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Shabo I, Svanvik J, Lindström A, Lechertier T, Trabulo S, Hulit J, Sparey T, Pawelek J. Roles of cell fusion, hybridization and polyploid cell formation in cancer metastasis. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:121-135. [PMID: 32257843 PMCID: PMC7103524 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is a normal biological process playing essential roles in organ formation and tissue differentiation, repair and regeneration. Through cell fusion somatic cells undergo rapid nuclear reprogramming and epigenetic modifications to form hybrid cells with new genetic and phenotypic properties at a rate exceeding that achievable by random mutations. Factors that stimulate cell fusion are inflammation and hypoxia. Fusion of cancer cells with non-neoplastic cells facilitates several malignancy-related cell phenotypes, e.g., reprogramming of somatic cell into induced pluripotent stem cells and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. There is now considerable in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence that fusion of cancer cells with motile leucocytes such as macrophages plays a major role in cancer metastasis. Of the many changes in cancer cells after hybridizing with leucocytes, it is notable that hybrids acquire resistance to chemo- and radiation therapy. One phenomenon that has been largely overlooked yet plays a role in these processes is polyploidization. Regardless of the mechanism of polyploid cell formation, it happens in response to genotoxic stresses and enhances a cancer cell’s ability to survive. Here we summarize the recent progress in research of cell fusion and with a focus on an important role for polyploid cells in cancer metastasis. In addition, we discuss the clinical evidence and the importance of cell fusion and polyploidization in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shabo
- Endocrine and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE 171 77, Sweden
- Patient Area of Breast Cancer, Sarcoma and Endocrine Tumours, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE 171 76, Sweden
| | - Joar Svanvik
- The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg SE 413 45, Sweden
- Division of Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping SE 581 83, Sweden
| | - Annelie Lindström
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping SE 581 85, Sweden
| | - Tanguy Lechertier
- Novintum Bioscience Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Trabulo
- Novintum Bioscience Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - James Hulit
- Novintum Bioscience Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Sparey
- Novintum Bioscience Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - John Pawelek
- Department of Dermatology and the Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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2
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Fang Y, Guo J, Wu S, Li X, Zhao J, Li Y, Guo S, Mu Y, Kong Q, Liu Z. Cellular reprogramming by single-cell fusion with mouse embryonic stem cells in pig. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3558-3568. [PMID: 31595493 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fusion of differentiated somatic cells with pluripotent stem cells can be used for cellular reprogramming, but the efficiency to obtain hybrid cells is extremely low. Here, we explored a novel cell fusion system, termed single-cell fusion, the efficiency was significantly improved verified by fusion of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), comparing to traditional polyethylene glycol fusion. Then, we employed the optimized system to perform cell fusion of porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) and porcine pluripotent stem cells (pPSCs) with mESCs. The hybrid cells showed both red and green fluorescence and expressed species-specific genes of mouse and pig to evidence that the fusion was successful. The hybrid cells displayed characteristics similar with mESCs, including colony morphology, alkaline phosphatase positive and formation of embryoid body, and the expressions of core pluripotent factors OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 of the pig were induced in the mESC/PEF hybrid cells. The results indicate PEFs and pPSCs could be reprogrammed by mESCs via the single-cell fusion. Taking advantage of the hybrid cells to investigate the signaling pathways depended on the pluripotency of pig, we suggest the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways may play important roles. In summary, the single-cell fusion is highly efficient, and we believe in the future it will be widely used in the application and fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuechun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanshuang Mu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingran Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Hong YJ, Hong K, Byun S, Choi HW, Do JT. Reprogramming of Extraembryonic Trophoblast Stem Cells into Embryonic Pluripotent State by Fusion with Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1350-1359. [PMID: 29993328 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotential reprogramming has been examined using various technologies, including nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and direct reprogramming. Many studies have used differentiated cells for reprogramming experiments, and nearly all type of somatic cells can acquire pluripotency. However, within the embryo, other cells types are present in addition to somatic cells. The blastocyst stage embryo consists of two main types of cells, inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE). TE cells are the first differentiated form of the totipotent zygote and differ from epiblast cells. Thus, we examined whether extraembryonic cells can be reprogrammed using a cell-cell fusion method. Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs), which can be obtained from the TE, are known to acquire pluripotency by transcription factor Oct4 overexpression or somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this study, we demonstrated that TSCs can acquire pluripotent properties by cell fusion with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). TSC-ESC hybrids reactivated Oct4-GFP and displayed self-renewal properties. They expressed the pluripotency markers Oct4 and Nanog, whereas the expression of Cdx2 and Tead4, trophoblast lineage markers, was diminished. Moreover, these cells developed into three germ layers similarly to other pluripotent stem cells. RNA-seq analysis showed that global gene expression patterns of TSC-ESC hybrids are more similar to ESCs than TSCs. Thus, we demonstrated that TSCs successfully complete reprogramming and acquire pluripotency by cell fusion-induced reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Ju Hong
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seki Byun
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- 2 Department of Animal Science, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Lindström A, Midtbö K, Arnesson LG, Garvin S, Shabo I. Fusion between M2-macrophages and cancer cells results in a subpopulation of radioresistant cells with enhanced DNA-repair capacity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51370-51386. [PMID: 28881654 PMCID: PMC5584255 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fusion is a natural biological process in normal development and tissue regeneration. Fusion between cancer cells and macrophages results in hybrids that acquire genetic and phenotypic characteristics from both maternal cells. There is a growing body of in vitro and in vivo data indicating that this process also occurs in solid tumors and may play a significant role in tumor progression. However, investigations of the response of macrophage:cancer cell hybrids to radiotherapy have been lacking. In this study, macrophage:MCF-7 hybrids were generated by spontaneous in vitro cell fusion. After irradiation, both hybrids and their maternal MCF-7 cells were treated with 0 Gy, 2.5 Gy and 5 Gy γ-radiation and examined by clonogenic survival and comet assays at three time points (0 h, 24 h, and 48 h). Compared to maternal MCF-7 cells, the hybrids showed increased survival fraction and plating efficiency (colony formation ability) after radiation. The hybrids developed less DNA-damage, expressed significantly lower residual DNA-damage, and after higher radiation dose showed less heterogeneity in DNA-damage compared to their maternal MCF-7 cells. To our knowledge this is the first study that demonstrates that macrophage:cancer cell fusion generates a subpopulation of radioresistant cells with enhanced DNA-repair capacity. These findings provide new insight into how the cell fusion process may contribute to clonal expansion and tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, our results provide support for cell fusion as a mechanism behind the development of radioresistance and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Lindström
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kristine Midtbö
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lars-Gunnar Arnesson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stina Garvin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ivan Shabo
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden.,Endocrine and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Lee SE, Uhm SJ, Son YJ, Park YG, Kim EY, Park SP. Intermediate Reprogramming of Mouse Skin Fibroblasts into Stem-Like Cells by Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4. Cell Reprogram 2017; 19:107-115. [PMID: 28170287 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific transcription factors are sufficient to reprogram fully induced pluripotent stem cells or other types of cells. These findings raise the question of whether chemical molecules or proteins can replace transcription factors to alter the defined cell fate. In this study, we treated mouse skin fibroblasts (MSFs) with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and examined intermediate reprogramming of MSFs into stem-like cells. Putative epidermal stem cells isolated from the ventral skin epidermis of an adult mouse were used to confirm the reprogramming activity of BMP4, which increased the proliferation of these cells. After these cells formed spheroids, they were treated with BMP4 and cultured for 5 days. Following BMP4 treatment, the characteristics of these cells changed, and they expressed Oct-4 and its target transcripts Nanog, Sox2, and alkaline phosphatase. To confirm the stem cell potency of these cells, we induced their differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Stem-like cell-derived cardiomyocytes exhibited mRNA expression of cardiac mesoderm markers such as Nk2 transcription factor-related locus 5 and connexin 40, and the cardiomyocyte marker troponin T. These differentiated cells exhibited contracting masses. These results suggest that BMP4-mediated somatic stem cell reprogramming may become an alternative approach for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Eun Lee
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea.,2 Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Uhm
- 3 Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Sangji Youngseo College , Wonju, South Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Son
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea.,2 Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea
| | - Yun-Gwi Park
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea.,2 Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea.,2 Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea.,4 Mirae Cell Bio, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Pill Park
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea.,2 Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University , Jeju, Korea.,4 Mirae Cell Bio, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Wang B, Pfeiffer MJ, Drexler HCA, Fuellen G, Boiani M. Proteomic Analysis of Mouse Oocytes Identifies PRMT7 as a Reprogramming Factor that Replaces SOX2 in the Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2407-21. [PMID: 27225728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reprogramming process that leads to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may benefit from adding oocyte factors to Yamanaka's reprogramming cocktail (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, with or without MYC; OSK(M)). We previously searched for such facilitators of reprogramming (the reprogrammome) by applying label-free LC-MS/MS analysis to mouse oocytes, producing a catalog of 28 candidates that are (i) able to robustly access the cell nucleus and (ii) shared between mature mouse oocytes and pluripotent embryonic stem cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that our 28 reprogrammome candidates would also be (iii) abundant in mature oocytes, (iv) depleted after the oocyte-to-embryo transition, and (v) able to potentiate or replace the OSKM factors. Using LC-MS/MS and isotopic labeling methods, we found that the abundance profiles of the 28 proteins were below those of known oocyte-specific and housekeeping proteins. Of the 28 proteins, only arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) changed substantially during mouse embryogenesis and promoted the conversion of mouse fibroblasts into iPSCs. Specifically, PRMT7 replaced SOX2 in a factor-substitution assay, yielding iPSCs. These findings exemplify how proteomics can be used to prioritize the functional analysis of reprogrammome candidates. The LC-MS/MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Martin J Pfeiffer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes C A Drexler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michele Boiani
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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7
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Kim JS, Choi HW, Choi S, Do JT. Reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 4:1-8. [PMID: 24298328 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells, can differentiate into all cell types. So, these cells can be a biological resource for regenerative medicine. However, ES cells known as standard pluripotent cells have problem to be used for cell therapy because of ethical issue of the origin and immune response on the graft. Hence, recently reprogrammed pluripotent cells have been suggested as an alternative source for regenerative medicine. Somatic cells can acquire the ES cell-like pluripotency by transferring somatic cell nuclei into oocytes, by cell fusion with pluripotent cells. Retroviral-mediated introduction of four factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc can successfully reprogram somatic cells into ES cell-like pluripotent stem cells, known as induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These cells closely resemble ES cells in gene expression pattern, cell biologic and phenotypic characteristics. However, to reach the eventual goal of clinical application, it is necessary to overcome the major drawbacks such as low reprogramming efficiency and genomic alterations due to viral integration. In this review, we discuss the current reprogramming techniques and mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming induced by transcription factor transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soo Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Nowak-Imialek M, Niemann H. Pluripotent cells in farm animals: state of the art and future perspectives. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:103-28. [PMID: 23244833 DOI: 10.1071/rd12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells, embryonic germ cells and embryonic carcinoma cells are a unique type of cell because they remain undifferentiated indefinitely in in vitro culture, show self-renewal and possess the ability to differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers. These capabilities make them a unique in vitro model for studying development, differentiation and for targeted modification of the genome. True pluripotent ESCs have only been described in the laboratory mouse and rat. However, rodent physiology and anatomy differ substantially from that of humans, detracting from the value of the rodent model for studies of human diseases and the development of cellular therapies in regenerative medicine. Recently, progress in the isolation of pluripotent cells in farm animals has been made and new technologies for reprogramming of somatic cells into a pluripotent state have been developed. Prior to clinical application of therapeutic cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells in human patients, their survival and the absence of tumourigenic potential must be assessed in suitable preclinical large animal models. The establishment of pluripotent cell lines in farm animals may provide new opportunities for the production of transgenic animals, would facilitate development and validation of large animal models for evaluating ESC-based therapies and would thus contribute to the improvement of human and animal health. This review summarises the recent progress in the derivation of pluripotent and reprogrammed cells from farm animals. We refer to our recent review on this area, to which this article is complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loefller-Institut (FLI), Biotechnology, Höltystrasse 10, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
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9
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Plews JR, Gu M, Longaker MT, Wu JC. Large animal induced pluripotent stem cells as pre-clinical models for studying human disease. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1196-202. [PMID: 22212700 PMCID: PMC3340484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of human embryonic stem cells and subsequently human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has energized regenerative medicine research and enabled seemingly limitless applications. Although small animal models, such as mouse models, have played an important role in the progression of the field, typically, they are poor representations of the human disease phenotype. As an alternative, large animal models should be explored as a potentially better approach for clinical translation of cellular therapies. However, only fragmented information regarding the derivation, characterization and clinical usefulness of pluripotent large animal cells is currently available. Here, we briefly review the latest advances regarding the derivation and use of large animal iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Plews
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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10
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Ooi J, Liu P. Delineating nuclear reprogramming. Protein Cell 2012; 3:329-45. [PMID: 22467264 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming is described as a molecular switch, triggered by the conversion of one cell type to another. Several key experiments in the past century have provided insight into the field of nuclear reprogramming. Previously deemed impossible, this research area is now brimming with new findings and developments. In this review, we aim to give a historical perspective on how the notion of nuclear reprogramming was established, describing main experiments that were performed, including (1) somatic cell nuclear transfer, (2) exposure to cell extracts and cell fusion, and (3) transcription factor induced lineage switch. Ultimately, we focus on (4) transcription factor induced pluripotency, as initiated by a landmark discovery in 2006, where the process of converting somatic cells to a pluripotent state was narrowed down to four transcription factors. The conception that somatic cells possess the capacity to revert to an immature status brings about huge clinical implications including personalized therapy, drug screening and disease modeling. Although this technology has potential to revolutionize the medical field, it is still impeded by technical and biological obstacles. This review describes the effervescent changes in this field, addresses bottlenecks hindering its advancement and in conclusion, applies the latest findings to overcome these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Ooi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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Serov OL, Matveeva NM, Khabarova AA. Reprogramming mediated by cell fusion technology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 291:155-90. [PMID: 22017976 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386035-4.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on recent advances in fusion-based reprogramming of cells of different pluripotent statuses or lineage origins. Recent findings are discussed from standpoints of both the developmental potency of hybrid cells generated by fusion of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, and somatic cells and epigenetic mechanisms and other aspects involved in the reprogramming process. Complete reprogramming occurs at least 5-7 days after fusion and includes at least two steps. (i) initiation at the heterokaryon stage and choice of the direction of reprogramming using an "all-or-none principle" to establish the dominance of one parental genome and (ii) "fixation" of the newly acquired expression profile by epigenetic mechanisms. The first step is realized without cell division, whereas the second requires cell proliferation. Reprogramming in hybrid cells is rapid and complete. Thus, cell fusion is a powerful tool for reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg L Serov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Russia, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
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12
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Abstract
Reprogramming of adult somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells may provide an attractive source of stem cells for regenerative medicine. It has emerged as an invaluable method for generating patient-specific stem cells of any cell lineage without the use of embryonic stem cells. A revolutionary study in 2006 showed that it is possible to convert adult somatic cells directly into pluripotent stem cells by using a limited number of pluripotent transcription factors and is called as iPS cells. Currently, both genomic integrating viral and nonintegrating nonviral methods are used to generate iPS cells. However, the viral-based technology poses increased risk of safety, and more studies are now focused on nonviral-based technology to obtain autologous stem cells for clinical therapy. In this review, the pros and cons of the present iPS cell technology and the future direction for the successful translation of this technology into the clinic are discussed.
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13
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Nowak-Imialek M, Kues W, Carnwath JW, Niemann H. Pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed cells in farm animals. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:474-497. [PMID: 21682936 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells are unique because of their ability to differentiate into the cell lineages forming the entire organism. True pluripotent stem cells with germ line contribution have been reported for mice and rats. Human pluripotent cells share numerous features of pluripotentiality, but confirmation of their in vivo capacity for germ line contribution is impossible due to ethical and legal restrictions. Progress toward derivation of embryonic stem cells from domestic species has been made, but the derived cells were not able to produce germ line chimeras and thus are termed embryonic stem-like cells. However, domestic animals, in particular the domestic pig (Sus scrofa), are excellent large animals models, in which the clinical potential of stem cell therapies can be studied. Reprogramming technologies for somatic cells, including somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, in vitro culture in the presence of cell extracts, in vitro conversion of adult unipotent spermatogonial stem cells into germ line derived pluripotent stem cells, and transduction with reprogramming factors have been developed with the goal of obtaining pluripotent, germ line competent stem cells from domestic animals. This review summarizes the present state of the art in the derivation and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (FLI), Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
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14
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Hezroni H, Tzchori I, Davidi A, Mattout A, Biran A, Nissim-Rafinia M, Westphal H, Meshorer E. H3K9 histone acetylation predicts pluripotency and reprogramming capacity of ES cells. Nucleus 2011; 2:300-9. [PMID: 21941115 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.2.4.16767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotent genome is characterized by unique epigenetic features and a decondensed chromatin conformation. However, the relationship between epigenetic regulation and pluripotency is not altogether clear. Here, using an enhanced MEF/ESC fusion protocol, we compared the reprogramming potency and histone modifications of different embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines (R1, J1, E14, C57BL/6) and found that E14 ESCs are significantly less potent, with significantly reduced H3K9ac levels. Treatment of E14 ESCs with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) increased H3K9ac levels and restored their reprogramming capacity. Microarray and H3K9ac ChIP-seq analyses, suggested increased extracellular matrix (ECM) activity following HDACi treatment in E14 ESCs. These data suggest that H3K9ac may predict pluripotency and that increasing pluripotency by HDAC inhibition acts through H3K9ac to enhance the activity of target genes involved in ECM production to support pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Hezroni
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra campus, Jerusalem, Israel
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15
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Noisa P, Parnpai R. Technical challenges in the derivation of human pluripotent cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:907961. [PMID: 21776284 PMCID: PMC3138062 DOI: 10.4061/2011/907961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been discovered that human pluripotent cells could be isolated from the blastocyst state of embryos and called human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). These cells can be adapted and propagated indefinitely in culture in an undifferentiated manner as well as differentiated into cell representing the three major germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. However, the derivation of human pluripotent cells from donated embryos is limited and restricted by ethical concerns. Therefore, various approaches have been explored and proved their success. Human pluripotent cells can also be derived experimentally by the nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells. These techniques include somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), cell fusion and overexpression of pluripotent genes. In this paper, we discuss the technical challenges of these approaches for nuclear reprogramming, involving their advantages and limitations. We will also highlight the possible applications of these techniques in the study of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinya Noisa
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Do JT, Choi HW, Choi Y, Schöler HR. Pluripotent Hybrid Cells Contribute to Extraembryonic as well as Embryonic Tissues. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1063-9. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Tae Do
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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Sanges D, Lluis F, Cosma MP. Cell-fusion-mediated reprogramming: pluripotency or transdifferentiation? Implications for regenerative medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 713:137-59. [PMID: 21432018 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0763-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is a natural process that occurs not only during development, but as has emerged over the last few years, also with an important role in tissue regeneration. Interestingly, in-vitro studies have revealed that after fusion of two different cell types, the developmental potential of these cells can change. This suggests that the mechanisms by which cells differentiate during development to acquire their identities is not irreversible, as was considered until a few years ago. To date, it is well established that the fate of a cell can be changed by a process known as reprogramming. This mainly occurs in two different ways: the differentiated state of a cell can be reversed back into a pluripotent state (pluripotent reprogramming), or it can be switched directly to a different differentiated state (lineage reprogramming). In both cases, these possibilities of obtaining sources of autologous somatic cells to maintain, replace or rescue different tissues has provided new and fundamental insights in the stem-cell-therapy field. Most interestingly, the concept that cell reprogramming can also occur in vivo by spontaneous cell fusion events is also emerging, which suggests that this mechanism can be implicated not only in cellular plasticity, but also in tissue regeneration. In this chapter, we will summarize the present knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that mediate the restoration of pluripotency in vitro through cell fusion, as well as the studies carried out over the last 3 decades on lineage reprogramming, both in vitro and in vivo. How the outcome of these studies relate to regenerative medicine applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sanges
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Patel M, Yang S. Advances in reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:367-80. [PMID: 20336395 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, nuclear reprogramming of cells has been performed by transferring somatic cell nuclei into oocytes, by combining somatic and pluripotent cells together through cell fusion and through genetic integration of factors through somatic cell chromatin. All of these techniques changes gene expression which further leads to a change in cell fate. Here we discuss recent advances in generating induced pluripotent stem cells, different reprogramming methods and clinical applications of iPS cells. Viral vectors have been used to transfer transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, c-myc, Klf4, and nanog) to induce reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts, neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells, keratinocytes, B lymphocytes and meningeal membrane cells towards pluripotency. Human fibroblasts, neural cells, blood and keratinocytes have also been reprogrammed towards pluripotency. In this review we have discussed the use of viral vectors for reprogramming both animal and human stem cells. Currently, many studies are also involved in finding alternatives to using viral vectors carrying transcription factors for reprogramming cells. These include using plasmid transfection, piggyback transposon system and piggyback transposon system combined with a non viral vector system. Applications of these techniques have been discussed in detail including its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, current clinical applications of induced pluripotent stem cells and its limitations have also been reviewed. Thus, this review is a summary of current research advances in reprogramming cells into induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Patel
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 36 Foster Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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19
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Cervelló I, Gil-Sanchis C, Mas A, Delgado-Rosas F, Martínez-Conejero JA, Galán A, Martínez-Romero A, Martínez S, Navarro I, Ferro J, Horcajadas JA, Esteban FJ, O'Connor JE, Pellicer A, Simón C. Human endometrial side population cells exhibit genotypic, phenotypic and functional features of somatic stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10964. [PMID: 20585575 PMCID: PMC2891991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During reproductive life, the human endometrium undergoes around 480 cycles of growth, breakdown and regeneration should pregnancy not be achieved. This outstanding regenerative capacity is the basis for women's cycling and its dysfunction may be involved in the etiology of pathological disorders. Therefore, the human endometrial tissue must rely on a remarkable endometrial somatic stem cells (SSC) population. Here we explore the hypothesis that human endometrial side population (SP) cells correspond to somatic stem cells. We isolated, identified and characterized the SP corresponding to the stromal and epithelial compartments using endometrial SP genes signature, immunophenotyping and characteristic telomerase pattern. We analyzed the clonogenic activity of SP cells under hypoxic conditions and the differentiation capacity in vitro to adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. Finally, we demonstrated the functional capability of endometrial SP to develop human endometrium after subcutaneous injection in NOD-SCID mice. Briefly, SP cells of human endometrium from epithelial and stromal compartments display genotypic, phenotypic and functional features of SSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cervelló
- Fundación IVI-Instituto Universitario IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Valencia Stem Cell Bank, CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudia Gil-Sanchis
- Fundación IVI-Instituto Universitario IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Valencia Stem Cell Bank, CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aymara Mas
- Fundación IVI-Instituto Universitario IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Valencia Stem Cell Bank, CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Martínez
- Fundación IVI-Instituto Universitario IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ismael Navarro
- Fundación IVI-Instituto Universitario IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Ferro
- Fundación IVI-Instituto Universitario IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Horcajadas
- Fundación IVI-Instituto Universitario IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- iGenomix, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco José Esteban
- Department of Experimental Biology, Systems Biology Unit, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Pellicer
- Fundación IVI-Instituto Universitario IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario “La Fe”, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Simón
- Fundación IVI-Instituto Universitario IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Valencia Stem Cell Bank, CIPF, Valencia, Spain
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Lluis F, Cosma MP. Cell-fusion-mediated somatic-cell reprogramming: a mechanism for tissue regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:6-13. [PMID: 20049847 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous cell fusion between two cells of different lineages will originate new hybrid cells that have different features from the original parent cells. It has been shown that injury to a tissue can enhance spontaneous cell-cell fusion events. If one of the parent cells of a cell-cell fusion is highly plastic, such as a stem cell, and the other is a somatic cell, their fusion can be followed by reprogramming events that can generate new hybrid pluripotent cells. These, in turn, have the potential to differentiate and regenerate the damaged tissue. However, if this process is deregulated, this would provide a mechanism for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lluis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
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21
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Sumer H, Jones KL, Liu J, Heffernan C, Tat PA, Upton KR, Verma PJ. Reprogramming of Somatic Cells After Fusion With Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:239-46. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Sumer
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen L. Jones
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Liu
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Corey Heffernan
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pollyanna A. Tat
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyle R. Upton
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J. Verma
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Nowak-Imialek M, Kues WA, Rudolph C, Schlegelberger B, Taylor U, Carnwath JW, Niemann H. Preferential Loss of Porcine Chromosomes in Reprogrammed Interspecies Cell Hybrids. Cell Reprogram 2010; 12:55-65. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2009.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Cornelia Rudolph
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Taylor
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Joseph W. Carnwath
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
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23
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Gene expression profiling of the developing mouse kidney and embryo. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 46:155-65. [PMID: 19998061 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Cell fusion has been used for many different purposes, including generation of hybridomas and reprogramming of somatic cells. The fusion step represents the key event in initiation of these procedures. Standard fusion techniques, however, provide poor and random cell contact, leading to low yields. We present here a microfluidic device to trap and properly pair thousands of cells. Using this device we were able to pair different cell types, including fibroblasts, mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), and myeloma cells, achieving pairing efficiencies up to 70%. The device is compatible with both chemical and electrical fusion protocols. We observed that electrical fusion was more efficient than chemical fusion, with membrane reorganization efficiencies of up to 89%. We achieved greater than 50% properly paired and fused cells over the entire device, 5× greater than a commercial electrofusion chamber, and were able to observe reprogramming in hybrids between mESCs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
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25
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Pereira CF, Terranova R, Ryan NK, Santos J, Morris KJ, Cui W, Merkenschlager M, Fisher AG. Heterokaryon-based reprogramming of human B lymphocytes for pluripotency requires Oct4 but not Sox2. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000170. [PMID: 18773085 PMCID: PMC2527997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed through the formation of heterokaryons and hybrid cells when fused with embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here, we provide evidence that conversion of human B-lymphocytes towards a multipotent state is initiated much more rapidly than previously thought, occurring in transient heterokaryons before nuclear fusion and cell division. Interestingly, reprogramming of human lymphocytes by mouse ES cells elicits the expression of a human ES-specific gene profile, in which markers of human ES cells are expressed (hSSEA4, hFGF receptors and ligands), but markers that are specific to mouse ES cells are not (e.g., Bmp4 and LIF receptor). Using genetically engineered mouse ES cells, we demonstrate that successful reprogramming of human lymphocytes is independent of Sox2, a factor thought to be required for induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. In contrast, there is a distinct requirement for Oct4 in the establishment but not the maintenance of the reprogrammed state. Experimental heterokaryons, therefore, offer a powerful approach to trace the contribution of individual factors to the reprogramming of human somatic cells towards a multipotent state. One of the most pressing objectives of medical research today is the development of approaches to restore the function of tissues damaged by accident or disease. An important goal for this work is the isolation of stem cell populations to replace missing or nonfunctioning cells. Because problems of immune rejection are likely to occur unless the recipient and donor stem cells are very closely matched, a desirable strategy is to convert differentiated cells (such as white blood cells) from patients into immature tailored stem cell populations. Here, we have experimentally fused human white blood cells and mouse embryonic stem cells and shown that this reprograms them to become stem-like. This kind of “differentiation reversal” is shown to be rapid and stable. It requires the stem cell–specific factor Oct4, but does not require Sox2. This approach allows the identification of factors that are required to reprogram human blood cells with the long-term perspective to eventually generate patient-specific stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F. Pereira
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rémi Terranova
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie K. Ryan
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Santos
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly J. Morris
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Cui
- Stem Cell Initiative, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Merkenschlager
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda G. Fisher
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Filyasova EI, Zatsepina OV, Khodarovich YM, Larionov OA. Growth and differentiation of cell hybrids obtained by fusing mouse PCC4aza1 teratocarcinoma cells and mouse spleen cells under different in vitro culture conditions. Russ J Dev Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360408030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bru T, Clarke C, McGrew MJ, Sang HM, Wilmut I, Blow JJ. Rapid induction of pluripotency genes after exposure of human somatic cells to mouse ES cell extracts. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2634-42. [PMID: 18571647 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression of 4 pluripotency genes (Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts can reprogramme them to a pluripotent state. We have investigated the expression of these pluripotency genes when human somatic 293T cells are permeabilized and incubated in extracts of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Expression of all 4 genes was induced over 1-8 h. Gene expression was associated with loss of repressive histone H3 modifications and increased recruitment of RNA polymerase II at the promoters. Lamin A/C, which is typically found only in differentiated cells, was also removed from the nuclei. When 293T cells were returned to culture after exposure to ES cell extract, the expression of the pluripotency genes continued to rise over the following 48 h of culture, suggesting that long-term reprogramming of gene expression had been induced. This provides a methodology for studying the de-differentiation of somatic cells that can potentially lead to an efficient way of reprogramming somatic cells to a pluripotent state without genetically altering them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Bru
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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28
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Stolzing A, Hescheler J, Sethe S. Fusion and Regenerative Therapies: Is Immortality Really Recessive? Rejuvenation Res 2007; 10:571-86. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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29
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Collas P, Taranger CK. Epigenetic reprogramming of nuclei using cell extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2:309-17. [PMID: 17848718 DOI: 10.1007/bf02698058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts from undifferentiated cells can reprogram gene expression and promote pluripotency in otherwise more developmentally restricted cell types. Notably, extracts of embryonal carcinoma cells or embryonic stem cells have been shown to elicit a shift in the transcriptional program of target cells to upregulate embryonic stem cell genes, downregulate somatic cell-specific markers, and epigenetically modify histones. Reprogrammed kidney epithelial cells acquire a potential for differentiation toward ectodermal and mesodermal lineages. Cell extract-mediated nuclear reprogramming may constitute an attractive alternative to reprogramming somatic cells by cell fusion or nuclear transfer. This review highlights recent observations leading to the concept that extracts derived from pluripotent cells contain regulatory components capable of reprogramming somatic nuclear function. Limitations of current extract-based reprogramming approaches are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Collas
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway.
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30
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Grinnell KL, Bickenbach JR. Skin keratinocytes pre-treated with embryonic stem cell-conditioned medium or BMP4 can be directed to an alternative cell lineage. Cell Prolif 2007; 40:685-705. [PMID: 17877610 PMCID: PMC6496164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we have investigated whether secreted factors from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could reprogramme keratinocytes and increase their potential to be directed into alternative cell lineages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Contact and non-contact co-cultures of skin keratinocytes and murine ESCs were used initially to confirm any reprogramming ability of ESC-conditioned medium (CM). Immunofluoresence was used to assess nuclear expression of octamer-4 (Oct-4), as well as to confirm neuronal protein expression in neuroectodermally directed keratinocytes. Transcript expression changes were evaluated using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting, accompanied by densitometry analysis, was used to evaluate protein expression following morphology changes. RESULTS We found that keratinocytes treated with ESC-CM changed their morphology and were stimulated to express the pluripotency regulator, Oct-4, and its target transcripts, Sox-2, Nanog, Utf1 and Rex-1. We demonstrate that at least one of the reprogramming factors is bone morphogenetic factor-4 (BMP4). Pre-treated keratinocytes could be specifically directed to differentiate into cells of the neuronal lineage. The majority of responsive keratinocytes were the epidermal stem cell population, with a small percentage of transit-amplifying cells also being affected. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ESC-CM contains a number of factors, including BMP4, which are capable of reprogramming mouse skin keratinocytes to make them more developmentally potent, as evidenced by their ability to be re-differentiated into cells of the neuronal lineage. Our findings also imply a continuum of differentiation within the basal keratinocyte population. An increase in developmental potential combined with directed differentiation could increase the therapeutic relevancy of somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Grinnell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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31
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Abstract
The restoration of functional myocardium following heart failure still remains a formidable challenge among researchers. Irreversible damage caused by myocardial infarction is followed by left ventricular remodeling. The current pharmacologic and interventional strategies fail to regenerate dead myocardium and are usually insufficient to meet the challenge caused by necrotic cardiac myocytes. There is growing evidence, suggesting that the heart has the ability to regenerate through the activation of resident cardiac stem cells or through the recruitment of a stem cell population from other tissues such as bone marrow. These new findings belie the earlier conception about the poor regenerating ability of myocardial tissue. Stem cell therapy is a promising new approach for myocardial repair. However, it has been limited by the paucity of cell sources for functional human cardiomyocytes. Moreover, cells isolated from different sources exhibit idiosyncratic characteristics including modes of isolation, ease of expansion in culture, proliferative ability, characteristic markers, etc., which are the basis for several technical manipulations to achieve successful engraftment. Clinical trials show some evidence for the successful integration of stem cells of extracardiac origin in adult human heart with an improved functional outcome. This may be attributed to the discrepancies in the methods of detection, study subject selection (early or late post transplantation), presence of inflammation, and false identification of infiltrating leukocytes. This review discusses these issues in a comprehensive manner so that their physiological significance in animal as well as in human studies can be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, POB-173, Lucknow-226001, India
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32
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Islam MQ, Islam K, Sharp CA. Epigenetic reprogramming of nonreplicating somatic cells for long-term proliferation by temporary cell-cell contact. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:253-68. [PMID: 17521237 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are potential sources of tissue regeneration; however, transplanted ES cells produce tumors in the host tissues. In addition, transplantation between genetically unrelated individuals often results in graft rejection. Although the development of patient specific stem cell lines by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) represents a means of overcoming the problem of rejection, its human application has ethical dilemmas. Adult stem (AS) cells can also differentiate into specialized cells and may provide an alternative source of cells for human applications. In common with other somatic cells, AS cells have limited capacity for proliferation and cannot be produced in large quantities without genetic manipulation. We demonstrate here that nonreplicating mammalian cells can be reprogrammed for long-term proliferation by temporary cell-cell contact through coculture of AS cells with the GM05267-derived F7 mouse cell line. Subsequent elimination of F7 cells from the co-culture allows proliferation of previously nonreplicating cells, colonies of which can be isolated to produce cell lines. We also demonstrate that the epigenetically reprogrammed AS cells, without the physical transfer of either nuclear or cytoplasmic material from other cells, are capable of long-term proliferation and able to relay signals to other nonreplicating cells to reinitiate proliferation with no addition of recombinant factors. The reported cell amplification procedure is methodologically simple and can be easily reproduced. This procedure allows the production of an unlimited number of cells from a limited number of AS cells, making them an ideal source of cells for applications involving autologous cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Islam
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Laboratory Medicine Center (LMC), University Hospital Linköping, 58216 Linköping, Sweden.
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Do JT, Han DW, Gentile L, Sobek-Klocke I, Stehling M, Lee HT, Schöler HR. Erasure of Cellular Memory by Fusion with Pluripotent Cells. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1013-20. [PMID: 17218392 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells have been suggested as a prime source to reprogram somatic cells. We used F9 EC cells as a pluripotent partner to reprogram neurosphere cells (NSCs) because they exhibit a nonneural differentiation potential in the presence of retinoic acid. F9-NSC hybrid cells displayed various features of reprogramming, such as reactivation of pluripotency genes, inactivation of tissue-specific genes, and reactivation of the inactive X chromosome. As the hybrid cells undergo differentiation, the pluripotency markers Oct4 and Nanog were downregulated. Whereas neural marker genes were not upregulated, endodermal and mesodermal markers were, suggesting that NSCs lose memory of their neural origin and preferentially differentiate to the lineages corresponding to the F9 program. After fusion, the methylation status in the Xist region was similar to that of F9 EC cells. However, upon differentiation, the Xist region failed to resume the methylation patterns of differentiated cells, suggesting that the Xist in F9-NSC hybrids does not easily acquire a differentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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Islam MQ, Panduri V, Islam K. Generation of somatic cell hybrids for the production of biologically active factors that stimulate proliferation of other cells. Cell Prolif 2007; 40:91-105. [PMID: 17227298 PMCID: PMC6496579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some normal somatic cells in culture divide a limited number of times before entering a non-dividing state called replicative senescence and fusion of normal cells with immortal cells claimed to produce hybrid cells of limited proliferation. We reinvestigated the proliferative capacity of hybrid cells between normal cell and immortal cell. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal pig fibroblast cells and cells of immortal mouse fibroblast cell line F7, a derivative of GM05267, were fused by polyethylene glycol treatment and subsequently the fused cells were cultured in a selective medium containing hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine in order to enrich the hybrid cells. The hybrid cells were then monitored for chromosome content and proliferation. RESULTS Cytogenetic analysis revealed that the hybrid cells contained polyploidy chromosomes derived from normal pig fibroblasts. These hybrid cells exhibit no sign of replicative senescence after more than 190 population doublings in vitro. Instead, these hybrid cells have an accelerated growth and proliferate even in the complete absence of glutamine. In addition, these hybrids produce biologically active factors in the conditioned media, which not only can accelerate their own proliferation but also can reinitiate mitotic activity in the senescent-like normal fibroblast cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results question the validity of cellular senescence as a dominant trait. Additionally, the generation of hybrid cells using the specific mouse cell line can be applied to the generation of hybrids with other normal cell types and can be used to produce tissue-specific growth-factor(s) to extend the lifespan and/or improve the proliferation of various normal cells, including adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Islam
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Laboratory Medicine Center (LMC), University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden.
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35
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Collas P, Taranger CK. Toward reprogramming cells to pluripotency. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2007:47-67. [PMID: 16903416 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31437-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of turning one somatic cell type into another may in the long run have beneficial applications in regenerative medicine. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning) may offer this possibility; however, ethical guidelines prevent application of this technology in many in countries. As a result, alternative approaches are being developed for altering cell fate. This communication discusses recent non-nuclear transfer-based in vitro approaches for reprogramming cells and enhancing their potential for differentiation toward various lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Collas
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Norway.
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36
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Abstract
Reprogramming of a differentiated cell into a cell capable of giving rise to many different cell types, a pluripotent cell, which in turn could repopulate or repair sick or damaged tissue, would present beneficial applications in regenerative medicine. Somatic cell nuclear transfer may offer this possibility, but technical hurdles and ethical frameworks currently prevent application of this technology in several countries. As a result, alternative strategies to reprogramming cell fate are being developed. This review briefly addresses somatic cell nuclear transfer and focuses on recent non-nuclear transfer-based approaches for reprogramming somatic cells and enhancing their differentiation potential. These include the fusion of somatic cells with embryonic stem cells, the treatment of somatic cells with extract of pluripotent cells and the retroviral transduction of somatic cells to overexpress pluripotency genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Collas
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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37
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Pralong D, Trounson AO, Verma PJ. Cell fusion for reprogramming pluripotency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:331-40. [PMID: 17848720 DOI: 10.1007/bf02698060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) technology should enable the generation of specific cell types for the study and treatment of human diseases. Therapeutic cloning provides a way to generate ESCs genetically matched to diseased individuals through nuclear reprogramming of the somatic genome. However, practical and ethical limitations associated with therapeutic cloning are calling for the development of oocyte- and-embryo-free alternatives for obtaining of autologous pluripotent cells for transplantation therapy. An alternative approach to reprogram the somatic genome involves fusion between somatic and pluripotent cells. Potential fusion partners with reprogramming activities include embryonal carcinoma cells, embryonic germ cells, and ESCs. Experimental evidence is now available, which demonstrates that mouse and human somatic cells can be reprogrammed by fusion to form pluripotent hybrid cells. Recent progress infusion-based reprogramming is reviewed with reference to the developmental potency of hybrid cells as well as genetic and epigenetic correlates of reprogramming. However, hybrid cells lack therapeutic potential because of their abnormal ploidy and the presence of nonautologous genes from the pluripotent parent. We discuss the potential of fusion-based reprogramming for the generation of diploid, autologous pluripotent cells using two alternative routes: the enucleation of ESCs and the fusion of such cytoplasts to somatic cell karyoplasts or intact somatic cells, and the selective elimination of the pluripotent genome following fusion to the somatic partner. Finally, these approaches are discussed in the light of recent progress showing that overexpression of embryonic transcription factors can restore a state of pluripotency to somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Pralong
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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38
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Do JT, Han DW, Schöler HR. Reprogramming somatic gene activity by fusion with pluripotent cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:257-64. [PMID: 17848712 DOI: 10.1007/bf02698052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fertilized eggs and early blastomeres, that have the potential to develop to fetuses when placed into a uterus, are totipotent. Those cells in the embryo, that can give rise to all cell types of an organism, but not to an organism itself, are pluripotent. Embryonic stem (ES), embryonic carcinoma (EC), and embryonic germ (EG) cells are powerful in vitro artifacts derived from different embryonic stages and are pluripotent. Totipotent and pluripotent cells have the potential to greatly benefit biological research and medicine. One powerful feature is that the genetic program of somatic cells can be converted into that of totipotent or pluripotent cells, as shown by nuclear transfer or cell fusion experiments. During reprogramming by cell fusion various features of pluripotent cells are acquired. These include the typical morphology of the respective pluripotent fusion partner, a specific epigenetic state, a specific gene profile, inactivation of tissue-specific genes expressed in the somatic fusion partner, and the developmental as well as differentiation potential of pluripotent cells. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the reprogramming process mediated by cell fusion and the potential use of fusion-induced reprogramming for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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39
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Tecirlioglu RT, Guo J, Trounson AO. Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer and preliminary data for horse-cow/mouse iSCNT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:277-87. [PMID: 17848714 DOI: 10.1007/bf02698054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear transfer (NT) experiments in mammals have demonstrated that adult cells are genetically equivalent to early embryonic cells and the reversal of the differentiated state of a cell to another that has characteristics of the undifferentiated embryonic state can be defined as nuclear reprogramming. The feasibility of interspecies somatic cell NT (iSCNT) has been demonstrated by blastocyst formation and the production of offspring in a number of studies. Embryo and oocyte availability is a major limiting factor in conducting NT to obtain, blastocysts for both reproductive NT studies in genetically endangered animals and in embryonic stem cell derivation for species such as the horse and human. One approach to generate new embryonic stem cells in human as disease models, or in species where embryos and oocytes are not widely available, is to use oocytes from another species. Utilization of oocytes for recipient cytoplasts from other species that are accessible and abundant, such as the cow and rabbit, would greatly benefit ongoing research on reprogramming and stem cell sciences. The use of iSCNT is an exciting possibility for species with limited availability of oocytes as well as for endangered or exotic species where assisted reproduction is needed. However, the mechanisms involved in nuclear reprogramming by the oocyte are still unknown and the extent of the "universality" of ooplasmic reprogramming of development remains under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tayfur Tecirlioglu
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Science Technology Research and Innovation Precinct (STRIP), Building 75, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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40
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Sullivan S, Eggan K. The potential of cell fusion for human therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:341-9. [PMID: 17848721 DOI: 10.1007/bf02698061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As donor organs and tissues for transplantation medicine are scarce, alternative methods for replacing damaged cells or restoring organ function are highly needed. Here, we consider the therapeutic potential of cell fusion. After highlighting the various contexts in which cells are known to fuse during mammalian development, we discuss the implications of the observation that cell fusion can occur with restorative effects following tissue damage or cell transplantation. There are still, however, many challenges facing those who wish to implement cell fusion as a therapeutic tool. These include identifying the best cells to use for reparative fusion, determining the best route of introducing these cells into the desired tissue, discovering methods to increase the incidence of cell fusion, and ensuring the functionality of the resulting fusion products. If these difficulties can be overcome, cell fusion might have therapeutic potential as highlighted by several recent transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sullivan
- Stowers Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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41
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Sullivan S, Pells S, Hooper M, Gallagher E, McWhir J. Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells by embryonic stem cells is affected by cell cycle stage. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2006; 8:174-88. [PMID: 17009894 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2006.8.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid embryonic stem (ES)-like clones were generated by fusion of murine ES cells with somatic cells that carried a neo resistance gene under the transcriptional control of the Oct-4 promoter. The Oct-4 promoter was reactivated in hybrid ES cells formed by fusion with fetal fibroblasts, and all hybrid colonies were of ES rather than fibroblast phenotype, suggesting efficient reprogramming of fibroblast chromosomes. Like normal diploid murine ES cells, hybrid lines expressed alkaline phosphatase activity and formed differentiated cells derived from the three embryonic germ layers both in vitro and in vivo. Treatments thought to affect nuclear transfer efficiency (ES cell confluence and serum starvation of primary embryonic fibroblasts) were investigated to determine whether they had an effect on reprogramming in cell hybrids. Serum starvation of primary embryonic fibroblasts increased hybrid colony number 50-fold. ES cells were most effective at reprogramming when they contained a high proportion of cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. These data suggest that nuclear reprogramming requires an initial round of somatic DNA replication of quiescent chromatin in the presence of ES-derived factors produced during S and G2/M phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sullivan
- Division of Gene Function and Development, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Midlothian, United Kingdom
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42
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Do JT, Schöler HR. Cell-cell fusion as a means to establish pluripotency. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2006:35-45. [PMID: 16903415 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31437-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), embryonic germ cells (EGCs), and embryonic carcinoma cells (ECCs) are three types of pluripotent cells derived from mammalian embryos. The three cell types are capable not only of self-renewal, but also of having the potential to give rise to cells of all tissue types in the fetal and adult body. In several reports, ESCs, ECCs, and EGCs have been described to reprogram somatic cells in vitro. After reprogramming caused by fusion, somatic cells exhibit various features of pluripotent cells: expression of pluripotency markers (e.g., Oct4, nanog, and Rex-1), absence of tissue-specific gene expression, reactivation of inactive X chromosome of female somatic cells, demethylation, as well as histone modification. An activity in pluripotent stem cells appears to be capable of inducing the global changes inherent in the reprogramming of somatic cells. Investigations involving pluripotent stem cells will yield substantial insight into various fundamental biological processes, such as cellular differentiation and de-differentiation. Most importantly for the public, however, is that such studies might lead into cell-based therapies and as such have the potential to change regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Do
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, Germany.
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43
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Collas P, Taranger CK, Boquest AC, Noer A, Dahl JA. On the way to reprogramming cells to pluripotency using cell-free extracts. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 12:762-70. [PMID: 16792855 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The functional reprogramming of a differentiated cell to pluripotency may present beneficial applications in regenerative medicine. Somatic cell nuclear transfer may offer this possibility, but technical hurdles and ethical guidelines currently prevent application of this technology in several countries. As a result, alternative approaches are being developed for altering cell fate. Recent non-nuclear transfer-based approaches for reprogramming somatic cells are discussed as well as ways to enhance their differentiation potential. These approaches include the fusion of differentiated cells with embryonic stem cells and the use of extract from pluripotent cells to reprogramme differentiated cells into multipotent or pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Collas
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1112 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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44
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Grinnell KL, Yang B, Eckert RL, Bickenbach JR. De-differentiation of mouse interfollicular keratinocytes by the embryonic transcription factor Oct-4. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:372-80. [PMID: 16932739 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic transcription factor Oct-4 is often referred to as the master regulator of the undifferentiated state. Although its role in maintaining embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency is well established, its ability to directly reprogram committed somatic cells is not well defined. Using transient transfection, we tested its ability to revert mouse interfollicular epidermal basal keratinocytes to a more ES cell-like state. We found that the Oct-4-transfected keratinocytes expressed the Oct-4 target genes, Sox-2, Nanog, undifferentiated transcription factor 1 (Utf1), and Rex-1. We also noted an increase in developmental potential caused by Oct-4, with the transfected cells able to differentiate into neuronal cells when exposed to neuroectodermal differentiation medium. Control-transfected keratinocytes were unable to respond to the medium, and remained as keratinocytes. These findings suggest that Oct-4 may be the master regulator of the pluripotent state and demonstrate that differentiated somatic cells can be reverted into more developmentally potent cells through the use of a single factor. The latter finding has great implications for therapeutic cell-replacement applications using cells from easily accessible adult tissues, such as the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Grinnell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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45
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Islam MQ, Ringe J, Reichmann E, Migotti R, Sittinger M, da S Meirelles L, Nardi NB, Magnusson P, Islam K. Functional characterization of cell hybrids generated by induced fusion of primary porcine mesenchymal stem cells with an immortal murine cell line. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 326:123-37. [PMID: 16741712 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) integrate into various organs and contribute to the regeneration of diverse tissues. However, the mechanistic basis of the plasticity of MSC is not fully understood. The change of cell fate has been suggested to occur through cell fusion. We have generated hybrid cell lines by polyethylene-glycol-mediated cell fusion of primary porcine MSC with the immortal murine fibroblast cell line F7, a derivative of the GM05267 cell line. The hybrid cell lines display fibroblastic morphology and proliferate like immortal cells. They contain tetraploid to hexaploid porcine chromosomes accompanied by hypo-diploid murine chromosomes. Interestingly, many hybrid cell lines also express high levels of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, which is considered to be a marker of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. All tested hybrid cell lines retain osteogenic differentiation, a few of them also retain adipogenic potential, but none retain chondrogenic differentiation. Conditioned media from hybrid cells enhance the proliferation of both early-passage and late-passage porcine MSC, indicating that the hybrid cells secrete diffusible growth stimulatory factors. Murine F7 cells thus have the unique property of generating immortal cell hybrids containing unusually high numbers of chromosomes derived from normal cells. These hybrid cells can be employed in various studies to improve our understanding of regenerative biology. This is the first report, to our knowledge, describing the generation of experimentally induced cell hybrids by using normal primary MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Islam
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, University Hospital Linkoping, SE-581 85, Linkoping, Sweden.
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46
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Padron Velazquez JL. Stem cell fusion as an ultimate line of defense against xenobiotics. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:383-7. [PMID: 16527429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are several indications that the potential of stem cells to fuse with somatic cells is extremely high and, what's more exciting, in some instances goes as far as reprogramming and/or rescuing altered cells. It remains unclear, however, how frequent this mechanism is and what patho-physiological role it might play in nature. A plausible hypothesis, discussed in this paper, suggests that stem cell niches might provide a safeguard for the intact genome and epigenome. By fusing with somatic de-differentiated cells, stem cells might consent epigenetic reprogramming and/or genetic recovery of genes which otherwise could drive altered cells to malignancy. If the many sophisticated mechanisms of metabolism, cell repair, programmed cell death and tissue regeneration should fail, stem cells might represent a final attempt to recover dedifferentiated cells to avoid inflowing in cancer. In the current reappraisal of the different mechanisms of defense against xenobiotics, even the incidence of cancer itself is considered an evolving mechanism which, through a kind of programmed death of individuals exhibiting defective mutations, favors advancement of the phenotypes which adapt best. Additionally, with regard to the mechanisms of transmitting somatic mutations, based on stem cells' capacity to migrate and to fuse, here it is speculated that stem cells might be capable of carrying acquired somatic mutations from peripheral tissues to the gonads, and transmit that information into the germinal line. If appropriately demonstrated, these mechanisms might delineate a novel therapeutic area to be explored. The use of stem cells to reprogram/recover irreversibly damaged cells or to transmit beneficial mutations might be a valuable therapeutic approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Lazaro Padron Velazquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Via Pontina KM 30.600, Pomezia 00040, Rome, Italy.
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47
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Taranger CK, Noer A, Sørensen AL, Håkelien AM, Boquest AC, Collas P. Induction of dedifferentiation, genomewide transcriptional programming, and epigenetic reprogramming by extracts of carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:5719-35. [PMID: 16195347 PMCID: PMC1289416 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-06-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional reprogramming of a differentiated cell toward pluripotency may have long-term applications in regenerative medicine. We report the induction of dedifferentiation, associated with genomewide programming of gene expression and epigenetic reprogramming of an embryonic gene, in epithelial 293T cells treated with an extract of undifferentiated human NCCIT carcinoma cells. 293T cells exposed for 1 h to extract of NCCIT cells, but not of 293T or Jurkat T-cells, form defined colonies that are maintained for at least 23 passages in culture. Microarray and quantitative analyses of gene expression reveal that the transition from a 293T to a pluripotent cell phenotype involves a dynamic up-regulation of hundreds of NCCIT genes, concomitant with down-regulation of 293T genes and of indicators of differentiation such as A-type lamins. Up-regulated genes encompass embryonic and stem cell markers, including OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and Oct4-responsive genes. OCT4 activation is associated with DNA demethylation in the OCT4 promoter and nuclear targeting of Oct4 protein. In fibroblasts exposed to extract of mouse embryonic stem cells, Oct4 activation is biphasic and RNA-PolII dependent, with the first transient rise of Oct4 up-regulation being necessary for the second, long-term activation of Oct4. Genes characteristic of multilineage differentiation potential are also up-regulated in NCCIT extract-treated cells, suggesting the establishment of "multilineage priming." Retinoic acid triggers Oct4 down-regulation, de novo activation of A-type lamins, and nestin. Furthermore, the cells can be induced to differentiate toward neurogenic, adipogenic, osteogenic, and endothelial lineages. The data provide a proof-of-concept that an extract of undifferentiated carcinoma cells can elicit differentiation plasticity in an otherwise more developmentally restricted cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel K Taranger
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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48
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Abstract
Advances in mammalian cloning prove that somatic nuclei can be reprogrammed to a state of totipotency by transfer into oocytes. An alternative approach to reprogram the somatic genome involves the creation of hybrids between somatic cells and other cells that contain reprogramming activities. Potential fusion partners with reprogramming activities include embryonic stem cells, embryonic germ cells, embryonal carcinoma cells, and even differentiated cells. Recent advances in fusion-mediated reprogramming are discussed from the standpoints of the developmental potency of hybrid cells, genetic and epigenetic correlates of reprogramming, and other aspects involved in the reprogramming process. In addition, the utility of fusion-mediated reprogramming for future cell-based therapies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Ambrosi
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-4243, USA
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49
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Do JT, Schöler HR. Comparison of neurosphere cells with cumulus cells after fusion with embryonic stem cells: reprogramming potential. Reprod Fertil Dev 2005; 17:143-9. [PMID: 15745639 DOI: 10.1071/rd04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are the pluripotent cells that also have the capacity to induce the genomic reprogramming of differentiated somatic cells. The progressively restricted genomic potential of somatic cells observed during embryonic development can be reverted to a pluripotent state by the formation of cell hybrids with ESCs. To assess the reprogramming potential of ESCs, we investigated the reprogramming of one of two different somatic cell populations, neurosphere cells (NSCs) and cumulus cells (CCs), after fusion with ESCs. Specifically, hybrid cells were produced by cell fusion of E14 ESCs with either NSCs or CCs containing the neo/lacZ and Oct4-GFP transgenes. The first reprogramming event, observed by the presence of Oct4-GFP in the hybrid cells, could be identified on Day 2, at approximately 45 h after fusion in both ESC-NSC and ESC-CC hybrids. In addition, the two ESC–somatic cell hybrids exhibit a similar reprogramming rate and share characteristics with the E14 ESC line: (1) expression of pluripotent markers (Oct4, Rex-1 and nanog); (2) inactivation of differentiated tissue-specific gene expression; and (3) the capacity to differentiate into all three germ layers. Taken together, our results suggest that the ESC–somatic cell hybrids have fully acquired ESC characteristics and that somatic cells of different tissue origin have the same potential to be reprogrammed after fusion with ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Tae Do
- Center for Animal Transgenesis and Germ Cell Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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50
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Håkelien AM, Gaustad KG, Collas P. Transient alteration of cell fate using a nuclear and cytoplasmic extract of an insulinoma cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:834-41. [PMID: 15033476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a transient modulation of cell fate in fibroblasts briefly exposed to an extract derived from the rat insulin-producing beta cell line, INS-1E. Primary fetal rat fibroblasts were reversibly permeabilized with Streptolysin O, incubated for 1h in a 15,000g INS-1E nuclear and cytoplasmic extract, resealed, and cultured. A first marker of change in cell fate was a reduction of cell and nuclear size within days of exposure to extract such that in some instances the fibroblasts resembled INS-1E cells. Second, two beta cell transcripts, Pdx-1 and insulin, were detected in the fibroblasts for up to 4 weeks. Third, (pro)insulin labeling was detected in 5-30% of the cells for a period of 8-14 days after incubation in extract. These phenotypes were absent from fibroblasts exposed to heat-treated INS-1E extracts, a human fibroblast cell line-derived extract or buffer. The results indicate that the extract of an insulinoma-derived cell line can promote at least a transient modification of cell fate towards a beta cell phenotype in non-beta cells. Because they are easily accessible, cell extracts may represent a practical source of material for investigating the mechanisms of alteration of a nuclear and cellular program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Håkelien
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0317, Norway
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