1
|
Lins BB, Casare FAM, Fontenele FF, Gonçalves GL, Oliveira-Souza M. Long-Term Angiotensin II Infusion Induces Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Modulates Na + Transporters Through the Nephron. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642752. [PMID: 33868007 PMCID: PMC8046928 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
High plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) levels are related to many diseases, including hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Here, we investigated the relationship among prolonged Ang II infusion/AT1 receptor (AT1R) activation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in kidney tissue. In addition, we explored the chronic effects of Ang II on tubular Na+ transport mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were subjected to sham surgery as a control or prolonged Ang II treatment (200 ng⋅kg–1⋅min–1, 42 days) with or without losartan (10 mg⋅kg–1⋅day–1) for 14 days. Ang II/AT1R induced hypertension with a systolic blood pressure of 173.0 ± 20 mmHg (mmHg, n = 9) compared with 108.0 ± 7 mmHg (mmHg, n = 7) in sham animals. Under these conditions, gene and protein expression levels were evaluated. Prolonged Ang II administration/AT1R activation induced oxidative stress and ER stress with increased Nox2, Nox4, Cyba and Ncf1 mRNA expression, phosphorylated PERK and eIF2α protein expression as well as Atf4 mRNA expression. Ang II/AT1R also raised Il1b, Nfkb1 and Acta2 mRNA expression, suggesting proinflammatory, and profibrotic effects. Regarding Na+ tubular handling, Ang II/AT1R enhanced cortical non-phosphorylated and phospho/S552/NHE3, NHE1, ENaC β, NKCC2, and NCC protein expression. Our results also highlight the therapeutic potential of losartan, which goes beyond the antihypertensive effect, playing an important role in kidney tissue. This treatment reduced oxidative stress and ER stress signals and recovered relevant parameters of the maintenance of renal function, preventing the progression of Ang II-induced CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bezerra Lins
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Malavazzi Casare
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Ferreira Fontenele
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Oliveira-Souza
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Werner SL, Sharma R, Woodruff K, Horn D, Harris SE, Gorin Y, Lee DY, Hua R, Gu S, Fajardo RJ, Habib SL, Jiang JX. CSF-1 in Osteocytes Inhibits Nox4-mediated Oxidative Stress and Promotes Normal Bone Homeostasis. JBMR Plus 2019; 4:e10080. [PMID: 32666016 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CSF-1 is a key factor in regulating bone remodeling; osteocytes express CSF-1 and its receptor. Viable osteocytes are essential for bone remodeling through cell-cell contact and secretion of factors that regulate osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Increased oxidative stress contributes to osteocyte death and correlates with bone loss during aging. The NADPH oxidase Nox4 is a major source of ROS in bone. CSF-1 decreases Nox4, suggesting that CSF-1 protects against oxidative stress. Here, we show that osteocyte apoptosis previously reported in our global CSF-1KO mice is associated with increased Nox4, as well as 4-HNE expression in osteocytes. Osteocytes isolated from CSF-1KO mice were less viable and showed increased intracellular ROS, elevated NADPH oxidase activity/Nox4 protein, activation of mTOR/S6K, and downstream apoptosis signals compared with WT osteocytes. Nox4 expression was also increased in CSF-1KO osteocytes and colocalized with MitoTracker Red in mitochondria. Notably, CSF-1 inhibited Nox4 expression and apoptosis cascade signals. In additional studies, shNox4 decreased these signals in CSF-1KO osteocytes, whereas overexpression of Nox4 in WT osteocytes activated the apoptosis pathway. To determine the role of CSF-1 in osteocytes, DMP1Cre-CSF-1cKO (CSF-1cKO) mice that lack CSF-1 in osteocytes/late osteoblasts were developed. Osteocyte defects in CSF-1cKO mice overlapped with those in CSF-1KO mice, including increased apoptosis, Nox4, and 4-HNE-expressing osteocytes. CSF-1cKO mice showed unbalanced cancellous bone remodeling with decreased bone formation and resorption. Continued exposure to high Nox4/ROS levels may further compromise bone formation and predispose to bone loss and skeletal fragility. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel link between CSF-1, Nox4-derived ROS, and osteocyte survival/function that is crucial for osteocyte-mediated bone remodeling. Results reveal new mechanisms by which CSF-1/oxidative stress regulate osteocyte homeostasis, which may lead to therapeutic strategies to improve skeletal health in aging. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Werner
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Ramaswamy Sharma
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Kathleen Woodruff
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Diane Horn
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Stephen E Harris
- Department of Periodontics University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Doug-Yoon Lee
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Roberto J Fajardo
- Department of Orthopedics University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Samy L Habib
- South Texas Veterans Health Care and Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bellamri M, Turesky RJ. Dietary Carcinogens and DNA Adducts in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:29-55. [PMID: 31900903 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related to death in men. The major risk factors for PC are age, family history, and African American ethnicity. Epidemiological studies have reported large geographical variations in PC incidence and mortality, and thus lifestyle and dietary factors influence PC risk. High fat diet, dairy products, alcohol and red meats, are considered as risk factors for PC. This book chapter provides a comprehensive, literature-based review on dietary factors and their molecular mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis. A large portion of our knowledge is based on epidemiological studies where dietary factors such as cancer promoting agents, including high-fat, dairy products, alcohol, and cancer-initiating genotoxicants formed in cooked meats have been evaluated for PC risk. However, the precise mechanisms in the etiology of PC development remain uncertain. Additional animal and human cell-based studies are required to further our understandings of risk factors involved in PC etiology. Specific biomarkers of chemical exposures and DNA damage in the prostate can provide evidence of cancer-causing agents in the prostate. Collectively, these studies can improve public health research, nutritional education and chemoprevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin CC, Yang CC, Chen YW, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Arachidonic Acid Induces ARE/Nrf2-Dependent Heme Oxygenase-1 Transcription in Rat Brain Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3328-3343. [PMID: 28497199 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a major product of phospholipid hydrolysis catalyzed by phospholipase A2 during neurodegenerative diseases. AA exerts as a second messenger to regulate various signaling components which may be involved in different pathophysiological processes. Astrocytes are the main types of CNS resident cells which maintain and support the physiological function of brain. AA has been shown to induce ROS generation through activation of NADPH oxidases (Noxs) which may play a key role in the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying AA-induced HO-1 expression in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1). We found that AA induced HO-1 protein and mRNA expression and promoter activity in RBA-1, which was mediated through the synthesis of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin D2-activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) receptors. This note was confirmed by transfection with PPARγ small interfering RNAs (siRNA) which attenuated the AA-mediated responses. AA-induced HO-1 expression was mediated through Nox/ROS generation, which was inhibited by Nox inhibitors (diphenyleneiodonium and apocynin) and ROS scavengers (N-acetyl cysteine). Moreover, AA-induced HO-1 expression was mediated through phosphorylation of Src, Pyk2, platelet-derived growth factor, PI3K/Akt, and ERK1/2 which were inhibited by the pharmacological inhibitors including PP1, PF431396, AG1296, LY294002, and U0126 or by transfection with respective siRNAs. AA-enhanced Nrf2 expression and HO-1 promoter activity was inhibited by transfection with Nrf2 siRNA or by these pharmacological inhibitors. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that Nrf2 and PPARγ were associated with the proximal antioxidant response element (ARE)-binding site on HO-1 promoter, suggesting that Nrf2/PPARγ are key transcription factors modulating HO-1 expression. AA-induced ARE promoter activity was also reduced by these pharmacological inhibitors. These findings suggested that AA increases formation of Nrf2 and PPARγ complex and binding with ARE1 binding site through Src, Pyk2, PI3K/Akt, and ERK1/2, which further induced HO-1 expression in RBA-1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma R, Chaudhari S, Li W. Canonical Transient Receptor Potential 6 Channel: A New Target of Reactive Oxygen Species in Renal Physiology and Pathology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:732-748. [PMID: 26937558 PMCID: PMC5079416 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Regulation of Ca2+ signaling cascade by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is becoming increasingly evident and this regulation represents a key mechanism for control of many fundamental cellular functions. Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) 6, a member of Ca2+-conductive channel in the TRPC family, is widely expressed in kidney cells, including glomerular mesangial cells, podocytes, tubular epithelial cells, and vascular myocytes in renal microvasculature. Both overproduction of ROS and dysfunction of TRPC6 channel are involved in renal injury in animal models and human subjects. Although regulation of TRPC channel function by ROS has been well described in other tissues and cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle, this important cell regulatory mechanism has not been fully reviewed in kidney cells. Recent Advances: Accumulating evidence has shown that TRPC6 is a redox-sensitive channel, and modulation of TRPC6 Ca2+ signaling by altering TRPC6 protein expression or TRPC6 channel activity in kidney cells is a downstream mechanism by which ROS induce renal damage. CRITICAL ISSUES This review highlights how recent studies analyzing function and expression of TRPC6 channels in the kidney and their response to ROS improve our mechanistic understanding of oxidative stress-related kidney diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although it is evident that ROS regulate TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ signaling in several types of kidney cells, further study is needed to identify the underlying molecular mechanism. We hope that the newly identified ROS/TRPC6 pathway will pave the way to new, promising therapeutic strategies to target kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 732-748.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Sarika Chaudhari
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Weizu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gorin Y, Wauquier F. Upstream regulators and downstream effectors of NADPH oxidases as novel therapeutic targets for diabetic kidney disease. Mol Cells 2015; 38:285-96. [PMID: 25824546 PMCID: PMC4400302 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, the complication of diabetes in the kidney. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family, and in particular the homologue Nox4, are a major source of reactive oxygen species in the diabetic kidney and are critical mediators of redox signaling in glomerular and tubulointerstitial cells exposed to the diabetic milieu. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge related to the understanding of the role of Nox enzymes in the processes that control mesangial cell, podocyte and tubulointerstitial cell injury induced by hyperglycemia and other predominant factors enhanced in the diabetic milieu, including the renin-angiotensin system and transforming growth factor-β. The nature of the upstream modulators of Nox enzymes as well as the downstream targets of the Nox NADPH oxidases implicated in the propagation of the redox processes that alter renal biology in diabetes will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas,
USA
| | - Fabien Wauquier
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu P, Wang Y, Davis ME, Zuckerman JE, Chaudhari S, Begg M, Ma R. Store-Operated Ca2+ Channels in Mesangial Cells Inhibit Matrix Protein Expression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2691-702. [PMID: 25788524 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014090853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of extracellular matrix derived from glomerular mesangial cells is an early feature of diabetic nephropathy. Ca(2+) signals mediated by store-operated Ca(2+) channels regulate protein production in a variety of cell types. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of store-operated Ca(2+) channels in mesangial cells on extracellular matrix protein expression. In cultured human mesangial cells, activation of store-operated Ca(2+) channels by thapsigargin significantly decreased fibronectin protein expression and collagen IV mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, inhibition of the channels by 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate significantly increased the expression of fibronectin and collagen IV. Similarly, overexpression of stromal interacting molecule 1 reduced, but knockdown of calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai1) increased fibronectin protein expression. Furthermore, 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate significantly augmented angiotensin II-induced fibronectin protein expression, whereas thapsigargin abrogated high glucose- and TGF-β1-stimulated matrix protein expression. In vivo knockdown of Orai1 in mesangial cells of mice using a targeted nanoparticle siRNA delivery system resulted in increased expression of glomerular fibronectin and collagen IV, and mice showed significant mesangial expansion compared with controls. Similarly, in vivo knockdown of stromal interacting molecule 1 in mesangial cells by recombinant adeno-associated virus-encoded shRNA markedly increased collagen IV protein expression in renal cortex and caused mesangial expansion in rats. These results suggest that store-operated Ca(2+) channels in mesangial cells negatively regulate extracellular matrix protein expression in the kidney, which may serve as an endogenous renoprotective mechanism in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Wu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Mark E Davis
- Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; and
| | - Jonathan E Zuckerman
- Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; and
| | - Sarika Chaudhari
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Malcolm Begg
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, Medicines Research Center, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Symmetric dimethylarginine alters endothelial nitric oxide activity in glomerular endothelial cells. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
9
|
Alexander LD, Ding Y, Alagarsamy S, Cui X. Angiotensin II stimulates fibronectin protein synthesis via a Gβγ/arachidonic acid-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F287-302. [PMID: 24920755 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00094.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In rabbit proximal tubular cells, ANG II type 2-receptor (AT2)-induced arachidonic acid release is PLA2 coupled and dependent of G protein βγ (Gβγ) subunits. Moreover, ANG II activates ERK1/2 and transactivates EGFR via a c-Src-dependent mechanism. Arachidonic acid has been shown to mimic this effect, at least in part, by an undetermined mechanism. In this study, we determined the effects of ANG II on fibronectin expression in cultured rabbit proximal tubule cells and elucidated the signaling pathways associated with such expression. We found that ANG II and transfection of Gβγ subunits directly increased fibronectin protein expression, and this increase was inhibited by overexpression of β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK)-ct or DN-Src. Moreover, ANG II-induced fibronectin protein expression was significantly abrogated by the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319. In addition, inhibition of cystolic PLA2 diminished ANG II-induced fibronectin expression. Endogenous arachidonic acid mimicked ANG II-induced fibronectin expression. We also found that overexpression of Gβγ subunits induced c-Src, ERK1/2, and EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, which can be inhibited by overexpression of βARK-ct or DN-Src. Gβγ also induced c-Src SH2 domain association with the EGFR. Supporting these findings, in rabbit proximal tubular epithelium, immunoblot analysis indicated that βγ expression was significant. Interestingly, arachidonic acid- and eicosatetraenoic acid-induced responses were preserved in the presence of βARK-ct. This is the first report demonstrating the regulation of EGFR, ERK1/2, c-Src, and fibronectin by Gβγ subunits in renal epithelial cells. Moreover, this work demonstrates a role for Gβγ heterotrimeric proteins in ANG II, but not arachidonic acid, signaling in renal epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Alexander
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona; and
| | - Yaxian Ding
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Suganthi Alagarsamy
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xiaolan Cui
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li ZY, Deng XL, Huang WH, Li L, Li H, Jing X, Tian YY, Lv PY, Yang TL, Zhou HH, Ouyang DS. Lignans from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides inhibited Ang II-stimulated extracellular matrix biosynthesis in mesangial cells. Chin Med 2014; 9:8. [PMID: 24524265 PMCID: PMC3937011 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tree bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., (commonly well-known as “Du-zhong” in China), has been used to treat hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hepatic fibrosis and renal injury. This study aims to investigate the effects of lignans extracted from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. on Ang II-induced proliferation and extracellular matrix biosynthesis in rat mesangial cells. Methods Rat mesangial cells (RMCs) were cultured in vitro and divided into six groups (control, Ang II, losartan, and low, middle and high concentration lignans groups). RMC proliferation was measured by MTT assay. RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of collagen type I (Col I), collagen type III (Col III), collagen type IV (Col IV), fibronectin and aldose reductase (AR). Results Cellular proliferation induced by Ang II was significantly suppressed by Eucommia lignans of different concentrations (P = 0.034, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001). Treatment of cells with Ang II increased Col I, Col III, Col IV, and fibronectin mRNA expression, which was observed at the protein level (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.004, and P = 0.004, respectively). The increased mRNA expression and protein levels of Col I, Col III, Col IV, and fibronectin were diminished remarkably with by treatment Eucommia lignans, and elevated AR expression stimulated by Ang II was significantly inhibited by Eucommia lignans. Conclusions Eucommia lignans (Du-zhong) inhibited Ang II-stimulated extracellular matrix biosynthesis in mesangial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Sheng Ouyang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiang-Ya Street, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee DY, Wauquier F, Eid AA, Roman LJ, Ghosh-Choudhury G, Khazim K, Block K, Gorin Y. Nox4 NADPH oxidase mediates peroxynitrite-dependent uncoupling of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and fibronectin expression in response to angiotensin II: role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28668-86. [PMID: 23940049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.470971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) by angiotensin II (Ang II) leads to extracellular matrix accumulation. Here, we demonstrate that, in MCs, Ang II induces endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased production of NO. Ang II promotes a rapid increase in 3-nitrotyrosine formation, and uric acid attenuates Ang II-induced decrease in NO bioavailability, demonstrating that peroxynitrite mediates the effects of Ang II on eNOS dysfunction. Ang II rapidly up-regulates Nox4 protein. Inhibition of Nox4 abolishes the increase in ROS and peroxynitrite generation as well as eNOS uncoupling triggered by Ang II, indicating that Nox4 is upstream of eNOS. This pathway contributes to Ang II-mediated fibronectin accumulation in MCs. Ang II also elicits an increase in mitochondrial abundance of Nox4 protein, and the oxidase contributes to ROS production in mitochondria. Overexpression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents the stimulatory effects of Ang II on mitochondrial ROS production, loss of NO availability, and MC fibronectin accumulation, whereas manganese superoxide dismutase depletion increases mitochondrial ROS, NO deficiency, and fibronectin synthesis basally and in cells exposed to Ang II. This work provides the first evidence that uncoupled eNOS is responsible for Ang II-induced MC fibronectin accumulation and identifies Nox4 and mitochondrial ROS as mediators of eNOS dysfunction. These data shed light on molecular processes underlying the oxidative signaling cascade engaged by Ang II and identify potential targets for intervention to prevent renal fibrosis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gorin Y, Block K. Nox4 and diabetic nephropathy: with a friend like this, who needs enemies? Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:130-42. [PMID: 23528476 PMCID: PMC3716866 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, a complication of diabetes in the kidney. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are a major source of reactive oxygen species in the diabetic kidney and are critical mediators of redox signaling in glomerular and tubulointerstitial cells exposed to the diabetic milieu. Here, we present an overview of the current understanding of the roles of Nox catalytic and regulatory subunits in the processes that control mesangial cell, podocyte, and tubulointerstitial cell injury induced by hyperglycemia and other predominant factors enhanced in the diabetic milieu, including the renin-angiotensin system and transforming growth factor-β. The role of the Nox isoform Nox4 in the redox processes that alter renal biology in diabetes is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; Audie L. Murphy Memorial Hospital Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sestrin 2 and AMPK connect hyperglycemia to Nox4-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and matrix protein expression. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3439-60. [PMID: 23816887 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00217-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesangial matrix accumulation is an early feature of glomerular pathology in diabetes. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in hyperglycemia-induced glomerular injury. Here, we demonstrate that, in glomerular mesangial cells (MCs), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is uncoupled upon exposure to high glucose (HG), with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased production of nitric oxide. Peroxynitrite mediates the effects of HG on eNOS dysfunction. HG upregulates Nox4 protein, and inhibition of Nox4 abrogates the increase in ROS and peroxynitrite generation, as well as the eNOS uncoupling triggered by HG, demonstrating that Nox4 functions upstream from eNOS. Importantly, this pathway contributes to HG-induced MC fibronectin accumulation. Nox4-mediated eNOS dysfunction was confirmed in glomeruli of a rat model of type 1 diabetes. Sestrin 2-dependent AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation attenuates HG-induced MC fibronectin synthesis through blockade of Nox4-dependent ROS and peroxynitrite generation, with subsequent eNOS uncoupling. We also find that HG negatively regulates sestrin 2 and AMPK, thereby promoting Nox4-mediated eNOS dysfunction and increased fibronectin. These data identify a protective function for sestrin 2/AMPK and potential targets for intervention to prevent fibrotic injury in diabetes.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ford BM, Eid AA, Göőz M, Barnes JL, Gorin YC, Abboud HE. ADAM17 mediates Nox4 expression and NADPH oxidase activity in the kidney cortex of OVE26 mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F323-32. [PMID: 23678045 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00522.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix protein accumulation is a prominent feature of diabetic nephropathy that contributes to renal fibrosis and decline in renal function. The pathogenic mechanisms of matrix accumulation are incompletely characterized. We investigated if the matrix metalloprotease a disintegrin and metalloprotease1 7 (ADAM17), known to cleave growth factors and cytokines, is activated in the kidney cortex of OVE26 type 1 diabetic mice and the potential mechanisms by which ADAM17 mediates extracellular matrix accumulation. Protein expression and activity of ADAM17 were increased in OVE26 kidney cortex. Using a pharmacological inhibitor to ADAM17, TMI-005, we determined that ADAM17 activation results in increased type IV collagen, Nox4, and NADPH oxidase activity in the kidney cortex of diabetic mice. In cultured mouse proximal tubular epithelial cells (MCTs), high glucose increases ADAM17 activity, Nox4 and fibronectin expression, cellular collagen content, and NADPH oxidase activity. These effects of glucose were inhibited when cells were pretreated with TMI-005 and/or transfected with small interfering ADAM17. Collectively, these data indicate a novel mechanism whereby hyperglycemia in diabetes increases extracellular matrix protein expression in the kidney cortex through activation of ADAM17 and enhanced oxidative stress through Nox enzyme activation. Additionally, our study is the first to provide evidence that Nox4 is downstream of ADAM17.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M Ford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gu Y, Gong Y, Zhang H, Dong X, Zhao T, Burczynski FJ, Wang G, Sun S, Zhu B, Han W, Wang H, Li P. Regulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 gene expression by dihydropteridine reductase in kidney 293T cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 91:187-93. [PMID: 23668792 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2012-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) is an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is an essential cofactor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and can catalyze arginine to citrulline to release nitric oxide. Point mutations of QDPR have been found in the renal cortex of spontaneous Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) diabetic rats. However, the role of QDPR in DN is not clear. This study investigates the effects of QDPR overexpression and knockdown on gene expression in the kidney. Rat QDPR cDNA was cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector and transfected in human kidney cells (293T). The expression of NOS, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), Smad3, and NADPH oxidase were examined by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. BH4 was assayed by using ELISA. Expression of QDPR was significantly decreased and TGF-β1 and Smad3 were increased in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. Transfection of QDPR into 293T cells increased the abundance of QDPR in cytoplasm and significantly reduced the expression of TGF-β1, Smad3, and the NADPH oxidases NOX1 and NOX4. Moreover, abundance of neuronal NOS (nNOS) mRNA and BH4 content were significantly increased. Furthermore, inhibition of QDPR resulted in a significant increase in TGF-β1 expression. In conclusion, QDPR might be an important factor mediating diabetic nephropathy through its regulation of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling and NADPH oxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Gu
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Du Y, Le W, Wang K, Kieffer N, Zhang J. Redox control of the survival of healthy and diseased cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2867-908. [PMID: 21457107 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Cellular redox homeostasis is the first line of defense against diverse stimuli and is crucial for various biological processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), byproducts of numerous cellular events, may serve in turn as signaling molecules to regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, when overproduced ROS fail to be scavenged by the antioxidant system, they may damage cellular components, giving rise to senescent, degenerative, or fatal lesions in cells. Accordingly, this review not only covers general mechanisms of ROS production under different conditions, but also focuses on various types of ROS-involved diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In addition, potentially therapeutic agents and approaches are reviewed in a relatively comprehensive manner. However, due to the complexity of ROS and their cellular impacts, we believe that the goal to design more effective approaches or agents may require a better understanding of mechanisms of ROS production, particularly their multifaceted impacts in disease at biochemical, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic levels. Thus, it requires additional tools of omics in systems biology to achieve such a goal. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 15, 2867-2908.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lakshmanan AP, Watanabe K, Thandavarayan RA, Sari FR, Harima M, Giridharan VV, Soetikno V, Kodama M, Aizawa Y. Telmisartan attenuates oxidative stress and renal fibrosis in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice with the alteration of angiotensin-(1–7)masreceptor expression associated with its PPAR-γ agonist action. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:575-84. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.560149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Progression of fibrosis involves interstitial hypercellularity, matrix accumulation, and atrophy of epithelial structures, resulting in loss of normal function and ultimately organ failure. There is common agreement that the fibroblast/myofibroblast is the cell type most responsible for interstitial matrix accumulation and consequent structural deformations associated with fibrosis. During wound healing and progressive fibrotic events, fibroblasts transform into myofibroblasts acquiring smooth muscle features, most notably the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and synthesis of mesenchymal cell-related matrix proteins. In renal disease, glomerular mesangial cells also acquire a myofibroblast phenotype and synthesize the same matrix proteins. The origin of interstitial myofibroblasts during fibrosis is a matter of debate, where the cells are proposed to derive from resident fibroblasts, pericytes, perivascular adventitial, epithelial, and/or endothelial sources. Regardless of the origin of the cells, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) is the principal growth factor responsible for myofibroblast differentiation to a profibrotic phenotype and exerts its effects via Smad signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt/protein kinase B. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have important roles in progression of fibrosis. ROS are derived from a variety of enzyme sources, of which the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) oxidase family has been identified as a major source of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation in the cardiovasculature and kidney during health and disease. Recent evidence indicates that the NAD(P)H oxidase homolog Nox4 is most accountable for ROS-induced fibroblast and mesangial cell activation, where it has an essential role in TGF-β1 signaling of fibroblast activation and differentiation into a profibrotic myofibroblast phenotype and matrix production. Information on the role of ROS in mesangial cell and fibroblast signaling is incomplete, and further research on myofibroblast differentiation during fibrosis is warranted.
Collapse
|
19
|
Yiu WH, Mead PA, Jun HS, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Oxidative stress mediates nephropathy in type Ia glycogen storage disease. J Transl Med 2010; 90:620-9. [PMID: 20195241 PMCID: PMC3078689 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) patients, deficient in glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha, manifest disturbed glucose homeostasis with long-term renal disease. We have previously shown that renal fibrosis in GSD-Ia is mediated by the angiotensin/transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) pathway, which also elicits renal damage through oxidative stress. In this study, we further elucidate the mechanism of renal disease by showing that renal expression of Nox-2, p22(phox), and p47(phox), components of NADPH oxidase, are upregulated in GSD-Ia mice compared with controls. Akt/protein kinase B, a downstream mediator of angiotensin II and TGF-beta1, is also activated, leading to phosphorylation and inactivation of the Forkhead box O family of transcription factors. This in turn triggers downregulation of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT) activities that have essential roles in oxidative detoxification in mammals. Renal oxidative stress in GSD-Ia mice is shown by increased oxidation of dihydroethidium and by oxidative damage of DNA. Importantly, renal dysfunction, reflected by elevated serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, reduced renal CAT activity, and increased renal fibrosis, is improved in GSD-Ia mice treated with the antioxidant drug tempol. These data provide the first evidence that oxidative stress is one mechanism that underlies GSD-Ia nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyun Sik Jun
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian C. Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee YS. Arachidonic Acid Mediates Apoptosis Induced by N-Ethylmaleimide in HepG2 Human Hepatoblastoma Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
21
|
Lee YS. Arachidonic Acid Activates K-Cl-cotransport in HepG2 Human Hepatoblastoma Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 13:401-8. [PMID: 19915704 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.5.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
K(+)-Cl(-)-cotransport (KCC) has been reported to have various cellular functions, including proliferation and apoptosis of human cancer cells. However, the signal transduction pathways that control the activity of KCC are currently not well understood. In this study we investigated the possible role of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-arachidonic acid (AA) signal in the regulatory mechanism of KCC activity. Exogenous application of AA significantly induced K(+) efflux in a dose-dependent manner, which was completely blocked by R-(+)-[2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-inden-5-yl]oxy]acetic acid (DIOA), a specific KCC inhibitor. N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), a KCC activator-induced K(+) efflux was significantly suppressed by bromoenol lactone (BEL), an inhibitor of the calcium-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)), whereas it was not significantly altered by arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone (AACOCF(3)) and p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), inhibitors of the calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)) and the secretory PLA(2) (sPLA(2)), respectively. NEM increased AA liberation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was markedly prevented only by BEL. In addition, the NEM-induced ROS generation was significantly reduced by DPI and BEL, whereas AACOCF(3) and BPB did not have an influence. The NEM-induced KCC activation and ROS production was not significantly affected by treatment with indomethacin (Indo) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), respectively. Treatment with 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), a non-metabolizable analogue of AA, markedly produced ROS and activated the KCC. Collectively, these results suggest that iPLA(2)-AA signal may be essentially involved in the mechanism of ROS-mediated KCC activation in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Soo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khandrika L, Kumar B, Koul S, Maroni P, Koul HK. Oxidative stress in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2009; 282:125-36. [PMID: 19185987 PMCID: PMC2789743 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As prostate cancer and aberrant changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) become more common with aging, ROS signaling may play an important role in the development and progression of this malignancy. Increased ROS, otherwise known as oxidative stress, is a result of either increased ROS generation or a loss of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Oxidative stress is associated with several pathological conditions including inflammation and infection. ROS are products of normal cellular metabolism and play vital roles in stimulation of signaling pathways in response to changing intra- and extracellular environmental conditions. Chronic increases in ROS over time are known to induce somatic mutations and neoplastic transformation. In this review we summarize the causes for increased ROS generation and its potential role in etiology and progression of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmipathi Khandrika
- Signal transduction and Molecular Urology Laboratory-Program in Urosciences, Division of Urology- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Building P15 or RC2, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Room number 6430D, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Binod Kumar
- Signal transduction and Molecular Urology Laboratory-Program in Urosciences, Division of Urology- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Building P15 or RC2, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Room number 6430D, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sweaty Koul
- Signal transduction and Molecular Urology Laboratory-Program in Urosciences, Division of Urology- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Building P15 or RC2, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Room number 6430D, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paul Maroni
- Signal transduction and Molecular Urology Laboratory-Program in Urosciences, Division of Urology- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Building P15 or RC2, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Room number 6430D, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado at Denver, Building P15 or RC2, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Room number 6430D, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hari K. Koul
- Signal transduction and Molecular Urology Laboratory-Program in Urosciences, Division of Urology- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Building P15 or RC2, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Room number 6430D, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado at Denver, Building P15 or RC2, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Room number 6430D, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Garrido AM, Griendling KK. NADPH oxidases and angiotensin II receptor signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 302:148-58. [PMID: 19059306 PMCID: PMC2835147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade many studies have demonstrated the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by NADPH oxidases in angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling, as well as a role for ROS in the development of different diseases in which Ang II is a central component. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of activation of NADPH oxidases by Ang II and describe the molecular targets of ROS in Ang II signaling in the vasculature, kidney and brain. We also discuss the effects of genetic manipulation of NADPH oxidase function on the physiology and pathophysiology of the renin-angiotensin system.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Loss of redox homeostasis and formation of excessive free radicals play an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney disease and hypertension. Free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary in physiologic processes. However, loss of redox homeostasis contributes to proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways in the kidney, which in turn lead to reduced vascular compliance and proteinuria. The kidney is susceptible to the influence of various extracellular and intracellular cues, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), hyperglycemia, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Redox control of kidney function is a dynamic process with reversible pro- and anti-free radical processes. The imbalance of redox homeostasis within the kidney is integral in hypertension and the progression of kidney disease. An emerging paradigm exists for renal redox contribution to hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Nistala
- University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Soler MJ, Lloveras J, Batlle D. [Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and its emerging role in the regulation of the renin angiotensin system]. Med Clin (Barc) 2008; 131:230-6. [PMID: 18674503 PMCID: PMC7094457 DOI: 10.1157/13124619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function. Thus, RAS blockade with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and/or angiotensin receptor blocker decreases blood pressure, cardiovascular events, and delays the progression of kidney disease. The discovery of ACE2, a homologue of ACE, capable of degrading angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7, may offer new insights into the RAS. In this review we discuss the possible protective role of ACE2 in different organs, namely heart, lungs and kidneys. The role of this enzyme is inferred from recent studies performed using genetically manipulated mice that lack the ACE2 gene and also mice treated with pharmacological ACE2 inhibitors. These results suggest that ACE2 might be a new therapeutic target within the RAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Soler
- Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Block K, Eid A, Griendling KK, Lee DY, Wittrant Y, Gorin Y. Nox4 NAD(P)H oxidase mediates Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PDK-1 in response to angiotensin II: role in mesangial cell hypertrophy and fibronectin expression. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24061-76. [PMID: 18559349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803964200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) by angiotensin II (Ang II) leads to hypertrophy and extracellular matrix accumulation. Here, we demonstrate that, in MCs, Ang II induces an increase in PDK-1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1) kinase activity that required its phosphorylation on tyrosine 9 and 373/376. Introduction into the cells of PDK-1, mutated on these tyrosine residues or kinase-inactive, attenuates Ang II-induced hypertrophy and fibronectin accumulation. Ang II-mediated PDK-1 activation and tyrosine phosphorylation (total and on residues 9 and 373/376) are inhibited in cells transfected with small interfering RNA for Src, indicating that Src is upstream of PDK-1. In cells expressing oxidation-resistant Src mutant C487A, Ang II-induced hypertrophy and fibronectin expression are prevented, suggesting that the pathway is redox-sensitive. Ang II also up-regulates Nox4 protein, and siNox4 abrogates the Ang II-induced increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Small interfering RNA for Nox4 also inhibits Ang II-induced activation of Src and PDK-1 tyrosine phosphorylation (total and on residues 9 and 373/376), demonstrating that Nox4 functions upstream of Src and PDK-1. Importantly, inhibition of Nox4, Src, or PDK-1 prevents the stimulatory effect of Ang II on fibronectin accumulation and cell hypertrophy. This work provides the first evidence that Nox4-derived ROS are responsible for Ang II-induced PDK-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation through stimulation of Src. Importantly, this pathway contributes to Ang II-induced MC hypertrophy and fibronectin accumulation. These data shed light on molecular processes underlying the oxidative signaling cascade engaged by Ang II and identify potential targets for intervention to prevent renal hypertrophy and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7723 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wittrant Y, Gorin Y, Woodruff K, Horn D, Abboud HE, Mohan S, Abboud-Werner SL. High d(+)glucose concentration inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Bone 2008; 42:1122-30. [PMID: 18378205 PMCID: PMC2696157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with hyperglycemia and altered bone metabolism that may lead to complications including osteopenia, increased risk of fracture and osteoporosis. Hyperglycemia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic bone disease; however, the biologic effect of glucose on osteoclastogenesis is unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of high d(+)glucose (d-Glc) and l(-)glucose (l-Glc; osmotic control) on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis using RAW264.7 cells and Bone Marrow Macrophages (BMM) as models. Cells were exposed to sustained high glucose levels to mimic diabetic conditions. Osteoclast formation was analyzed using tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) assay, expression of calcitonin receptor (CTR) and cathepsin K mRNAs, and cultures were examined for reactive oxygen species (ROS) using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) fluorescence, caspase-3 and Nuclear Factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity. Cellular function was assessed using a migration assay. Results show, for the first time, that high d-Glc inhibits osteoclast formation, ROS production, caspase-3 activity and migration in response to RANKL through a metabolic pathway. Our findings also suggest that high d-Glc may alter RANKL-induced osteoclast formation by inhibiting redox-sensitive NF-kappaB activity through an anti-oxidative mechanism. This study increases our understanding of the role of glucose in diabetes-associated bone disease. Our data suggest that high glucose levels may alter bone turnover by decreasing osteoclast differentiation and function in diabetes and provide new insight into the biologic effects of glucose on osteoclastogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wittrant
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive and South Texas Veteran’s Health Care System, Audi L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Y Gorin
- Department of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive and South Texas Veteran’s Health Care System, Audi L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - K Woodruff
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive and South Texas Veteran’s Health Care System, Audi L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - D Horn
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive and South Texas Veteran’s Health Care System, Audi L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - HE Abboud
- Department of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive and South Texas Veteran’s Health Care System, Audi L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - S Mohan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive and South Texas Veteran’s Health Care System, Audi L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - SL Abboud-Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive and South Texas Veteran’s Health Care System, Audi L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oxidative Stress Is Inherent in Prostate Cancer Cells and Is Required for Aggressive Phenotype. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1777-85. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
29
|
de Carvalho DD, Sadok A, Bourgarel-Rey V, Gattacceca F, Penel C, Lehmann M, Kovacic H. Nox1 downstream of 12-lipoxygenase controls cell proliferation but not cell spreading of colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1757-64. [PMID: 18076063 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex, Nox1 (homologue of gp91phox/Nox2), expressed mainly in intestinal epithelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, functions in innate immune defense and cell proliferation. The molecular mechanisms underlying these functions, however, are not completely understood. We measured Nox1-dependent O2- production during cell spreading on Collagen IV (Coll IV) in colon carcinoma cell lines. Knocking down Nox1 by shRNA, we showed that Nox1-dependent O2- production is activated during cell spreading after 4 hr of adhesion on Collagen IV. Nox1 activation during cell spreading relies on Rac1 activation and arachidonic metabolism. Our results showed that manoalide (a secreted phospholipase A2 inhibitor) and cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-cyanocinnamate (a 12-lipoxygenase inhibitor) inhibit O2- production, cell spreading and cell proliferation in these colonic epithelial cells. 12-Lipoxygenase inhibition of ROS production and cell spreading can be reversed by adding 12-HETE, a 12-lipoxygenase product, supporting the specific effect observed with cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-cyanocinnamate. In contrast, Nox1 shRNA and DPI (NADPH oxidase inhibitor) weakly affect cell spreading while inhibiting O2- production and cell proliferation. These results suggest that the 12-lipoxygenase pathway is upstream of Nox1 activation and controls cell spreading and proliferation, while Nox1 specifically affects cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D de Carvalho
- CNRS FRE 2737, Cytosquelette et Intégration des Signaux du Microenvironnement Tumoral (CISMET), Aix-Marseille Université, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ding G, Zhang A, Huang S, Pan X, Zhen G, Chen R, Yang T. ANG II induces c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation and proliferation of human mesangial cells via redox-sensitive transactivation of the EGFR. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1889-97. [PMID: 17881465 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00112.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that ANG II induces mesangial cell (MC) proliferation via the JNK-activator protein-1 pathway. The present study attempted to determine the upstream mediators of JNK activation, with emphasis on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). In cultured human MCs (HMCs), as early as 3 min, ANG II time dependently increased intracellular ROS production, which was sensitive to 10 microM diphenyleneiodonium sulfate and 500 microM apocynin, two structurally distinct NADPH oxidase inhibitors. In contrast, inhibitors of other oxidant-producing enzymes, including the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguiaretic acid, the cytochrome P-450 oxygenase inhibitor ketoconazole, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, were without effect. ANG II-induced ROS generation was inhibited by the angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist losartan (10 muM) but not the angiotensin type 2 receptor antagonist PD-123319 (10 microM). ANG II induced translocation of p47(phox) and p67(phox) from the cytosol to the membrane. The antioxidants almost abolished the ANG II mitogenic response, as assessed by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and cell number, associated with a remarkable blockade of the activation of EGFR (90% inhibition) and JNK (83% inhibition). The EGFR inhibitor AG-1478 was able to mimic the effect of antioxidants, in that it inhibited the mitogenic response and the JNK activation following ANG II treatment. Together, these data suggest that the ROS-EGFR-JNK pathway is involved in transducing the proliferative effect of ANG II in cultured HMCs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acridines
- Angiotensin II/biosynthesis
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Count
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- ErbB Receptors/biosynthesis
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Glomerular Mesangium/cytology
- Glomerular Mesangium/drug effects
- Glomerular Mesangium/enzymology
- Humans
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Luminescence
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guixia Ding
- Center of Pediatric Nephrology, Nanjing Childern's Hospital, Nanjing Medical Univ., Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen X, Abair TD, Ibanez MR, Su Y, Frey MR, Dise RS, Polk DB, Singh AB, Harris RC, Zent R, Pozzi A. Integrin alpha1beta1 controls reactive oxygen species synthesis by negatively regulating epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated Rac activation. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3313-26. [PMID: 17339338 PMCID: PMC1899972 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01476-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins control many cell functions, including generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulation of collagen synthesis. Mesangial cells, found in the glomerulus of the kidney, are able to produce large amounts of ROS via the NADPH oxidase. We previously demonstrated that integrin alpha1-null mice develop worse fibrosis than wild-type mice following glomerular injury and this is due, in part, to excessive ROS production by alpha1-null mesangial cells. In the present studies, we describe the mechanism whereby integrin alpha1-null mesangial cells produce excessive ROS. Integrin alpha1-null mesangial cells have constitutively increased basal levels of activated Rac1, which result in its increased translocation to the cell membrane, excessive ROS production, and consequent collagen IV deposition. Basal Rac1 activation is a direct consequence of ligand-independent increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation in alpha1-null mesangial cells. Thus, our study demonstrates that integrin alpha1beta1-EGFR cross talk is a key step in negatively regulating Rac1 activation, ROS production, and excessive collagen synthesis, which is a hallmark of diseases characterized by irreversible fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiwu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|