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Uzal-Varela R, Patinec V, Tripier R, Valencia L, Maneiro M, Canle M, Platas-Iglesias C, Esteban-Gómez D, Iglesias E. On the dissociation pathways of copper complexes relevant as PET imaging agents. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111951. [PMID: 35963110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several bifunctional chelators have been synthesized in the last years for the development of new 64Cu-based PET agents for in vivo imaging. When designing a metal-based PET probe, it is important to achieve high stability and kinetic inertness once the radioisotope is coordinated. Different competitive assays are commonly used to evaluate the possible dissociation mechanisms that may induce Cu(II) release in the body. Among them, acid-assisted dissociation tests or transchelation challenges employing EDTA or SOD are frequently used to evaluate both solution thermodynamics and the kinetic behavior of potential metal-based systems. Despite of this, the Cu(II)/Cu(I) bioreduction pathway that could be promoted by the presence of bioreductants still remains little explored. To fill this gap we present here a detailed spectroscopic study of the kinetic behavior of different macrocyclic Cu(II) complexes. The complexes investigated include the cross-bridge cyclam derivative [Cu(CB-TE1A)]+, whose structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The acid-assisted dissociation mechanism was investigated using HClO4 and HCl to analyse the effect of the counterion on the rate constants. The complexes were selected so that the effects of complex charge and coordination polyhedron could be assessed. Cyclic voltammetry experiments were conducted to investigate whether the reduction to Cu(I) falls within the window of common bioreducing agents. The most striking behavior concerns the [Cu(NO2Th)]2+ complex, a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane derivative containing two methylthiazolyl pendant arms. This complex is extremely inert with respect to dissociation following the acid-catalyzed mechanism, but dissociates rather quickly in the presence of a bioreductant like ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Uzal-Varela
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Véronique Patinec
- Univ Brest, UMR-CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Univ Brest, UMR-CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Laura Valencia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Facultad de Ciencias, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marcelino Maneiro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Facultade de Ciencias, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Moisés Canle
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Emilia Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
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George KJH, Borjian S, Cross MC, Hicks JW, Schaffer P, Kovacs MS. Expanding the PET radioisotope universe utilizing solid targets on small medical cyclotrons. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31098-31123. [PMID: 35498914 PMCID: PMC9041346 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging with medical radioisotopes enables the minimally-invasive monitoring of aberrant biochemical, cellular and tissue-level processes in living subjects. The approach requires the administration of radiotracers composed of radioisotopes attached to bioactive molecules, the pairing of which considers several aspects of the radioisotope in addition to the biological behavior of the targeting molecule to which it is attached. With the advent of modern cellular and biochemical techniques, there has been a virtual explosion in potential disease recognition antigens as well as targeting moieties, which has subsequently opened new applications for a host of emerging radioisotopes with well-matched properties. Additionally, the global radioisotope production landscape has changed rapidly, with reactor-based production and its long-defined, large-scale centralized manufacturing and distribution paradigm shifting to include the manufacture and distribution of many radioisotopes via a worldwide fleet of cyclotrons now in operation. Cyclotron-based radioisotope production has become more prevalent given the commercial availability of instruments, coupled with the introduction of new target hardware, process automation and target manufacturing methods. These advances enable sustained, higher-power irradiation of solid targets that allow hospital-based radiopharmacies to produce a suite of radioisotopes that drive research, clinical trials, and ultimately clinical care. Over the years, several different radioisotopes have been investigated and/or selected for radiolabeling due to favorable decay characteristics (i.e. a suitable half-life, high probability of positron decay, etc.), well-elucidated chemistry, and a feasible production framework. However, longer-lived radioisotopes have surged in popularity given recent regulatory approvals and incorporation of radiopharmaceuticals into patient management within the medical community. This review focuses on the applications, nuclear properties, and production and purification methods for some of the most frequently used/emerging positron-emitting, solid-target-produced radioisotopes that can be manufactured using small-to-medium size cyclotrons (≤24 MeV).
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Affiliation(s)
- K J H George
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - S Borjian
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
| | - M C Cross
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
| | - J W Hicks
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - P Schaffer
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 2A3 Canada
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
- Radiology, University of British Columbia 2775 Laurel St Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
- Chemistry, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - M S Kovacs
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Medical Imaging, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
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Miranda ACC, dos Santos SN, Fuscaldi LL, Balieiro LM, Bellini MH, Guimarães MICC, de Araújo EB. Radioimmunotheranostic Pair Based on the Anti-HER2 Monoclonal Antibody: Influence of Chelating Agents and Radionuclides on Biological Properties. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:971. [PMID: 34198999 PMCID: PMC8309196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene HER2 is an important molecular target in oncology because it is associated with aggressive disease and the worst prognosis. The development of non-invasive imaging techniques and target therapies using monoclonal antibodies is a rapidly developing field. Thus, this work proposes the study of the radioimmunotheranostic pair, [111In]In-DTPA-trastuzumab and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-trastuzumab, evaluating the influence of the chelating agents and radionuclides on the biological properties of the radioimmunoconjugates (RICs). The trastuzumab was immunoconjugated with the chelators DTPA and DOTA and radiolabeled with [111In]InCl3 and [177Lu]LuCl3, respectively. The stability of the RICs was evaluated in serum, and the immunoreactive and internalization fractions were determined in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. The in vivo pharmacokinetics and dosimetry quantification and the ex vivo biodistribution were performed in normal and SK-BR-3 tumor-bearing mice. The data showed that there was no influence of the chelating agents and radionuclides on the immunoreactive and internalization fractions of RICs. In contrast, they influenced the stability of RICs in serum, as well as the pharmacokinetics, dosimetry and biodistribution profiles. Therefore, the results showed that the nature of the chelating agent and radionuclide could influence the biological properties of the radioimmunotheranostic pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Camargo Miranda
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
| | - Sofia Nascimento dos Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
| | - Leonardo Lima Fuscaldi
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01221-020, Brazil;
| | - Luiza Mascarenhas Balieiro
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
| | - Maria Helena Bellini
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
| | - Maria Inês Calil Cury Guimarães
- Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-911, Brazil;
| | - Elaine Bortoleti de Araújo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
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Lee W, Sarkar S, Pal R, Kim JY, Park H, Huynh PT, Bhise A, Bobba KN, Kim KI, Ha YS, Soni N, Kim W, Lee K, Jung JM, Rajkumar S, Lee KC, Yoo J. Successful Application of CuAAC Click Reaction in Constructing 64Cu-Labeled Antibody Conjugates for Immuno-PET Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2544-2557. [PMID: 35014372 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) is a rapidly growing imaging technique in which antibodies are radiolabeled to monitor their in vivo behavior in real time. However, effecting the controlled conjugation of a chelate-bearing radioactive atom to a bulky antibody without affecting its immunoreactivity at a specific site is always challenging. The in vivo stability of the radiolabeled chelate is also a key issue for successful tumor imaging. To address these points, a facile ultra-stable radiolabeling platform is developed by using the propylene cross-bridged chelator (PCB-TE2A-alkyne), which can be instantly functionalized with various groups via the click reaction, thus enabling specific conjugation with antibodies as per choice. The PCB-TE2A-tetrazine derivative is selected to demonstrate the proposed strategy. The antibody trastuzumab is functionalized with the trans-cyclooctene (TCO) moiety in the presence or absence of the PEG linker. The complementary 64Cu-PCB-TE2A-tetrazine is synthesized via the click reaction and radiolabeled with 64Cu ions, which then reacts with the aforementioned TCO-modified antibody via a rapid biorthogonal ligation. The 64Cu-PCB-TE2A-trastuzumab conjugate is shown to exhibit excellent in vivo stability and to maintain a higher binding affinity toward HER2-positive cells. The tumor targeting feasibility of the radiolabeled antibody is evaluated in tumor models. Both 64Cu-PCB-TE2A-trastuzumab conjugates show high tumor uptakes in biodistribution studies and enable unambiguous tumor visualization with minimum background noise in PET imaging. Interestingly, the 64Cu-PCB-TE2A-PEG4-trastuzumab containing an additional PEG linker displays a much faster body clearance compared to its counterpart with less PEG linker, thus affording vivid tumor imaging with an unprecedentedly high tumor-to-background ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonghee Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Swarbhanu Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Rammyani Pal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Jung Young Kim
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Phuong Tu Huynh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Abhinav Bhise
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Kondapa Naidu Bobba
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Yeong Su Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Nisarg Soni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Wanook Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Kiwoong Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Subramani Rajkumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Yoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
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Miranda ACC, Durante ACR, Fuscaldi LL, Barbezan AB, de Lima CR, Perini E, de Araújo EB. Anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody based-radioimmunoconjugates: Assessment of the chelating agent influence. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 33:115996. [PMID: 33494011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.115996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the radioimmunoconjugates 111In-DTPA-trastuzumab and 177Lu-DOTA-trastuzumab were evaluated regarding the influence of the chelating agents on the physical-chemical parameters and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) tumor cell binding. Data showed that both chelating agents, at predetermined molar ratios (antibody:chelator - 1:10 and 1:20), did not influence the immunoconjugates integrity, the radiolabeling process and the radiolabeled antibodies stability. However, differences were observed in the lipophilic feature between DOTA and DTPA radioimmunoconjugates and in the specific binding to SK-BR-3 tumor cells (HER2 positive). Therefore, this study showed the importance of assessing the influence of chelating agents and their molar ratios in the development process of radioimmunoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Camargo Miranda
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (IPEN-CNEN), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Leonardo Lima Fuscaldi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Angélica Bueno Barbezan
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (IPEN-CNEN), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cilene Rebouças de Lima
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Avenida Dr. Ussiel Cirilo, 111 a 213, Sao Paulo 08060-070, Brazil
| | - Efrain Perini
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (IPEN-CNEN), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Elaine Bortoleti de Araújo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (IPEN-CNEN), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Le Bihan T, Navarro AS, Le Bris N, Le Saëc P, Gouard S, Haddad F, Gestin JF, Chérel M, Faivre-Chauvet A, Tripier R. Synthesis of C-functionalized TE1PA and comparison with its analogues. An example of bioconjugation on 9E7.4 mAb for multiple myeloma 64Cu-PET imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:4261-4271. [PMID: 29701218 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00499d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In view of the excellent copper(ii) and 64-copper(ii) complexation of a TE1PA ligand, a monopicolinate cyclam, in both aqueous medium and in vivo, we looked for a way to make it bifunctional, while maintaining its chelating properties. Overcoming the already known drawback of grafting via its carboxyl group, which is essential to the overall properties of the ligand, a TE1PA bifunctional derivative bearing an additional isothiocyanate coupling function on a carbon atom of the macrocyclic ring was synthesized. This led to an architecture that is comparable to that of other commercially available bifunctional copper(ii) chelators such as p-SCN-Bn-DOTA already used in clinical trials for 64Cu-immuno-PET imaging. The C-functionalization of TE1PA on one carbon atom in the β-N position of the cyclam backbone was successfully achieved by adapting our patented methodology to the huge challenge, allowing the regiospecific mono-N-functionalization of the unsymmetrical ligand. The obtained ligand p-SCN-Bn-TE1PA was coupled to a 9E7.4 murine antibody (mAb), an IgG2a anti CD-138 for multiple myeloma (MM) targeting. The conjugation efficiency was assessed by looking at the 64Cu radiolabeling and the radiopharmaceutical 64Cu-9E7.4-p-SCN-Bn-TE1PA immunoreactivity, and in particular by comparing with 9E7.4-p-SCN-Bn-NOTA and 9E7.4-p-SCN-Bn-DOTA obtained from commercial and presumably highly efficient chelators NOTA and DOTA, respectively. The results are quite clear, showing that p-SCN-Bn-TE1PA has a coupling rate 5 times higher and an immunoreactivity 1.5 to 2 times greater than those of its two competitors. p-SCN-Bn-TE1PA also outperforms TE1PA conjugated via its carboxylic function on the same antibody. The first 64Cu-immuno-PET preclinical study in a syngeneic model of MM was performed, confirming the good in vivo properties of 64Cu-9E7.4-p-SCN-Bn-TE1PA for PET imaging, considering the high clearance even after 24 h and the particularly important tumor-to-liver ratio that was increasing at 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Le Bihan
- Université de Brest, UMR-CNRS 6521/IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest, France.
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine is composed of two complementary areas, imaging and therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon imaging, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), comprise the imaging component of nuclear medicine. These areas are distinct in that they exploit different nuclear decay processes and also different imaging technologies. In PET, images are created from the 511 keV photons produced when the positron emitted by a radionuclide encounters an electron and is annihilated. In contrast, in single-photon imaging, images are created from the γ rays (and occasionally X-rays) directly emitted by the nucleus. Therapeutic nuclear medicine uses particulate radiation such as Auger or conversion electrons or β- or α particles. All three of these technologies are linked by the requirement that the radionuclide must be attached to a suitable vector that can deliver it to its target. It is imperative that the radionuclide remain attached to the vector before it is delivered to its target as well as after it reaches its target or else the resulting image (or therapeutic outcome) will not reflect the biological process of interest. Radiochemistry is at the core of this process, and radiometals offer radiopharmaceutical chemists a tremendous range of options with which to accomplish these goals. They also offer a wide range of options in terms of radionuclide half-lives and emission properties, providing the ability to carefully match the decay properties with the desired outcome. This Review provides an overview of some of the ways this can be accomplished as well as several historical examples of some of the limitations of earlier metalloradiopharmaceuticals and the ways that new technologies, primarily related to radionuclide production, have provided solutions to these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Alan B Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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Hasanzadeh L, Kazemi Oskuee R, Sadri K, Nourmohammadi E, Mohajeri M, Mardani Z, Hashemzadeh A, Darroudi M. Green synthesis of labeled CeO 2 nanoparticles with 99mTc and its biodistribution evaluation in mice. Life Sci 2018; 212:233-240. [PMID: 30304691 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The in vivo targeted diagnostic applications of biosynthetic Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs), prepared by applying chitosan as a stabilizer, was explored by evaluating the cytotoxicity through MTT assay on WEHI 164 cell line, the Hemolytic activity of CeO2-NPs and biodistribution in rats. MAIN METHODS The CeO2-NPs were characterized through the use of TGA/DTG, PXRD, FESEM, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The biodistribution of CeO2-NPs were determined by directly labeled nanoparticles with Technetium-99 m (99mTc) radioisotope (99mTc-CeO2-NPs). The labeling efficiency and stability of 99mTc-CeO2-NPs were also measured with Instant Thin Layer Chromatography (ITLC) method. The saturation study was investigated by 1 mCi of 99mTc-CeO2-NPs using different concentrations of WEHI 164 cells after 4 h of incubation. In vivo biodistribution study was performed by intravenous injection of 600 μCi/200 μL 99mTc-CeO2-NPs through rat's tail. KEY FINDINGS CeO2-NPs seemed to have a low cytotoxic effect on WEHI 164 cell line and did not result in hemolysis. The biodistribution of CeO2-NPs has shown that a huge amount of 99mTc-CeO2-NPs was amassed in the living human organs, including liver, lung, spleen, stomach, and thyroid which shows the in vivo stability of the labeled conjugate. Herein, we have developed a facile, economical, and greener synthetic procedure applying Chitosan template. This green approach is comparable to conventional methods that utilize hazardous materials which are would be a suitable alternative to circumvent synthetic issues related to these materials. SIGNIFICANCE The bio-applications of nano-sized CeO2-NPs were explored to find new horizon to use nanotechnology as the diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hasanzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Kayvan Sadri
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Esmail Nourmohammadi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohajeri
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Mardani
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, 57561-51818 Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemzadeh
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Boros E, Holland JP. Chemical aspects of metal ion chelation in the synthesis and application antibody-based radiotracers. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:652-671. [PMID: 29230857 PMCID: PMC5997514 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiometals are becoming increasingly accessible and are utilized frequently in the design of radiotracers for imaging and therapy. Nuclear properties ranging from the emission of γ-rays and β+ -particles (imaging) to Auger electron and β- and α-particles (therapy) in combination with long half-lives are ideally matched with the relatively long biological half-life of monoclonal antibodies in vivo. Radiometal labeling of antibodies requires the incorporation of a metal chelate onto the monoclonal antibody. This chelate must coordinate the metal under mild conditions required for the handling of antibodies, as well as provide high kinetic, thermodynamic, and metabolic stability once the metal ion is coordinated to prevent release of the radionuclide before the target site is reached in vivo. Herein, we review the role of different radiometals that have found applications of the design of radiolabeled antibodies for imaging and radioimmunotherapy. Each radionuclide is described regarding its nuclear synthesis, coordinative preference, and radiolabeling properties with commonly used and novel chelates, as well as examples of their preclinical and clinical applications. An overview of recent trends in antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals is provided to spur continued development of the chemistry and application of radiometals for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, 100 Nicolls road, 11790 Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jason P. Holland
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Yuan X, Yang M, Chen X, Zhang X, Sukhadia S, Musolino N, Bao H, Chen T, Xu C, Wang Q, Santoro S, Ricklin D, Hu J, Lin R, Yang W, Li Z, Qin W, Zhao A, Scholler N, Coukos G. Correction to: Characterization of the first fully human anti-TEM1 scFv in models of solid tumor imaging and immunotoxin-based therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:329-339. [PMID: 29313073 PMCID: PMC11028179 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1) has been identified as a novel surface marker upregulated on the blood vessels and stroma in many solid tumors. We previously isolated a novel single-chain variable fragment (scFv) 78 against TEM1 from a yeast display scFv library. Here we evaluated the potential applications of scFv78 as a tool for tumor molecular imaging, immunotoxin-based therapy and nanotherapy. Epitope mapping, three-dimensional (3D) structure docking and affinity measurements indicated that scFv78 could bind to both human and murine TEM1, with equivalent affinity, at a well-conserved conformational epitope. The rapid internalization of scFv78 and scFv78-labeled nanoparticles was triggered after specific TEM1 binding. The scFv78-saporin immunoconjugate also exerted dose-dependent cytotoxicity with high specificity to TEM1-positive cells in vitro. Finally, specific and sensitive tumor localization of scFv78 was confirmed with optical imaging in a mouse tumor model that has highly endogenous mTEM1 expression in the vasculature. Our data indicate that scFv78, the first fully human anti-TEM1 recombinant antibody, recognizes both human and mouse TEM1 and has unique and favorable features that are advantageous for the development of imaging probes or antibody-toxin conjugates for a large spectrum of human TEM1-positive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Yuan
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingjuan Yang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xuhua Zhang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shrey Sukhadia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Najia Musolino
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research at CHUV, Rue du Bugnon 46-BH09-701, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Huijing Bao
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chen Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qirui Wang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Santoro
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jia Hu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruihe Lin
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Aizhi Zhao
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathalie Scholler
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - George Coukos
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research at CHUV, Rue du Bugnon 46-BH09-701, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Sarkar S, Bhatt N, Ha YS, Huynh PT, Soni N, Lee W, Lee YJ, Kim JY, Pandya DN, An GI, Lee KC, Chang Y, Yoo J. High in Vivo Stability of 64Cu-Labeled Cross-Bridged Chelators Is a Crucial Factor in Improved Tumor Imaging of RGD Peptide Conjugates. J Med Chem 2018; 61:385-395. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swarbhanu Sarkar
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Nikunj Bhatt
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Yeong Su Ha
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Phuong Tu Huynh
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Nisarg Soni
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Woonghee Lee
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Department
of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Jung Young Kim
- Department
of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Darpan N. Pandya
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Gwang Il An
- Department
of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Department
of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Yoo
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
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12
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Yuan X, Yang M, Chen X, Zhang X, Sukhadia S, Musolino N, Bao H, Chen T, Xu C, Wang Q, Santoro S, Ricklin D, Hu J, Lin R, Yang W, Li Z, Qin W, Zhao A. Characterization of the first fully human anti-TEM1 scFv in models of solid tumor imaging and immunotoxin-based therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:367-378. [PMID: 27933426 PMCID: PMC11029759 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1) has been identified as a novel surface marker upregulated on the blood vessels and stroma in many solid tumors. We previously isolated a novel single-chain variable fragment (scFv) 78 against TEM1 from a yeast display scFv library. Here, we evaluated the potential applications of scFv78 as a tool for tumor molecular imaging, immunotoxin-based therapy and nanotherapy. Epitope mapping, three-dimensional structure docking and affinity measurements indicated that scFv78 could bind to both human and murine TEM1, with equivalent affinity, at a well-conserved conformational epitope. The rapid internalization of scFv78 and scFv78-labeled nanoparticles was triggered after specific TEM1 binding. The scFv78-saporin immunoconjugate also exerted dose-dependent cytotoxicity with high specificity to TEM1-positive cells in vitro. Finally, specific and sensitive tumor localization of scFv78 was confirmed with optical imaging in a tumor mouse model that has highly endogenous mTEM1 expression in the vasculature. Our data indicated that scFv78, the first fully human anti-TEM1 recombinant antibody, recognizes both human and mouse TEM1 and has unique and favorable features that are advantageous for the development of imaging probes or antibody-toxin conjugates for a large spectrum of human TEM1-positive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Yuan
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingjuan Yang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xuhua Zhang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shrey Sukhadia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Huijing Bao
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chen Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qirui Wang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Santoro
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jia Hu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruihe Lin
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Aizhi Zhao
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- University City Science Center, Room 544, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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13
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Kang JS, Leung KT, Cho HK, Kang JG, Sohn Y. Luminescence and Magnetic Properties of Tb(III) Complexes with TETA and Synergistic Effect by 1,10-Phenanthroline. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Kang
- WATLab and Department of Chemistry; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Kam Tong Leung
- WATLab and Department of Chemistry; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Hyung-Kook Cho
- Department of Chemistry; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gill Kang
- Department of Chemistry; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
- ReSEAT Program; Korea Institute Science and Technology Information; Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngku Sohn
- Department of Chemistry; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan 38541 Republic of Korea
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14
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Dale AV, An GI, Pandya DN, Ha YS, Bhatt N, Soni N, Lee H, Ahn H, Sarkar S, Lee W, Huynh PT, Kim JY, Gwon MR, Kim SH, Park JG, Yoon YR, Yoo J. Synthesis and Evaluation of New Generation Cross-Bridged Bifunctional Chelator for 64Cu Radiotracers. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8177-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit V. Dale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Gwang Il An
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Darpan N. Pandya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Yeong Su Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Nikunj Bhatt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Nisarg Soni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Hochun Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu 711-873, South Korea
| | - Heesu Ahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Swarbhanu Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Woonghee Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Phuong Tu Huynh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Jung Young Kim
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ri Gwon
- Department
of Biomedical Science and Clinical Trial Center, BK21 PLUS, KNU Bio-Medical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University Graduate School and Hospital, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Sung Hong Kim
- Analysis Research Division, Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Park
- Pohang Center for Evaluation of Biomaterials, Pohang Technopark Foundation, Gyeongbuk 790-834, South Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- Department
of Biomedical Science and Clinical Trial Center, BK21 PLUS, KNU Bio-Medical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University Graduate School and Hospital, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Yoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical
Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
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15
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Development of [⁶⁴Cu]-DOTA-PR81 radioimmunoconjugate for MUC-1 positive PET imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 43:73-80. [PMID: 26453525 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer radioimmunoscintigraphy targeting MUC1 expression is a growing field of work in nuclear medicine research. PR81 is a monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to MUC1, which is over expressed on breast tumors. In this study, we report production, quality control and preclinical qualifications of a copper-64 labeled PR81 for PET imaging of breast cancer. METHODS PR81 was conjugated with DOTA-NHS-ester and purified by molecular filtration followed by chelate:mAb ratio determination by spectrophotometric method. DOTA-PR81 was labeled with (64)Cu followed by radiochemical purity, in vitro stability, in vitro internalization and immunoreactivity determination. The tissue biodistribution of the (64)Cu-DOTA-PR81 and (64)Cu-DOTA-hIgG was evaluated in BALB/c mice with breast carcinoma tumors using tissue counting and imaging. RESULTS The radiochemical purity of radioimmunoconjugate was >95±1.9% (ITLC) (specific activity; 4.6 μCi/μg). The average number of chelators per antibody was 3.4±0.3:1. The (64)Cu-DOTA-PR81 showed immunoreactivity towards MUC1 antigen and MCF7 cell line with significant in vitro stability (>89% in PBS and 78±0.5% in human serum) over 48 h. Maximum internalized activity of radiolabeled PR81 in 4-8 h was 81.5%. The biodistribution and scintigraphy studies showed the accumulation of the complex at the site of tumors with high sensitivity and specificity compared to control probes. CONCLUSION The results showed that (64)Cu-DOTA-PR81 may be considered as a potential PET tracer for diagnosis and follow-up of MUC1 expression in oncology.
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Pandya DN, Bhatt N, Dale AV, Kim JY, Lee H, Ha YS, Lee JE, An GI, Yoo J. New bifunctional chelator for 64Cu-immuno-positron emission tomography. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 24:1356-66. [PMID: 23883075 DOI: 10.1021/bc400192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new tetraazamacrocyclic bifunctional chelator, TE2A-Bn-NCS, was synthesized in high overall yield from cyclam. An extra functional group (NCS) was introduced to the N-atom of TE2A for specific conjugation with antibody. The Cu complex of TE2A-Bn-NCS showed high kinetic stability in acidic decomplexation and cyclic voltammetry studies. X-ray structure determination of the Cu-TE2A-Bn-NH2 complex confirmed octahedral geometry, in which copper atom is strongly coordinated by four macrocyclic nitrogens in equatorial positions and two carboxylate oxygen atoms occupy the elongated axial positions. Trastuzumab was conjugated with TE2A-Bn-NCS and then radiolabeled with 64Cu quantitatively at room temperature within 10 min. Biodistribution studies showed that the 64Cu-labeled TE2A-Bn-NCS-trastuzumab conjugates maintain high stability in physiological conditions, and NIH3T6.7 tumors were clearly visualized up to 3 days by 64Cu-immuno-positron emission tomography imaging in animal models.
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Sugiura G, Kühn H, Sauter M, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Radiolabeling strategies for tumor-targeting proteinaceous drugs. Molecules 2014; 19:2135-65. [PMID: 24552984 PMCID: PMC6271853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their large size proteinaceous drugs offer higher operative information content compared to the small molecules that correspond to the traditional understanding of druglikeness. As a consequence these drugs allow developing patient-specific therapies that provide the means to go beyond the possibilities of current drug therapy. However, the efficacy of these strategies, in particular "personalized medicine", depends on precise information about individual target expression rates. Molecular imaging combines non-invasive imaging methods with tools of molecular and cellular biology and thus bridges current knowledge to the clinical use. Moreover, nuclear medicine techniques provide therapeutic applications with tracers that behave like the diagnostic tracer. The advantages of radioiodination, still the most versatile radiolabeling strategy, and other labeled compounds comprising covalently attached radioisotopes are compared to the use of chelator-protein conjugates that are complexed with metallic radioisotopes. With the techniques using radioactive isotopes as a reporting unit or even the therapeutic principle, care has to be taken to avoid cleavage of the radionuclide from the protein it is linked to. The tracers used in molecular imaging require labeling techniques that provide site specific conjugation and metabolic stability. Appropriate choice of the radionuclide allows tailoring the properties of the labeled protein to the application required. Until the event of positron emission tomography the spectrum of nuclides used to visualize cellular and biochemical processes was largely restricted to iodine isotopes and 99m-technetium. Today, several nuclides such as 18-fluorine, 68-gallium and 86-yttrium have fundamentally extended the possibilities of tracer design and in turn caused the need for the development of chemical methods for their conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Sugiura
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Helen Kühn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Max Sauter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
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Abstract
Radiometals comprise many useful radioactive isotopes of various metallic elements. When properly harnessed, these have valuable emission properties that can be used for diagnostic imaging techniques, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, e.g.(67)Ga, (99m)Tc, (111)In, (177)Lu) and positron emission tomography (PET, e.g.(68)Ga, (64)Cu, (44)Sc, (86)Y, (89)Zr), as well as therapeutic applications (e.g.(47)Sc, (114m)In, (177)Lu, (90)Y, (212/213)Bi, (212)Pb, (225)Ac, (186/188)Re). A fundamental critical component of a radiometal-based radiopharmaceutical is the chelator, the ligand system that binds the radiometal ion in a tight stable coordination complex so that it can be properly directed to a desirable molecular target in vivo. This article is a guide for selecting the optimal match between chelator and radiometal for use in these systems. The article briefly introduces a selection of relevant and high impact radiometals, and their potential utility to the fields of radiochemistry, nuclear medicine, and molecular imaging. A description of radiometal-based radiopharmaceuticals is provided, and several key design considerations are discussed. The experimental methods by which chelators are assessed for their suitability with a variety of radiometal ions is explained, and a large selection of the most common and most promising chelators are evaluated and discussed for their potential use with a variety of radiometals. Comprehensive tables have been assembled to provide a convenient and accessible overview of the field of radiometal chelating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Price
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z1.
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19
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Optimized preparation and preliminary evaluation of [64Cu]–DOTA–trastuzumab for targeting ErbB2/Neu expression. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Bartholomä MD. Recent developments in the design of bifunctional chelators for metal-based radiopharmaceuticals used in Positron Emission Tomography. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Cooper MS, Ma MT, Sunassee K, Shaw KP, Williams JD, Paul RL, Donnelly PS, Blower PJ. Comparison of (64)Cu-complexing bifunctional chelators for radioimmunoconjugation: labeling efficiency, specific activity, and in vitro/in vivo stability. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1029-39. [PMID: 22471317 PMCID: PMC4756438 DOI: 10.1021/bc300037w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High radiolabeling efficiency, preferably to high specific activity, and good stability of the radioimmunoconjugate are essential features for a successful immunoconjugate for imaging or therapy. In this study, the radiolabeling efficiency, in vitro stability, and biodistribution of immunoconjugates with eight different bifunctional chelators labeled with (64)Cu were compared. The anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab, was conjugated to four macrocyclic bifunctional chelators (p-SCN-Bn-DOTA, p-SCN-Bn-Oxo-DO3A, p-SCN-NOTA, and p-SCN-PCTA), three DTPA derivatives (p-SCN-Bn-DTPA, p-SCN-CHX-A″-DTPA, and ITC-2B3M-DTPA), and a macrobicyclic hexamine (sarcophagine) chelator (sar-CO2H) = (1-NH2-8-NHCO(CH2)3CO2H)sar where sar = sarcophagine = 3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]icosane). Radiolabeling efficiency under various conditions, in vitro stability in serum at 37 °C, and in vivo biodistribution and imaging in normal mice over 48 h were studied. All chelators except sar-CO2H were conjugated to rituximab by thiourea bond formation with an average of 4.9 ± 0.9 chelators per antibody molecule. Sar-CO2H was conjugated to rituximab by amide bond formation with 0.5 chelators per antibody molecule. Efficiencies of (64)Cu radiolabeling were dependent on the concentration of immunoconjugate. Notably, the (64)Cu-NOTA-rituximab conjugate demonstrated the highest radiochemical yield (95%) under very dilute conditions (31 nM NOTA-rituximab conjugate). Similarly, sar-CO-rituximab, containing 1/10th the number of chelators per antibody compared to that of other conjugates, retained high labeling efficiency (98%) at an antibody concentration of 250 nM. In contrast to the radioimmunoconjugates containing DTPA derivatives, which demonstrated poor serum stability, all macrocyclic radioimmunoconjugates were very stable in serum with <6% dissociation of (64)Cu over 48 h. In vivo biodistribution profiles in normal female Balb/C mice were similar for all the macrocyclic radioimmunoconjugates with most of the activity remaining in the blood pool up to 48 h. While all the macrocyclic bifunctional chelators are suitable for molecular imaging using (64)Cu-labeled antibody conjugates, NOTA and sar-CO2H show significant advantages over the others in that they can be radiolabeled rapidly at room temperature, under dilute conditions, resulting in high specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S. Cooper
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Karen P. Shaw
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Jennifer D. Williams
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Rowena L. Paul
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Philip J. Blower
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
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Pandya DN, Dale AV, Kim JY, Lee H, Ha YS, An GI, Yoo J. New macrobicyclic chelator for the development of ultrastable 64Cu-radiolabeled bioconjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:330-5. [PMID: 22329542 DOI: 10.1021/bc200539t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene cross-bridged cyclam with two acetate pendant arms, ECB-TE2A, is known to form the most kinetically stable (64)Cu complexes. However, its usefulness as a bifunctional chelator is limited because of its harsh radiolabeling conditions. Herein, we report new cross-bridged cyclam chelator for the development of ultrastable (64)Cu-radiolabeled bioconjugates. Propylene cross-bridged TE2A (PCB-TE2A) was successfully synthesized in an efficient way. The Cu(II) complex of PCB-TE2A exhibited much higher kinetic stability than ECB-TE2A in acid decomplexation studies, and also showed high resistance to reduction-mediated demetalation. Furthermore, the quantitative radiolabeling of PCB-TE2A with (64)Cu was achieved under milder conditions compared to ECB-TE2A. Biodistribution studies strongly indicate that the (64)Cu complexes of PCB-TE2A cleared out rapidly from the body with minimum decomplexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpan N Pandya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
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Shokeen M, Wadas TJ. The development of copper radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and therapy. Med Chem 2011; 7:413-29. [PMID: 21711219 PMCID: PMC8259694 DOI: 10.2174/157340611796799177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of positron emission tomography in preclinical and clinical settings has widened the demand for radiopharmaceuticals with high specificity that can image biological phenomena in vivo. While many PET tracers have been developed from small organic molecules labeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18, the short half-lives of these radionuclides preclude their incorporation into radiotracers, which can be used to image biological processes that are not induced immediately after system perturbation. Additionally, the continuing development of targeted agents, such as antibodies and nanoparticles, which undergo extended circulation, require that radionuclides with half-lives that are complimentary to the biological half-lives of these molecules be developed. Copper radionuclides have received considerable attention since they offer a variety of half-lives and decay energies and because the coordination chemistry of cooper and its role in biology is well understood. However, in addition to the radiometal chelate, a successful copper based radiopharmaceutical depends upon the chemical structure of the entire radiotracer, which may include a biologically important molecule and a chemical linker that can be used to deliver the copper radionuclide to a specific target and modulate its in vivo properties, respectively. This review discusses the development of copper radiopharmaceuticals and the importance of factors such as chemical structure on their pharmacokinetics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Shokeen
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus J. Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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Boswell CA, Tesar DB, Mukhyala K, Theil FP, Fielder PJ, Khawli LA. Effects of Charge on Antibody Tissue Distribution and Pharmacokinetics. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2153-63. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Andrew Boswell
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Devin B. Tesar
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kiran Mukhyala
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Frank-Peter Theil
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul J. Fielder
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leslie A. Khawli
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Bryan JN, Lewis MR, Henry CJ, Owen NK, Zhang J, Mohsin H, Jia F, Sivaguru G, Anderson CJ. Development of a two-antibody model for the evaluation of copper-64 radioimmunotherapy. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 2:82-90. [PMID: 19379188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2004.00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper-64 emits beta(+) and beta(-) particles suitable for positron emission tomography and radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of cancer. Copper-64-labelled antibodies have caused complete responses in laboratory animal RIT studies at far lower radiation doses than traditionally prescribed. The intracellular localization of copper radioisotopes may lead to cytotoxic effects by mechanisms beyond ionizing radiation damage. The purpose of this research was to develop a model using both internalizing and non-internalizing antibodies for direct comparison in future RIT studies using the same animal model of cancer. The monoclonal antibodies, cBR96 and cT84.66, were conjugated with N-hydroxysulfosuccinimidyl DOTA. All conjugates retained high immunoreactivity and labelled efficiently with (64)Cu with high specific activity and radiochemical purity. Twenty-four hour biodistributions determined in LS174T tumour-bearing nude mice demonstrated low organ and high tumour uptakes for both monoclonal antibodies. This model constitutes a promising system for elucidating whether internalization of (64)Cu is responsible for an enhanced tumour cytotoxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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26
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Vaidyanathan G, Jestin E, Olafsen T, Wu AM, Zalutsky MR. Evaluation of an anti-p185(HER2) (scFv-C(H)2-C(H)3)2 fragment following radioiodination using two different residualizing labels: SGMIB and IB-Mal-D-GEEEK. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:671-80. [PMID: 19647173 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A 105-kDa double mutant single-chain Fv-Fc fragment (scFv-Fc DM) derived from the anti-p185(HER2) hu4D5v8 antibody (trastuzumab; Herceptin) has been described recently. The goal of this study was to investigate whether improved tumor targeting could be achieved with this fragment through the use of residualizing radioiodination methods. METHODS The scFv-Fc DM fragment was radioiodinated using N-succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl 3-[(131)I]iodobenzoate ([(131)I]SGMIB) and N(epsilon)-(3-[(131)I]iodobenzoyl)-Lys(5)-N(alpha)- maleimido-Gly(1)-GEEEK ([(131)I]IB-Mal-D-GEEEK), two residualizing radioiodination agents that have been used successfully with intact antibodies. Paired-label internalization assays of the labeled fragments were performed in vitro using MCF7 human breast cancer cells transfected to express HER2 (MCF7-HER2); comparisons were made to scFv-Fc DM directly radioiodinated using Iodogen. The tissue distribution of the scFv-Fc DM labeled with [(125)I]IB-Mal-d-GEEEK and [(131)I]SGMIB was compared in athymic mice bearing MCF7-HER2 xenografts. RESULTS The scFv-Fc DM fragment was labeled with [(131)I]SGMIB and [(131)I]IB-Mal-d-GEEEK in conjugation yields of 53% and 25%, respectively, with preservation of immunoreactivity for HER2. Internalization assays indicated that labeling via SGMIB resulted in a 1.6- to 3.5-fold higher (P<.05) retention of radioactivity, compared to that from the directly labeled fragment, in HER2-expressing cells during a 24-h observation period. Likewise, the amount of radioactivity retained in cells from the IB-Mal-d-GEEEK-labeled fragment was 1.4- to 3.3-fold higher (P<.05). Tumor uptake of radioiodine activity in athymic mice bearing MCF7-HER2 xenografts in vivo was significantly higher for the [(125)I]IB-Mal-d-GEEEK-labeled scFv-Fc DM fragment compared with that of the [(131)I]SGMIB-labeled fragment, particularly at later time points. The uptake of (125)I was threefold (3.6+/-1.1 %ID/g vs. 1.2+/-0.4 %ID/g) and fourfold (3.1+/-1.7 %ID/g vs. 0.8+/-0.4 %ID/g) higher than that for (131)I at 24 and 48 h, respectively. However, the [(125)I]IB-Mal-d-GEEEK-labeled scFv-Fc DM fragment also exhibited considerably higher levels of radioiodine activity in liver, spleen and kidney. CONCLUSIONS The overall results further demonstrate the potential utility of these two prosthetic groups for the radiohalogenation of internalizing monoclonal antibodies and their fragments. Specifically, the trastuzumab-derived double mutant fragment in combination with these residualizing agents warrants further evaluation for imaging and possibly treatment of HER2 expressing malignancies.
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Anderson CJ, Ferdani R. Copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging of cancer: advances in preclinical and clinical research. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:379-93. [PMID: 19694573 PMCID: PMC2794299 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-64 (T(1/2) = 12.7 hours; beta(+), 0.653 MeV [17.8 %]; beta(-), 0.579 MeV [38.4 %]) has decay characteristics that allow for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and targeted radiotherapy of cancer. The well-established coordination chemistry of copper allows for its reaction with a wide variety of chelator systems that can potentially be linked to peptides and other biologically relevant small molecules, antibodies, proteins, and nanoparticles. The 12.7-hours half-life of 64Cu provides the flexibility to image both smaller molecules and larger, slower clearing proteins and nanoparticles. In a practical sense, the radionuclide or the 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals can be easily shipped for PET imaging studies at sites remote to the production facility. Due to the versatility of 64Cu, there has been an abundance of novel research in this area over the past 20 years, primarily in the area of PET imaging, but also for the targeted radiotherapy of cancer. The biologic activity of the hypoxia imaging agent, 60/64Cu-ATSM, has been described in great detail in animal models and in clinical PET studies. An investigational new drug application for 64Cu-ATSM was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, paving the way for a multicenter trial to validate the utility of this agent, with the hopeful result being FDA approval for routine clinical use. This article discusses state-of-the-art cancer imaging with 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals, including 64Cu-ATSM for imaging hypoxia, 64Cu-labeled peptides for tumor-receptor targeting, (64)Cu-labeled monoclonal antibodies for targeting tumor antigens, and 64Cu-labeled nanoparticles for cancer targeting. The emphasis of this article will be on the new scientific discoveries involving (64)Cu radiopharmaceuticals, as well as the translation of these into human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Evaluation of 64Cu-labeled DOTA-d-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotide (64Cu-DOTA-TOC) for imaging somatostatin receptor-expressing tumors. Ann Nucl Med 2009; 23:559-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-009-0274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Production of no-carrier-added 64Cu and applications to molecular imaging by PET and PETIS as a biomedical tracer. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-008-7443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Eberle AN, Mild G. Receptor-mediated tumor targeting with radiopeptides. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2009; 29:1-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10799890902732823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Martin SM, O'Donnell RT, Kukis DL, Abbey CK, McKnight H, Sutcliffe JL, Tuscano JM. Imaging and pharmacokinetics of (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 administered by intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous injection to mice bearing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma xenografts. Mol Imaging Biol 2008; 11:79-87. [PMID: 18949521 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-008-0148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to compare the tumor-specific targeting, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 when administered to xenograft-bearing mice intravenously (IV), intraperitoneally (IP), and subcutaneously (SQ). PROCEDURES Mice bearing human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) xenografts were injected IV, IP, or SQ with (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7. Xenograft targeting was evaluated by micro positron emission tomography (microPET) and confirmed by organ biodistribution studies. Blood measurements of (64)Cu were performed to determine the pharmacokinetics and clearance of (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7. RESULTS (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 demonstrated equivalent tumor targeting within 24-48 h, regardless of the route of administration. Organ biodistribution confirmed tumor-specific targeting. Blood pharmacokinetics demonstrated that (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 accessed the bloodstream after IP and SQ administration to a similar degree as IV administration, albeit at a slower rate. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 as a potential radioimmunotherapeutic and/or NHL-specific imaging agent. These findings provide evidence that IP and SQ administration can achieve results equivalent to IV administration and may lead to more efficient, reproducible treatment plans for antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiloh M Martin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Cancer Center, Davis, CA, USA
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Eiblmaier M, Meyer LA, Watson MA, Fracasso PM, Pike LJ, Anderson CJ. Correlating EGFR expression with receptor-binding properties and internalization of 64Cu-DOTA-cetuximab in 5 cervical cancer cell lines. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1472-9. [PMID: 18703609 PMCID: PMC4277815 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.052316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibody cetuximab is clinically approved for the treatment of EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer and advanced head and neck cancer. Overexpression of EGFR has also been found in more than 70% of carcinomas of the cervix. The overall goal of this study was to determine whether (64)Cu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-cetuximab has potential as an agent for measuring EGFR concentration by PET imaging in cervical cancer tumors. METHODS Cetuximab was conjugated to the bifunctional chelator DOTA and labeled with (64)Cu. EGFR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was correlated with EGFR densities on the cell surface of 5 different cervical cancer cell lines and with receptor function, measured by internalization of (64)Cu-DOTA-cetuximab. Imaging in tumor-bearing mice with small-animal PET was performed using the highest-expressing cervical cancer cell line. RESULTS The affinity of (64)Cu-DOTA-cetuximab binding for the EGFR was similar in 4 EGFR-positive lines, varying from 0.1 to 0.7 nM. The mRNA expression corresponded well with EGFR densities and levels of internalization, with responses decreasing in the order of CaSki>ME-180>DoTc2 4510>HeLa>C-33A. Biodistribution and small-animal PET studies with (64)Cu-DOTA-cetuximab in CaSki tumor-bearing nude mice showed relatively high tumor uptake at 24 h after injection (13.2+/-1.2 percentage of injected activity per gram), although there was also significant retention of activity in the blood and liver accumulation. CONCLUSION (64)Cu-DOTA-cetuximab was successfully used to detect and quantify EGFR expression in cervical cancer tumors, and small-animal PET/CT of EGFR-expressing CaSki tumors suggests potential for PET/CT of EGFR-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eiblmaier
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Laura A. Meyer
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark A. Watson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paula M. Fracasso
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda J. Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Carolyn J. Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Smith SV. Molecular imaging with copper-64 in the drug discovery and development arena. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:659-72. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.5.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
The number of radiopharmaceuticals containing copper radionuclides for diagnostic imaging and targeted radiotherapy has grown considerably over the past few decades. This expansion has created the need for protocols allowing for the efficient chelation of 64Cu to peptide-chelator conjugates. Step 1A of this protocol describes a (64)Cu-radiolabeling procedure for 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid (TETA)-conjugated peptides. This reaction is facile and requires the incubation of 64CuCl2 in 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer with the TETA-peptide for 30 min at room temperature (20-23 degrees C). Step 1B of this protocol describes the radiolabeling procedure for 4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (CB-TE2A)-conjugated peptides. The CB-TE2A-peptide can be labeled with 64Cu in 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer in 2 h at 95 degrees C. In both cases, the conjugates can be radiolabeled with 64Cu at greater than 95% purity and with specific activities of 37-111 MBq microg(-1) (1-3 mCi microg(-1)). Both protocols are straightforward and can be completed within 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Wadas
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Li J, Wang XH, Wang XM, Chen ZL. Site-specific conjugation of bifunctional chelator BAT to mouse IgG1 Fab' fragment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:237-41. [PMID: 16412275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To perform a site-specific conjugation of Fab' fragments of a mouse monoclonal antibody(MoAb) B43(of IgG1 subtype) to a bifunctional chelator 6-[p-(bromoacetamido)benzyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N',N' 'N' ' '-tetraacetic acid (BAT) via the thiol groups in the hinge distal to the antigen-binding site of the Fab'. METHODS B43 was cleaved using a simple 2-step method. First, stable F(ab')(2) was produced by pepsin treatment. Fab' with free thiol in the hinge region was then obtained by cysteine reduction of F(ab')2. Second, a site-specific conjugation of Fab' to thiol-specific BAT was performed in a one-step reaction. RESULTS The Fab' fragment had approximately 1.8 free thiol groups per molecule after cysteine reduction. The conjugation efficiency and the chemical yield were approximately 1.28 moles chelator/Fab' and 74% of the initial concentration of Fab', respectively. The F(ab')2, Fab' and Fab'-BAT all maintained reasonable antigen-binding properties. (67)Cu labeling of the conjugate under standard conditions did not impair the immunoreactivity of Fab'-BAT. CONCLUSION This is a simple and efficient method for producing immunoreactive conjugates of Fab'-BAT, which can be used to make radiometal-labeled conjugates for further diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Division of Hepatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Bryan JN, Jia F, Mohsin H, Sivaguru G, Miller WH, Anderson CJ, Henry CJ, Lewis MR. Comparative uptakes and biodistributions of internalizing vs. noninternalizing copper-64 radioimmunoconjugates in cell and animal models of colon cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:851-8. [PMID: 16253810 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Copper-64-labeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have previously demonstrated unexpectedly effective tumor control in rodent models of cancer at relatively low tumor-absorbed radiation doses. This property has been associated with delivery platforms resulting in cellular internalization. The purpose of the present studies was to evaluate the in vitro internalization and in vivo distribution of a two-antibody model of 64Cu radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in the same cell and animal models of cancer. Biodistributions of an internalizing antibody, cBR96, and a noninternalizing antibody, cT84.66, labeled with 64Cu, were obtained in nude mice bearing LS174T colon carcinoma xenografts from 15 min to 48 h. The 64Cu-DOTA-cBR96 conjugate demonstrated rapid tumor uptake, reaching 20.2% ID/g at 3 h and peaking at 35.4% ID/g by 24 h. Tumor accumulation of 64Cu-DOTA-cT84.66 was more gradual, 8.19% ID/g at 3 h and 43.8% ID/g by 24 h, but maximum uptake was not statistically different from 64Cu-DOTA-cBR96. Mouse xenograft dosimetry was estimated to be 1128 rad/mCi (304.9 mGy/MBq) for 64Cu-DOTA-cBR96 and 1409 rad/mCi (380.5 mGy/MBq) for 64Cu-DOTA-cT84.66. In LS174T cells, internalized radioactivity increased by a factor of 3.8 over 4 h for 64Cu-DOTA-cBR96, but remained unchanged 64Cu-DOTA-cT84.66. When normalized to uptake at 1 h, cellular efflux of 64Cu was essentially identical for both mAbs. The biodistributions and tumor dosimetry of these internalizing and noninternalizing radiolabeled mAbs were sufficiently similar for direct comparison of the therapeutic efficacies of low doses of 64Cu RIT agents in the same animal model of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Sun X, Rossin R, Turner JL, Becker ML, Joralemon MJ, Welch MJ, Wooley KL. An assessment of the effects of shell cross-linked nanoparticle size, core composition, and surface PEGylation on in vivo biodistribution. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2541-54. [PMID: 16153091 PMCID: PMC2533516 DOI: 10.1021/bm050260e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic core-shell nanoparticles have drawn considerable interest in biomedical applications. The precise control over their physicochemical parameters and the ability to attach various ligands within specific domains suggest shell cross-linked (SCK) nanoparticles may be used as multi-/polyvalent scaffolds for drug delivery. In this study, the biodistribution of four SCKs, differing in size, core composition, and surface PEGylation, was evaluated. To facilitate in-vivo tracking of the SCKs, the positron-emitting radionuclide copper-64 was used. By using biodistribution and microPET imaging approaches, we found that small diameter (18 nm) SCKs possessing a polystyrene core showed the most favorable biological behavior in terms of prolonged blood retention and low liver accumulation. The data demonstrated that both core composition, which influenced the SCK flexibility and shape adaptability, and hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticle play important roles in the respective biodistributions. Surface modification with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) had no noticeable effects on SCK behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankai Sun
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Raffaella Rossin
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jeffrey L. Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Maisie J. Joralemon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Michael J. Welch
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130
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Smith SV. Molecular imaging with copper-64. J Inorg Biochem 2004; 98:1874-901. [PMID: 15522415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 05/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is expected to change the face of drug discovery and development. The ability to link imaging to biology for guiding therapy should improve the rate at which novel imaging technologies, probes, contrast agents, drugs and drug delivery systems can be transferred into clinical practice. Nuclear medicine imaging, in particular, positron emission tomography (PET) allows the detection and monitoring of a variety of biological and pathophysiological processes, at tracer quantities of the radiolabelled target agents, and at doses free from pharmacological effects. In the field of drug discovery and development, the use of radiotracers for radiolabelling target agents has now become one of the essential tools in identifying, screening and development of new target agents. In this regard, (64)Cu (t(1/2)=12.7 h) has been identified as an emerging PET isotope. Its half-life is sufficiently long for radiolabelling a range of target agents and its ease of production and adaptable chemistry make it an excellent radioisotope for use in molecular imaging. This review describes recent advances, in the routes of (64)Cu production, design and application of bi-functional ligands for use in radiolabelling with (64/67)Cu(2+), and their significance and anticipated impact on the field of molecular imaging and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne V Smith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Private Mail Bag No. 1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankai Sun
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Zimmermann K, Grünberg J, Honer M, Ametamey S, Schubiger PA, Novak-Hofer I. Targeting of renal carcinoma with 67/64Cu-labeled anti-L1-CAM antibody chCE7: selection of copper ligands and PET imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2003; 30:417-27. [PMID: 12767399 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(03)00019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to optimize radiocopper labeling of anti-L1-CAM antibody chCE7, five bifunctional copper chelators were synthesized and characterized (CPTA-N-hydoxysuccinimide, DO3A-L-p-isothiocyanato-phenylalanine, DOTA-PA-L-p-isocyanato-phenylalanine, DOTA-glycyl-L-p-isocyanato-phenylalanine and DOTA-triglycyl-L-p-isocyanato-phenylalanine). Substitution with more than 11 chelators per antibody molecule was found to influence immunoreactivity and biodistributions of (67)Cu-MAb chCE7 significantly. CPTA-labeled antibody achieved the best tumor to normal tissue ratios when biodistributions of the different (67)Cu-chCE7 conjugates were assessed in tumor-bearing mice. High resolution PET imaging with (64)Cu-CPTA-labeled MAb chCE7 showed uptake in lymph nodes and heterogeneous distribution in tumor xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Zimmermann
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Science ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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