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Prator CA, Thanh C, Kumar S, Pan T, Peluso MJ, Bosch R, Jones N, Milush JM, Bakkour S, Stone M, Busch MP, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Henrich TJ. Circulating CD30+CD4+ T Cells Increase Before Human Immunodeficiency Virus Rebound After Analytical Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1146-1155. [PMID: 31677350 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of nonviral markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that increase before viral rebound during analytical treatment interruption (ATI) may affect HIV persistence research. We previously showed that HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) is enriched in CD30+CD4+ T cells in many individuals. Here, we studied CD30+CD4+ T-cell dynamics before ATI, during ATI (before detectable plasma RNA), and after HIV rebound. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 participants collected longitudinally from 5 Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group studies incorporating ATI were included in this study. Flow cytometric characterization of expression of CD30 and markers of T-cell activation and exhaustion were performed along with HIV-1 RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid quantification and measurement of soluble plasma CD30 and CD30 ligand. RESULTS The percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing CD30 significantly increased from pre-ATI to postinterruption time points before detectible viremia (1.65 mean relative increase, P = .005). Seventy-seven percent of participants experienced an increase in CD30+ cells before viral rebound. In contrast, there were no significant differences between pre-ATI and postinterruption pre-rebound time points in percentages of lymphocytes expressing CD69, CD38/HLA-DR, or PD-1 until after HIV recrudescence. CONCLUSIONS CD30 may be a surrogate marker of early replication or viral transcriptional activity before detection by routine peripheral blood sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Prator
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shreya Kumar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tony Pan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ronald Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Norman Jones
- Core Immunology Laboratory, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Milush
- Core Immunology Laboratory, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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HIV-1 Tat Protein Enters Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells via Integrins and Renders Them Permissive to Virus Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010317. [PMID: 33396807 PMCID: PMC7796023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that the Tat protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 is released by acutely infected cells in a biologically active form and enters dendritic cells upon the binding of its arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) domain to the α5β1, αvβ3, and αvβ5 integrins. The up-regulation/activation of these integrins occurs in endothelial cells exposed to inflammatory cytokines that are increased in HIV-infected individuals, leading to endothelial cell dysfunction. Here, we show that inflammatory cytokine-activated endothelial cells selectively bind and rapidly take up nano-micromolar concentrations of Tat, as determined by flow cytometry. Protein oxidation and low temperatures reduce Tat entry, suggesting a conformation- and energy-dependent process. Consistently, Tat entry is competed out by RGD-Tat peptides or integrin natural ligands, and it is blocked by anti-α5β1, -αvβ3, and -αvβ5 antibodies. Moreover, modelling–docking calculations identify a low-energy Tat-αvβ3 integrin complex in which Tat makes contacts with both the αv and β3 chains. It is noteworthy that internalized Tat induces HIV replication in inflammatory cytokine-treated, but not untreated, endothelial cells. Thus, endothelial cell dysfunction driven by inflammatory cytokines renders the vascular system a target of Tat, which makes endothelial cells permissive to HIV replication, adding a further layer of complexity to functionally cure and/or eradicate HIV infection.
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3
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Okay G, Koc MM, Guler EM, Yabaci A, Kocyigit A, Akkoyunlu Y. The Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ Levels and their Relationship with HIV-RNA and CD4+ T Cells in HIV Patients. Curr HIV Res 2020; 18:354-361. [PMID: 32652911 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200712174642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum cytokine levels over the course of HIV infection usually increase with immunosuppression and decrease after antiretroviral treatment (ART). OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to compare cytokine levels between HIV-infected patients (HIP) and controls and investigate the relationship between CD4+T cell count, HIV-RNA levels, and cytokine levels. METHODS The study subjects comprised ART-naive HIP (n=30) with no comorbidities and age-and sex-matched healthy controls. We measured levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in serum samples of HIP at the beginning and at month 6 of ART and in controls. RESULTS The mean age of the study subjects was 38.7 ±10.3 years, with men making up 86.7% of the study subjects (n=26). IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in both ART-naive (p<0.001, p=0.002, p=0.001) and ART-experienced HIP (p<0.001) than controls. The IFN-γ level was lower in both ART-naive and ART-experienced HIP compared to controls (p=0.082 and p=0.002). There was a positive correlation between the CD4+T cell count and serum concentration of IFN- γ(r=0.320, p<0.05). While the serum IFN-γ concentration showed a negative correlation with the HIVRNA level(r=-0.412, p<0.001), the serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations showed a positive correlation with the HIV-RNA level (r=0.349, p<0.001; r:0.54, p<0.001; r:0.438, p<0.00). CONCLUSION Although serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α showed a significant decrease after ART, they were still significantly higher than the controls. IFN-γ responded differently to ART compared to the other cytokines, indicating that it may play a distinct and important role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülay Okay
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meliha Meric Koc
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Yabaci
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Biostatistics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdürrahim Kocyigit
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Akkoyunlu
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hogan LE, Vasquez J, Hobbs KS, Hanhauser E, Aguilar-Rodriguez B, Hussien R, Thanh C, Gibson EA, Carvidi AB, Smith LCB, Khan S, Trapecar M, Sanjabi S, Somsouk M, Stoddart CA, Kuritzkes DR, Deeks SG, Henrich TJ. Increased HIV-1 transcriptional activity and infectious burden in peripheral blood and gut-associated CD4+ T cells expressing CD30. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006856. [PMID: 29470552 PMCID: PMC5823470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells persist indefinitely despite the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), and novel therapeutic strategies to target and purge residual infected cells in individuals on ART are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cell-associated HIV-1 RNA is often highly enriched in cells expressing CD30, and that cells expressing this marker considerably contribute to the total pool of transcriptionally active CD4+ lymphocytes in individuals on suppressive ART. Using in situ RNA hybridization studies, we show co-localization of CD30 with HIV-1 transcriptional activity in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. We also demonstrate that ex vivo treatment with brentuximab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets CD30, significantly reduces the total amount of HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from infected, ART-suppressed individuals. Finally, we observed that an HIV-1-infected individual, who received repeated brentuximab vedotin infusions for lymphoma, had no detectable virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Overall, CD30 may be a marker of residual, transcriptionally active HIV-1 infected cells in the setting of suppressive ART. Given that CD30 is only expressed on a small number of total mononuclear cells, it is a potential therapeutic target of persistent HIV-1 infection. Previous studies have shown that higher levels of soluble CD30 are associated with HIV-1 disease progression. Many of these studies, however, were performed prior to the implementation of combination ART, and the relationship between surface CD30 expression, soluble CD30 and HIV-1 infection in ART suppressed individuals, or those with viremic control off ART, is not known. We demonstrate that cell-associated HIV-1 RNA is highly enriched in CD4+ T cells expressing CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. These findings were observed in several HIV-1 infected donor groups, regardless of whether or not the participants were receiving suppressive ART. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ex vivo treatment with brentuximab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate that targets CD30, reduces the total amount of HIV-1 DNA in PBMC obtained from infected individuals. Finally, we show through in situ RNA hybridization studies that CD30 and HIV transcriptional activity co-localize in cells from gut biopsies obtained from HIV-1 infected donors. These data suggest that CD30 may be a marker of residual, transcriptionally active HIV-1 infected cells in the setting of suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E. Hogan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LEH); (TJH)
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen S. Hobbs
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Hanhauser
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon Aguilar-Rodriguez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rajaa Hussien
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Gibson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander B. Carvidi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Louis C. B. Smith
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shahzada Khan
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LEH); (TJH)
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5
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Henrich TJ, Hatano H, Bacon O, Hogan LE, Rutishauser R, Hill A, Kearney MF, Anderson EM, Buchbinder SP, Cohen SE, Abdel-Mohsen M, Pohlmeyer CW, Fromentin R, Hoh R, Liu AY, McCune JM, Spindler J, Metcalf-Pate K, Hobbs KS, Thanh C, Gibson EA, Kuritzkes DR, Siliciano RF, Price RW, Richman DD, Chomont N, Siliciano JD, Mellors JW, Yukl SA, Blankson JN, Liegler T, Deeks SG. HIV-1 persistence following extremely early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV-1 infection: An observational study. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002417. [PMID: 29112956 PMCID: PMC5675377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown if extremely early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) may lead to long-term ART-free HIV remission or cure. As a result, we studied 2 individuals recruited from a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) program who started prophylactic ART an estimated 10 days (Participant A; 54-year-old male) and 12 days (Participant B; 31-year-old male) after infection with peak plasma HIV RNA of 220 copies/mL and 3,343 copies/mL, respectively. Extensive testing of blood and tissue for HIV persistence was performed, and PrEP Participant A underwent analytical treatment interruption (ATI) following 32 weeks of continuous ART. METHODS AND FINDINGS Colorectal and lymph node tissues, bone marrow, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and very large numbers of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained longitudinally from both participants and were studied for HIV persistence in several laboratories using molecular and culture-based detection methods, including a murine viral outgrowth assay (mVOA). Both participants initiated PrEP with tenofovir/emtricitabine during very early Fiebig stage I (detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA, antibody negative) followed by 4-drug ART intensification. Following peak viral loads, both participants experienced full suppression of HIV-1 plasma viremia. Over the following 2 years, no further HIV could be detected in blood or tissue from PrEP Participant A despite extensive sampling from ileum, rectum, lymph nodes, bone marrow, CSF, circulating CD4+ T cell subsets, and plasma. No HIV was detected from tissues obtained from PrEP Participant B, but low-level HIV RNA or DNA was intermittently detected from various CD4+ T cell subsets. Over 500 million CD4+ T cells were assayed from both participants in a humanized mouse outgrowth assay. Three of 8 mice infused with CD4+ T cells from PrEP Participant B developed viremia (50 million input cells/surviving mouse), but only 1 of 10 mice infused with CD4+ T cells from PrEP Participant A (53 million input cells/mouse) experienced very low level viremia (201 copies/mL); sequence confirmation was unsuccessful. PrEP Participant A stopped ART and remained aviremic for 7.4 months, rebounding with HIV RNA of 36 copies/mL that rose to 59,805 copies/mL 6 days later. ART was restarted promptly. Rebound plasma HIV sequences were identical to those obtained during acute infection by single-genome sequencing. Mathematical modeling predicted that the latent reservoir size was approximately 200 cells prior to ATI and that only around 1% of individuals with a similar HIV burden may achieve lifelong ART-free remission. Furthermore, we observed that lymphocytes expressing the tumor marker CD30 increased in frequency weeks to months prior to detectable HIV-1 RNA in plasma. This study was limited by the small sample size, which was a result of the rarity of individuals presenting during hyperacute infection. CONCLUSIONS We report HIV relapse despite initiation of ART at one of the earliest stages of acute HIV infection possible. Near complete or complete loss of detectable HIV in blood and tissues did not lead to indefinite ART-free HIV remission. However, the small numbers of latently infected cells in individuals treated during hyperacute infection may be associated with prolonged ART-free remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroyu Hatano
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Oliver Bacon
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Louise E. Hogan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Rutishauser
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alison Hill
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Kearney
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan P. Buchbinder
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Cohen
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Pohlmeyer
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Remi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Y. Liu
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Spindler
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly Metcalf-Pate
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristen S. Hobbs
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Gibson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas D. Richman
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Yukl
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, Unites States of America
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teri Liegler
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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6
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Gedik N, Kottenberg E, Thielmann M, Frey UH, Jakob H, Peters J, Heusch G, Kleinbongard P. Potential humoral mediators of remote ischemic preconditioning in patients undergoing surgical coronary revascularization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12660. [PMID: 28978919 PMCID: PMC5627278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) by repeated brief cycles of limb ischemia/reperfusion may reduce myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and improve patients‘ prognosis after elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 activation in left ventricular myocardium is associated with RIPC´s cardioprotection. Cytokines and growth hormones typically activate STATs and could therefore act as humoral transfer factors of RIPC´s cardioprotection. We here determined arterial plasma concentrations of 25 different cytokines, growth hormones, and other factors which have previously been associated with cardioprotection, before (baseline)/after RIPC or placebo (n = 23/23), respectively, and before/after ischemic cardioplegic arrest in CABG patients. RIPC-induced protection was reflected by a 35% reduction of serum troponin I release. With the exception of interleukin-1α, none of the humoral factors changed in their concentrations after RIPC or placebo, respectively. Interleukin-1α, when normalized to baseline, increased after RIPC (280 ± 56%) but not with placebo (97 ± 15%). The interleukin-1α concentration remained increased until after ischemic cardioplegic arrest and was also higher than with placebo in absolute concentrations (25 ± 6 versus 16 ± 3 pg/mL). Only interleukin-1α possibly fulfills the criteria which would be expected from a substance to be released in response to RIPC and to protect the myocardium during ischemic cardioplegic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Gedik
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eva Kottenberg
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Thielmann
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Frey
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heinz Jakob
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Peters
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany.
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7
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Younas M, Psomas C, Reynes J, Corbeau P. Immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection: Causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy. HIV Med 2015; 17:89-105. [PMID: 26452565 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immune activation is a striking consequence of HIV-1 infection. Even in virologically suppressed patients, some hyperactivity of the immune system and even of the endothelium and of the coagulation pathway may persist. Apart from immune deficiency, this chronic activation may contribute to various morbidities including atherothrombosis, neurocognitive disorders, liver steatosis and osteoporosis, which are currently main challenges. It is therefore of major importance to better understand the causes and the phenotypes of immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection. In this review we will discuss the various causes of immune activation in HIV-1 infected organisms: the presence of the virus together with other microbes, eventually coming from the gut, CD4+ T cell lymphopenia, senescence and dysregulation of the immune system, and/or genetic factors. We will also describe the activation of the immune system: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, NKT and NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages, and neutrophils of the inflammation cascade, as well as of the endothelium and the coagulation system. Finally, we will see that antiretroviral therapy reduces the hyperactivity of the immune and coagulation systems and the endothelial dysfunction, but often does not abolish it. A better knowledge of this phenomenon might help us to identify biomarkers predictive of non AIDS-linked comorbidities, and to define new strategies aiming at preventing their emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Younas
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - C Psomas
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,UMI 233, IRD-Montpellier University, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - J Reynes
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,UMI 233, IRD-Montpellier University, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - P Corbeau
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Immunology Department, University Hospital, Nîmes Cedex, France
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8
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Daniel V, Scherer S, Sadeghi M, Terness P, Huth-Kühne A, Opelz G. HIV-Specific CD8(+) T Lymphocytes in Blood of Long-Term HIV-Infected Hemophilia Patients. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:399-411. [PMID: 24380050 PMCID: PMC3869412 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 30 years ago show increased proportions of activated CD8+DR+ blood lymphocytes. We hypothesized that this might indicate a cellular immune response directed against HIV and might be the reason for long-term clinical stability of these patients. CD8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) reactive with six HIV and two cytomegalovirus (CMV) pentamers were determined in heparinized whole blood. Additional lymphocyte subsets as well as plasma cytokines and HIV-1 load were studied. Long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients with (n=15) or without (n=33) currently detectable HIV-1 load in the plasma showed higher proportions of CD8+ lymphocytes reactive with HIV (p<0.001) and CMV pentamers (p=0.010) than healthy individuals. The cellular anti-HIV response tended to be stronger and more polyclonal in patients during periods of viral replication than in patients with retroviral quiescence (p=0.077). Anti-HIV CD8+ lymphocyte responses were strongest in patients with high counts of activated CD8+DR+ T (r=0.353; p=0.014) and low CD19+ B lymphocyte counts (r=−0.472; p=0.001). Patients with or without HIV-1 viral load showed normal Th1 and Th2 plasma cytokine levels and high plasma interleukin-6 (versus healthy controls, p=0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (p=0.020). Hemophilia patients who have been living with HIV for more than 30 years showed a polyclonal CD8+ T-cell response against HIV and CMV. This cellular antiviral immune response was strongest during periods of HIV-1 replication and remained detectable during periods of HIV-1 quiescence. We hypothesize that the consistent cellular anti-HIV-1 response in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy ensures stability and survival of these chronically HIV-1–infected hemophilia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Daniel
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Scherer
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Sadeghi
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Terness
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Opelz
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
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García-Díaz D, Rodríguez I, Santisteban Y, Márquez G, Terrero Y, Brown E, Iglesias E. Th2-Th1 shift with the multiantigenic formulation TERAVAC-HIV-1 in Balb/c mice. Immunol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23183092 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In chronic HIV infection a progressive Th1 to Th2/Th0 cytokine-profile shift is related to disease progression. One of the possible benefits of a therapeutic vaccination might be to counterbalance this phenomenon to allow viral replication control under a Th1-type immune response. TERAVAC-HIV-1 is a multiantigenic formulation vaccine candidate against HIV-1 which comprises the recombinant protein CR3 that contains T cell epitopes and the surface and nucleocapsid antigens of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Previous studies showed that such virus like particles of the HBV provide a Th1 adjuvant effect. The present studies examined the capacity of TERAVAC to elicit a Th1 response in the presence of an ongoing HIV-specific Th2-type response in Balb/c mice. To examine this issue, we injected subcutaneously the animals with CR3 or viral lysate in alum which resulted in a Th2-type response. The CR3-specific Th2-type response was verified by induction of IL-4 and IL-10 secretion in ex vivo stimulated splenocytes without secretion of IFN-γ and IgG2a antibodies in serum. Further subcutaneous and simultaneous subcutaneous-nasal immunizations of the same mice with TERAVAC promoted IFN-γ secretion and production of IgG2a antibodies in accordance with a Th1-type response. This result suggests a therapeutic benefit of this vaccine candidate in the restoration of the Th1-type HIV-specific cellular response in seropositive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darien García-Díaz
- Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
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10
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Qin HX, Cui HK, Pan Y, Yang J, Ren YF, Hua CH, Hua FF, Qiao YH. HDAC6 siRNA inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of HeLa cells and its related molecular mechanism. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:3367-71. [PMID: 22994762 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) siRNA on cell proliferation and cell apoptosis of the HeLa cervical carcinoma cell line and the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS Division was into three groups: A, the untreated group; B, the control siRNA group; and C, the HDAC6 siRNA group. Lipofectamine 2000 was used for siRNA transfection, and Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein levels. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were characterized using a CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS HDAC6 protein expression in the HDAC6 siRNA-transfection group was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the untreated and control siRNA groups. The CCK-8 kit results demonstrated that the proliferation of HeLa cells was clearly inhibited in the HDAC6 siRNA transfection group (P < 0.05). In addition, flow cytometry revealed that the early apoptotic rate (26.0% ± 0.87%) was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) as compared with the untreated group (10.6% ± 1.19%) and control siRNA group (8.61% ± 0.98%). Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated that bcl-2 protein expression in the HDAC6 siRNA-transfection group was down-regulated, whereas the expression of p21 and bax was up-regulated. CONCLUSION HDAC6 plays an essential role in the occurrence and development of cervical carcinoma, and the down-regulation of HDAC6 expression may be useful molecular therapeutic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Vitiello P, Brudney D, MacCartney M, Garcia A, Smith C, Marshall N, Johnson M, Geretti AM. Responses to Switching to Maraviroc-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in Treated Patients with Suppressed Plasma HIV-1-RNA Load. Intervirology 2012; 55:172-8. [PMID: 22286889 DOI: 10.1159/000332023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Lichtfuss GF, Hoy J, Rajasuriar R, Kramski M, Crowe SM, Lewin SR. Biomarkers of immune dysfunction following combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Biomark Med 2011; 5:171-86. [PMID: 21473720 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, yet their life expectancy remains reduced compared with the general population. Most HIV-infected patients receiving cART have some persistent immune dysfunction characterized by chronic immune activation and premature aging of the immune system. Here we review biomarkers of T-cell activation (CD69, -25 and -38, HLA-DR, and soluble CD26 and -30); generalized immune activation (C-reactive protein, IL-6 and D-dimer); microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide, 16S rDNA, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14); and immune dysfunction of specific cellular subsets (T cells, natural killer cells and monocytes) in HIV-infected patients on cART and their relationship to adverse clinical outcomes including impaired CD4 T-cell recovery, as well as non-AIDS clinical events, such as cardiovascular disease.
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Song W, Li Y, Wilson CM, Tang J. Identification of three immunologic correlates for HIV type 1 pathogenesis in youth. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:639-46. [PMID: 20969482 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the stability and heterogeneity of cytokine and chemokine profiles in 80 youth with and without HIV-1 infection, we tested plasma samples at repeated visits without antiretroviral therapy. Among nine analytes that were quantified using multiplexing assays, interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-18, and soluble CD30 persistently showed a positive correlation with HIV-1 viral load (Spearman ρ = 0.40-0.59, p < 0.01 for all). A negative correlation with CD4(+) T cell counts (ρ = -0.40 to -0.60, p < 0.01 for all) was also persistent for the three analytes. Analyses restricted to 48 AIDS-free youth (96 visits) yielded similar findings, as did multivariable models in which race, sex, age, body mass index, and time interval between visits were treated as covariates. These relationships reflected two novel features observed for all three analytes. First, their presence in plasma was relatively stable between visits (ρ = 0.50-0.90, p < 0.03), regardless of HIV-1 infection status. Second, pairwise correlation was strong and persistent in HIV-1-seropositive youth (ρ = 0.40-0.59, p < 0.01), but not in HIV-1, seronegatives (p > 0.13). Additional analytes, especially eotaxin/CCL11 and SDF-1β/CXCL12, had no correlation with HIV-1-related outcomes despite their stability between visits. Overall, circulating IL-10, IL-18, and soluble CD30 could partially track unfavorable responses to HIV-1 infection in youth. These markers of persistent immune activation are individually and collectively indicative of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig M. Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Haque T, Chaggar T, Schafers J, Atkinson C, McAulay KA, Crawford DH. Soluble CD30: a serum marker for Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. J Med Virol 2011; 83:311-6. [PMID: 21181928 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The soluble form of CD30 (sCD30), a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, has been used as a marker of disease activity in various lymphomas. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a potent stimulator of CD30 expression. The study aims to evaluate whether sCD30 can be used as a diagnostic marker for EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Plasma from EBV seropositive healthy controls (N = 90), acute IM patients (n = 90), non-PTLD heart/lung transplant recipients (N = 30) and EBV-positive PTLD patients (N = 23) was tested for sCD30 using a commercially available ELISA kit. EBV DNA was tested by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Significantly higher sCD30 levels were observed in acute IM patients (median 242.9 ng/ml) compared to EBV seropositive controls (median 15.7 ng/ml; P < 0.0001). These levels were highest in IM patients within 14 days of onset of illness. PTLD patients had significantly higher sCD30 levels (median 94 ng/ml) than healthy controls (P < 0.0001) and transplant patients (median 27 ng/ml; P = 0.0007). EBV DNA was detected mostly in acute IM and PTLD patients. In both cases there was a significant correlation between sCD30 and EBV DNA levels in plasma (P < 0.0001). This study demonstrates that sCD30 and EBV DNA levels can be used as potential markers for diagnosis of IM and PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Haque
- Department of Virology, Royal Free Hospital, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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Correia-Silva JF, Resende RG, Arão TC, Abreu MHNG, Teixeira MM, Bittencourt H, Silva TA, Gomez RS. HCMV gB genotype and its association with cytokine levels in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Oral Dis 2011; 17:530-7. [PMID: 21332604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycoprotein B (gB) has been implicated in determining the pathogenicity and clinical outcomes of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) disease. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of gB genotypes in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and the relationship between it and cytokine levels in saliva and blood samples. The impact of these parameters on patients' survival was also investigated. METHODS Samples were obtained from 63 patients receiving an allo-HSCT. HCMV gB genotyping was carried out by multiplex nested PCR. The cytokine levels were assessed using ELISA assay. RESULTS A single or mixed genotype infection was detected in the saliva and blood of 36/63 and 52/63 subjects, respectively. Patients with gB2 in their saliva showed lower IL-10 levels in comparison with patients without gB2. Reduced blood levels of IFN-γ and IL-1β were also found in recipients with the HCMV gB4 genotype compared with patients without it. Decreased IL-1β and increased IL-10 blood levels were associated with lower survival. However, HCMV gB genotypes have no impact on patient outcome. CONCLUSION Decreased IL-1β and increased IL-10 levels in the blood are associated with lower survival. HCMV genotypes are associated with different cytokine levels in saliva and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Correia-Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Borges-Almeida E, Milanez HMBPM, Vilela MMS, Cunha FGP, Abramczuk BM, Reis-Alves SC, Metze K, Lorand-Metze I. The impact of maternal HIV infection on cord blood lymphocyte subsets and cytokine profile in exposed non-infected newborns. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:38. [PMID: 21291536 PMCID: PMC3040712 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children born to HIV+ mothers are exposed intra-utero to several drugs and cytokines that can modify the developing immune system, and influence the newborn's immune response to infections and vaccines. We analyzed the relation between the distribution of cord blood lymphocyte subsets and cytokine profile in term newborns of HIV+ mothers using HAART during pregnancy and compared them to normal newborns. Methods In a prospective, controlled study, 36 mother-child pairs from HIV+ mothers and 15 HIV-uninfected mothers were studied. Hematological features and cytokine profiles of mothers at 35 weeks of pregnancy were examined. Maternal and cord lymphocyte subsets as well as B-cell maturation in cord blood were analyzed by flow cytometry. The non-stimulated, as well as BCG- and PHA-stimulated production of IL2, IL4, IL7, IL10, IL12, IFN-γ and TNF-alpha in mononuclear cell cultures from mothers and infants were quantified using ELISA. Results After one year follow-up none of the exposed infants became seropositive for HIV. An increase in B lymphocytes, especially the CD19/CD5+ ones, was observed in cord blood of HIV-exposed newborns. Children of HIV+ hard drug using mothers had also an increase of immature B-cells. Cord blood mononuclear cells of HIV-exposed newborns produced less IL-4 and IL-7 and more IL-10 and IFN-γ in culture than those of uninfected mothers. Cytokine values in supernatants were similar in infants and their mothers except for IFN-γ and TNF-alpha that were higher in HIV+ mothers, especially in drug abusing ones. Cord blood CD19/CD5+ lymphocytes showed a positive correlation with cord IL-7 and IL-10. A higher maternal age and smoking was associated with a decrease of cord blood CD4+ cells. Conclusions in uninfected infants born to HIV+ women, several immunological abnormalities were found, related to the residual maternal immune changes induced by the HIV infection and those associated with antiretroviral treatment. Maternal smoking was associated to changes in cord CD3/CD4 lymphocytes and maternal hard drug abuse was associated with more pronounced changes in the cord B cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Borges-Almeida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, 13083-887 - Campinas, Brazil
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Daniel V, Naujokat C, Sadeghi M, Zimmermann R, Huth-Kühne A, Opelz G. Increased peripheral blood leukocyte subsets with regulatory phenotype in clinically stable long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients on HAART may be beneficial and contribute to a decrease in autoimmunity. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:87-97. [PMID: 20121406 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After initiation of highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients have been shown to lose autoantibodies against CD4(+) peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), suggesting that HAART induces autoimmunity-blocking mechanisms. We compared cytokine levels and subpopulations of lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC) in the blood of 40 long-term HIV(+) patients with those of 13 long-term HIV(-) hemophilia patients; 23 HIV(+) patients had a detectable retroviral load. Cell subsets were determined using flow cytometry and cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. HIV(+) patients showed higher proportions of DC subpopulations with immunostimulatory phenotypes (p < 0.01), CD8(+) PBL (p < 0.001), and IL-2 (p < 0.001) and sIL-2R plasma levels (p = 0.002) than HIV(-) patients. They also exhibited increased proportions of T PBL with immunosuppressive phenotypes such as CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) (p = 0.001), and CD3(+)CD8(+)CD28(-)Foxp3(+) PBL (p < 0.001), and a decreased IL-7R expression on CD3(+)CD8(+) PBL (p = 0.001) compared to HIV(-) patients. Frequencies of CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) PBL producing IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and/or IFN-gamma, and of CD3(+)CD4(+)CD28(-) PBL secreting IL-2 and/or IL-4 were lower in HIV(+) than in HIV(-) patients (p <or= 0.02). Proportions of CD4(+) PBL coated with IgG, IgM, and C3d were similar in HIV(+) and HIV(-) patients (p = n.s.). However, the proportion of CD4(+)gp120(+) PBL was higher in HIV(+) patients (p = 0.002), and associated with low CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) PBL (p = 0.012). We conclude that long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients on HAART show an adaptive immune response, presumably against HIV, in the presence of upregulated immunosuppressive T PBL, downregulated cytokine-producing CD4(+) PBL, and downregulated IL-7R expression on CD8(+) PBL. Increased immunoregulatory T PBL might decrease autoimmunity, thereby contributing to immunological reconstitution and stabilization of long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients on HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Daniel
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Immunopathogenesis of immune reconstitution disease in HIV patients responding to antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2009; 3:419-24. [PMID: 19373000 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328302ebbb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this article is to review the most recent literature regarding the immunopathogenesis of pathogen-associated immune reconstitution disease and to discuss the role of immune activation and various effector molecules and cells such as macrophages, effector and regulatory T cells, and natural killer cells in immune reconstitution disease. RECENT FINDINGS Many HIV patients receiving antiretroviral treatment develop immune reconstitution disease, which is characterized by exaggerated inflammatory immune responses to replicating or dead pathogens. In the majority of these cases, immune reconstitution disease is associated with restoration of pathogen-specific cellular immune responses involving CD4 or CD8 effector T cells. The precise conditions that trigger immune reconstitution disease have not yet been identified. Immune reconstitution disease patients have overt immune activation, which may be due to poor homeostatic control after the fast initial immune recovery in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Poor homeostatic control in immune reconstitution disease patients may be linked to unbalanced restoration of effector and regulatory T cells. SUMMARY Although the precise mechanism of immune reconstitution disease is not well understood, it is probably related to rapid restoration of pathogen-specific immune responses and poor homeostatic control that promote exaggerated immunopathological responses, especially if viable pathogens or pathogen debris are present at high concentrations.
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Daniel V, Naujokat C, Sadeghi M, Zimmermann R, Huth-Kühne A, Opelz G. Association of IL-12+ DC with High CD3+CD4-DR+ Lymphocyte Counts in Long-term HIV-infected Hemophilia Patients With Clinically Stable Disease. J Clin Immunol 2007; 28:58-72. [PMID: 17879005 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated dendritic cell (DC) subsets as well as cellular and humoral immune parameters in long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients with clinically stable disease. DC subsets were determined by their function to produce either IL-10 or IL-12. CD11c(+)CD83(+)CD40(+)IL-10(+) and CD11c(+)CD83(+)CD40(+)IL-12(+) DC were studied in freshly obtained blood samples of 28 HIV(+) and 15 HIV(-) patients and 39 healthy controls using four-color flow cytometry, and were analyzed in relation to blood lymphocyte subpopulation counts, proportions of IgG-coated CD4(+) blood lymphocytes, neopterin, and HIV-1 viral load in the plasma, and in vitro responses of patient lymphocytes to mitogens. Proportions and ratios of IL-10(+) DC and IL-12(+) DC were similar in HIV(+) and HIV(-) patients and healthy controls. Whereas IL-12(+) DC in HIV(+) patients were associated with high CD3(+)CD4(-)DR(+) lymphocyte counts, IL-10(+) DC were associated with the proportion of IgG-coated CD4(+) blood lymphocytes. These data suggest that long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients with clinically stable disease have normal levels of functional IL-10(+) DC and IL-12(+) DC that might be involved in halting the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Daniel
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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