1
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He K, Ran H, Su Z, Wang Z, Li M, Hao L. Perfluorohexane-encapsulated fullerene nanospheres for dual-modality US/CT imaging and synergistic high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:519-529. [PMID: 30666111 PMCID: PMC6333388 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s184579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to develop a multifunctional contrast agent for bioimaging and synergistic high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy to achieve theranostic. Materials and methods A novel type of perfluorohexane-encapsulated fullerene (PFH-C60) nanosphere was successfully developed via a vacuum ultrasonic emulsification and centrifugation method and subsequently used in ultrasound/computed tomography (CT) dual-modality and HIFU ablation of dissected bovine livers. In addition, transmission electron microscopic examination was employed to detect structural changes in the target tissue for HIFU ablation. Results The use of composite nanospheres effectively enhanced ultrasound and CT imaging. Moreover, the HIFU ablation of dissected bovine livers was also significantly enhanced. Conclusion Composite nanospheres demonstrate potential theranostic application as a multifunctional contrast agent for dual-modality biological imaging and highly efficient synergistic imaging-guided HIFU ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyan He
- Ultrasound Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Ultrasound Department, The second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China.,The Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhongzhen Su
- Ultrasound Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Ultrasound Department, The second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China.,The Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China,
| | - Maoping Li
- Ultrasound Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Hao
- The Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China,
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Chimirri A, Grasso S, Molica C, Monforte AM, Monforte P, Zappalà M, Bruno G, Nicolò F, Witvrouw M, Jonckeere H, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Structural Features and Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Activity of the Isomers of 1-(2′,6′-Difluorophenyl)-1H,3H-Thiazolo[3,4-a]Benzimidazole, a Potent Non-Nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structural features, including the absolute configuration, of the enantiomers of 1-(2′,6′-difluorophenyl)-1 H,3 H-thiazolo[3,4- a]benzimidazole (TBZ; NSC 625487), the lead compound of a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), are described. Diffractometric analysis revealed that TBZ, like other NNRTIs, assumes a butterfly-like conformation in which the phenyl ring at C1 is in an orthogonal orientation relative to the thiazolobenzimidazole system, and the 2′,6′-fluorine atoms form two intramolecular hydrogen bonds with H1 and one of the methylene protons at C3, respectively. The stereochemistry in solution, as confirmed by lanthanide shift reagent-assisted ‘H NMR, paralleled the situation present in the solid state. The in vitro anti-HIV activity of the two enantiomers was also evaluated and the results obtained showed that the R-(+) is more active than the S-(−) isomer in inhibiting HIV-1 replication. Resistance and cross-resistance to other NNRTIs as well as inhibitory effects on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chimirri
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - S Grasso
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - C Molica
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - A-M Monforte
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - P Monforte
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - M Zappalà
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - G Bruno
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Analitica e Struttura Molecolare, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - F Nicolò
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Analitica e Struttura Molecolare, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - M Witvrouw
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Jonckeere
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Schott H, Häussler MP, Gowland P, Horber DH, Schwendener RA. Synthesis, and Some Properties of, Amphiphilic Dinucleoside Phosphate Derivatives of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
N4-hexadecyl-5′-0-(4-monomethoxytrityl)-2′-deoxycytidine-3′-hydrogenphosphate was reacted with 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) according to the hydrogenphosphate method to yield N4-hexadecyl-2′-deoxycytidylyl-(3′-5)-3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine. N4-palmitoyl-5′-O-(4-monomethoxytrityl)-2′-deoxycytidine-3′-(2-chlorophenyl)-phosphate was condensed to AZT using the triester method to give N4-palmitoyl-2′-deoxycytidylyl-(3′-5′)-3,-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine. Both dinucleosidephosphates have amphiphilic properties and represent a new class of AZT derivatives in which the polar AZT-5′-monophosphate is masked with lipophilic deoxycytidine residues of variable stability. The AZT derivatives are water soluble, by forming micelles, and as a result of their amphiphilic nature, they can be incorporated into the lipid membranes of liposomes. In contrast to the micellar drug preparations, the liposomal formulations were shown to exert no lytic activity on human erythrocytes. Both AZT derivatives have anti HIV-1 activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Schott
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. P. Häussler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - P. Gowland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D. H. Horber
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R. A. Schwendener
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Palmer S, Cox S. Intracellular Metabolism of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine in Combination in the Absence and Presence of Ribavirin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the intracellular phosphorylation of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddl) and the effects on rNTP and dNTP pools when AZT and ddl were incubated separately and in combination in lymphocytes. We also compared the effect of adding ribavirin (RBV) to the two-drug combination of AZT + ddl. AZT and ddl, used singly or in combination, had no effect on the dNTP pools of CEM lymphoblastoid cells. Neither did the combination of AZT + ddl have any effect on the rNTP pools. RBV, a known inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase, caused a decrease in GTP and an increase in dTTP whether incubated alone or with the drug combination of AZT + ddl. The addition of AZT + ddl therefore did not alter the effects of RBV upon cellular nucleotide pools. AZT was phosphorylated to a much greater extent than ddl. The activation of ddl to ddA-TP was increased 2-fold in the presence of AZT, whereas AZT phosphorylation was unchanged when combined with ddl. This increase in ddl activation may explain in part the synergistic antiviral activity of the combination of AZT + ddl. The increased activation was not due to increased phosphorylation of ddl resulting from IMP dehydrogenase inhibition. The addition of 10 μm RBV to the two-drug combination of AZT + ddl did not change the intracellular phosphorylation of AZT or ddl. The activation of ddl to ddA-TP, when combined with AZT, appeared to be maximal and could not be further increased by addition of RBV to this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Palmer
- Virology Department, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Karolinska Institute, S 105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital F69, S 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - S. Cox
- Virology Department, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Karolinska Institute, S 105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital F69, S 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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5
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Krim J, Taourirte M, Engels JW. Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted mono and bis-triazolocarbo-acyclonucleoside analogues of 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine by Cu(I)-catalyzed click azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Molecules 2011; 17:179-90. [PMID: 22202806 PMCID: PMC6269037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel mono-1,2,3-triazole and bis-1,2,3-triazole acyclonucleoside analogues of 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine was prepared via copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-9 propargylpurine, N-1-propargylpyrimidines/as-triazine with the azido-pseudo-sugar 4-azidobutylacetate under solvent-free microwave conditions, followed by treatment with K(2)CO(3)/MeOH, or NH(3)/MeOH. All compounds studied in this work were screened for their antiviral activities [against human rhinovirus (HRV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)] and antibacterial activities against a series of Gram positive and negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Krim
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Macromoléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques - Guéliz, 40000, Marrakech, Maroc
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, J.W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Moha Taourirte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Macromoléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques - Guéliz, 40000, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - Joachim W. Engels
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, J.W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Lee YB, Baek H, Kim SK, Hyun HH. Deoxycytidine production by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium ammoniagenes. J Microbiol 2011; 49:53-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Kumar V, Parmar VS, Malhotra SV. Structural modifications of nucleosides in ionic liquids. Biochimie 2010; 92:1260-5. [PMID: 20178825 PMCID: PMC3214640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside chemistry represents an important research area for drug discovery, as many nucleoside analogs are prominent drugs and have been widely applied for cancer and viral chemotherapy. However, the synthesis of modified nucleosides presents a major challenge, which is further aggravated by poor solubility of these compounds in common organic solvents. Most of the currently available methods for nucleoside modification employ toxic high boiling solvents; require long reaction time and tedious workup methods. As such, there is constant effort to develop process chemistry in alternative medium to limit the use of organic solvents that are hazardous to the environment and can be deleterious to human health. One such approach is to use ionic liquids, which are 'designer materials' with unique and tunable physico-chemical properties. Studies have shown that methodologies using ionic liquids are highly efficient and convenient for the synthesis of nucleoside analogs, as demonstrated by the preparation of pharmaceutically important anti-viral drugs. This article summarizes recent efforts on nucleoside modification using ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, SAIC –Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Sanjay V. Malhotra
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, SAIC –Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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8
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Struthers H, Viertl D, Kosinski M, Spingler B, Buchegger F, Schibli R. Charge dependent substrate activity of C3' and N3 functionalized, organometallic technetium and rhenium-labeled thymidine derivatives toward human thymidine kinase 1. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:622-34. [PMID: 20359195 DOI: 10.1021/bc900380n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human cytosolic thymidine kinase (hTK1) has proven to be a suitable target for the noninvasive imaging of cancer cell proliferation using radiolabeled thymidine analogues such as [(18)F]3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ([(18)F]FLT). A thymidine analogue for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), which incorporates the readily available and inexpensive nuclide technetium-99m, would be of considerable practical interest. hTK1 is known to accommodate modification of the structure of the natural substrate thymidine at the positions N3 and C3' and, to a lesser extent, C5. In this work, we used the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to synthesize two series of derivatives in which thymidine is functionalized at either the C3' or N3 position with chelating systems suitable for the M(CO)(3) core (M = (99m)Tc, Re). The click chemistry approach enabled complexes with different structures and overall charges to be synthesized from a common precursor. Using this strategy, the first organometallic hTK1 substrates in which thymidine is modified at the C3' position were identified. Phosphorylation of the organometallic derivatives was measured relative to thymidine. We have shown that the influence of the overall charge of the derivatives is dependent on the position of functionalization. In the case of the C3'-functionalized derivatives, neutral and anionic substrates were most readily phosphorylated (20-28% of the value for the parent ligand thymidine), whereas for the N3-functionalized derivatives, cationic and neutral complexes were apparently better substrates for the enzyme (14-18%) than anionic derivatives (9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Struthers
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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10
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Khilifi A, Raouafi N, Tapsoba I, Boujlel K, Lamine Benkhoud M. Reactivity of N-thioamido amidines with halogenated alkyl derivatives: synthesis of 4,5-disubstituted 2-alkylaminothiazoles. J Sulphur Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990802346002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akila Khilifi
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Campus Universitaire Tunis El-Manar 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Campus Universitaire Tunis El-Manar 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Issa Tapsoba
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Organique: Structure et Réactivité , Université de Ouagadougou, UFR-SEA , Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Khaled Boujlel
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Campus Universitaire Tunis El-Manar 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Lamine Benkhoud
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Campus Universitaire Tunis El-Manar 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
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11
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Car Ž, Petrović V, Tomić S. Synthesis and Enzymic Hydrolysis of Acylated Adenosine Derivatives. J Carbohydr Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300601059284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ž. Car
- a Faculty of Science , University of Zagreb , Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V. Petrović
- a Faculty of Science , University of Zagreb , Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S. Tomić
- a Faculty of Science , University of Zagreb , Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Arab Chamjangali M, Beglari M, Bagherian G. Prediction of cytotoxicity data (CC(50)) of anti-HIV 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivatives by artificial neural network trained with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:360-7. [PMID: 17350867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm trained feed-forward artificial neural network in quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was developed for modeling of cytotoxicity data for anti-HIV 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivatives. A large number of descriptors were calculated with Dragon software and a subset of calculated descriptors was selected with a stepwise regression as a feature selection technique. The 28 molecular descriptors selected by stepwise regression, as the most feasible descriptors, were used as inputs for feed-forward neural network. The neural network architecture and its parameters were optimized. The data were randomly divided into 31 training and 11 validation sets. The prediction ability of the model was evaluated using validation data set and "one-leave-out" cross validation method. The root mean square errors (RMSE) and mean absolute errors for the validation data set were 0.042 and 0.024, respectively. The prediction ability of ANN model was also statistically compared with results of linear free energy related model. The obtained results show the validity of proposed model in the prediction of cytotoxicity data of corresponding anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arab Chamjangali
- College of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, P.O. Box 36155-316, Iran.
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Hassan Khan MT, Ather A. Potentials of phenolic molecules of natural origin and their derivatives as anti-HIV agents. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2007; 13:223-64. [PMID: 17875479 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(07)13009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of phenolic compounds and their derivatives interfering the several steps of the viral life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is focused for the development of novel molecules for the treatment of AIDS. Several phenolic compounds isolated and characterized from natural sources have been studied in detail and found to exhibit inhibitory effects against different steps of the HIV-1 life cycle, including virus-cell fusion and virus absorption, reverse transcription, integration (IN) and proteolytic cleavage. In the review, we are summarizing some strong evidences demonstrating several phenolic molecules and their derivatives from natural sources display promising anti-HIV-1 activities. The anti-HIV compounds have been organized in this review according to their mechanism of action in the life cycle of HIV. We also mentioned some findings using in silico approaches, like virtual screening, docking, neural network, etc., and even the chemogenomics and/or functional genomics approaches could be useful for the quick identifying promising new lead anti-HIV molecules without having any other unwanted pharmacological effects. Plants having large amount of phenolic compounds, can be considered as strong sources of molecules for the treatment of HIV-1. Despite the continuous advances made in antiretroviral combination therapy, AIDS has become the leading cause of death in Africa and the fourth worldwide. Today, many research groups are exploring the bio- and chemo-diversity of the plant kingdom to find new and better anti-HIV drugs with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
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14
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Sondhi SM, Verma RP, Sharma VK, Singhal N, Kraus JL, Camplo M, Chermann JC. SYNTHESIS AND ANTI-HIV SCREENING OF SOME HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509708043511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sham M. Sondhi
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Roorkee , Roorkee, 247667, U.P, India
| | - Rajeshwar P. Verma
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Roorkee , Roorkee, 247667, U.P, India
| | - Vinay K. Sharma
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Roorkee , Roorkee, 247667, U.P, India
| | - Nidhi Singhal
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Roorkee , Roorkee, 247667, U.P, India
| | - Jean L. Kraus
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, INSERM u-322 Rétrovirus et Maladies Associées , Campus Universitaire de Luminy BP 33, 13273, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Michel Camplo
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, INSERM u-322 Rétrovirus et Maladies Associées , Campus Universitaire de Luminy BP 33, 13273, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Claude Chermann
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, INSERM u-322 Rétrovirus et Maladies Associées , Campus Universitaire de Luminy BP 33, 13273, Marseille Cedex 9, France
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15
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Das K, Sarafianos SG, Clark AD, Boyer PL, Hughes SH, Arnold E. Crystal structures of clinically relevant Lys103Asn/Tyr181Cys double mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in complexes with ATP and non-nucleoside inhibitor HBY 097. J Mol Biol 2006; 365:77-89. [PMID: 17056061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lys103Asn and Tyr181Cys are the two mutations frequently observed in patients exposed to various non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs (NNRTIs). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains containing both reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations are resistant to all of the approved NNRTI drugs. We have determined crystal structures of Lys103Asn/Tyr181Cys mutant HIV-1 RT with and without a bound non-nucleoside inhibitor (HBY 097, (S)-4-isopropoxycarbonyl-6-methoxy-3-(methylthio-methyl)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-thione) at 3.0 A and 2.5 A resolution, respectively. The structure of the double mutant RT/HBY 097 complex shows a rearrangement of the isopropoxycarbonyl group of HBY 097 compared to its binding with wild-type RT. HBY 097 makes a hydrogen bond with the thiol group of Cys181 that helps the drug retain potency against the Tyr181Cys mutation. The structure of the unliganded double mutant HIV-1 RT showed that Lys103Asn mutation facilitates coordination of a sodium ion with Lys101 O, Asn103 N and O(delta1), Tyr188 O(eta), and two water molecules. The formation of the binding pocket requires the removal of the sodium ion. Although the RT alone and the RT/HBY 097 complex were crystallized in the presence of ATP, only the RT has an ATP coordinated with two Mn(2+) at the polymerase active site. The metal coordination mimics a reaction intermediate state in which complete octahedral coordination was observed for both metal ions. Asp186 coordinates at an axial position whereas the carboxylates of Asp110 and Asp185 are in the planes of coordination of both metal ions. The structures provide evidence that NNRTIs restrict the flexibility of the YMDD loop and prevent the catalytic aspartate residues from adopting their metal-binding conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Das
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Zintek LB, Jahnke TS, Nair V. Synthesis and Conformational Studies of New Purine Isodideoxynucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence B. Zintek
- a Department of Chemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , 52242
| | - Tamera S. Jahnke
- a Department of Chemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , 52242
| | - Vasu Nair
- a Department of Chemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , 52242
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17
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Hadj-Bouazza A, Zerrouki R, Krausz P, Laumond G, Aubertin AM, Champavier Y. New acyclonucleosides: synthesis and anti-HIV activity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:1249-63. [PMID: 16270666 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200067423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new acyclic nucleosides is described. These syntheses were accomplished by various methods: glycosylation, selective or total deprotection, oxidation/reduction, chlorination or azidation of hydroxyl groups. The compounds were characterized with NMR, mass and IR spectroscopy. Antiviral properties of these compounds were evaluated on HIV-1 infected cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Hadj-Bouazza
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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18
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Prasad AK, Kumar V, Malhotra S, Ravikumar VT, Sanghvi YS, Parmar VS. ‘Green’ methodology for efficient and selective benzoylation of nucleosides using benzoyl cyanide in an ionic liquid. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4467-72. [PMID: 15921912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzoyl cyanide in the ionic liquid 1-methoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate has been employed as a 'green' alternative and mild reaction condition protocol to conventional pyridine-benzoyl chloride system for efficient and selective benzoylation of nucleosides (of both the ribo- and deoxyribo-series) at ambient temperatures. The use of benzoyl cyanide-ionic liquid combination has been successfully extended for highly efficient benzoylation of phenols, aromatic amines, benzyl alcohol, aliphatic diols, 3-aminophenol and 2-aminobenzylalcohol, which indicates the versatility of this benzoylating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
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19
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Masuda N, Yamamoto O, Fujii M, Ohgami T, Fujiyasu J, Kontani T, Moritomo A, Orita M, Kurihara H, Koga H, Nakahara H, Kageyama S, Ohta M, Inoue H, Hatta T, Suzuki H, Sudo K, Shimizu Y, Kodama E, Matsuoka M, Fujiwara M, Yokota T, Shigeta S, Baba M. Studies of nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Part 1: Design and synthesis of thiazolidenebenzenesulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:6171-82. [PMID: 15519161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A random high-throughput screening (HTS) program to discover novel nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) has been carried out with MT-4 cells against a nevirapine-resistant virus, HIV-1(IIIB-R). The primary hit, a thiazolidenebenzenesulfonamide derivative, possessed good activity. A systematic modification program examining various substituents at the 3-, 4-, and 5-positions on the thiazole ring afforded compounds with enhanced anti-HIV-1 and reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitory activities. These results confirm the important role of the substituents at these positions and the thiazolidenebenzenesulfonamide motif as a valuable lead series for the next generation NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Masuda
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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20
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Saita MG, Chiacchio U, Iannazzo D, Corsaro A, Merino P, Piperno A, Previtera T, Rescifina A, Romeo G, Romeo R. Diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of 1'-C-branched N,O-nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 22:739-42. [PMID: 14565267 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic approach towards 1'-C-branched N,O-nucleosides is reported, based on 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of ethoxycarbonylnitrone. The asymmetric version of the process exploits the presence of a chiral auxiliary at the carbon atom of nitrone and leads to beta-D and beta-L nucleosides in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Saita
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
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21
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Chiacchio U, Corsaro A, Mates J, Merino P, Piperno A, Rescifina A, Romeo G, Romeo R, Tejero T. Isoxazolidine analogues of pseudouridine: a new class of modified nucleosides. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Tyagi R, Olsen CE, Errington W, Parmar VS, Prasad AK. Synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of novel 2-phenyl-4-(D-arabino-4'-cycloaminobutyl)triazoles: acyclonucleosides containing unnatural bases. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:963-8. [PMID: 11836105 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Five 2-phenyl-4-(D-arabino-4'-cycloamino-3'-hydroxy-O-1',2'-isopropylidene-butyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazoles, acyclonucleosides containing unnatural bases have been synthesised by opening of the epoxide ring of 2-phenyl-4-(D-arabino-3',4'-epoxy-O-1',2'-isopropylidenebutyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole with the corresponding cyclic amines in 70-85% yields. The starting arabino-epoxytriazole was prepared in five steps starting from D-glucose in an overall yield of 15%. All the five triazolylacyclonucleosides were unambiguously identified on the basis of their spectral data. The structure of one of the intermediates, that is 2-phenyl-4-(D-arabino-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole was confirmed by its X-ray crystallographic studies. These acyclonucleosides were subjected to antiviral activity evaluation in CEM-SS cell-based anti HIV assay with the lymphocytropic virus strains HIV-1(IIIB) and HIV-1(RF).
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23
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Chiacchio U, Corsaro A, Pistarà V, Rescifina A, Iannazzo D, Piperno A, Romeo G, Romeo R, Grassi G. Diastereoselective Synthesis ofN,O-Psiconucleosides, a New Class of Modified Nucleosides. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200204)2002:7<1206::aid-ejoc1206>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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25
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Zhu YM, Shen JK, Wang HK, Cosentino LM, Lee KH. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of oleanolic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3115-8. [PMID: 11720855 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen oleanolic acid derivatives were prepared and evaluated for anti-HIV activity in H9 lymphocytes. Saturating the C(12)-C(13) double bond and converting the C(17)-carboxyl group to an aminomethyl group led to compounds 13-15 and 19-20, respectively, which showed improved anti-HIV activity. Compound 15 was the most potent derivative with EC(50)=0.0039 microg/mL and TI=3570.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
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26
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Chan JH, Hong JS, Hunter RN, Orr GF, Cowan JR, Sherman DB, Sparks SM, Reitter BE, Andrews CW, Hazen RJ, St Clair M, Boone LR, Ferris RG, Creech KL, Roberts GB, Short SA, Weaver K, Ott RJ, Ren J, Hopkins A, Stuart DI, Stammers DK. 2-Amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitriles as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of HIV-1. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1866-82. [PMID: 11384233 DOI: 10.1021/jm0004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-amino-5-arylthiobenzonitriles (1) was found to be active against HIV-1. Structural modifications led to the sulfoxides (2) and sulfones (3). The sulfoxides generally showed antiviral activity against HIV-1 similar to that of 1. The sulfones, however, were the most potent series of analogues, a number having activity against HIV-1 in the nanomolar range. Structural-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggested that a meta substituent, particularly a meta methyl substituent, invariably increased antiviral activities. However, optimal antiviral activities were manifested by compounds where both meta groups in the arylsulfonyl moiety were substituted and one of the substituents was a methyl group. Such a disubstitution led to compounds 3v, 3w, 3x, and 3y having IC50 values against HIV-1 in the low nanomolar range. When gauged for their broad-spectrum antiviral activity against key non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) related mutants, all the di-meta-substituted sulfones 3u-z and the 2-naphthyl analogue 3ee generally showed single-digit nanomolar activity against the V106A and P236L strains and submicromolar to low nanomolar activity against strains E138K, V108I, and Y188C. However, they showed a lack of activity against the K103N and Y181C mutant viruses. The elucidation of the X-ray crystal structure of the complex of 3v (739W94) in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase showed an overlap in the binding domain when compared with the complex of nevirapine in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The X-ray structure allowed for the rationalization of SAR data and potencies of the compounds against the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Chan
- Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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27
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Chiacchio U, Corsaro A, Iannazzo D, Piperno A, Procopio A, Rescifina A, Romeo G, Romeo R. A Stereoselective Approach to Isoxazolidinyl Nucleosides. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200105)2001:10<1893::aid-ejoc1893>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Chiacchio U, Corsaro A, Iannazzo D, Piperno A, Rescifina A, Romeo R, Romeo G. Diastereoselective synthesis of N,O-psiconucleosides via 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Delbederi Z, Fossey C, Fontaine G, Benzaria S, Gavriliu D, Ciurea A, Lelong B, Ladurée D, Aubertin AM, Kirn A. Synthesis and antiviral activity of C-5 substituted beta-D- and beta-L-D4T analogues. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:1441-61. [PMID: 11092314 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008033853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of beta-D-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-nucleosides bearing a tether attached at the C-5 position and their beta-L-counterparts was synthesized. Their inhibitory activities against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were investigated and compared to establish relationship(s) between compound structure and their antiviral activity. No significant activity was observed for beta-D- and beta-L-modified nucleosides respectively 7a-c and 14a-c, but 7d and 14d exhibited a weak activity against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Delbederi
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Caen, France
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30
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Diastereoselective and enantioselective synthesis of 4′-aza analogues of 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Al-Masoudi NA, Al-Soud YA, Eherman M, De Clercq E. Synthesis of acyclic 6,7-dihaloquinolone nucleoside analogues as potential antibacterial and antiviral agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1407-13. [PMID: 10896117 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the quinolone carboxylic acids 1 and 2 with (2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl chloride 3 in the presence of n-Bu4NI afforded the N-alkylated products 4 and 6, which could be deblocked to the free nucleoside analogues 5 and 7, respectively. The alkylated quinolone carboxylic acids 9 and 10 were obtained by condensation of I and 2 with 1,4-dichlorobut-2-ene 8 in the presence of NaH. Hydrolysis of 9 gave the alcohol 11. Similar treatment of 1 with 8 in the presence of K2CO3 at relatively high temperature furnished 12. Prolonged heating of the ester 13 with 8 in NaH/DMF afforded the conjugated-diene 15. Treatment of 1 and 2 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate 16 furnished the pyrano[4,3-b]quinolones 17 and 18, respectively. Antibacterial and antiviral evaluations of the new products are reported.
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32
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Gavriliu D, Fossey C, Fontaine G, Benzaria S, Ciurea A, Delbederi Z, Lelong B, Ladurée D, Aubertin AM, Kirn A. Synthesis and antiviral activity of C-5 substituted analogues of d4T bearing methylamino- or methyldiamino-linker arms. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:1017-31. [PMID: 10893719 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008033040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A general strategy is reported for the preparation of C-5-methylamino- or methyldiamino-d4T analogues of "different sizes". Reactions of the 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-C-5 hydroxymethyl precursor (7) with either polymethylene diamines (n = 6, 8, 10 and 12) or propargylamine proceed regioselectively via substitution reactions at the C-5 position of uracil. The compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. No significant activity was observed for compounds 9, 11, and 13, but 10 and 12 exhibited a weak activity against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gavriliu
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Caen, France
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33
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Chiacchio U, Corsaro A, Gumina G, Rescifina A, Iannazzo D, Piperno A, Romeo G, Romeo R. Homochiral α-d- and β-d-Isoxazolidinylthymidines via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo990576a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale A. Doria 6, Università di Catania, Italy, and Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Viale SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Corsaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale A. Doria 6, Università di Catania, Italy, and Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Viale SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gumina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale A. Doria 6, Università di Catania, Italy, and Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Viale SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale A. Doria 6, Università di Catania, Italy, and Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Viale SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale A. Doria 6, Università di Catania, Italy, and Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Viale SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Piperno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale A. Doria 6, Università di Catania, Italy, and Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Viale SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale A. Doria 6, Università di Catania, Italy, and Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Viale SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale A. Doria 6, Università di Catania, Italy, and Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Viale SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Italy
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Development and optimization of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs and prodrugs: A review of their cellular pharmacology, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 39:117-151. [PMID: 10837771 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(99)00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Significant improvements in antiviral therapy have been realized over the past 10 years. Numerous nucleoside analogs, as well as prodrugs of active compounds, have been synthesized and tested for anti-HIV activity. In addition to the five nucleoside analogs currently used clinically for the treatment of HIV infection, a broad spectrum of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs (including 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs, oxathiolanyl 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs, dioxolanyl 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs, carbocyclic 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs and acyclic nucleoside analogs) and their prodrugs (including ester prodrugs, phospholipid prodrugs, dihydropyridine prodrugs, pronucleotides and dinucleotide analogs), targeted at HIV reverse transcriptase, are reviewed with focus on structure-activity relationships, cellular pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Several of these anti-viral agents show promise in the treatment of AIDS.
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35
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Patel M, Ko SS, McHugh RJ, Markwalder JA, Srivastava AS, Cordova BC, Klabe RM, Erickson-Viitanen S, Trainor GL, Seitz SP. Synthesis and evaluation of analogs of Efavirenz (SUSTIVA) as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2805-10. [PMID: 10522695 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Efavirenz (SUSTIVA) is a potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Due to the observation of breakthrough mutations of the reverse transcriptase enzyme during Efavirenz therapy, we sought to develop an optimized second generation series. To that end, SAR of the substituents on the aromatic ring was undertaken and the results are summarized here. The 5,6-difluoro (4f) and the 6-methoxy (4m) substituted benzoxazinones were determined to be equipotent, and as a result such substitution patterns will be incorporated in second generation scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patel
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE, USA
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36
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Prasad AK, Trikha S, Parmar VS. Nucleoside Synthesis Mediated by Glycosyl Transferring Enzymes. Bioorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/bioo.1998.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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37
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Shi J, McAtee JJ, Schlueter Wirtz S, Tharnish P, Juodawlkis A, Liotta DC, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'- dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (D4FC) analogues: discovery of carbocyclic nucleoside triphosphates with potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Med Chem 1999; 42:859-67. [PMID: 10072683 DOI: 10.1021/jm980510s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel cytosine nucleoside, beta-D-2', 3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (D-D4FC), as a potent antihuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agent led us to synthesize a series of analogues and derivatives of beta-D-D4FC that could be more selective and also possess increased glycosidic bond stability. The synthesized D-D4FC analogues were evaluated for anti-HIV-1 activity, anticancer activity, and cytotoxicity in various cells. The biological data demonstrated that the 5-substitution of beta-D-D4FC with bromine (6c) and iodine (6d) resulted in the loss of antiviral activity, and the alpha-D anomer (7a) of D-D4FC was also devoid of activity. The 5-fluorouracil analogues (6b and 7b) of D-D4FC were less potent and more cytotoxic than the parent compound, whereas the beta-L-D4FU (11) showed both potent anti-HIV-1 activity and cytotoxicity. N4- and 5'-O-acyl derivatives (17, 15a-c) of beta-D-D4FC exhibited comparable antiviral activity to beta-D-D4FC. In contrast, the N4-isopropyl derivative (20) of beta-D-D4FC was not active against HIV-1, even at 100 microM. The carbocyclic analogues (26a,b) of D4FC demonstrated weak activity against HIV-1 and no toxicity in various cells. The triphosphates (27a,b) of the carbocyclic nucleosides demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase at submicromolar concentrations. Of the compounds tested as potential anticancer agents, beta-D-, alpha-D-, and beta-L-D4FU (6b, 7b, 11) showed inhibitory activity against rat glioma and modest activity against human lung carcinoma, lymphoblastoid, and skin melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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38
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Chiacchio U, Rescifina A, Iannazzo D, Romeo G. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2'-Amino-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides by Nitrone 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition: A New Efficient Entry Toward d4T and Its 2-Methyl Analogue. J Org Chem 1999; 64:28-36. [PMID: 11674081 DOI: 10.1021/jo972264i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient access to 2'-(dimethylamino)-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides is reported. The synthetic strategy relies on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of C-alkoxycarbonyl nitrones to allyl acetate, followed by reductive ring opening to substituted lactones, DIBALH reduction to the corresponding 3-(dimethylamino)tetrahydro-2-furanols, and coupling with silylated thymine. The removal of the dimethylamino group by Cope elimination affords a new formal synthesis of d4T and analogous unsaturated 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale A. Doria 6, Università di Catania, Italy, and Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Viale SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Italy
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39
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Westaway SK, Cagnon L, Chang Z, Li S, Li H, Larson GP, Zaia JA, Rossi JJ. Virion encapsidation of tRNA(3Lys)-ribozyme chimeric RNAs inhibits HIV infection. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 1998; 8:185-97. [PMID: 9669656 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.1998.8.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses require a specific host cellular tRNA primer for initiation of first-strand DNA synthesis. This primer is bound by viral proteins and copackaged into virions. We have exploited this property in the design and testing of an antiviral ribozyme fused to tRNA(3Lys), the primer used for lentiviral replication, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2). The chimera consists of tRNA(3Lys) covalently attached to a hammerhead ribozyme, which is targeted to the region immediately upstream of the primer binding site of the HIV-1 genome. The tRNA-ribozyme chimeric transcript is catalytically active in vitro and is efficiently bound by HIV reverse transcriptase with an affinity similar to that of tRNA(3Lys). We have expressed the chimeric RNAs from either the tRNA(3Lys) intragenic RNA polymerase III promoter or from a human U6 snRNA promoter. The U6 promoter results in up to 10-fold enhanced expression of the tRNA-ribozyme. Most importantly, the tRNA(3Lys)-ribozymes are encapsidated in HIV-1 virions such that they are effective in substantially reducing the level of infectious virus produced from cells cotransfected with HIV-1 proviral DNA. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using this novel strategy to reduce HIV infectivity and more generally indicate the potential power of using the retroviral primer tRNAs as tools for expressing and delivering ribozymes and other antiretroviral RNAs to the virion capsid.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- HIV/drug effects
- HIV/genetics
- HIV/physiology
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Small Nuclear/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/pharmacology
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Ribosomes/genetics
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virion/physiology
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Westaway
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010-3011, USA
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40
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Parang K, Knaus EE, Wiebe LI. Synthesis, in vitro anti-HIV activity, and biological stability of 5'-O-myristoyl analogue derivatives of 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (FLT) as potential bifunctional prodrugs of FLT. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1998; 17:987-1008. [PMID: 9708320 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A group of 5'-O-myristoyl analogue derivatives of FLT (2) were evaluated as potential anti-HIV agents that were designed to serve as prodrugs to FLT. 3'-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(12-methoxydodecanoyl)thymidine (4) (EC50 = 3.8 nM) and 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(12-azidododecanoyl)thymidine (8) (EC50 = 2.8 nM) were the most effective anti-HIV-1 agents. There was a linear correlation between Log P and HPLC Log retention time for the 5'-O-FLT esters. The in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis half-life (t1/2), among the group of esters (3-8) in porcine liver esterase, rat plasma and rat brain homogenate was longer for 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(myristoyl)thymidine (7), with t1/2 values of 20.3, 4.6 and 17.5 min, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Parang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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41
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Fujiwara T, Sato A, el-Farrash M, Miki S, Abe K, Isaka Y, Kodama M, Wu Y, Chen LB, Harada H, Sugimoto H, Hatanaka M, Hinuma Y. S-1153 inhibits replication of known drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1340-5. [PMID: 9624472 PMCID: PMC105600 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.6.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-1153 is a new imidazole compound that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) replication by acting as a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). This compound inhibits replication of HIV-1 strains that are resistant to nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. S-1153 has a 50% effective concentration in the range of 0.3 to 7 ng/ml for strains with single amino acid substitutions that cause NNRTI resistance, including the Y181C mutant, and also has potent activity against clinical isolates. The emergence of S-1153-resistant variants is slower than that for nevirapine, and S-1153-resistant variants contained at least two amino acid substitutions, including F227L or L234I. S-1153-resistant variants are still sensitive to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors zidovudine (AZT) and lamivudine. In a mouse and MT-4 (human T-cell line) in vivo HIV replication model, S-1153 and AZT administered orally showed a marked synergy for the inhibition of HIV-1 replication. S-1153 shows a significant accumulation in lymph nodes, where most HIV-1 infection is thought to occur. S-1153 may be an appropriate candidate for two-to three-drug combination therapy for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujiwara
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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42
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Zhang J, Nair V. Synthesis of New Dideoxynucleosides Bearing Ring-Extended Nucleobases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708006139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Kim JC, Kim YH, Park JI, Kim SH, Choi SK. Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of acyclic 1-[omega-(N'-2-chloroethyl-N'-nitrosoureido)alkyl]thymidine nucleoside analogues. Arch Pharm Res 1997; 20:259-63. [PMID: 18975161 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/1997] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the preparation of acyclic thymidine nucleoside analogues, K(2)CO(3) (or NaH) treated thymine in DMSO was alkylated with omega-chloroalkyl nitrite (Cl-(CH(2))(n)-CN; n=1, 2, 3, 4) to provide an isomeric mixture of 1-(omega-cyanoalkyl)thymine (2a-d) and 1,3-bis(omega-cyanoalkyl)thymine in approximately 5ratio1 ratios. Reduction of the cyano function2a-d with NaBH(4)/CoCl(2).6H(2)O gave the corresponding 1-(omega-aminoalkyl)thymine (3a-d). The newly formed primary amino function in3a-d was directly reacted with 2-chloroethylisocyanate to afford the 1-[omega-(N'2-chloroethy-lureido) alkyl]thymine (4a-d) in good yields. Nitrosation of 1-[5-(N'-2-chloroethylureido)pentyl] thymine (4d) with glacial acetic acid and dry NaNO(2) powder in anhydrous CH(2)Cl(2) gave two types of regioisomeric nitrosoureas, 1-[5-(N'-2-chloroethyl-N'-nitrosoureido)pentyl]thymine (5d) and 1-[5-(N'-2-chloroethyl-N-nitrosoureido)pentyl]thymine in approximately 5ratio1 ratios. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds (2a-d, 3a-d, 4a-d and5a-d) against three cell lines (K-562, P-388 and FM-3A) are measured as IC(50) values. Compounds3d and4c showed moderate activities against all three cell lines, and all other compounds were found to be not active.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, 609-735, Pusan, Korea
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44
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Mentel R, Kinder M, Wegner U, von Janta-Lipinski M, Matthes E. Inhibitory activity of 3'-fluoro-2' deoxythymidine and related nucleoside analogues against adenoviruses in vitro. Antiviral Res 1997; 34:113-9. [PMID: 9191018 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(97)01029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral effects of nucleoside analogues against human adenoviruses (ADV) belonging to subgroup B (ADV3) and C (ADV2) were comparatively analysed using focus reduction assay on Fogh and Lund (FL) cells. 3'-Fluoro-2'-deoxythymidine (FTdR), 3'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR), 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC) and 3'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine (FGdR) emerged as potent and selective inhibitors. They were nontoxic for the FL cells at the tested doses. FTdR was proved to be the most effective inhibitor against both serotypes ADV2 and ADV3 (0.05 microM/0.02 microM). The inhibitory effect of FTdR was also analyzed on the level of viral proteins and viral DNA synthesis using radioimmunoprecipitation and PCR, respectively. Neither the main structural protein of ADV, the hexon, nor viral DNA could be detected in ADV-infected FL cells that had been exposed to FTdR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mentel
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany
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45
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Díaz Y, El-Laghdach A, Matheu MI, Castillón S. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‘,3‘-Dideoxynucleosides by Addition of Selenium Electrophiles to Glycals. A Formal Synthesis of D4T from 2-Deoxyribose. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9616825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Díaz
- Departament de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pça. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anas El-Laghdach
- Departament de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pça. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Isabel Matheu
- Departament de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pça. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sergio Castillón
- Departament de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pça. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
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46
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Stuyver L, Wyseur A, Rombout A, Louwagie J, Scarcez T, Verhofstede C, Rimland D, Schinazi RF, Rossau R. Line probe assay for rapid detection of drug-selected mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:284-91. [PMID: 9021181 PMCID: PMC163703 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.2.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon prolonged treatment with various antiretroviral nucleoside analogs such as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)- beta-L-2', 3'dideoxy-3'thiacytidine and 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine, selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains with mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene has been reported. We designed a reverse hybridization line probe assay (LiPA) for the rapid and simultaneous characterization of the following variations in the RT gene: M41 or L41; T69, N69, A69, or D69; K70 or R70; L74 or V74; V75 or T75; M184, I184, or V184; T215, Y215, or F215; and K219, Q219, or E219. Nucleotide polymorphisms for codon L41 (TTG or CTG), T69 (ACT or ACA), V75 (GTA or GTG), T215 (ACC or ACT), and Y215 (TAC or TAT) could be detected. In addition to the codons mentioned above, several third-letter polymorphisms in the direct vicinity of the target codons (E40, E42, K43, K73, D76, Q182, Y183, D185, G213, F214, and L214) were found, and specific probes were selected. In total, 48 probes were designed and applied to the LiPA test strips and optimized with a well-characterized and representative reference panel. Plasma samples from 358 HIV-infected patients were analyzed with all 48 probes. The amino acid profiles could be deduced by LiPA hybridization in an average of 92.7% of the samples for each individual codon. When combined with changes in viral load and CD4+ T-cell count, this LiPA approach proved to be useful in studying genetic resistance in follow-up samples from antiretroviral agent-treated HIV-1-infected individuals.
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48
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Kalvatchev Z, Walder R, Garzaro D. Anti-HIV activity of extracts from Calendula officinalis flowers. Biomed Pharmacother 1997; 51:176-80. [PMID: 9207986 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(97)85587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracts of dried flowers from Calendula officinalis were examined for their ability to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Both organic and aqueous extracts were relatively nontoxic to human lymphocytic Molt-4 cells, but only the organic one exhibited potent anti-HIV activity in an in vitro MTT/tetrazolium-based assay. In addition, in the presence of the organic extract (500 micrograms/mL), the uninfected Molt-4 cells were completely protected for up to 24 h from fusion and subsequent death, caused by cocultivation with persistently infected U-937/HIV-1 cells. It was also found that the organic extract from Calendula officinalis flowers caused a significant dose- and time-dependent reduction of HIV-1 reverse transcription (RT) activity. An 85% RT inhibition was achieved after a 30 min treatment of partially purified enzyme in a cell-free system. These results suggested that organic extract of flowers from Calendula officinalis possesses anti-HIV properties of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kalvatchev
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
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49
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Yamamoto S, Folks TM, Heneine W. Highly sensitive qualitative and quantitative detection of reverse transcriptase activity: optimization, validation, and comparative analysis with other detection systems. J Virol Methods 1996; 61:135-43. [PMID: 8882946 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(96)02078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-sensitive assay for reverse transcriptase (RT) activity called Amp-RT has been developed. An in vitro transcribed heteropolymeric RNA sequence was used as a template, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with Southern-blot hybridization served as a detection system for the cDNA product of the reaction. Titration of Mg2+ and Mn2+ concentrations using the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), respectively, showed optimal assay reactivity for both viruses at 2-20 mM of Mg2+. Analysis of density banded HIV-1 showed that the peak RT activity of the assay was associated with the fractions consistent with retrovirus particles. The sensitivity of Amp-RT was also compared with that of three conventional RT assays by using seven different retroviruses including HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), HTLV-I and HTLV-II, simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2), and gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV). HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and GALV could not be detected by the three conventional RT assays. Amp-RT was able to detect all these viruses in 10(1)-10(3)-fold dilutions. Similarly, Amp-RT was found to be 10(3)-10(6)-fold more sensitive than the other RT assays in detecting HIV-1, SIV< or CAEV. Culture supernatants from uninfected cell lines were all Amp-RT negative. A quantitative Amp-RT assay was also developed by using recombinant HIV-1 RT and signal quantitation. The assay was found to have a 5 log linear range, and therefore, provides a useful tool for quantitating RT and retroviruses. Amp-RT offers a sensitive generic tool for the qualitative and quantitative detection of known and unknown retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamamoto
- Retrovirus Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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50
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Prasad AK, Wengel J. Enzyme-Mediated Protecting Group Chemistry on the Hydroxyl Groups of Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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