1
|
Campo M, Dill-McFarland KA, Peterson GJ, Benson B, Skerrett SJ, Hawn TR. Human Alveolar and Monocyte-Derived Human Macrophage Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:161-169. [PMID: 38836816 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) and recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) mediate early lung immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Differences in the response of these distinct cell types are poorly understood and may provide insight into mechanisms of tuberculosis pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to determine whether M. tuberculosis induces unique and essential antimicrobial pathways in human AMs compared with MDMs. Using paired human AMs and 5-d MCSF-derived MDMs from six healthy volunteers, we infected cells with M. tuberculosis H37Rv for 6 h, isolated RNA, and analyzed transcriptomic profiles with RNA sequencing. We found 681 genes that were M. tuberculosis dependent in AMs compared with MDMs and 4538 that were M. tuberculosis dependent in MDMs, but not AMs (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05). Using hypergeometric enrichment of DEGs in Broad Hallmark gene sets, we found that type I and II IFN Response were the only gene sets selectively induced in M. tuberculosis-infected AM (FDR < 0.05). In contrast, MYC targets, unfolded protein response and MTORC1 signaling, were selectively enriched in MDMs (FDR < 0.05). IFNA1, IFNA8, IFNE, and IFNL1 were specifically and highly upregulated in AMs compared with MDMs at baseline and/or after M. tuberculosis infection. IFNA8 modulated M. tuberculosis-induced proinflammatory cytokines and, compared with other IFNs, stimulated unique transcriptomes. Several DNA sensors and IFN regulatory factors had higher expression at baseline and/or after M. tuberculosis infection in AMs compared with MDMs. These findings demonstrate that M. tuberculosis infection induced unique transcriptional responses in human AMs compared with MDMs, including upregulation of the IFN response pathway and specific DNA sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Campo
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Basilin Benson
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Thomas R Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Padariya M, Sznarkowska A, Kote S, Gómez-Herranz M, Mikac S, Pilch M, Alfaro J, Fahraeus R, Hupp T, Kalathiya U. Functional Interfaces, Biological Pathways, and Regulations of Interferon-Related DNA Damage Resistance Signature (IRDS) Genes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:622. [PMID: 33922087 PMCID: PMC8143464 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-related DNA damage resistant signature (IRDS) genes are a subgroup of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) found upregulated in different cancer types, which promotes resistance to DNA damaging chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Along with briefly discussing IFNs and signalling in this review, we highlighted how different IRDS genes are affected by viruses. On the contrary, different strategies adopted to suppress a set of IRDS genes (STAT1, IRF7, OAS family, and BST2) to induce (chemo- and radiotherapy) sensitivity were deliberated. Significant biological pathways that comprise these genes were classified, along with their frequently associated genes (IFIT1/3, IFITM1, IRF7, ISG15, MX1/2 and OAS1/3/L). Major upstream regulators from the IRDS genes were identified, and different IFN types regulating these genes were outlined. Functional interfaces of IRDS proteins with DNA/RNA/ATP/GTP/NADP biomolecules featured a well-defined pharmacophore model for STAT1/IRF7-dsDNA and OAS1/OAS3/IFIH1-dsRNA complexes, as well as for the genes binding to GDP or NADP+. The Lys amino acid was found commonly interacting with the ATP phosphate group from OAS1/EIF2AK2/IFIH1 genes. Considering the premise that targeting IRDS genes mediated resistance offers an efficient strategy to resensitize tumour cells and enhances the outcome of anti-cancer treatment, this review can add some novel insights to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monikaben Padariya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Alicja Sznarkowska
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Sachin Kote
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Maria Gómez-Herranz
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Sara Mikac
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Magdalena Pilch
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Javier Alfaro
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Building 6M, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zlutykopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ted Hupp
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Umesh Kalathiya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.G.-H.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (J.A.); (R.F.); (T.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akita K, Yasaka K, Shirai T, Ishii T, Harigae H, Fujii H. Interferon α Enhances B Cell Activation Associated With FOXM1 Induction: Potential Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Targeting the Plasmablasts of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 11:498703. [PMID: 33633721 PMCID: PMC7902015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.498703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease. It is characterized by the production of various pathogenic autoantibodies and is suggested to be triggered by increased type I interferon (IFN) signature. Previous studies have identified increased plasmablasts in the peripheral blood of SLE patients. The biological characteristics of SLE plasmablasts remain unknown, and few treatments that target SLE plasmablasts have been applied despite the unique cellular properties of plasmablasts compared with other B cell subsets and plasma cells. We conducted microarray analysis of naïve and memory B cells and plasmablasts (CD38+CD43+ B cells) that were freshly isolated from healthy controls and active SLE (n = 4, each) to clarify the unique biological properties of SLE plasmablasts. The results revealed that all B cell subsets of SLE expressed more type I IFN-stimulated genes. In addition, SLE plasmablasts upregulated the expression of cell cycle-related genes associated with higher FOXM1 and FOXM1-regulated gene expression levels than that in healthy controls. This suggests that a causative relationship exists between type I IFN priming and enhanced proliferative capacity through FOXM1. The effects of pretreatment of IFNα on B cell activation and FOXM1 inhibitor FDI-6 on B cell proliferation and survival were investigated. Pretreatment with IFNα promoted B cell activation after stimulation with anti-IgG/IgM antibody. Flow cytometry revealed that pretreatment with IFNα preferentially enhanced the Atk and p38 pathways after triggering B cell receptors. FDI-6 inhibited cell division and induced apoptosis in activated B cells. These effects were pronounced in activated B cells pretreated with interferon α. This study can provide better understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of interferon-stimulated genes on SLE B cells and an insight into the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Akita
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken Yasaka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ishii
- Department of Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
George J, Mattapallil JJ. Interferon-α Subtypes As an Adjunct Therapeutic Approach for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Functional Cure. Front Immunol 2018; 9:299. [PMID: 29520278 PMCID: PMC5827157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) establishes life-long latency in infected individuals. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has had a significant impact on the course of HIV infection leading to a better long-term outcome, the pool of latent reservoir remains substantial even under HAART. Numerous approaches have been under development with the goal of eradicating the latent HIV reservoir though with limited success. Approaches that combine immune-mediated control of HIV to activate both the innate and the adaptive immune system under suppressive therapy along with "shock and kill" drugs may lead to a better control of the reactivated virus. Interferon-α (IFN-α) is an innate cytokine that has been shown to activate intracellular defenses capable of restricting and controlling HIV. IFN-α, however, harbors numerous functional subtypes that have been reported to display different binding affinities and potency. Recent studies have suggested that certain subtypes such as IFN-α8 and IFN-α14 have potent anti-HIV activity with little or no immune activation, whereas other subtypes such as IFN-α4, IFN-α5, and IFN-α14 activate NK cells. Could these subtypes be used in combination with other strategies to reduce the latent viral reservoir? Here, we review the role of IFN-α subtypes in HIV infection and discuss the possibility that certain subtypes could be potential adjuncts to a "shock and kill" or therapeutic vaccination strategy leading to better control of the latent reservoir and subsequent functional cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffy George
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
George J, Renn L, Verthelyi D, Roederer M, Rabin RL, Mattapallil JJ. Early treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors significantly suppresses peak plasma IFNα in vivo during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:156-164. [PMID: 27622386 PMCID: PMC11348878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate interferons (IFN) are comprised of multiple Type I and III subtypes. The in vivo kinetics of subtype responses during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not well defined. Using the acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection model, we show that plasma IFNα levels peak at day 10 post-infection (pi) after which they rapidly declined. The mRNA expression of Type I and III IFN subtypes were significantly elevated in the lymph nodes (LN) at day 10 pi. Though the expression levels of all subtypes declined by day 14-31 pi, numerous subtypes remained elevated suggesting that ongoing viral replication in LN continues to drive induction of these subtypes. Interestingly, treatment with reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors at day 7 pi significantly suppressed plasma IFNα responses by day 10 pi that significantly correlated with cell-associated SIV DNA loads suggesting that RT byproducts such as viral DNA likely plays a role in driving IFN responses during acute SIV infection. Quantification of Type I and III subtype transcripts in sorted subsets of LN CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD14+/CD14- monocytes/macrophages, and total CD11c/CD123+ dendritic cells (DC) at day 10 pi showed that DC expressed ∼3-4 log more subtype transcripts as compared to the other subsets. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the kinetics of innate interferon responses during early stages of infection, and provide evidence that DC's are a major in vivo source of innate IFN during acute SIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffy George
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lynnsey Renn
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ronald L Rabin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vollmer J, Jurk M, Samulowitz U, Lipford G, Forsbach A, Wüllner M, Tluk S, Hartmann H, Kritzler A, Müller C, Schetter C, Krieg AM. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides stimulate IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 production in human B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519040100060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with different immune stimulatory profiles were recently identified: the A-, B- and C-classes. In this study, we investigated the CpG-dependent stimulation of IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10) in different human immune cell types. CpG ODNs induced IP-10 in monocytes, pDCs and in B cells. Purified B cells as well as RPMI 8226 cells responded to CpG stimulation by IP-10 production. Treatment with exogenous IFN-α2b sensitized PBMCs, purified B cells as well as RPMI 8226 cells to respond more efficiently to stimulation with CpG ODNs by IP-10 production. IP-10 signaling could be directly stimulated via TLR9 in CpG-unresponsive HEK293 cells transfected with human TLR9 and an IP-10 reporter construct. Therefore, CpG-mediated IP-10 production is stimulated through IFN-α in cells that express the IFN-α receptor, a second pathway for IP-10 induction exists in TLR9-expressing B cells and pDCs where IP-10 is stimulated directly upon CpG-mediated TLR9 signaling. Our data provide a better understanding of the mechanisms through which CpG ODNs induce efficient Th1 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Jurk
- Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH, Langenfeld, Germany
| | | | - Grayson Lipford
- Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc., Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arthur M. Krieg
- Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc., Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
López de Padilla CM, Niewold TB. The type I interferons: Basic concepts and clinical relevance in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Gene 2015; 576:14-21. [PMID: 26410416 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing scientific and clinical interest in elucidating the biology of type I Interferons, which began approximately 60 years ago with the concept of "viral interference", a property that reduces the ability of a virus to infect cells. Although our understanding of the multiple cellular and molecular functions of interferons has advanced significantly, much remains to be learned and type I Interferons remain an active and fascinating area of inquiry. In this review, we cover some general aspects of type I interferon genes, with emphasis on interferon-alpha, and various aspects of molecular mechanisms triggered by type I interferons and toll-like receptor signaling by the Janus activated kinase/signal transducer activation of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway and interferon regulatory factor pathway. We will also describe the role of type I interferons in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and its potential use as therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang NH, Li TT, Kim JJ, Landolt-Marticorena C, Fortin PR, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Wither JE. Interferon-α induces altered transitional B cell signaling and function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2015; 58:100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
9
|
Hasselbalch HC. A new era for IFN-α in the treatment of Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 4:637-55. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.11.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
10
|
Shen L, Suresh L, Malyavantham K, Kowal P, Xuan J, Lindemann MJ, Ambrus JL. Different Stages of Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Involving Lymphotoxin and Type 1 IFN. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:608-13. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Hillyer P, Mane VP, Schramm LM, Puig M, Verthelyi D, Chen A, Zhao Z, Navarro MB, Kirschman KD, Bykadi S, Jubin RG, Rabin RL. Expression profiles of human interferon-alpha and interferon-lambda subtypes are ligand- and cell-dependent. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:774-83. [PMID: 22249201 PMCID: PMC3442264 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies suggest distinct roles for 12 human interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and 3 IFN-λ subtypes that may be elucidated by defining the expression patterns of these sets of genes. To overcome the impediment of high homology among each of the sets, we designed a quantitative real-time PCR assay that incorporates the use of molecular beacon and locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes, and in some instances, LNA oligonucleotide inhibitors. We then measured IFN subtype expression by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and by purified monocytes, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and -dendritic cells (MDDC) in response to poly I:C, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), imiquimod and CpG oligonucleotides. We found that in response to poly I:C and LPS, monocytes, MDM and MDDC express a subtype pattern restricted primarily to IFN-β and IFN-λ1. In addition, while CpG elicited expression of all type I IFN subtypes by pDC, imiquimod did not. Furthermore, MDM and mDC highly express IFN-λ, and the subtypes of IFN-λ are expressed hierarchically in the order IFN-λ1 followed by IFN-λ2, and then IFN-λ3. These data support a model of coordinated cell- and ligand-specific expression of types I and III IFN. Defining IFN subtype expression profiles in a variety of contexts may elucidate specific roles for IFN subtypes as protective, therapeutic or pathogenic mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Hillyer
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Viraj P Mane
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Current address: Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lynnsie M Schramm
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Montserrat Puig
- Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Chen
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zeng Zhao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria B Navarro
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin D Kirschman
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srikant Bykadi
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ronald L Rabin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bayer W, Lietz R, Ontikatze T, Johrden L, Tenbusch M, Nabi G, Schimmer S, Groitl P, Wolf H, Berry CM, Uberla K, Dittmer U, Wildner O. Improved vaccine protection against retrovirus infection after co-administration of adenoviral vectors encoding viral antigens and type I interferon subtypes. Retrovirology 2011; 8:75. [PMID: 21943056 PMCID: PMC3193818 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I interferons (IFNs) exhibit direct antiviral effects, but also distinct immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we analyzed type I IFN subtypes for their effect on prophylactic adenovirus-based anti-retroviral vaccination of mice against Friend retrovirus (FV) or HIV. RESULTS Mice were vaccinated with adenoviral vectors encoding FV Env and Gag proteins alone or in combination with vectors encoding IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα6, IFNα9 or IFNβ. Only the co-administration of adenoviral vectors encoding IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα6 and IFNα9 resulted in strongly improved immune protection of vaccinated mice from subsequent FV challenge infection with high control over FV-induced splenomegaly and reduced viral loads. The level of protection correlated with augmented virus-specific CD4(+) T cell responses and enhanced antibody titers. Similar results were obtained when mice were vaccinated against HIV with adenoviral vectors encoding HIV Env and Gag-Pol in combination with various type I IFN encoding vectors. Here mainly CD4(+) T cell responses were enhanced by IFNα subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that certain IFNα subtypes have the potential to improve the protective effect of adenovirus-based vaccines against retroviruses. This correlated with augmented virus-specific CD4(+) T cell and antibody responses. Thus, co-expression of select type I IFNs may be a valuable tool for the development of anti-retroviral vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Bayer
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Boxel-Dezaire AHH, Zula JA, Xu Y, Ransohoff RM, Jacobberger JW, Stark GR. Major differences in the responses of primary human leukocyte subsets to IFN-beta. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5888-99. [PMID: 20956346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cell lines with type I IFNs activates the formation of IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (STAT1/STAT2/IFN regulatory factor-9), which induces the expression of many genes. To study this response in primary cells, we treated fresh human blood with IFN-β and used flow cytometry to analyze phosphorylated STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, B cells, and monocytes. The activation of STAT1 was remarkably different among these leukocyte subsets. In contrast to monocytes and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, few B cells activated STAT1 in response to IFN-β, a finding that could not be explained by decreased levels of IFNAR2 or STAT1 or enhanced levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 or relevant protein tyrosine phosphatases in B cells. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses revealed the induction of STAT1-dependent proapoptotic mRNAs in monocytes but not in B cells. These data show that IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 or STAT1 homodimers are not the main activators of gene expression in primary B cells of healthy humans. Notably, in B cells and, especially in CD4(+) T cells, IFN-β activated STAT5 in addition to STAT3, with biological effects often opposite from those driven by activated STAT1. These data help to explain why IFN-β increases the survival of primary human B cells and CD4(+) T cells but enhances the apoptosis of monocytes, as well as to understand how leukocyte subsets are differentially affected by endogenous type I IFNs during viral or bacterial infections and by type I IFN treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis, hepatitis, or cancer.
Collapse
|
14
|
Szubin R, Chang WLW, Greasby T, Beckett L, Baumgarth N. Rigid interferon-alpha subtype responses of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 28:749-63. [PMID: 18937549 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The large family of human type I interferon (IFN) includes 13 distinct subtypes of IFN-alpha, all utilizing a single type I IFN receptor. Many viruses have created evasion strategies to disable this cytokine family, highlighting their importance in antiviral defense. It is unclear what advantage the presence of so many different IFN-alpha subtypes provides, but functional differences observed among individual IFN-alpha subtypes suggested that they might play distinct regulatory roles during an immune response. To determine whether IFN-alpha subtype responses differ depending on a particular type of insult and thus whether IFN-alpha subtype responses are flexible to adapt to distinct pathogen challenges, we developed a novel nested multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay with which we measured expression of all IFN-alpha subtypes by freshly isolated human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a main source of IFN-alpha following pathogen challenge. Collectively our data show a remarkable stability in the relative magnitude and the kinetics of induction for each IFN-alpha subtype produced by pDC. Although various stimuli used, A-, B- and C-class CpGs, live and heat-inactivated influenza viruses and the TLR7 agonist R837 affected the overall magnitude of the response, each IFN-alpha subtype was induced at statistically similar relative levels and with similar kinetics, thereby revealing a great degree of rigidity in the IFN-alpha response pattern of pDC. These data are most consistent with the induction of optimized ratios of IFN-alpha subtypes, each of which may have differing signaling properties or alternatively, a great degree of redundancy in the IFN-alpha response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Szubin
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gerlach N, Gibbert K, Alter C, Nair S, Zelinskyy G, James CM, Dittmer U. Anti-retroviral effects of type I IFN subtypes in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:136-46. [PMID: 19130550 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN play a very important role in immunity against viral infections. Murine type I IFN belongs to a multigene family including 14 IFN-alpha subtypes but the biological functions of IFN-alpha subtypes in retroviral infections are unknown. We have used the Friend retrovirus model to determine the anti-viral effects of IFN-alpha subtypes in vitro and in vivo. IFN-alpha subtypes alpha1, alpha4, alpha6 or alpha9 suppressed Friend virus (FV) replication in vitro, but differed greatly in their anti-viral efficacy in vivo. Treatment of FV-infected mice with the IFN-alpha subtypes alpha1, alpha4 or alpha9, but not alpha6 led to a significant reduction in viral loads. Decreased splenic viral load after IFN-alpha1 treatment correlated with an expansion of activated FV-specific CD8(+) T cells and NK cells into the spleen, whereas in IFN-alpha4- and -alpha9-treated mice it exclusively correlated with the activation of NK cells. The results demonstrate the distinct anti-retroviral effects of different IFN-alpha subtypes, which may be relevant for new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gerlach
- Institut für Virologie des Universitätsklinikums Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tanaka S, Honda Y, Honda M. Identification of differentially expressed genes in blood cells of narcolepsy patients. Sleep 2007; 30:974-9. [PMID: 17702266 PMCID: PMC1978392 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.8.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE A close association between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*1501/DQB1*0602 and abnormalities in some inflammatory cytokines have been demonstrated in narcolepsy. Specific alterations in the immune system have been suggested to occur in this disorder. We attempted to identify alterations in gene expression underlying the abnormalities in the blood cells of narcoleptic patients. DESIGNS Total RNA from 12 narcolepsy-cataplexy patients and from 12 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were pooled. The pooled samples were initially screened for candidate genes for narcolepsy by differential display analysis using annealing control primers (ACP). The second screening of the samples was carried out by semiquantitative PCR using gene-specific primers. Finally, the expression levels of the candidate genes were further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR using a new set of samples (20 narcolepsy-cataplexy patients and 20 healthy controls). RESULTS The second screening revealed differential expression of 4 candidate genes. Among them, MX2 was confirmed as a significantly down-regulated gene in the white blood cells of narcoleptic patients by quantitative real-time PCR. CONCLUSION We found the MX2 gene to be significantly less expressed in comparison with normal subjects in the white blood cells of narcoleptic patients. This gene is relevant to the immune system. Although differential display analysis using ACP technology has a limitation in that it does not help in determining the functional mechanism underlying sleep/wakefulness dysregulation, it is useful for identifying novel genetic factors related to narcolepsy, such as HLA molecules. Further studies are required to explore the functional relationship between the MX2 gene and narcolepsy pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Tanaka
- The Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Sleep Disorders Research, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Krishnan S, Halonen M. Suppression of innate immune cytokines and interferon regulatory factor-1 by endogenous interferon-alpha in response to respiratory syncytial virus in neonate mononuclear cells. Immunol Invest 2007; 36:441-56. [PMID: 17691025 DOI: 10.1080/08820130701361079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are extremely common in early childhood but are most severe in infants in the first few months of life. Unresponsive adaptive immunity and hyporesponsive innate immunity were previously found to be the typical responses of neonate mononuclear cells (MCs) to live RSV. Investigating the mechanism of innate immune hyporesponsiveness in neonate MCs to live RSV revealed that in contrast to the previously reported low expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-alpha expression in response to live RSV was significantly greater than that observed in adult MCs. Inhibition of live RSV-induced IFN-alpha with anti-IFN-alpha antibodies in neonate MCs led to significant increases in innate cytokine [IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] but not adaptive immune cytokine [IL-2] production. Although MCs from adults responded to live RSV with upregulation of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) mRNA, IRF-1 mRNA in RSV-treated neonate MCs was not detectable. However, in the presence of anti-IFN-alpha antibodies, live RSV induced detectable IRF-1 mRNA expression in neonate MCs. These data support the possibility that the severity of early life RSV-induced illnesses may occur via a mechanism in which live RSV induces IFN-alpha that in turn leads to innate immune suppression in neonate MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Krishnan
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona HSC, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cheng G, Zhao X, Chen W, Yan W, Liu M, Chen J, Zheng Z. Detection of Differential Expression of Porcine IFN-αSubtypes by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 27:579-87. [PMID: 17651019 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) multigene family is a new IFN-alpha system in recent research. Characterization of the PoIFN-alpha multigene family has been described in our previous work, and 14 functional PoIFN-alpha genes were detected in the porcine genome. In this study, we designed subtype-specific primers and consensus primers for PoIFN-alpha. The expression of PoIFN-alpha was detected using the two PCR strategies in three systems, namely, poly(I).poly(C)-DEAE-dextran-induced PK15 cells, pseudorabies virus-infected PK15 cells, and infected PK15 cells with an attenuated strain of swine fever virus, respectively. In poly(I).poly(C)-DEAE-dextran-induced PK15 cells, the expression of IFN-alpha2, -alpha3, -alpha4, -alpha8, and -alpha9 after 6-h/24-h inducement in PK15 cells were observed. In pseudorabies virus-infected PK15 cells, the expression of PoIFN-alpha2, -alpha3, -alpha8, -alpha9, -alpha10, and -alpha13 was observed after 6-h/24-h infection, and in the attenuated strain of swine fever virus-infected PK15 cells, upregulation of PoIFN-alpha2, -alpha3, -alpha4, -alpha8, -alpha9, and -alpha10 was detected. The results of realtime quantitative PCR analysis suggested that the expression was time-dependent in pseudorabies virus/poly(I).poly(C)-DEAE-dextran-induced PK15 cells, but in the attenuated swine fever virus-infected PK15 system, the expression level of IFN-alpha subtypes was not obviously time dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brideau-Andersen AD, Huang X, Sun SCC, Chen TT, Stark D, Sas IJ, Zadik L, Dawes GN, Guptill DR, McCord R, Govindarajan S, Roy A, Yang S, Gao J, Chen YH, Skartved NJØ, Pedersen AK, Lin D, Locher CP, Rebbapragada I, Jensen AD, Bass SH, Nissen TLS, Viswanathan S, Foster GR, Symons JA, Patten PA. Directed evolution of gene-shuffled IFN-alpha molecules with activity profiles tailored for treatment of chronic viral diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8269-74. [PMID: 17494769 PMCID: PMC1895939 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs are unusually pleiotropic cytokines that bind to a single heterodimeric receptor and have potent antiviral, antiproliferative, and immune modulatory activities. The diverse effects of the type I IFNs are of differential therapeutic importance; in cancer therapy, an enhanced antiproliferative effect may be beneficial, whereas in the therapy of viral infections (such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C), the antiproliferative effects lead to dose limiting bone marrow suppression. Studies have shown that various members of the natural IFN-alpha family and engineered variants, such as IFN-con1, vary in the ratios between various IFN-mediated cellular activities. We used DNA shuffling to explore and confirm the hypothesis that one could simultaneously increase the antiviral and Th1-inducing activity and decrease the antiproliferative activity. We report IFN-alpha hybrids wherein the ratio of antiviral:antiproliferative and Th1-inducing: antiproliferative potencies are markedly increased with respsect to IFN-con1 (75- and 80-fold, respectively). A four-residue motif that overlaps with the IFNAR1 binding site and is derived by cross breeding with a pseudogene contributes significantly to this phenotype. These IFN-alphas have an activity profile that may result in an improved therapeutic index and, consequently, better clinical efficacy for the treatment of chronic viral diseases such as hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, HIV, or chronic hepatitis C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaojian Huang
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | - Teddy T. Chen
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Diane Stark
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Ian J. Sas
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Linda Zadik
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Glenn N. Dawes
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | - Robert McCord
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | - Ajoy Roy
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Shumin Yang
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Judy Gao
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Yong Hong Chen
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | | | - David Lin
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | | | - Anne Dam Jensen
- Maxygen, Anpartsselskab, Agern Alle 1, DK-2970 Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Steven H. Bass
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | | | - Graham R. Foster
- Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, The Royal London Hospital, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, England
| | - Julian A. Symons
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304; and
| | - Phillip A. Patten
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chang WLW, Coro ES, Rau FC, Xiao Y, Erle DJ, Baumgarth N. Influenza Virus Infection Causes Global Respiratory Tract B Cell Response Modulation via Innate Immune Signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1457-67. [PMID: 17237394 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of primary B cell responses requires the presence of Ag and costimulatory signals by T cells. Innate signals further enhance B cell activation. The precise nature and kinetics of such innate immune signals and their functional effects are unknown. This study demonstrates that influenza virus-induced type I IFN is the main innate stimulus affecting local B cells within 48 h of infection. It alters the transcriptional profile of B cells and selectively traps them in the regional lymph nodes, presumably via up-regulation of CD69. Somewhat paradoxically, innate B cell stimulation inhibited the ability of regional lymph node B cells to clonally expand following BCR-mediated stimulation. This inhibition was due to IFNR-signaling independent B cell intrinsic, as well as IFNR-dependent B cell extrinsic, regulation induced following influenza infection. IFNR-mediated signals also reduced B cell migration to various chemotactic agents. Consistent with the lack of responsiveness to CCR7 ligands, unaltered or reduced expression of MHC class II and genes associated with MHC class II Ag processing/presentation and CD40, B cells were unable to induce proliferation of naive CD4 T cells. Instead, they showed increased expression of a subset of nonclassical MHC molecules that facilitate interaction with gammadelta T cells and NK T cells. We conclude that type I IFN is the main "third" B cell signal following influenza infection causing early trapping of B cells in regional lymph nodes and, at a time when cognate T cell help is rare, enhancing their propensity to interact with innate immune cells for noncognate stimulation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Van Cleve W, Amaro-Carambot E, Surman SR, Bekisz J, Collins PL, Zoon KC, Murphy BR, Skiadopoulos MH, Bartlett EJ. Attenuating mutations in the P/C gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) vaccine candidates abrogate the inhibition of both induction and signaling of type I interferon (IFN) by wild-type HPIV1. Virology 2006; 352:61-73. [PMID: 16750233 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) and mutants containing point and deletion (Delta) mutations in the P/C gene (r-CDelta10-15HNT553A, r-CR84G, r-CF170S and r-CDelta170), which have previously been evaluated as HPIV1 vaccine candidates, were evaluated for their effect on the type I interferon (IFN) response in vitro. HPIV1 wt infection inhibited the IFN response by inhibiting IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) activation and IFN production in A549 cells and IFN signaling in Vero cells. In contrast, r-CR84G, r-CF170S and r-CDelta170 were defective for inhibition of IRF-3 activation and IFN production and r-CF170S and r-CDelta170 did not inhibit IFN signaling. Thus, HPIV1 antagonizes the IFN response at both the level of induction and signaling, and antagonism at both levels was disrupted by mutations in the P/C gene. Because CF170S affects C and not P, the anti-IFN function can be attributed to the C proteins. These data, in the context of previous in vivo studies, suggest that the loss of antagonism of the IFN response at both the level of induction and signaling, observed with the P/C mutants, r-CF170S and r-CDelta170, was necessary for significant attenuation in African green monkeys (AGMs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Van Cleve
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Viruses Section, NIH, Bldg 50, Room 6511. 50 South Drive MSC 8007; Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Coro ES, Chang WLW, Baumgarth N. Type I IFN receptor signals directly stimulate local B cells early following influenza virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4343-51. [PMID: 16547272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly developing Ab responses to influenza virus provide immune protection even during a primary infection. How these early B cell responses are regulated is incompletely understood. In this study, we show that the first direct stimulatory signal for local respiratory tract B cells during influenza virus infection is provided through the type I IFNR. IFNR-mediated signals were responsible for the influenza infection-induced local but not systemic up-regulation of CD69 and CD86 on virtually all lymph node B cells and for induction of a family of IFN-regulated genes within 48 h of infection. These direct IFNR-mediated signals were shown to affect both the magnitude and quality of the local virus-specific Ab response. Thus, ligand(s) of the type I IFNR are direct nonredundant early innate signals that regulate local antiviral B cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Coro
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Särkijärvi S, Kuusisto H, Paalavuo R, Levula M, Airla N, Lehtimäki T, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Elovaara I. Gene expression profiles in Finnish twins with multiple sclerosis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2006; 7:11. [PMID: 16504146 PMCID: PMC1421383 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Since genetic alterations influencing susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), are as yet poorly understood, the purpose of this study was to identify genes responsible for MS by studying monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for MS. Methods In order to identify genes involved in MS development, the gene expression profiles in blood mononuclear cells obtained from eight MZ twin pairs discordant for MS were analyzed by cDNA microarray technology detecting the expression of 8 300 genes. The twins were collected from the Finnish Twin Cohort Study and both affected subjects and their healthy siblings underwent neurological evaluation and cerebral and spinal magnetic resonance imaging. Gene expressions were confirmed by relative quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Results It appeared that 25 genes were at least two-fold up-regulated and 15 genes down-regulated in 25% (2/8) of twins with MS when compared to their healthy siblings. Moreover, 6/25 genes were up-regulated in 40% of MS twins and one gene, interferon alpha-inducible protein (clone IFI-6-16) (G1P3), in 50% of them. The six most constantly expressed genes are (1) G1P3, (2) POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1, (3) myxovirus resistance 2, (4) lysosomal-associated multispanning membrane protein-5, (5) hemoglobin alpha 2 and (6) hemoglobin beta. Conclusion Over two-fold up-regulation of these six genes in almost half of MZ twins with MS suggests their role in MS pathogenesis. Studies using MZ MS twins obtained from genetically homogeneous population offer a unique opportunity to explore the genetic nature of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silja Särkijärvi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie, 35, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hanna Kuusisto
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Raija Paalavuo
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie, 35, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Levula
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Genetics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, and Medical School, University of Tampere, Teiskontie 35, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Airla
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Genetics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, and Medical School, University of Tampere, Teiskontie 35, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Genetics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, and Medical School, University of Tampere, Teiskontie 35, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, P.O. Box 41, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Koskenvuo
- Department of Public Health, P.O. Box 41, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irina Elovaara
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie, 35, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li J, Liu Y, Xie C, Zhu J, Kreska D, Morel L, Mohan C. Deficiency of type I interferon contributes toSle2-associated component lupus phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:3063-72. [PMID: 16200585 DOI: 10.1002/art.21307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies in mice and humans have implicated type I interferon (IFN-I) in the pathogenesis of lupus. Given that the locus for IFN-I is positioned within the Sle2 murine lupus susceptibility interval on chromosome 4, we undertook this study to investigate whether differences in IFN-I levels might potentially contribute to the phenotypes ascribed to this locus. METHODS IFN-I, anti-IFN-I, isotype control antibody, or phosphate buffered saline was administered to C57BL/6 and B6.Sle2 mice, and the serologic and cellular phenotypes were studied. In addition, B6.Sle2 mice were examined for structural and expression polymorphisms in the IFN-I gene. RESULTS In both B6.Sle2 congenic mice and C57BL/6 control mice, antibody-mediated blockade of IFN-I augmented serum autoantibody levels and boosted B1a cell numbers. Administration of IFN-I ameliorated these 2 features previously attributed to this disease locus. Importantly, compared with B6 controls, B6.Sle2 mice had reduced levels of IFN-I in their sera and cell culture supernatants, following stimulation. Although several sequence polymorphisms were noted in the Sle2 alleles of various IFN-I genes, it was not established whether any of the noted sequence variations were causally related to the observed phenotypes. CONCLUSION Unexpectedly, reduction of IFN-I levels reproduced the serologic and cellular phenotypes previously associated with the Sle2 lupus susceptibility interval. Placing these findings in the context of other studies, the effect of IFN-I on systemic autoimmunity appears to be far more complex than originally perceived.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75390-8884, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Platis D, Foster GR. Activity of hybrid type I interferons in cells lacking Tyk2: a common region of IFN-alpha 8 induces a response, but IFN-alpha2/8 hybrids can behave like IFN-beta. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 23:655-66. [PMID: 14651780 DOI: 10.1089/107999003322558791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of pleiotropic cytokines with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties. The type I IFN family consists of 12 IFN-alpha subtypes, IFN-beta, and IFN-omega. Cells lacking the receptor-associated protein kinase Tyk2 (U1A) are responsive only to IFN-beta and partially to IFN-alpha8. We constructed a series of IFN-alpha2/alpha8 hybrids and mutants and identified the region within IFN-alpha8 responsible for its activity in Tyk2-deficient cells. The same domain mediates the interactions between IFN and IFN-alpha receptor (IFNAR) in Tyk2-complemented and Tyk2-deficient cells (U1A). The presence or absence of Tyk2 altered the inhibitory effects of anti-IFNAR antibodies, suggesting that the IFN-alpha binding domain on IFNAR is altered by the presence of Tyk2. The activity of IFN-beta was not significantly affected by the deletion of Tyk2, and, surprisingly, one of our IFN-alpha2/alpha8 hybrids (IFN-alpha288) behaved like IFN-beta in a number of assays that distinguish IFN-alphas from IFN-beta. This suggests that this hybrid mimics the interactions of IFN-beta with the receptor and also suggests the existence of a distinct binding site(s) on IFNAR for IFN-beta and some hybrid IFN-alphas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Platis
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine at St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fung MC, Sia SF, Leung KN, Mak NK. Detection of differential expression of mouse interferon-alpha subtypes by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. J Immunol Methods 2004; 284:177-86. [PMID: 14736428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific primers for nine mouse interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) subtypes, namely, IFN-alpha1, IFN-alpha1-9, IFN-alpha2, IFN-alpha4, IFN-alpha5, IFN-alpha7, IFN-alpha6/8, IFN-alpha11, and IFN-alphaB, were designed and evaluated on Poly(I).Poly(C)-induced and influenza virus-infected L929 cells. Specificity of the primers was confirmed in a cross-polymerase chain reaction (cross-PCR). IFN-alpha1, IFN-alpha1-9, IFN-alpha4, IFN-alpha6/8, IFN-alpha11, and IFN-alphaB were found to be induced in L929 cells 6-9 h after Poly(I).Poly(C) treatment. The amplification of a particular subtype was not biased in the presence of excess of other templates. Differential expression of the IFN-alpha subtypes was observed in influenza A/NWS/33- and B/Lee/40-infected L929 cells. A/NWS/33 virus was found to upregulate the gene expression of IFN-alpha1, IFN-alpha4, IFN-alpha6/8, IFN-alpha11, and IFN-alphaB in L929 cells as early as 6 h after infection. In B/Lee/40-infected L929 cells, only IFN-alpha4 was upregulated. Our results suggest that the designed primers will serve as a useful tool in analyzing the expression of IFN-alpha subtypes in various systems and hence for the evaluation of their function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Fung
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Izaguirre A, Barnes BJ, Amrute S, Yeow WS, Megjugorac N, Dai J, Feng D, Chung E, Pitha PM, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P. Comparative analysis of IRF and IFN-alpha expression in human plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:1125-38. [PMID: 12960254 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0603255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) produce high levels of type I IFN upon stimulation with viruses, while monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) produce significantly lower levels. To find what determines the high production of type I IFN in PDC, we examined the relative levels of IRF transcription factors, some of which play critical roles in the induction of IFN. Furthermore, to determine whether the differences could result from expression of distinct IFNA subtypes, the profile of IFNA genes expressed was examined. PDC responded equally well to stimulation with HSV-1 and Sendai virus (SV) by producing high levels of type I IFN, whereas the MDDC and monocyte response to SV were lower, and neither responded well to HSV-1. All three populations constitutively expressed most of the IRF genes. However, real-time RT-PCR demonstrated increased levels of IRF-7 transcripts in PDC compared with monocytes. As determined by intracellular flow cytometry, the PDC constitutively expressed significantly higher levels of IRF-7 protein than the other populations while IRF-3 levels were similar among populations. Analysis of the profile of IFNA genes expressed in virus-stimulated PDC, monocytes and MDDC demonstrated that each population expressed IFNA1 as the major subtype but that the range of the subtypes expressed in PDC was broader, with some donor and stimulus-dependent variability. We conclude that PDC but not MDDC are uniquely preprogrammed to respond rapidly and effectively to a range of viral pathogens with high levels of IFN-alpha production due to the high levels of constitutively expressed IRF-7.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hilkens CMU, Schlaak JF, Kerr IM. Differential Responses to IFN-α Subtypes in Human T Cells and Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:5255-63. [PMID: 14607926 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs (IFN-alphabeta) constitute a family of cytokines that have important antiviral and immunoregulatory properties and have been successfully used in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. There are 12 functional human IFN-alpha subtypes and one IFN-beta subtype that signal through the common cell surface IFN-alphabetaR. To date, virtually no information is available on the specificity of IFN-alpha responses in immune cells. In this study, Janus kinase/STAT signaling and transcriptional responses to selected IFN-alpha subtypes in human T cells and dendritic cells were analyzed. Evidence for IFN-alpha subtype and cell type specificity was found. Also, differences between kinetics of expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and in the requirements of individual ISGs for additional signaling pathways were observed. In particular, IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), a key chemokine in Th1-type inflammatory diseases, was differentially regulated. In dendritic cells, it was highly induced by IFN-alpha2 and IFN-alpha21 but much less efficiently by IFN-alpha1. It was only marginally induced by these subtypes in T cells. In marked contrast to other ISGs analyzed, optimum induction of IP-10 was dependent on activation of p38 kinase(s). The observed variations (subtype-, cell type-, and ISG-related differentials) provide further insight into the complexity and plasticity of the IFN-alphabeta response. Furthermore, the novel observation that IFN-alpha1 poorly induces IP-10 is potentially of clinical importance, because this subtype may be more beneficial in cases where Th1-mediated side effects (e.g., exacerbation of autoimmune diseases) are not desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharien M U Hilkens
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Platis D, Foster GR. High yield expression, refolding, and characterization of recombinant interferon α2/α8 hybrids in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 31:222-30. [PMID: 14550640 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of pleiotropic cytokines used for the treatment of various viral infections and cancers. The low-cost production of IFNs with high biological value and the discovery of IFNs with improved properties are important for the treatment of these diseases as well as for understanding the physiological functions of these compounds. We describe a protein expression system for the production of IFNs alpha2, alpha8, and their hybrids in insoluble form in Escherichia coli, coupled to an efficient two-step optimized refolding and histidine-tag purification protocol. The expressed IFNs were of high biological value, as shown in antiviral and antiproliferative assays and some had specific activities higher than those of the commercially available interferon preparations and exhibited novel properties. This time-efficient, optimized protein expression method allows for the production of not just a single interferon subtype but several native and hybrid IFNs with relatively high yield and low cost that can be used in functional and potentially clinical assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Platis
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine at St. Mary's Hospital, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Löseke S, Grage-Griebenow E, Wagner A, Gehlhar K, Bufe A. Differential expression of IFN-alpha subtypes in human PBMC: evaluation of novel real-time PCR assays. J Immunol Methods 2003; 276:207-22. [PMID: 12738374 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the human IFN-alpha subtype system have been hampered by the lack of efficient procedures to quantify and differentiate the expression of the highly homologous IFN-alpha subtypes. Here we evaluate four novel real-time PCR assays for the specific detection and quantification of IFN-alpha mRNA for the subtypes alpha(2), alpha(6), alpha(8) and alpha(1/13) in a combined assay in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This included (a) the selection of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) as a suitable housekeeping gene for relative quantification; (b) verification of the specificity by using human DNA of different IFN-alpha subtypes; and (c) comparison of the amplification efficiencies among the different assays. This highly sensitive method allows the detection of low-level, constitutive IFN-alpha mRNA and shows differences in the composition of constitutive IFN-alpha subtypes compared to other cell types (HeLa and HEp-2). The in vitro stimulation of PBMC with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or an inactivated Herpes simplex (HSV) preparation leads to the transcriptional induction of all IFN-alpha subtypes investigated but to different expression levels. Among the subtypes detected, IFN-alpha(13/1) and alpha(2) are the major transcripts followed by alpha(8), and finally alpha(6) as a minor transcribed subtype. Time-kinetics of IFN-alpha transcriptional activation also revealed variations in the course of IFN-alpha transcription between NDV, RSV or HSV. The data obtained from the real-time PCR assays correlated well with IFN-alpha(2) protein release. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the suitability and reliability of new real-time PCR assays for the rapid and efficient analysis of IFN-alpha subtype expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Löseke
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Experimental Pneumology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, BGFA XU 19, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nardelli B, Zaritskaya L, Semenuk M, Cho YH, LaFleur DW, Shah D, Ullrich S, Girolomoni G, Albanesi C, Moore PA. Regulatory effect of IFN-kappa, a novel type I IFN, on cytokine production by cells of the innate immune system. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4822-30. [PMID: 12391192 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-kappa is a recently identified type I IFN that exhibits both structural and functional homology with the other type I IFN subclasses. In this study, we have investigated the effect of IFN-kappa on cells of the innate immune system by comparing cytokine release following treatment of human cells with either IFN-kappa or two recombinant IFN subtypes, IFN-beta and IFN-alpha2a. Although IFN-alpha2a failed to stimulate monocyte cytokine secretion, IFN-kappa, like IFN-beta, induced the release of several cytokines from both monocytes and dendritic cells, without the requirement of a costimulatory signal. IFN-kappa was particularly effective in inhibiting inducible IL-12 release from monocytes. Unlike IFN-beta, IFN-kappa did not induce release of IFN-gamma by PBL. Expression of the IFN-kappa mRNA was observed in resting dendritic cells and monocytes, and it was up-regulated by IFN-gamma stimulation in monocytes, while IFN-beta mRNA was minimally detectable under the same conditions. Monocyte and dendritic cell expression of IFN-kappa was also confirmed in vivo in chronic lesions of psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. Finally, biosensor-based binding kinetic analysis revealed that IFN-kappa, like IFN-beta, binds strongly to heparin (K(d): 2.1 nM), suggesting that the cytokine can be retained close to the local site of production. The pattern of cytokines induced by IFN-kappa in monocytes, coupled with the unique induction of IFN-kappa mRNA by IFN-gamma, indicates a potential role for IFN-kappa in the regulation of immune cell functions.
Collapse
|
32
|
Basler CF, García-Sastre A. Viruses and the type I interferon antiviral system: induction and evasion. Int Rev Immunol 2002; 21:305-37. [PMID: 12486817 DOI: 10.1080/08830180213277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) system responds to viral infection and induces an "antiviral state" in cells, providing an important first line of defense against virus infection. Interaction of type I IFNs (IFN alpha and IFN beta) with their receptor induces hundreds of cellular genes. Of the proteins induced by IFN, the antiviral function of only a few is known, and their mechanisms of action are only partly understood. Additionally, although viral-encoded mechanisms that counteract specific components of the type I IFN response have been known for some time, it has recently become clear that many (if not most) viruses encode some form of IFN-antagonist. Understanding the interplay between viral-encoded IFN antagonists and the interferon response will be essential if the therapeutic potential of IFNs is to be fully exploited.
Collapse
|
33
|
Schulte-Frohlinde E, Seidler B, Burkard I, Freilinger T, Lersch C, Erfle V, Foster GR, Classen M. Different activities of type I interferons on hepatitis B virus core promoter regulated transcription. Cytokine 2002; 17:214-20. [PMID: 11991674 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferons (IFNs) are a group of closely related cytokines which have different signal transduction pathways and different biological activities. Using transient transfection of human hepatoma cells with reporter plasmids containing the firefly/renilla luciferase genes under the control of the HBV-Enhancer (Enh) I, Enh II and core promoter we have investigated the biological activities of 10 recombinant (r) type I IFNs on transcription. Low concentrations of IFN (0.025 ng/ml) had a significant and specific inhibitory effect but the potencies of the different recombinant type I IFNs differed markedly with IFNalpha8 and IFNbeta being six-fold more potent than the least effective subtype (IFNalpha1). However, the addition of IFNalpha5-the subtype produced predominantly in the human liver-did not cause any synergistic effects.The non-natural consensus IFN displayed a more pronounced inhibition of HBV-regulated transcription than IFNalpha8 or IFNalpha2 but not IFNbeta. The INF-induced inhibitory effect was not dependent on the presence of the HBV-Enh1 and in particular of an interferon stimulated response element (ISRE)-like sequence. The characterization of different effects among type I interferons on HBV-regulatory elements may implicate an IFN-subtype-specific role for the pathogenesis and treatment of HBV-infection.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Transcription factors of the interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF) family have been shown to play an essential role in the regulated expression of type I IFN genes, IFN-stimulated genes (ISG), and other cytokines and chemokines. Three members of the IRF family, IRF-3, IRF-5, and IRF-7, have been identified as acting as direct transducers of virus-mediated signaling. In infected cells, these factors are activated by phosphorylation on the serine residues, transported to the nucleus, where they bind to the promoters of IFNA and IFNB genes and tether histone transacetylases to the transcription complex enhanceosome. IFNB and IFNA subtypes are expressed at different levels in infected cells. The ratio between the relative levels of IRF-3 and IRF-7 was shown to play an essential role in the inducible expression of type I IFN genes, whereas IRF-3 alone is sufficient for expression of the IFNB gene. IRF-5 was identified recently as another inducer of IFNA genes, which has two unique properties: (1) its activation is virus specific, and (2) the profile of IFNA genes induced by IRF-5 is distinct from that induced by IRF-7. Several viruses target functions of IRF to eliminate the early inflammatory response. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a cluster of four genes with homology to cellular IRF. Three of these vIRF were shown to inhibit induction of IFN genes and ISG in infected cells and function as dominant negative mutants of cellular IRF. The unique properties of previously uncharacterized vIRF-2 and vIRF-3 are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Barnes
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Oncology Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21231-1001, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yanai Y, Horie S, Yamamoto K, Yamauchi H, Ikegami H, Kurimoto M, Kitamura T. Characterization of the antitumor activities of IFN-alpha8 on renal cell carcinoma cells in vitro. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:1129-36. [PMID: 11798471 DOI: 10.1089/107999001317205268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) has a number of therapeutic applications in the treatment of various human cancers and diseases of viral origin. IFN-alpha includes several subtypes, and little has been reported on the biologic properties of the individual subtypes. Here, we report on the individual antitumor effects of five IFN-alpha subtypes, alpha1, alpha2, alpha5, alpha8, and alpha10, against six renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines in vitro. Among the subtypes, IFN-alpha8 most potently inhibited cell proliferation and delayed the G(1)/S transition. Synergistic induction of apoptosis was shown in two of the RCC cell lines when treated with the combination of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma rather than with either IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma alone. IFN-alpha8 was most effective in the induction of apoptosis when combined with IFN-gamma. In addition, IFN-alpha8 had the strongest ability to upregulate HLA class II antigen expression in the subtypes examined. These data indicate that subtypes of IFN-alpha have disparate antitumor effects in vitro, and in vitro distinctions among the IFN-alpha subtypes should be appreciated more in clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Yanai
- Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc., Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rath PC, Aggarwal BB. Antiproliferative effects of IFN-alpha correlate with the downregulation of nuclear factor-kappa B in human Burkitt lymphoma Daudi cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:523-8. [PMID: 11506747 DOI: 10.1089/10799900152434402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is known to exhibit antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties through mechanisms still not fully understood. Nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a major role in viral replication, cell proliferation, and immune response. Whether antiproliferative effects of IFN are mediated through suppression of NF-kappaB is not known. We, therefore, examined the relationship between the antiproliferative effects of IFN-alpha and NF-kappaB activity in a human Burkitt lymphoma Daudi cell line. These cells were found to constitutively express high levels of active NF-kappaB that cannot be further activated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Treatment of cells with IFN-alpha suppressed the activated NF-kappaB in a dose-dependent manner, with an optimum effect at 10 U/ml in 72 h. Suppression of NF-kappaB correlated with a concomitant decrease in the cytoplasmic levels of IkappaBalpha, the inhibitory protein of NF-kappaB, known to be regulated by NF-kappaB. Downregulation of constitutive NF-kappaB activity correlated with a decrease in cell proliferation by IFN-alpha. Overall, our results suggest that IFN-alpha is a potent suppressor of constitutive NF-kappaB, which may contribute to the inhibition of cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Rath
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barnes BJ, Moore PA, Pitha PM. Virus-specific activation of a novel interferon regulatory factor, IRF-5, results in the induction of distinct interferon alpha genes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:23382-90. [PMID: 11303025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101216200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) genes encode DNA-binding proteins that are involved in the innate immune response to infection. Two of these proteins, IRF-3 and IRF-7, serve as direct transducers of virus-mediated signaling and play critical roles in the induction of type I interferon genes. We have now shown that another factor, IRF-5, participates in the induction of interferon A (IFNA) and IFNB genes and can replace the requirement for IRF-7 in the induction of IFNA genes. We demonstrate that, despite the functional similarity, IRF-5 possesses unique characteristics and does not have a redundant role. Thus, 1) activation of IRF-5 by phosphorylation is virus-specific, and its in vivo association with the IFNA promoter can be detected only in cells infected with NDV, not Sendai virus, while both viruses activate IRF-3 and IRF-7, and 2) NDV infection of IRF-5-overexpressing cells preferentially induced the IFNA8 subtype, while IFNA1 was primarily induced in IRF-7 expressing cells. These data indicate that multiple signaling pathways induced by infection may be differentially recognized by members of the IRF family and modulate transcription of individual IFNA genes in a virus and cell type-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Barnes
- Oncology Center and the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ruuth K, Carlsson L, Hallberg B, Lundgren E. Interferon-alpha promotes survival of human primary B-lymphocytes via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 284:583-6. [PMID: 11396940 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways for the antiviral and antiproliferative biological effects of type I interferons (IFN) are well established. In this report we demonstrate a novel signaling pathway for IFN-alpha, as it induced rapid phosphorylation of both PKB/Akt and its substrate forkhead. The PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 abolished these phosphorylations. PI3-kinase has been implicated in cell survival mediating its effect through the second messenger PIP3 and the subsequent activation of PKB/Akt. We could show that IFN-alpha inhibited spontaneous apoptosis of primary B-lymphocytes, in the absence of a mitogenic stimulus. This effect was inhibited by LY294002. Thus, our data suggests that IFN-alpha promotes survival of peripheral B-lymphocytes via the PI3-kinase-PKB/Akt pathway. In addition, IFN-alpha stimulation of anti-IgM activated cells resulted in downregulated expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27/Kip1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ruuth
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
González-Quintela A, Alende MR, Lojo S, Pérez LF, Padín E, Tomé S, Vidal C. Total serum IgE levels in chronic hepatitis C: influence of interferon alpha therapy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001; 125:176-81. [PMID: 11435735 DOI: 10.1159/000053812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver disease has been considered a prominent cause of IgE elevation. No data on serum IgE levels in chronic hepatitis C have been reported. Interferon-alpha is a standard therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Cytokine use is a promising type of immunomodulation in the treatment of IgE-mediated diseases. The effects of interferon-alpha therapy on serum IgE have not been fully evaluated. The aim of the study was to evaluate both serum IgE levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C and the course of these levels after interferon-alpha therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum IgE was determined in 100 adult patients with chronic hepatitis C (24 atopics according to positive skin prick tests and 76 nonatopics) and in 75 healthy controls (25 atopics and 50 nonatopics). Serum IgE measurements were repeated at 1 and 3 months of therapy with recombinant interferon-alpha (3 x 106 units s.c. 3 times weekly) in 34 of these patients. RESULTS Serum IgE levels were similar in chronic hepatitis C patients and in controls when adjusted for atopic status. Among patients with chronic hepatitis C, serum IgE levels were unrelated to liver necroinflammatory activity. A modest but statistically significant increase of IgE values was observed after interferon-alpha therapy, particularly in patients with no virological response. CONCLUSIONS Chronic hepatitis C is not a significant cause of increased total serum IgE values. Serum IgE increase in some patients with liver disease may be related to the cause of liver injury and not to liver disease per se. Interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C is followed by no modification or even a moderate increase of serum IgE values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A González-Quintela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Larrea E, Alberdi A, Castelruiz Y, Boya P, Civeira MP, Prieto J. Expression of interferon-alpha subtypes in peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C: a role for interferon-alpha5. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8:103-10. [PMID: 11264730 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-alpha is a family of antiviral proteins encoded by different genes. The biological significance of the existence of various IFN-alpha subtypes is not clear. We have investigated the interferon system in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a disease that responds to interferon-alpha2 therapy in only a limited proportion of cases. We analysed the expression of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1, IRF-2, and IFN-alpha subtypes in nonstimulated and Sendai virus-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HCV infected patients and healthy controls. We observed that the IRF-1 mRNA and IRF-1/IRF-2 ratios were increased in PBMC from hepatitis C patients with respect to normal subjects. Sendai virus stimulation of PBMC led to a significant increase in the levels of IRF-1, IRF-2 and IFN-alpha mRNAs and in the production of IFN-alpha protein with respect to basal values in healthy controls as well as in patients with HCV infection. In addition, we found that while natural HCV infection induced increased IFN-alpha5 expression in PBMC, in vitro infection of these cells with Sendai virus caused a raise in the expression of IFN-alpha8 in both patients and normal controls. In summary, our results indicate that virus-induced activation of the IFN system in human PBMC is associated with selective expression of individual IFN-alpha subtypes, IFN-alpha5 being the specific subtype induced in PBMC from patients with chronic HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Larrea
- Department of Medicine and Liver Unit, Clínica Universitaria, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|