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Ramos Peña DE, Pillet S, Grupioni Lourenço A, Pozzetto B, Bourlet T, Motta ACF. Human immunodeficiency virus and oral microbiota: mutual influence on the establishment of a viral gingival reservoir in individuals under antiretroviral therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1364002. [PMID: 38660490 PMCID: PMC11039817 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1364002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the oral microbiota in the overall health and in systemic diseases has gained more importance in the recent years, mainly due to the systemic effects that are mediated by the chronic inflammation caused by oral diseases, such as periodontitis, through the microbial communities of the mouth. The chronic infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts at the tissue level (e.g. gut, genital tract, brain) to create reservoirs; the modulation of the gut microbiota by HIV infection is a good example of these interactions. The purpose of the present review is to assess the state of knowledge on the oral microbiota (microbiome, mycobiome and virome) of HIV-infected patients in comparison to that of HIV-negative individuals and to discuss the reciprocal influence of HIV infection and oral microbiota in patients with periodontitis on the potential establishment of a viral gingival reservoir. The influence of different clinical and biological parameters are reviewed including age, immune and viral status, potent antiretroviral therapies, smoking, infection of the airway and viral coinfections, all factors that can modulate the oral microbiota during HIV infection. The analysis of the literature proposed in this review indicates that the comparisons of the available studies are difficult due to their great heterogeneity. However, some important findings emerge: (i) the oral microbiota is less influenced than that of the gut during HIV infection, although some recurrent changes in the microbiome are identified in many studies; (ii) severe immunosuppression is correlated with altered microbiota and potent antiretroviral therapies correct partially these modifications; (iii) periodontitis constitutes a major factor of dysbiosis, which is exacerbated in HIV-infected patients; its pathogenesis can be described as a reciprocal reinforcement of the two conditions, where the local dysbiosis present in the periodontal pocket leads to inflammation, bacterial translocation and destruction of the supporting tissues, which in turn enhances an inflammatory environment that perpetuates the periodontitis cycle. With the objective of curing viral reservoirs of HIV-infected patients in the future years, it appears important to develop further researches aimed at defining whether the inflamed gingiva can serve of viral reservoir in HIV-infected patients with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Estefania Ramos Peña
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Team Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sylvie Pillet
- Team Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Alan Grupioni Lourenço
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- Team Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- Team Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Ana Carolina Fragoso Motta
- Department of Stomatology, Public Health and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sahoo S, Sharma S, Singh MP, Singh SK, Vamanu E, Rao KH. Metabolic and Phenotypic Changes Induced during N-Acetylglucosamine Signalling in the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1997. [PMID: 37509635 PMCID: PMC10377528 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human commensal yeast Candida albicans is pathogenic and results in a variety of mucosal and deep tissue problems when the host is immunocompromised. Candida exhibits enormous metabolic flexibility and dynamic morphogenetic transition to survive under host niche environmental conditions and to cause virulence. The amino sugar N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) available at the host infection sites, apart from acting as an extremely good carbon and nitrogen source, also induces cellular signalling in this pathogen. In C. albicans, GlcNAc performs multifaceted roles, including GlcNAc scavenging, GlcNAc import and metabolism, morphogenetic transition (yeast-hyphae and white-opaque switch), GlcNAc-induced cell death (GICD), and virulence. Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) involved in GlcNAc-induced cellular processes has become the main focus of many studies. In the current study, we focused on GlcNAc-induced metabolic changes associated with phenotypic changes. Here, we employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which is a high-throughput and sensitive technology, to unveil global metabolomic changes that occur in GlcNAc vs. glucose grown conditions in Candida cells. The morphogenetic transition associated with metabolic changes was analysed by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Metabolite analysis revealed the upregulation of metabolites involved in the glyoxylate pathway, oxidative metabolism, and fatty acid catabolism to probably augment the synthesis of GlcNAc-induced hypha-specific materials. Furthermore, GlcNAc-grown cells showed slightly more sensitivity to amphotericin B treatment. These results all together provide new insights into the development of antifungal therapeutics for the control of candidiasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Sarika Sharma
- Department of Sponsored Research, Division of Research & Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Mahendra P Singh
- Department of Zoology and Centre of Genomics and Bioinformatics, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
| | - Sandeep K Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kongara Hanumantha Rao
- Department of Biochemistry/Bioinformatics, School of Sciences, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, India
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Kärkkäinen E, Jakobsson SG, Edlund U, Richter-Dahlfors A, Choong FX. Optotracing for live selective fluorescence-based detection of Candida albicans biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:981454. [PMID: 36118028 PMCID: PMC9478205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.981454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen in humans, implicated in hospital-acquired infections, secondary infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, and is a significant contributor to the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) burden. Early detection of this pathogen is needed to guide preventative strategies and the selection and development of therapeutic treatments. Fungal biofilms are a unique heterogeneous mix of cell types, extracellular carbohydrates and amyloid aggregates. Perhaps due to the dominance of carbohydrates in fungi, to date, few specific methods are available for the detection of fungal biofilms. Here we present a new optotracing-based method for the detection and analysis of yeast and biofilms based on C. albicans SC5314 as a model. Using commercial extracts of cell wall carbohydrates, we showed the capability of the optotracer EbbaBiolight 680 for detecting chitin and β-glucans. The sensitivity of this tracer to these carbohydrates in their native environment within fungal cells enabled the visualization of both yeast and hyphal forms of the microbe. Analysis of optotracer fluorescence by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed extensive staining of fungi cell walls as well as the presence of intracellular amyloid aggregates within a subpopulation of cells within the biofilm. Further analysis of the photophysical properties of bound tracers by spectroscopy and spectral imaging revealed polymorphisms between amyloid aggregates within yeast and hyphal cells and enabled their differentiation. With exceptional spatial and temporal resolution, this assay adds a new technique that facilitates future understanding of fungal biofilms and their formation, and enables direct, unbiased diagnostics of these medically relevant biofilms, as well as the development of antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Kärkkäinen
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saga G. Jakobsson
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrica Edlund
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand X. Choong
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ferdinand X. Choong,
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Nyirjesy P, Brookhart C, Lazenby G, Schwebke J, Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Review of the Evidence for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:S162-S168. [PMID: 35416967 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common cause of vulvovaginal itching and discharge. This article discusses the latest CDC STI Treatment Guidelines for VVC. METHODS A literature search of relevant topics was performed, and a team of experts was convened to discuss (1) diagnosis/testing modalities; treatment of (2) uncomplicated VVC , (3) complicated VVC, and (4) VVC caused by non-albicans yeast; (5) alternative treatment regimens; (6) susceptibility testing of yeast; Special Populations: (7) pregnancy and (8) HIV and VVC. RESULTS Yeast culture remains the gold standard for diagnoses. Newer molecular assays have been developed for the diagnosis of VVC and perform well. Azole antifungals remain the treatment of choice for uncomplicated VVC. Two new drugs, TOL-463 and recently FDA-approved ibrexafungerp, appeared promising in clinical trials. For recurrent VVC, oteseconazole, not yet commercially available, may represent a new option. For non-albicans yeast infections in symptomatic patients, boric acid appears useful. No evidence supports the use of alternative treatments, including probiotics. Fluconazole during pregnancy may be associated with spontaneous abortion and craniofacial and heart defects. In women with HIV infection, lower CD4+ T-cell counts are associated with increased rates of VVC, and VVC is associated with increased viral shedding. Treatment measures in women with HIV infection are identical to those women without HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS There has been significant new knowledge generated about VVC since the 2015 CDC Guidelines which have led to changing recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nyirjesy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolyn Brookhart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gweneth Lazenby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jane Schwebke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jack D Sobel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Marena GD, Girotto L, Saldanha LL, Ramos MADS, De Grandis RA, da Silva PB, Dokkedal AL, Chorilli M, Bauab TM, Pavan FR, Trovatti E, Lustri WR, Resende FA. Hydroalcoholic Extract of Myrcia bella Loaded into a Microemulsion System: A Study of Antifungal and Mutagenic Potential. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:405-415. [PMID: 33511621 DOI: 10.1055/a-1323-3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Myrcia bella is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of diabetes, hemorrhages, and hypertension in Brazilian folk medicine. Considering that plant extracts are attractive sources of new drugs, the aim of the present study was to verify the influence of incorporating 70% hydroalcoholic of M. bella leaves in nanostructured lipid systems on the mutagenic and antifungal activities of the extract. In this work, we evaluated the antifungal potential of M. bella loaded on the microemulsion against Candida sp for minimum inhibitory concentration, using the microdilution technique. The system was composed of polyoxyethylene 20 cetyl ether and soybean phosphatidylcholine (10%), grape seed oil, cholesterol (10%: proportion 5/1), and purified water (80%). To investigate the mutagenic activity, the Ames test was used with the Salmonella Typhimurium tester strains. M. bella, either incorporated or free, showed an important antifungal effect against all tested strains. Moreover, the incorporation surprisingly inhibited the mutagenicity presented by the extract. The present study attests the antimicrobial properties of M. bella extract, contributing to the search for new natural products with biological activities and suggesting caution in its use for medicinal purposes. In addition, the results emphasize the importance of the use of nanotechnology associated with natural products as a strategy for the control of infections caused mainly by the genus Candida sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Davi Marena
- University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Luiza Girotto
- University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Luiz Leonardo Saldanha
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Matheus Aparecido Dos Santos Ramos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Rone Aparecido De Grandis
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bento da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
- University of Brasilia, Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Anne Lígia Dokkedal
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Tais Maria Bauab
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Eliane Trovatti
- University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Wilton Rogério Lustri
- University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Flávia Ap Resende
- University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Nishimoto AT, Sharma C, Rogers PD. Molecular and genetic basis of azole antifungal resistance in the opportunistic pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:257-270. [PMID: 31603213 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic yeast and the major human fungal pathogen in the USA, as well as in many other regions of the world. Infections with C. albicans can range from superficial mucosal and dermatological infections to life-threatening infections of the bloodstream and vital organs. The azole antifungals remain an important mainstay treatment of candidiasis and therefore the investigation and understanding of the evolution, frequency and mechanisms of azole resistance are vital to improving treatment strategies against this organism. Here the organism C. albicans and the genetic changes and molecular bases underlying the currently known resistance mechanisms to the azole antifungal class are reviewed, including up-regulated expression of efflux pumps, changes in the expression and amino acid composition of the azole target Erg11 and alterations to the organism's typical sterol biosynthesis pathways. Additionally, we update what is known about activating mutations in the zinc cluster transcription factor (ZCF) genes regulating many of these resistance mechanisms and review azole import as a potential contributor to azole resistance. Lastly, investigations of azole tolerance in C. albicans and its implicated clinical significance are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nishimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cheshta Sharma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - P David Rogers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Villa S, Hamideh M, Weinstock A, Qasim MN, Hazbun TR, Sellam A, Hernday AD, Thangamani S. Transcriptional control of hyphal morphogenesis in Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 20:5715912. [PMID: 31981355 PMCID: PMC7000152 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a multimorphic commensal organism and opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans. A morphological switch between unicellular budding yeast and multicellular filamentous hyphal growth forms plays a vital role in the virulence of C. albicans, and this transition is regulated in response to a range of environmental cues that are encountered in distinct host niches. Many unique transcription factors contribute to the transcriptional regulatory network that integrates these distinct environmental cues and determines which phenotypic state will be expressed. These hyphal morphogenesis regulators have been extensively investigated, and represent an increasingly important focus of study, due to their central role in controlling a key C. albicans virulence attribute. This review provides a succinct summary of the transcriptional regulatory factors and environmental signals that control hyphal morphogenesis in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villa
- Masters in Biomedical Science Program, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Mohammad Hamideh
- Masters in Biomedical Science Program, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Anthony Weinstock
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Mohammad N Qasim
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Tony R Hazbun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Adnane Sellam
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Aaron D Hernday
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
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Analysis of Antimicrobial Properties of PVA-Based Coatings with Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Public places such as swimming pools, saunas and jacuzzis are at high risk of developing microorganisms and are a potential source of disease. Above all, increased temperature and humidity favour this. A relatively new but effective way to combat microorganisms is to subject them to metal or metal oxide nanoparticles. The paper presents a method of obtaining nanocompositions for direct application at the place of occurrence of the microorganisms. The advantage of nanocompositions is that they can easily be removed from the infected surface in the form of a film containing dead organic matter. The article investigates the biocidal properties against common microorganisms such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans of nanocompositions containing silver nanoparticles and nanometric zinc oxide. The physicochemical properties of the nanocompositions were characterised and the antifungal properties of the preparations obtained determined using the suspension method. The results showed that the PVA-based compositions obtained were able effectively to inhibit the growth of the tested strains. Elongation of contact time between microorganism and nanoparticles which was changed from 5 to 60 min resulted in higher antimicrobial activity. It was manifested in reduced growth area. The same observation was made when the concentration of used nanoparticles was increased. When the concentration of nanosilver raised from 12.5 up to 200 ppm, the development of Aspergillus niger was slower. Increasing of zinc oxide nanoparticles concentration resulted in growth inhibition of Candida albicans strain.
Graphic Abstract
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Foessleitner P, Petricevic L, Boerger I, Steiner I, Kiss H, Rieger A, Touzeau‐Roemer V, Farr A. HIV infection as a risk factor for vaginal dysbiosis, bacterial vaginosis, and candidosis in pregnancy: A matched case-control study. Birth 2021; 48:139-146. [PMID: 33462893 PMCID: PMC8247846 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the vaginal microbiota of HIV-positive pregnant women relative to HIV-negative controls, and to compare their risk of vaginal dysbiosis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC). METHODS This is a nested matched case-control study that analyzed data from women who received pregnancy care at our center from 2003 to 2014. Women routinely underwent screening for asymptomatic vaginal infections using phase microscopy on Gram-stained smears. HIV-positive women were assigned to the case group, and HIV-negative women were assigned to the control group. Cases and controls were matched in a 1:4 ratio. Logistic regression was used to test whether HIV infection was associated with vaginal dysbiosis (Nugent score 4-6), BV (Nugent score 7-10), or VVC. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-seven women were assigned to the case group, and 4290 were assigned to the control group (including 508 matched controls). Dysbiosis or BV was found in 29.9% of the cases and 17.6% of the controls. Women in the case group had increased risk of vaginal dysbiosis or BV (odds ratio [OR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-3.32, P = .002). The risk of VVC was also higher in the case group (OR 2.14, 95% CI, 1.22-3.77, P = .008). The incidence of preterm birth did not differ significantly between the groups (cases: 8.7%; controls: 10%, P = .887). CONCLUSIONS HIV-positive women are at risk of vaginal dysbiosis, BV, and VVC during pregnancy. As imbalances of the vaginal microbiota can lead to preterm birth, screening and treatment of HIV-positive pregnant women are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Foessleitner
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Obstetrics and Feto‐maternal MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ljubomir Petricevic
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Obstetrics and Feto‐maternal MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Isabell Boerger
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Obstetrics and Feto‐maternal MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Irene Steiner
- Center for Medical StatisticsInformatics and Intelligent Systems (IMS)Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Herbert Kiss
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Obstetrics and Feto‐maternal MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Armin Rieger
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Alex Farr
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Obstetrics and Feto‐maternal MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Varnasiri M, Salmanzadeh S, Mahmoudabadi AZ, Halvaeezadeh M, Taghipour S, Molavi S, Alavi SM, Nezhad KH, Choghakabodi PM. The occurrence of vulvovaginal Candida species and their antifungal susceptibility pattern in HIV seropositive women in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Sodré CS, Rodrigues PMG, Vieira MS, Marques Paes da Silva A, Gonçalves LS, Ribeiro MG, de Carvalho Ferreira D. Oral mycobiome identification in atopic dermatitis, leukemia, and HIV patients - a systematic review. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1807179. [PMID: 32944157 PMCID: PMC7482892 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1807179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral mycobiome profiling is important to understand host-pathogen interactions that occur in various diseases. Invasive fungal infections are particularly relevant for patients who have received chemotherapy and for those who have HIV infection. In addition, changes in fungal microbiota are associated with the worsening of chronic conditions like atopic dermatitis (AD). This work aims, through a systematic review, to analyze the methods used in previous studies to identify oral fungi and their most frequent species in patients with the following conditions: HIV infection, leukemia, and atopic dermatitis. METHODS A literature search was performed on several different databases. Inclusion criteria were: written in English or Portuguese; published between September 2009 and September 2019; analyzed oral fungi of HIV-infected, leukemia, or AD patients. RESULTS 21 studies were included and the most identified species was Candida. The predominant methods of identification were morphological (13/21) and sugar fermentation and assimilation tests (11/21). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most used molecular method (8/21) followed by sequencing techniques (3/21). CONCLUSIONS Although morphological and biochemical tests are still used, they are associated with high-throughput sequencing techniques, due to their accuracy and time saving for profiling the predominant species in oral mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Stofella Sodré
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Matheus Guerra Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucio Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Medical Genetics Service, Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute (IPPMG- UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Shen S, Hou Y, Chen Y, Wang T. The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:655-679. [PMID: 32150513 PMCID: PMC7524315 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1731287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobiota are inseparable from human health, shaking up the unique position held by bacteria among microorganisms. What is surprising is that this seemingly small species can trigger huge changes in the human body. Dysbiosis and invasion of mycobiota are confirmed to cause disease in different parts of the body. Meanwhile, our body also produces corresponding immune changes upon mycobiota infection. Several recent studies have made a connection between intestinal mycobiota and the human immune system. In this review, we focus on questions related to mycobiota, starting with an introduction of select species, then we summarize the typical diseases caused by mycobiota in different parts of the human body. Moreover, we constructed a framework for the human anti-fungal immune system based on genetics and immunology. Finally, the progression of fungal detection methods is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yugen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,CONTACT Tingting Wang The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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13
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Dockrell DH, O’Shea D, Cartledge JD, Freedman AR. British HIV Association guidelines on the management of opportunistic infection in people living with HIV: The clinical management of Candidiasis 2019. HIV Med 2020; 20 Suppl 8:2-24. [PMID: 31670458 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D H Dockrell
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS Lothian Infection Service, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D O’Shea
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS Lothian Infection Service, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - A R Freedman
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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14
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Dirajlal-Fargo S, Moser C, Rodriguez K, El-Kamari V, Funderburg NT, Bowman E, Brown TT, Hunt PW, Currier J, McComsey GA. Changes in the Fungal Marker β-D-Glucan After Antiretroviral Therapy and Association With Adiposity. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz434. [PMID: 31737737 PMCID: PMC6847395 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial translocation in HIV is associated with inflammation and metabolic complications; few data exist on the role of fungal translocation. METHODS A5260s was a substudy of A5257, a prospective open label randomized trial in which treatment-naïve people with HIV (PWH) were randomized to tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) plus atazanavir-ritonavir (ATV/r), darunavir-ritonavir (DRV/r), or raltegravir (RAL) over 96 weeks. Baseline was assessed, and changes in β-D-glucan (BDG) were assessed at weeks 4, 24, and 96. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare distribution shifts in the changes from baseline between treatment arms and linear regression models to assess associations between BDG and measures of inflammation, body composition, and insulin resistance. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-one participants were randomized; 90% were male, the median age was 36 years, HIV-1 RNA was 4.56 log10c/mL, and CD4 cell count was 338 cells/mm3. There was an overall increase in BDG over 96 weeks (1.57 mean fold-change; 95% confidence interval, 1.39 to 1.77) with no differences between arms. Twofold higher BDG levels at week 96 were associated with increases in trunk fat (8%) and total fat (7%) over 96 weeks (P ≤ .035). At week 4, BDG correlated with I-FABP, a marker of enterocyte damage, and zonulin, a marker of intestinal permeability (r = .19-.20; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS In treatment-naïve participants initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) with TDF/FTC and either RAL or ATV/r, DRV/r, BDG, a marker of fungal translocation, increased similarly in all arms over 96 weeks. This may represent continued intestinal damage during ART and resulting fungal translocation. Higher BDG was associated with larger fat gains on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahera Dirajlal-Fargo
- University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, Ohio, USA
| | - Carlee Moser
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vanessa El-Kamari
- University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- College of Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily Bowman
- College of Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Todd T Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judith Currier
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grace A McComsey
- University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, Ohio, USA
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15
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Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility testing of non-albicansCandida species colonizing mucosae of HIV-infected patients in Yaoundé (Cameroon). J Mycol Med 2019; 29:233-238. [PMID: 31204235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-albicans Candida (NAC) species have emerged as potent pathogenic yeasts among HIV-infected patients. Authors evaluated the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility testing of non-albicansCandida species colonizing Yaoundé (capital of the Republic of Cameroon, Central Africa) HIV-infected patients. The mucosal specimens were collected and submitted to the mycological diagnosis. Yeast isolates were identified by the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation - Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The antifungal susceptibility testing was achieved by the CLSI-M27 protocols, and the interpretation of clinical break points (CBPs) and epidemiological cutoff values were in accordance with the CLSI-M60 and M59 recommendations. Four hundred and two patients were recruited and 1218 samples collected. The colonisation frequency was 24.1% and 304 yeasts isolated. Yeast isolates were 113 (37.2%) C. albicans, 2 (0.7%) C. africana and 172 (56.6%) NAC isolates. The NAC isolates were grouped into 13 species including C. krusei (18.1%), C. glabrata (10.9%), C. tropicalis (8.5%) and C. parapsilosis (5.9%) as the major ones. All the isolates appeared to be wild-type for amphotericin B and itraconazole. One (1/33) isolate of C. glabrata was resistant to fluconazole. C. arapsilosis isolates appeared all susceptible to fluconazole. C. tropicalis isolates presented 50% (13/26) resistance to fluconazole. The achieved results bring out new insights about epidemiology of NAC species in Cameroon. The results also highlight the resistance of NAC species to current antifungal drugs.
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16
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Rowan-Nash AD, Korry BJ, Mylonakis E, Belenky P. Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00044-18. [PMID: 30626617 PMCID: PMC6383444 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the microbiome to human health is increasingly recognized and has become a major focus of recent research. However, much of the work has focused on a few aspects, particularly the bacterial component of the microbiome, most frequently in the gastrointestinal tract. Yet humans and other animals can be colonized by a wide array of organisms spanning all domains of life, including bacteria and archaea, unicellular eukaryotes such as fungi, multicellular eukaryotes such as helminths, and viruses. As they share the same host niches, they can compete with, synergize with, and antagonize each other, with potential impacts on their host. Here, we discuss these major groups making up the human microbiome, with a focus on how they interact with each other and their multicellular host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Rowan-Nash
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin J Korry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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17
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Silva JJD, Silva TAD, Almeida HD, Rodrigues Netto MF, Cerdeira CD, Höfling JF, Boriollo MFG. Candida species biotypes in the oral cavity of infants and children with orofacial clefts under surgical rehabilitation. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:203-215. [PMID: 30138757 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Patients with orofacial clefts present various risk factors for oral infectious diseases, resulting from anatomical and physiological changes and those resulting from rehabilitating therapeutic interventions. The incidence of Candida species in groups of babies and children with orofacial clefts, during pre- and post-operative periods and until return to first consultation, and the profiles for antifungal sensitivity and virulence in vitro were investigated. Oral samples were collected at different times over the surgical procedures and post-surgical clinical consultation and seeded in chromogenic culture media CHROMagar Candida®. Candida biotypes were identified by accessing species-specific genomic DNA sequences by PCR techniques and electrophoretic procedures. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by the method of microdilution in broth using the antifungals amphotericin B (AP), nystatin (NYS) and fluconazole (FLC). SAP and PL exoenzyme activities were determined by classical microbiological methods. Some orofacial clefts occurred preferentially in male or female. Low incidence (39.1%) of oral colonization by Candida species (C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and Candida spp.) was reported in patient admission to surgical ward, with no correlation to orofacial cleft types or surgical history. Significant reduction in frequencies of Candida and changes of species, over sampling periods, showed dynamic patterns of oral colonization: elimination, maintenance or neocolonization of the biotypes. These biotypes showed sensitivity to AP (100%), partial resistance to FLC (<10%) and variable MICs for NYS (0.125-4 μg/mL), in addition to strong exoenzyme activities, especially for SAP. Clinical and therapeutic conducts for surgical rehabilitation, anatomical and physiological characteristics of patients with orofacial clefts, and cultural behavior and regionalism of the patient population served could influence the frequencies and dynamics of oral colonization by Candida species. The data showed Candida biotypes resistant to FLC and sensitive (AP) or clinically compatible (NYS) to polyenes, especially C. albicans, in the oral cavity of patients predisposed to oral colonization and candidiases, contributing to clinical conducts in possible antifungal therapies. These biotypes were considered potentially virulent and able to partially modulate their virulence factors, especially SAP, under the conditions favored by host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Júnior da Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, 13414-903, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, 37132-440, MG, Brazil.
| | - Thaísla Andrielle da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, 37132-440, MG, Brazil
| | - Hudson de Almeida
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, 37132-440, MG, Brazil
| | - Manoel Francisco Rodrigues Netto
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, 13414-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Daniel Cerdeira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, 37130-001, MG, Brazil
| | - José Francisco Höfling
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, 13414-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fabiano Gomes Boriollo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, 13414-903, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, 37132-440, MG, Brazil
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18
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Borges AC, Lima GDMG, Nishime TMC, Gontijo AVL, Kostov KG, Koga-Ito CY. Amplitude-modulated cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet for treatment of oral candidiasis: In vivo study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199832. [PMID: 29949638 PMCID: PMC6021106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish an effective and safe protocol for in vivo oral candidiasis treatment with atmospheric plasma jets. A novel amplitude-modulated cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet (AM-CAPPJ) device, operating with Helium, was tested. In vitro assays with Candida albicans biofilms and Vero cells were performed in order to determine the effective parameters with low cytotoxicity. After the determination of such parameters, the protocol was evaluated in experimentally induced oral candidiasis in mice. AM-CAPPJ could significantly reduce the viability of C. albicans biofilms after 5 minutes of plasma exposure when compared to the non-exposed group (p = 0.0033). After this period of exposure, high viability of Vero cells was maintained (86.33 ± 10.45%). Also, no late effects on these cells were observed after 24 and 48 hours (83.24±15.23% and 88.96±18.65%, respectively). Histological analyses revealed significantly lower occurrence of inflammatory alterations in the AM-CAPPJ group when compared to non-treated and nystatin-treated groups (p < 0.0001). Although no significant differences among the values of CFU/tongue were observed among the non-treated group and the groups treated with AM-CAPPJ or nystatin (p = 0.3201), histological analyses revealed marked reduction in candidal tissue invasion. In conclusion, these results point out to a clinical applicability of this protocol, due to the simultaneous anti-inflammatory and inhibitory effects of AM-CAPPJ with low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Chiodi Borges
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Morais Gouvêa Lima
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Vidal Lacerda Gontijo
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Konstantin Georgiev Kostov
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Guaratinguetá Faculty of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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19
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Reda S, Gonçalves FA, Mazepa MM, De Carvalho NS. Women infected with HIV and the impact of associated sexually transmitted infections. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2018; 142:143-147. [PMID: 29656416 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the relationship between concomitant sexually transmitted infections in women infected with HIV. METHODS PubMed and Scopus were searched for articles published in English and Portuguese between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2015, using relevant keywords, including AIDS, HIV, female genital diseases, and sexually transmitted infections. Articles that associated sexually transmitted infections with HIV-infected women were selected for inclusion. Those that only investigated prevalence in pregnant women or focused on social or behavioral aspects were excluded. RESULTS Of 108 identified articles, 24 were included. When correlated with HIV, genital herpes demonstrated an increased recurrence rate and increased replication rate for HIV in the mucosa. In HIV-positive women, syphilis can cause more genital ulcers. Bacterial vaginosis provides a pool of microorganisms that can increase the viral copy levels of genital HIV. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and candidiasis may be more severe and complicated in women infected with HIV. CONCLUSIONS Screening of HIV-positive patients who could have other sexually transmitted infections is important to protect women and decrease the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaia Reda
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Sector of Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,University Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Aguiar Gonçalves
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Sector of Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Melissa Mello Mazepa
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Sector of Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Newton Sérgio De Carvalho
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Sector of Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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20
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Abstract
Fungi and mammals share a co-evolutionary history and are involved in a complex web of interactions. Studies focused on commensal bacteria suggest that pathological changes in the microbiota, historically known as dysbiosis, are at the root of many inflammatory diseases of non-infectious origin. However, the importance of dysbiosis in the fungal community - the mycobiota - was only recently acknowledged to have a pathological role, as novel findings have suggested that mycobiota disruption can have detrimental effects on host immunity. Fungal dysbiosis and homeostasis are dynamic processes that are probably more common than actual fungal infections, and therefore constantly shape the immune response. In this Review, we summarize specific mycobiota patterns that are associated with fungal dysbiosis, and discuss how mucosal immunity has evolved to distinguish fungal infections from dysbiosis and how it responds to these different conditions. We propose that gut microbiota dysbiosis is a collective feature of complex interactions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial communities that can affect immunity and that can influence health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan D Iliev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Irina Leonardi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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21
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Han Y, Jiang HH, Zhang YJ, Hao XJ, Sun YZ, Qi RQ, Chen HD, Gao XH. Cell wall mannoprotein of Candida albicans induces cell cycle alternation and inhibits apoptosis of HaCaT cells via NF-κB signal pathway. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:440-445. [PMID: 28923602 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a commensal organism in human and a well-known dimorphic opportunistic pathogenic fungus. Though plenty of researches on the pathogenesis of C. albicans have been performed, the mechanism is not fully understood. The cell wall components of C. albicans have been documented to play important roles in its pathogenic processes. To further study the infectious mechanism of C. albicans, we investigated the potential functional role of its cell wall mannoprotein in cell cycle and apoptosis of HaCaT cells. We found that mannoprotein could promote the transition of cell cycle from G1/G0 to S phase, in which Cyclin D1, CDK4 and p-Rb, the major regulators of the cell cycle progression, showed significant upregulation, and CDKN1A (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21)) showed significant downregulation. Mannoprotein also could inhibit apoptosis of HaCaT cells, which was well associated with increased expression of BCL2 (Bcl-2). Moreover, mannoprotein could increase the phosphorylation levels of RELA (p65) and NFKBIA (IκBα), as the key factors of NF-κB signal pathway in HaCaT cells, suggesting the activation of NF-κB signal pathway. Additionally, a NF-κB specific inhibitor, PDTC, could rescue the effect of mannoprotein on cell cycle and apoptosis of HaCaT cells, which suggested that mannoprotein could activate NF-κB signal pathway to mediate cell cycle alternation and inhibit apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Hang-Hang Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xing-Jia Hao
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Hong-Duo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110001, China
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22
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Zanni PCMD, Bonfim-Mendonça PDS, Negri M, Nakamura SS, Donatti L, Svidzinski TIE, Consolaro MEL. Virulence factors and genetic variability of vaginal Candida albicans isolates from HIV-infected women in the post-highly active antiretroviral era. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e44. [PMID: 28793015 PMCID: PMC5626220 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in HIV-infected (HIV+) women is a serious public
health problem. However, little is known about the virulence mechanisms of vaginal
Candida albicans from HIV+ women in the post-highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Here, we report a comparative analysis of the
expression of key virulence factors and genetic variability of 26 vaginal C.
albicans strains isolated from HIV+ women undergoing HAART and 18 from
HIV-uninfected (HIV-) women. In general, we observed that C.
albicans from HIV+ women receiving HAART showed lower expression of
virulence factors compared with C. albicans from HIV- women, except
for the proteinase activity which is highly expressed. The results in HIV-women
further suggest that virulence factors appear to be expressed in response to the
yeast stress, in the presence of an adequate immune response. Furthermore, the RAPD
results showed a high heterogeneity among isolates from both groups of women. These
findings in HIV+ women using HAART will help to improve the monitoring of vaginal
yeast infections and the quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Cristina Mastellaro Delvas Zanni
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra Sayuri Nakamura
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Donatti
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Edilaine Lopes Consolaro
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Practice Bulletin No. 167: Gynecologic Care for Women and Adolescents With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 128:e89-e110. [PMID: 27661659 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000001707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the United States in 2013, there were an estimated 226,000 women and adolescents living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1). Women with HIV are living longer, healthier lives, so the need for routine and problem-focused gynecologic care has increased. The purpose of this document is to educate clinicians about basic health screening and care, family planning, prepregnancy care, and managing common gynecologic problems for women and adolescents who are infected with HIV. For information on screening guidelines, refer to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee Opinion No. 596, Routine Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening (2).
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Lu S, Mirchevska G, Phatak SS, Li D, Luka J, Calderone RA, Fonzi WA. Dynamic time warping assessment of high-resolution melt curves provides a robust metric for fungal identification. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173320. [PMID: 28264030 PMCID: PMC5338801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a global problem imposing considerable disease burden. One of the unmet needs in addressing these infections is rapid, sensitive diagnostics. A promising molecular diagnostic approach is high-resolution melt analysis (HRM). However, there has been little effort in leveraging HRM data for automated, objective identification of fungal species. The purpose of these studies was to assess the utility of distance methods developed for comparison of time series data to classify HRM curves as a means of fungal species identification. Dynamic time warping (DTW), first introduced in the context of speech recognition to identify temporal distortion of similar sounds, is an elastic distance measure that has been successfully applied to a wide range of time series data. Comparison of HRM curves of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from 51 strains of 18 fungal species using DTW distances allowed accurate classification and clustering of all 51 strains. The utility of DTW distances for species identification was demonstrated by matching HRM curves from 243 previously identified clinical isolates against a database of curves from standard reference strains. The results revealed a number of prior misclassifications, discriminated species that are not resolved by routine phenotypic tests, and accurately identified all 243 test strains. In addition to DTW, several other distance functions, Edit Distance on Real sequence (EDR) and Shape-based Distance (SBD), showed promise. It is concluded that DTW-based distances provide a useful metric for the automated identification of fungi based on HRM curves of the ITS region and that this provides the foundation for a robust and automatable method applicable to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Lu
- Dermatology Department, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gordana Mirchevska
- Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, University Sts Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Sayali S. Phatak
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Janos Luka
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - William A. Fonzi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Noble SM, Gianetti BA, Witchley JN. Candida albicans cell-type switching and functional plasticity in the mammalian host. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 15:96-108. [PMID: 27867199 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a ubiquitous commensal of the mammalian microbiome and the most prevalent fungal pathogen of humans. A cell-type transition between yeast and hyphal morphologies in C. albicans was thought to underlie much of the variation in virulence observed in different host tissues. However, novel yeast-like cell morphotypes, including opaque(a/α), grey and gastrointestinally induced transition (GUT) cell types, were recently reported that exhibit marked differences in vitro and in animal models of commensalism and disease. In this Review, we explore the characteristics of the classic cell types - yeast, hyphae, pseudohyphae and chlamydospores - as well as the newly identified yeast-like morphotypes. We highlight emerging knowledge about the associations of these different morphotypes with different host niches and virulence potential, as well as the environmental cues and signalling pathways that are involved in the morphological transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Noble
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine.,Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Brittany A Gianetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine
| | - Jessica N Witchley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine
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Minea B, Nastasa V, Kolecka A, Mares M, Marangoci N, Rosca I, Pinteala M, Hancianu M, Mares M. Etiologic Agents and Antifungal Susceptibility of Oral Candidosis from Romanian patients with HIV-infection or type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pol J Microbiol 2016; 65:123-9. [PMID: 27282005 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1197327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first Romanian investigation of oral candidosis in patients suffering of HIV-infection or type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Candida albicans was the dominant species in both types of isolates: n = 14 (46.7%) in T1DM, n = 60 (69.8%) in HIV. The most frequent non-albicans Candida spp. were Candida kefyr (n = 6; 20%) in T1DM and Candida dubliniensis (n = 8; 9.3%) in HIV. Resistance to fluconazole was detected only in the HIV non-albicans Candida group (n = 8; 9.3%). All isolates were susceptible to VOR. The experimental drug MXP had MIC values equal or close to the ones of VOR. Echinocandin resistance was more frequent than azole resistance.
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Musthafa KS, Hmoteh J, Thamjarungwong B, Voravuthikunchai SP. Antifungal potential of eugenyl acetate against clinical isolates of Candida species. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:19-29. [PMID: 27452957 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the efficiency of eugenyl acetate (EA), a phytochemical in clove essential oil, against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of EA against Candida isolates were in the range between 0.1% and 0.4% (v/v). Spot assay further confirmed the susceptibility of Candida isolates to the compound upon treatment with respective 1 × MIC. Growth profile measured in time kill study evidence that the compound at 1 × MIC and 1/2 × MIC retarded the growth of Candida cells, divulging the fungicidal activity. Light microscopic observation demonstrated that upon treated with EA, rough cell morphology, cell damage, and fragmented patterns were observed in C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. Furthermore, unusual morphological changes of the organism were observed in scanning electron microscopic study. Therefore, it is validated that the compound could cause cell damage resulting in the cell death of Candida clinical isolates. Eventually, the compound at sub-MIC (0.0125% v/v) significantly inhibited serum-induced germ tube formation by C. albicans. Eugenyl acetate inhibited biofilm forming ability of the organisms as well as reduced the adherence of Candida cells to HaCaT keratinocytes cells. In addition, upon treatment with EA, the phagocytic activity of macrophages was increased significantly against C. albicans (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated the potential of EA as a valuable phytochemical to fight against emerging Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadar Syed Musthafa
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Jutharat Hmoteh
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Thamjarungwong
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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Micci L, Ryan ES, Fromentin R, Bosinger SE, Harper JL, He T, Paganini S, Easley KA, Chahroudi A, Benne C, Gumber S, McGary CS, Rogers KA, Deleage C, Lucero C, Byrareddy SN, Apetrei C, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Piatak M, Chomont N, Villinger F, Silvestri G, Brenchley JM, Paiardini M. Interleukin-21 combined with ART reduces inflammation and viral reservoir in SIV-infected macaques. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4497-513. [PMID: 26551680 PMCID: PMC4665780 DOI: 10.1172/jci81400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite successful control of viremia, many HIV-infected individuals given antiretroviral therapy (ART) exhibit residual inflammation, which is associated with non-AIDS-related morbidity and mortality and may contribute to virus persistence during ART. Here, we investigated the effects of IL-21 administration on both inflammation and virus persistence in ART-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Compared with SIV-infected animals only given ART, SIV-infected RMs given both ART and IL-21 showed improved restoration of intestinal Th17 and Th22 cells and a more effective reduction of immune activation in blood and intestinal mucosa, with the latter maintained through 8 months after ART interruption. Additionally, IL-21, in combination with ART, was associated with reduced levels of SIV RNA in plasma and decreased CD4(+) T cell levels harboring replication-competent virus during ART. At the latest experimental time points, which were up to 8 months after ART interruption, plasma viremia and cell-associated SIV DNA levels remained substantially lower than those before ART initiation in IL-21-treated animals but not in controls. Together, these data suggest that IL-21 supplementation of ART reduces residual inflammation and virus persistence in a relevant model of lentiviral disease and warrants further investigation as a potential intervention for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily S. Ryan
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tianyu He
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Paganini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kirk A. Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, and
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Clarisse Benne
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colleen S. McGary
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carissa Lucero
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francois Villinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Wang L, Wang C, Mei H, Shen Y, Lv G, Zeng R, Zhan P, Li D, Liu W. Combination of Estrogen and Immunosuppressive Agents to Establish a Mouse Model of Candidiasis with Concurrent Oral and Vaginal Mucosal Infection. Mycopathologia 2015; 181:29-39. [PMID: 26404163 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mouse model is an appropriate tool for pathogenic determination and study of host defenses during the fungal infection. Here, we established a mouse model of candidiasis with concurrent oral and vaginal mucosal infection. Two C. albicans strains sourced from clinical candidemia (SC5314) and mucosal infection (ATCC62342) were tested in ICR mice. The different combinational panels covering estrogen and immunosuppressive agents, cortisone, prednisolone and cyclophosphamide were used for concurrent oral and vaginal candidiasis establishment. Prednisolone in combination with estrogen proved an optimal mode for concurrent mucosal infection establishment. The model maintained for 1 week with fungal burden reached at least 10(5) cfu/g of tissue. This mouse model was evaluated by in vivo pharmacodynamics of fluconazole and host mucosal immunity of IL-17 and IL-23. Mice infected by SC5314 were cured by fluconazole. An increase in IL-23 in both oral and vaginal homogenates was observed after infection, while IL-17 only had a prominent elevation in oral tissue. This model could properly mimic complicated clinical conditions and provides a valuable means for antifungal assay in vivo and may also provide a useful method for the evaluation of host-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Mei
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongnian Shen
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixia Lv
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE 305 Med-Dent Building, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW., Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.
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Systems Level Dissection of Candida Recognition by Dectins: A Matter of Fungal Morphology and Site of Infection. Pathogens 2015; 4:639-61. [PMID: 26308062 PMCID: PMC4584279 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an ubiquitous fungal commensal of human skin and mucosal surfaces, and at the same time a major life-threatening human fungal pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Host defense mechanisms rely on the capacity of professional phagocytes to recognize Candida cell wall antigens. During the past decade, the host immune response to Candida was dissected in depth, highlighting the essential role of C-type lectin receptors, especially regarding the power of the Dectins’ family in discriminating between the tolerated yeast-like form of Candida and its invading counterpart, the hyphae. This review focuses on the immuno-modulatory properties of the Candida morphologies and their specific interactions with the host innate immune system in different body surfaces.
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Alczuk SDSD, Bonfim-Mendonça PDS, Rocha-Brischiliari SC, Shinobu-Mesquita CS, Martins HPR, Gimenes F, Abreu ALPD, Carvalho MDDB, Pelloso SM, Svidzinski TIE, Consolaro MEL. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on vaginal Candida spp. isolation in HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected women. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:169-74. [PMID: 25923898 PMCID: PMC4435017 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in HIV-infected women contributed to the impairment of their quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) use on the vaginal Candida spp. isolation in HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected women. This cross-sectional study included 178 HIV-infected (HIV group) and 200 HIV-uninfected women (control) that were studied at the Specialized Assistance Service (SAE) for sexually transmitted diseases (STD)/AIDS of the city of Maringá, Brazil, from April 1 to October 30, 2011. The yeasts were isolated and identified by phenotypic and molecular methods. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, nystatin and amphotericin B was tested by the reference microdilution method. Higher frequencies of total vaginal Candida spp. isolation were found in the HIV-infected group than in the control group. However, both groups showed a similar frequency of colonization and VVC. Although C. albicans was the most frequent and sensitive to azolics and polyenes in both HIV-infected and uninfected women, the emerging resistance of C. glabrata to amphotericin B in the HIV-infected women was observed. Although higher frequency of vaginal Candida spp. isolation had been observed in the HIV-infected than in HIV-uninfected women, colonization and VVC showed similar frequency in both groups, indicating that HAART appears to protect against vaginal colonization and VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrícia Gimenes
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Fluconazole Resistance Patterns in Candida Species that Colonize Women with HIV Infection. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 76:84-9. [PMID: 25352939 PMCID: PMC4209509 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Women’s Interagency HIV Study was established in 1993 to study the natural history of HIV disease among women in the United States. It currently has enrolled 2,895 women testing positive for HIV infection and 972 women without HIV infection recruited from 6 national metropolitan locations. The clinical database information collected for each HIV-positive individual included CD4 cell counts, viral load, and antiviral treatment to evaluate HIV prognosis and related conditions in women. Objective To provide a baseline for fluconazole treatment prospects in women who test positive for HIV infection. As part of the ongoing Women’s Interagency HIV Study project, we investigated the fluconazole susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from women with HIV in comparison to volunteer women without HIV. The implication of antifungal treatment on fluconazole susceptibility was evaluated by reviewing antifungal medication use for the past 2 years in each participant. In addition, genotyping of Candida spp. at oral and vaginal sites was monitored for 4 months in 9 patients. Methods In a cohort of 59 women with HIV and 24 women without HIV, colonization by Candida albicans and non-albicans species of the oral and vaginal sites was first determined. Fluconazole susceptibility was surveyed in vitro according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol. Antifungal drug treatment history was investigated for each patient to correspond with fluconazole susceptibility. Finally, series of isolates from several patients were followed for resistance and susceptibility. Their lineage was verified by genotyping multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results A total of 280 Candida strains were recovered from oral and vaginal swabs of women with and without HIV infection. We found that patients with HIV were colonized with Candida spp. more frequently than women without HIV. The percent of isolates that were susceptibility dose dependent or resistant to fluconazole was higher in Candida glabrata compared with C. albicans isolates, but higher for C. albicans than other published data. Resistance was noted to be more common in vaginal sites. Fluconazole resistance in either species was not associated with relative CD4 cell counts or viral load. However an association with systemic application of fluconazole and resistance was noted. Conclusions Systemic antifungal therapy, including a vaginal topical regimen in women with HIV infection correlated with reduced fluconazole susceptibility of oral and vaginal isolates. Genotype profiling has disclosed that a majority of isolates from the same individual are clustered together, suggesting the likelihood of an original strain with some microevolution. We observed a change from a susceptibility dose dependent to a resistant phenotype of isolates in 2 women with HIV infection, even though no treatments were received during the 4-month study and the prior 2 years.
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Abstract
The human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans is the predominant cause of both superficial and invasive forms of candidiasis. C. albicans primarily infects immunocompromised individuals as a result of either immunodeficiency or intervention therapy, which highlights the importance of host immune defences in preventing fungal infections. The host defence system utilises a vast communication network of cells, proteins, and chemical signals distributed in blood and tissues, which constitute innate and adaptive immunity. Over the last decade the identity of many key molecules mediating host defence against C. albicans has been identified. This review will discuss how the host recognises this fungus, the events induced by fungal cells, and the host innate and adaptive immune defences that ultimately resolve C. albicans infections during health.
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Javed F, Ahmed HB, Mehmood A, Saeed A, Al-Hezaimi K, Samaranayake LP. Association between glycemic status and oral Candida carriage in patients with prediabetes. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 117:53-8. [PMID: 24332327 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the association between glycemic status and oral Candida carriage among patients with prediabetes. STUDY DESIGN This was a comparative study of oral Candida carriage among individuals with prediabetes. Oral yeast samples were collected from 150 individuals: group A was 43 patients with prediabetes (fasting blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c, 100 to 125 mg/dL and ≥5%, respectively); group B was 37 individuals previously considered prediabetic but having fasting blood glucose levels <100 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1c <5%; and group C was 70 medically healthy individuals. Oral yeasts were identified using standard techniques. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate and number of missing teeth were recorded. RESULTS Oral Candida was isolated from 100% of patients with prediabetes and from 65.7% of control participants. Candida albicans carriage was higher among patients with prediabetes (48.7%) (P < .01) and patients in group A (51.2%) (P < .01) than among controls (25.7%). Candida carriage, unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, and number of missing teeth were similar in groups A and B. CONCLUSIONS Oral Candida carriage was higher in patients with prediabetes than in controls and was independent of glycemic status in patients with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Javed
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration, 3D Imaging and Biomechanical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Abid Mehmood
- Department of Dentistry, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Saeed
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Al-Hezaimi
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration, 3D Imaging and Biomechanical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi
| | - Lakshman P Samaranayake
- Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Importance of Diversity in the Oral Microbiota including Candida Species Revealed by High-Throughput Technologies. Int J Dent 2014; 2014:454391. [PMID: 24864144 PMCID: PMC4016938 DOI: 10.1155/2014/454391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of high-throughput technologies, deep sequencing of the human microbiome has revealed commensal bacteria independent of the ability to culture them. The composition of the commensal microbiome is dependent on bacterial diversity and the state of the host regulated by the immune system. Candida species are well known as components of the commensal oral microbiota. Candida species frequently colonize and develop biofilms on medical devices like dentures and catheters. Therefore, Candida biofilm on dentures leads to a decrease in the bacterial diversity and then to a change in the composition of the oral microbiota. A disturbance in the balance between commensal bacteria and the host immune system results in a switch from a healthy state to a diseased state even in the limited oral niche.
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Hamad M. Estrogen treatment predisposes to severe and persistent vaginal candidiasis in diabetic mice. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:15. [PMID: 24401317 PMCID: PMC3916058 DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-13-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Increased levels of estrogen and diabetes mellitus separately predispose to vaginal candidiasis (VC). However, the compounding effect of estrogen on the severity and persistence of VC in diabetic females is not clear. Methods To address this issue, a diabetic mouse model with estrogen-maintained VC was developed and evaluated for vaginal fungal burden (VFB) and immune competence at different time points throughout the study period. Results Blood glucose levels in estrogen-treated diabetic mice were consistently lower than that in untreated counterparts. Estrogen-treated C. albicans-infected non-diabetic mice experienced persistent episodes of VC as compared with naïve controls (P < 0.01). However, severity and persistence of VC in estrogen-treated C. albicans-infected diabetic mice was significantly greater than that in non-diabetic counterparts (P < 0.05). Mortality rates among estrogen-treated C. albicans-infected diabetic mice were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in non-diabetic counterparts. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) and persistent suppression of the delayed hypersensitivity response (DTH) was evident in estrogen-treated C. albicans-infected diabetic and non-diabetic mice as compared with controls. Levels of expression of the inhibitory molecule CD152 on vaginal and splenic T cells isolated from estrogen-treated C. albicans infected mice was significantly higher than that in naive untreated controls (P < 0.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that estrogen treatment in diabetic females may protect against the progression of DM on the one hand and predispose to severe and persistent VC on the other. The later outcome could be related to the immunosuppressed status of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawieh Hamad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.
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Javed F, Yakob M, Ahmed HB, Al-Hezaimi K, Samaranayake LP. Oral Candida carriage among individuals chewing betel-quid with and without tobacco. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:427-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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