS directly from the transducer through a silicone gel to a six-well plate containing the tissues allowed simple, sterile, and large-scale experiments. Tissues were subjected to LIPUS of 55 mW/cm(2) in a 200 μs burst sine wave of 1 MHz over a 10-day period with or without TGF-β3 (10 ng/mL). Tissues exposed to TGF-β3 had significantly increased glycosaminoglycan and total collagen protein production along with upregulated cartilage-specific gene expression, resulting in tissues with a higher Young's Modulus. However, these tissues had also upregulated gene expression for hypertrophic markers collagen type I, collagen type X, MMP-1, MMP-13, MMP-2, and also an increase in the phosphorylation of p38. The expression of these matrix-degrading enzymes was remediated by hypertrophic development and differentiate dedifferentiated bovine articular chondrocytes towards a chondrogenic lineage allowing it to be a valuable tool in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Montagne
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Ushida
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan .,3 Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuko S Furukawa
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan .,3 Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Due to a blood supply shortage, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-healing once damaged. Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration. Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity; unfortunately, the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked. Consequently, the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one. The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties. In this review, current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized; the impact of cell source options is discussed; and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue. This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 10th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - HaiShan Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Corresponding author. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 1072; fax: +1 304 293 7070.
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Guha Thakurta S, Budhiraja G, Subramanian A. Growth factor and ultrasound-assisted bioreactor synergism for human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis. J Tissue Eng 2015; 6:2041731414566529. [PMID: 25610590 PMCID: PMC4300305 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414566529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound at 5.0 MHz was noted to be chondro-inductive, with improved SOX-9 gene and COL2A1 protein expression in constructs that allowed for cell-to-cell contact. To achieve tissue-engineered cartilage using macroporous scaffolds, it is hypothesized that a combination of ultrasound at 5.0 MHz and transforming growth factor-β3 induces human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to chondrocytes. Expression of miR-145 was used as a metric to qualitatively assess the efficacy of human mesenchymal stem cell conversion. Our results suggest that in group 1 (no transforming growth factor-β3, no ultrasound), as anticipated, human mesenchymal stem cells were not efficiently differentiated into chondrocytes, judging by the lack of decrease in the level of miR-145 expression. Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiated into chondrocytes in group 2 (transforming growth factor-β3, no ultrasound) and group 3 (transforming growth factor-β3, ultrasound) with group 3 having a 2-fold lower miR-145 when compared to group 2 at day 7, indicating a higher conversion to chondrocytes. Transforming growth factor-β3-induced chondrogenesis with and without ultrasound stimulation for 14 days in the ultrasound-assisted bioreactor was compared and followed by additional culture in the absence of growth factors. The combination of growth factor and ultrasound stimulation (group 3) resulted in enhanced COL2A1, SOX-9, and ACAN protein expression when compared to growth factor alone (group 2). No COL10A1 protein expression was noted. Enhanced cell proliferation and glycosaminoglycan deposition was noted with the combination of growth factor and ultrasound stimulation. These results suggest that ultrasound at 5.0 MHz could be used to induce chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurav Budhiraja
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Li S, Glynne-Jones P, Andriotis OG, Ching KY, Jonnalagadda US, Oreffo ROC, Hill M, Tare RS. Application of an acoustofluidic perfusion bioreactor for cartilage tissue engineering. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4475-85. [PMID: 25272195 PMCID: PMC4227593 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00956h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage grafts generated using conventional static tissue engineering strategies are characterised by low cell viability, suboptimal hyaline cartilage formation and, critically, inferior mechanical competency, which limit their application for resurfacing articular cartilage defects. To address the limitations of conventional static cartilage bioengineering strategies and generate robust, scaffold-free neocartilage grafts of human articular chondrocytes, the present study utilised custom-built microfluidic perfusion bioreactors with integrated ultrasound standing wave traps. The system employed sweeping acoustic drive frequencies over the range of 890 to 910 kHz and continuous perfusion of the chondrogenic culture medium at a low-shear flow rate to promote the generation of three-dimensional agglomerates of human articular chondrocytes, and enhance cartilage formation by cells of the agglomerates via improved mechanical stimulation and mass transfer rates. Histological examination and assessment of micromechanical properties using indentation-type atomic force microscopy confirmed that the neocartilage grafts were analogous to native hyaline cartilage. Furthermore, in the ex vivo organ culture partial thickness cartilage defect model, implantation of the neocartilage grafts into defects for 16 weeks resulted in the formation of hyaline cartilage-like repair tissue that adhered to the host cartilage and contributed to significant improvements to the tissue architecture within the defects, compared to the empty defects. The study has demonstrated the first successful application of the acoustofluidic perfusion bioreactors to bioengineer scaffold-free neocartilage grafts of human articular chondrocytes that have the potential for subsequent use in second generation autologous chondrocyte implantation procedures for the repair of partial thickness cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Li
- Centre for Human Development , Stem Cells and Regeneration , Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , UK . ; Fax: +44 2381 204221 ; Tel: +44 (0)2381 205257
| | - Peter Glynne-Jones
- Engineering Sciences , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
| | - Orestis G. Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics , Vienna University of Technology , Gusshausstrasse 27-29 A-1040 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Kuan Y. Ching
- nCATS , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
| | - Umesh S. Jonnalagadda
- Engineering Sciences , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development , Stem Cells and Regeneration , Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , UK . ; Fax: +44 2381 204221 ; Tel: +44 (0)2381 205257
| | - Martyn Hill
- Engineering Sciences , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
| | - Rahul S. Tare
- Centre for Human Development , Stem Cells and Regeneration , Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , UK . ; Fax: +44 2381 204221 ; Tel: +44 (0)2381 205257
- Engineering Sciences , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
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Padilla F, Puts R, Vico L, Raum K. Stimulation of bone repair with ultrasound: a review of the possible mechanic effects. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:1125-45. [PMID: 24507669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the positive role that ultrasound can play in the enhancement of fracture healing or in the reactivation of a failed healing process. We review the several options available for the use of ultrasound in this context, either to induce a direct physical effect (LIPUS, shock waves), to deliver bioactive molecules such as growth factors, or to transfect cells with osteogenic plasmids; with a main focus on LIPUS (or Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound) as it is the most widespread and studied technique. The biological response to LIPUS is complex as numerous cell types respond to this stimulus involving several pathways. Known to-date mechanotransduction pathways involved in cell responses include MAPK and other kinases signaling pathways, gap-junctional intercellular communication, up-regulation and clustering of integrins, involvement of the COX-2/PGE2, iNOS/NO pathways and activation of ATI mechanoreceptor. The mechanisms by which ultrasound can trigger these effects remain intriguing. Possible mechanisms include direct and indirect mechanical effects like acoustic radiation force, acoustic streaming, and propagation of surface waves, fluid-flow induced circulation and redistribution of nutrients, oxygen and signaling molecules. Effects caused by the transformation of acoustic wave energy into heat can usually be neglected, but heating of the transducer may have a potential impact on the stimulation in some in-vitro systems, depending on the coupling conditions. Cavitation cannot occur at the pressure levels delivered by LIPUS. In-vitro studies, although not appropriate to identify the overall biological effects, are of great interest to study specific mechanisms of action. The diversity of current experimental set-ups however renders this analysis very complex, as phenomena such as transducer heating, inhomogeneities of the sound intensity in the near field, resonances in the transmission and reflection through the culture dish walls and the formation of standing waves will greatly affect the local type and amplitude of the stimulus exerted on the cells. A future engineering challenge is therefore the design of dedicated experimental set-ups, in which the different mechanical phenomena induced by ultrasound can be controlled. This is a prerequisite to evaluate the biological effects of the different phenomena with respect to particular parameters, like intensity, frequency, or duty cycle. By relating the variations of these parameters to the induced physical effects and to the biological responses, it will become possible to derive an 'acoustic dose' and propose a quantification and cross-calibration of the different experimental systems. Improvements in bone healing management will probably also come from a combination of ultrasound with a 'biologic' components, e.g. growth factors, scaffolds, gene therapies, or drug delivery vehicles, the effects of which being potentiated by the ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Padilla
- Inserm, U1032, LabTau, Lyon F-69003, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69003, France.
| | - Regina Puts
- Julius Wolff Institut & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurence Vico
- Inserm U1059 Lab Biologie intégrée du Tissu Osseux, Université de Lyon, St-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Kay Raum
- Julius Wolff Institut & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Jang KW, Ding L, Seol D, Lim TH, Buckwalter JA, Martin JA. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes chondrogenic progenitor cell migration via focal adhesion kinase pathway. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2014; 40:1177-86. [PMID: 24612644 PMCID: PMC4034572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been studied frequently for its beneficial effects on the repair of injured articular cartilage. We hypothesized that these effects are due to stimulation of chondrogenic progenitor cell (CPC) migration toward injured areas of cartilage through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation. CPC chemotaxis in bluntly injured osteochondral explants was examined by confocal microscopy, and migratory activity of cultured CPCs was measured in transwell and monolayer scratch assays. FAK activation by LIPUS was analyzed in cultured CPCs by Western blot. LIPUS effects were compared with the effects of two known chemotactic factors: N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein. LIPUS significantly enhanced CPC migration on explants and in cell culture assays. Phosphorylation of FAK at the kinase domain (Tyr 576/577) was maximized by 5 min of exposure to LIPUS at a dose of 27.5 mW/cm(2) and frequency of 3.5 MHz. Treatment with fMLF, but not HMBG1, enhanced FAK activation to a degree similar to that of LIPUS, but neither fMLF nor HMGB1 enhanced the LIPUS effect. LIPUS-induced CPC migration was blocked by suppressing FAK phosphorylation with a Src family kinase inhibitor that blocks FAK phosphorylation. Our results imply that LIPUS might be used to promote cartilage healing by inducing the migration of CPCs to injured sites, which could delay or prevent the onset of post-traumatic osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee W Jang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Dongrim Seol
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Tae-Hong Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Joseph A Buckwalter
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James A Martin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Leskinen JJ, Olkku A, Mahonen A, Hynynen K. Nonuniform Temperature Rise in In Vitro Osteoblast Ultrasound Exposures With Associated Bioeffect. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:920-7. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2292546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Yang SW, Kuo CL, Chang SJ, Chen PC, Lin YT, Manousakas I, Kuo SM. Does low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment repair articular cartilage injury? A rabbit model study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:36. [PMID: 24507771 PMCID: PMC3923237 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) regiment has been used to treat fractures with non-union and to promote bone union in general. The effect of LIPUS on articular cartilage metabolism has been characterized. Yet, the effect of LIPUS to repair articular cartilage injury remains unclear in vivo. Methods We designed a study to investigate the effect of LIPUS on articular cartilage repairing in a rabbit severe cartilage injury model. Eighteen rabbits were divided into three groups: Sham-operated group, operated group without-LIPUS-treatment, operated group with-LIPUS-treatment (a daily 20-minute treatment for 3 months). Full-thickness cartilage defects were surgically created on the right side distal femoral condyle without intending to penetrate into the subchondral bone, which mimicked severe chondral injury. MR images for experimental joints, morphology grading scale, and histopathological Mankin score were evaluated. Results The preliminary results showed that the operated groups with-LIPUS-treatment and without-LIPUS-treatment had significantly higher Mankin score and morphological grading scale compared with the sham-operated group. However, there was no significant difference between the with-LIPUS-treatment and without-LIPUS-treatment groups. Cartilage defects filled with proliferative tissue were observed in the with-LIPUS-treatment group grossly and under MR images, however which presented less up-take under Alcian blue stain. Furthermore, no new deposition of type II collagen or proliferation of chondrocyte was observed over the cartilage defect after LIPUS treatment. Conclusion LIPUS has no significant therapeutic potential in treating severe articular cartilage injury in our animal study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shyh Ming Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, No,1, Sec, 1, Syuecheng Rd,, Kaohsiung City 84001, Dashu District, Taiwan.
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Shafaei H, Esfandiari E, Esmaeili A, Razavi S, Hashemibeni B, Nasr Esfahani MH, Shiran MB, Isfahani SHZ, Mardani M. Optimizing a novel method for low intensity ultrasound in chondrogenesis induction. Adv Biomed Res 2013; 2:79. [PMID: 24520547 PMCID: PMC3908492 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.120867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaline cartilage tissue of joints is susceptible to injuries due to avascularity. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used for cartilage tissue engineering. Among MSCs, adipose stem cells (ASCs) are attractive because of accessibility, their large number, and rapid growth. Common in vitro protocols successfully induce chondrogenic differentiation by expression of multiple cartilage-specific molecules. However, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) promotes chondrogenesis to terminal stages. Despite much attention being given to the influences of biochemical factors on chondrogenesis of MSCs, few studies have examined the chondrogenic effect of mechanical factors such as ultrasound as a feasible tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we focused on inducing chondrogenesis in the early stages of differentiation by using low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS). Four groups of ASC pellets (control, ultrasound, TGFβ, and ultrasound/TGF) were cultured under chondrogenic (10 ng/ml of TGFβ3) and ultrasound conditions (200 mW/cm(2), 10 min/day). After 2 weeks, differentiation was evaluated by histology, quantitative gene expression analysis, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that ultrasound differentiated pellets showed increased expression of early chondrogenesis marker, Col2A, than those in TGFβ groups (P < 0.001), and Col2B and Col10 expression were more prominent in TGFβ groups. Immunostaining of sections showed Col2 fibrils around lacuna in LIUS and TGFβ treated groups. CONCLUSION Using LIUS resulted in early chondrogenesis in comparison with terminally differentiated chondrocytes by TGFβ. Therefore, LIUS might provide an applicable, safe, efficient, and cheap tool for chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Shafaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Batool Hashemibeni
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Mohammad Mardani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Al-Daghreer S, Doschak M, Sloan AJ, Major PW, Heo G, Scurtescu C, Tsui YY, El-Bialy T. Short-term effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on an ex-vivo 3-d tooth culture. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:1066-1074. [PMID: 23499341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the short-term effect of LIPUS on human dentin-pulp complex in vitro. We collected sixty-three premolars from patients who needed the extraction. The premolars were sectioned transversely into 600-μm-thick slices, and then divided into five groups according to LIPUS application time (control, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min). LIPUS transducer produced an incident intensity of 30 mW/cm(2). After 24 h, tissue was harvested for histomorphometrical analysis and RT-PCR (Genes of interest: Collagen I, DMP1, DSPP, TGF β1, RANKL and OPG). Histomorphometric analysis showed no significant difference among the five groups in the odontoblast count and predentin thickness. RT-PCR demonstrated no expression of TGF β1, low amounts of DSPP, a twofold increase in collagen I expression in the 5- and 10-minute LIPUS groups and a threefold increase in DMP1 expression in the 10-minute LIPUS group. LIPUS application was stimulatory to the dentin-pulp complex in vitro and increased the expression of collagen I and DMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Al-Daghreer
- University of Alberta, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Orthodontic Graduate Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Wang Y, Wang J, Bai D, Song J, Ye R, Zhao Z, Lei L, Hao J, Jiang C, Fang S, An S, Cheng Q, Li J. Cell proliferation is promoted by compressive stress during early stage of chondrogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1935-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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50
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Khan I, El-Kadi AO, El-Bialy T. Effects of growth hormone and ultrasound on mandibular growth in rats: MicroCT and toxicity analyses. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1217-24. [PMID: 23639226 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown by previous studies that mandibular growth can be enhanced by the systemic administration of recombinant growth hormone (rGH) and/or local application of therapeutic low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). The purpose of this study was to determine if local injection of rGH and application of LIPUS to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) would synergistically enhance mandibular growth. In an animal study, the effect of rGH, LIPUS, and combination of rGH and LIPUS on male Sprague-Dawley rats was observed. Mandibular growth was evaluated by measuring total hemimandibular and condylar bone volume and bone surface area as well as condylar bone mineral density (BMD) after 21 days on dissected rats' mandibles using micro-computed tomography (MicroCT). The expression of c-jun mRNA extracted from the liver of each of these rats was also quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate possible systemic effect of local rGH administration. Significant growth stimulation was observed in the mandibular and condylar bone of the animals treated with rGH, LIPUS, and rGH/LIPUS combined when compared with the control group. Bone volume, surface area, condylar bone mineral density, and c-jun expression were also compared between the treatment groups and the control in the liver. The results suggest that mandibular growth may be enhanced by injection of rGH or LIPUS application. The current study although showed synergetic effect of rGH and LIPUS application in increasing mandibular condylar head length, there was no significant changes in mandibular bone volume using both treatments together when compared to the two individual treatments. Moreover, combined rGH and LIPUS decreased condylar bone mineral density than each treatment separately. Future research could be directed to investigate the effects of different rGH doses and/or different LIPUS exposures parameters on lower jaw growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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