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Proof-of-concept study of a multi-gene risk score in adolescent bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 262:211-222. [PMID: 31727397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined multiple genetic variants concurrently for the purpose of classifying bipolar disorder (BD); the literature among youth is particularly sparse. We selected 35 genetic variants, previously implicated in BD or associated characteristics, from which to identify the most robustly predictive group of genes. METHODS 215 Caucasian adolescents (114 BD and 101 healthy controls (HC), ages 13-20 years) were included. Psychiatric diagnoses were determined based on semi-structured diagnostic interviews. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva for genotyping. Two models were used to calculate a multi-gene risk score (MGRS). Model 1 used forward and backward regressions, and model 2 used a PLINK generated method. RESULTS In model 1, GPX3 rs3792797 was significant in the forward regression, DRD4 exonIII was significant in the backward regression; IL1β rs16944 and DISC1 rs821577 were significant in both the forward and backward regressions. These variants are involved in dopamine neurotransmission; inflammation and oxidative stress; and neuronal development. Model 1 MGRS did not significantly discriminate between BD and HC. In model 2, ZNF804A rs1344706 was significantly associated with BD; however, this association did not predict diagnosis when entered into the weighted model. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by the number of genetic variants examined and the modest sample size. CONCLUSIONS Whereas regression approaches identified four genetic variants that significantly discriminated between BD and HC, those same variants no longer discriminated between BD and HC when computed as a MGRS. Future larger studies are needed evaluating intermediate phenotypes such as neuroimaging and blood-based biomarkers.
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Arrúe A, González-Torres MA, Basterreche N, Arnaiz A, Olivas O, Zamalloa MI, Erkoreka L, Catalán A, Zumárraga M. GAD1 gene polymorphisms are associated with bipolar I disorder and with blood homovanillic acid levels but not with plasma GABA levels. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:152-161. [PMID: 30625343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Arrúe
- Departamento de Investigación Neuroquímica, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Zamudio, Spain; BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Miguel Angel González-Torres
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Departamento de Neurociencias, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Nieves Basterreche
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Departamento de Neurociencias, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Unidad de Hospitalización de Corta Estancia, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Ainara Arnaiz
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Servicio de Rehabilitación, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Olga Olivas
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Centro de Salud Mental de Gernika, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Gernika, Spain
| | - M Isabel Zamalloa
- Departamento de Investigación Neuroquímica, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Zamudio, Spain; BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Leire Erkoreka
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Departamento de Neurociencias, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Centro de Salud Mental Barakaldo, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ana Catalán
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Departamento de Neurociencias, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mercedes Zumárraga
- Departamento de Investigación Neuroquímica, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Zamudio, Spain; BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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Rizvi SH, Salcedo S, Youngstrom EA, Freeman LK, Gadow KD, Fristad MA, Birmaher B, Kowatch RA, Horwitz SM, Frazier TW, Arnold LE, Taylor HG, Findling RL. Diagnostic Accuracy of the CASI-4R Psychosis Subscale for Children Evaluated in Pediatric Outpatient Clinics. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 48:610-621. [PMID: 29373050 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1410824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic accuracy of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-oriented Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory (CASI-4R) Psychotic Symptoms scale was tested using receiver operating characteristic analyses to identify clinically significant psychotic symptoms. Participants were new outpatients (N = 700), ages 6.0 to 12.9 years (M = 9.7, SD = 1.8) at 9 child outpatient mental health clinics, who participated in the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) Study baseline assessment. Because LAMS undersampled participants with low mania scores by design, present analyses weighted low scorers to produce unbiased estimates. Psychotic symptoms, operationally defined as a score of 3 or more for hallucinations or 4 or more for delusions based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) psychosis items, occurred in 7% of youth. K-SADS diagnoses for those identified with psychotic symptoms above threshold included major depressive disorder, bipolar spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotic disorders, and autism spectrum disorder. The optimal psychosis screening cut score (maximizing sensitivity and specificity) was 2.75+ (corresponding diagnostic likelihood ratio [DiLR] = 4.29) for the parent version and 3.50+ (DiLR = 5.67) for the teacher version. The Area under the Curve for parent and teacher report was .83 and .74 (both p < .001). Parent report performed significantly better than teacher report for identifying psychotic symptoms above threshold (p = .03). The CASI-4R Psychosis subscale (J) appears clinically useful for identifying psychotic symptoms in children because of its brevity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeen H Rizvi
- b Department of Psychology , Gargi College, Delhi University
| | - Stephanie Salcedo
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Eric A Youngstrom
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | - Boris Birmaher
- e Department of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | - Sarah M Horwitz
- g Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center
| | | | | | - H Gerry Taylor
- j Department of Pediatrics , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.,k Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
| | - Robert L Findling
- l Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University and Kennedy Krieger Institute
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4
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Chung YCE, Chen SC, Chuang LC, Shih WL, Chiu YH, Lu ML, Chen HC, Kuo PH. Evaluation of the interaction between genetic variants of GAD1 and miRNA in bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 2017; 223:1-7. [PMID: 28710909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamic acid dehydrogenase 1 (GAD1) serves as the rate-limiting enzyme for synthesizing GABA, and is reported to be associated with several psychiatric disorders. The present study examined the effects of GAD1 genetic variants on bipolar disorder (BD) and its subtypes. Moreover, we investigated functional interactions between genetic variants and miRNAs via algorithm prediction and experimental validation. METHODS A case-control study was conducted with 280 BD patients and 200 healthy controls. Eight tag SNPs in GAD1 were genotyped. For associated markers, we performed in silico prediction for their potential functions through SNP-miRNA interactions by establishing a scoring system to combine information from several miRNA predictive algorithms. We then tested allelic expression differences using Dual-Glo luciferase reporter assays for the selected SNP-miRNA pair. Lastly, we examined the associations of the GAD1 gene and BD in two additional independent datasets with a few thousand samples for replication. RESULTS Marker rs3749034 was associated with BD, in particular the BD-II subtype. According to our scoring system, several candidate miRNAs were predicted to interact with rs3749034, and hsa-miR-504 had the highest score. Findings from an in vitro experiment revealed a non-statistically significant trend for lower gene expression level with the A allele of rs3749034 compared with the G allele. The association between rs3749034 and BD was not replicated in either of the independent datasets. Instead, other rarer genetic variants in GAD1 showed suggestive signals (e.g. rs575441409, p-value = 3.8*10-4, D' = 1 with rs3749034) with BD in the Taiwanese dataset. LIMITATIONS The present study considered common genetic variants only. In addition, we only used a 293T cell-line in conducting luciferase reporter assays, as no primary cell-lines from patient samples were available to differentiate the effects between BD subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a weak effect of the GAD1 gene on the risk of bipolar illness, and the associated marker might represent a proxy for real signals of rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chu Ella Chung
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chien Chen
- Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, College of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Li-Chung Chuang
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare & Management, Yilan 266, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Shih
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hang Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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5
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Goldstein BI, Birmaher B, Carlson GA, DelBello MP, Findling RL, Fristad M, Kowatch RA, Miklowitz DJ, Nery FG, Perez‐Algorta G, Van Meter A, Zeni CP, Correll CU, Kim H, Wozniak J, Chang KD, Hillegers M, Youngstrom EA. The International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force report on pediatric bipolar disorder: Knowledge to date and directions for future research. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19:524-543. [PMID: 28944987 PMCID: PMC5716873 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Over the past two decades, there has been tremendous growth in research regarding bipolar disorder (BD) among children and adolescents (ie, pediatric BD [PBD]). The primary purpose of this article is to distill the extant literature, dispel myths or exaggerated assertions in the field, and disseminate clinically relevant findings. METHODS An international group of experts completed a selective review of the literature, emphasizing areas of consensus, identifying limitations and gaps in the literature, and highlighting future directions to mitigate these gaps. RESULTS Substantial, and increasingly international, research has accumulated regarding the phenomenology, differential diagnosis, course, treatment, and neurobiology of PBD. Prior division around the role of irritability and of screening tools in diagnosis has largely abated. Gold-standard pharmacologic trials inform treatment of manic/mixed episodes, whereas fewer data address bipolar depression and maintenance/continuation treatment. Adjunctive psychosocial treatment provides a forum for psychoeducation and targets primarily depressive symptoms. Numerous neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies, and increasing peripheral biomarker studies, largely converge with prior findings from adults with BD. CONCLUSIONS As data have accumulated and controversy has dissipated, the field has moved past existential questions about PBD toward defining and pursuing pressing clinical and scientific priorities that remain. The overall body of evidence supports the position that perceptions about marked international (US vs elsewhere) and developmental (pediatric vs adult) differences have been overstated, although additional research on these topics is warranted. Traction toward improved outcomes will be supported by continued emphasis on pathophysiology and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I Goldstein
- Centre for Youth Bipolar DisorderSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoCanada,Departments of Psychiatry and PharmacologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Boris Birmaher
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Gabrielle A Carlson
- Department of PsychiatryStony Brook University School of MedicineStony BrookNYUSA
| | - Melissa P DelBello
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Robert L Findling
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Mary Fristad
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center/Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOHUSA
| | - Robert A Kowatch
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center/Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOHUSA
| | | | - Fabiano G Nery
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA
| | | | - Anna Van Meter
- Ferkauf Graduate School of PsychologyYeshiva UniversityBronxNYUSA
| | | | - Christoph U Correll
- The Zucker Hillside HospitalDepartment of PsychiatryNorthwell HealthGlen OaksNYUSA,Department of Psychiatry and Molecular MedicineHofstra Northwell School of MedicineHempsteadNYUSA
| | - Hyo‐Won Kim
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineAsan Medical CenterSeoulKorea
| | - Janet Wozniak
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric PsychopharmacologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Kiki D Chang
- Department of PsychiatryStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Manon Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychologyErasmus Medical Center‐SophiaRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eric A Youngstrom
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
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6
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Tan O, Metin B, Metin S. Obsessive-compulsive adults with and without childhood ADHD symptoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8:131-8. [PMID: 27056070 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-016-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently coexist. To understand whether childhood ADHD can increase the risk of OCD in adulthood and whether it influences the phenomenology of OCD, we investigated the symptoms of ADHD during childhood in obsessive-compulsive adults who had never been diagnosed as ADHD. Adults with OCD (n = 83) were given the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HDRS-17) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The prevalence of childhood ADHD symptoms was 40.9 % (n = 34) and that of adult ADHD was 16.9 % (n = 14). Patients with childhood ADHD symptoms had an earlier onset of OCD, higher scores of the BAI and BIS-11. The scores of the Y-BOCS and HDRS-17 did not differ between those having and not having childhood ADHD symptoms. Childhood history of ADHD symptoms is common in adult OCD patients who have never been diagnosed as ADHD. Childhood ADHD symptoms are associated with an earlier age of OCD, more severe anxiety and higher impulsiveness. Even remitted ADHD may be a risk factor for OCD in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Tan
- Department of Psychology, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Neuropsychiatry Research Health and Practice Center, Uskudar University, Bagdat St. Nu:109/A Feneryolu, 34724, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Baris Metin
- Department of Psychology, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Neuropsychiatry Research Health and Practice Center, Uskudar University, Bagdat St. Nu:109/A Feneryolu, 34724, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Metin
- Department of Psychology, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Neuropsychiatry Research Health and Practice Center, Uskudar University, Bagdat St. Nu:109/A Feneryolu, 34724, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
This study examined the incidence of adverse prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal experiences amongst children with anxiety disorders, and the relationship to clinical symptomology and functional impairment in treatment-seeking children (N = 107) with a primary anxiety disorder. Anxious children had higher rates of reported maternal prescription medication use during pregnancy, maternal smoking and illness during pregnancy and neonatal complications (including neonatal intensive care and feeding issues) compared with population base rates and non-affected children. Almost one-third had early problems with sleep. Developmental problems were common with more than half having at least one area of delay. More than three quarters of anxious children had a first-degree family member with a psychiatric history. There were several associations between neonatal complications and subsequent clinical symptomology, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depressive comorbidity, anxiety severity and functional impairment. Findings suggest higher rates of perinatal complications in anxious children.
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8
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Pauls DL, Abramovitch A, Rauch SL, Geller DA. Obsessive–compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:410-24. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Lin S, Li T, Zhu D, Ma C, Wang Y, He L, Zhu C, Xing Q. The association between GAD1 gene polymorphisms and cerebral palsy in Chinese infants. CYTOL GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452713050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Owens EB, Hinshaw SP. Perinatal problems and psychiatric comorbidity among children with ADHD. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 42:762-8. [PMID: 23581554 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2013.785359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Among two large, independent samples of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), we examined associations between specific (maternal gestational smoking and drug use, early labor, low birth weight, and infant breathing problems at birth) and cumulative prenatal and perinatal risk factors and psychiatric comorbidity during childhood. Data from the (a) Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD, a randomized clinical trial with 579 children aged 7 to 9.9 years with combined-type ADHD, and the (b) Berkeley Girls ADHD Longitudinal Sample, a naturalistic study of 140 girls with ADHD (93 combined-type and 47 inattentive-type) who were first seen when they were 6 to 12 years old, were analyzed separately. In each sample, perinatal risk factors were assessed retrospectively by maternal report, and current childhood psychiatric comorbidity was assessed using maternal report on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Consistent findings across these two studies show that infant breathing problems, early labor, and total perinatal problems predicted childhood comorbid depression but not comorbid anxiety or externalizing disorders. These associations remained significant, in both samples, with control of family socioeconomic status (SES) and maternal symptoms of ADHD and depression. Results attenuated slightly with control of the number of child comorbidities plus SES and maternal symptoms. Accumulating evidence suggests that perinatal risk factors are important precursors of childhood psychiatric comorbidity and that the association between these risk factors and detrimental psychiatric outcomes cannot be explained by maternal psychiatric symptoms or SES during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Owens
- a Institute of Human Development, University of California , Berkeley
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11
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Weber H, Scholz CJ, Domschke K, Baumann C, Klauke B, Jacob CP, Maier W, Fritze J, Bandelow B, Zwanzger PM, Lang T, Fehm L, Ströhle A, Hamm A, Gerlach AL, Alpers GW, Kircher T, Wittchen HU, Arolt V, Pauli P, Deckert J, Reif A. Gender differences in associations of glutamate decarboxylase 1 gene (GAD1) variants with panic disorder. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37651. [PMID: 22662185 PMCID: PMC3360757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panic disorder is common (5% prevalence) and females are twice as likely to be affected as males. The heritable component of panic disorder is estimated at 48%. Glutamic acid dehydrogenase GAD1, the key enzyme for the synthesis of the inhibitory and anxiolytic neurotransmitter GABA, is supposed to influence various mental disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders. In a recent association study in depression, which is highly comorbid with panic disorder, GAD1 risk allele associations were restricted to females. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging the common variation in GAD1 were genotyped in two independent gender and age matched case-control samples (discovery sample n = 478; replication sample n = 584). Thirteen SNPs passed quality control and were examined for gender-specific enrichment of risk alleles associated with panic disorder by using logistic regression including a genotype×gender interaction term. The latter was found to be nominally significant for four SNPs (rs1978340, rs3762555, rs3749034, rs2241165) in the discovery sample; of note, the respective minor/risk alleles were associated with panic disorder only in females. These findings were not confirmed in the replication sample; however, the genotype×gender interaction of rs3749034 remained significant in the combined sample. Furthermore, this polymorphism showed a nominally significant association with the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire sum score. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present study represents the first systematic evaluation of gender-specific enrichment of risk alleles of the common SNP variation in the panic disorder candidate gene GAD1. Our tentative results provide a possible explanation for the higher susceptibility of females to panic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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Marenco S, Savostyanova AA, van der Veen JW, Geramita M, Stern A, Barnett AS, Kolachana B, Radulescu E, Zhang F, Callicott JH, Straub RE, Shen J, Weinberger DR. Genetic modulation of GABA levels in the anterior cingulate cortex by GAD1 and COMT. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1708-17. [PMID: 20357758 PMCID: PMC2891897 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic transmission is critical for normal cortical function and is likely abnormal in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. We tested the in vivo effects of variations in two genes implicated in GABA function on GABA concentrations in prefrontal cortex of living subjects: glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), which encodes GAD67, and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), which regulates synaptic dopamine in the cortex. We studied six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GAD1 previously associated with risk for schizophrenia or cognitive dysfunction and the val158met polymorphism in COMT in 116 healthy volunteers using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two of the GAD1 SNPs (rs1978340 (p=0.005) and rs769390 (p=0.004)) showed effects on GABA levels as did COMT val158met (p=0.04). We then tested three SNPs in GAD1 (rs1978340, rs11542313, and rs769390) for interaction with COMT val158met based on previous clinical results. In this model, rs11542313 and COMT val158met showed significant main effects (p=0.001 and 0.003, respectively) and a trend toward a significant interaction (p=0.05). Interestingly, GAD1 risk alleles for schizophrenia were associated with higher GABA/Cre, and Val-Val homozygotes had high GABA/Cre levels when on a GAD1 risk genotype background (N=6). These results support the importance of genetic variation in GAD1 and COMT in regulating prefrontal cortical GABA function. The directionality of the effects, however, is inconsistent with earlier evidence of decreased GABA activity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marenco
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Antonina A Savostyanova
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Matthew Geramita
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexa Stern
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan S Barnett
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Eugenia Radulescu
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Richard E Straub
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Shen
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Unit, MAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Utge S, Soronen P, Partonen T, Loukola A, Kronholm E, Pirkola S, Nyman E, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Paunio T. A population-based association study of candidate genes for depression and sleep disturbance. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:468-476. [PMID: 19548263 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of depression comprises a variety of symptoms, including early morning awakenings and fatigue, features also indicating disturbed sleep. The presence or absence of these symptoms may reflect differences in neurobiological processes leading to prolonged depression. Several neurobiological mechanisms have been indicated in the induction of depression, including disturbances in serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission and in the action of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The same transmitters have also been linked to sleep regulation. We hypothesized that depression without simultaneous symptoms of disturbed sleep would partly have a different genetic background than depression with symptoms of disturbed sleep. We tested this hypothesis using a systematic population-based association study of 14 candidate genes related to depression and disturbed sleep. Association of genetic variants with either depression alone, depression with early morning awakenings, or depression with fatigue was investigated using permutation-based allelic association analysis of a sample of 1,654 adults recruited from Finland's population-based program. The major findings were associations of TPH2 (rs12229394) with depression accompanied by fatigue in women and CREB1 (rs11904814) with depression alone in men. We also found suggestive associations in women for GAD1, GRIA3, and BDNF with depression accompanied by fatigue, and for CRHR1 with depression accompanied by early morning awakenings. The results indicate sex-dependent and symptom-specific differences in the genetic background of depression. These differences may partially explain the broad spectrum of depressive symptoms, and their systematic monitoring could potentially be used for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddheshwar Utge
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Soronen
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Loukola
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Kronholm
- Department of Health and Functional Capacity, Laboratory for Population Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Pirkola
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Nyman
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tiina Paunio
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in understanding the genetic etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Family studies provide further support for the familial aggregation of OCD. Genome-wide linkage studies indicate that specific chromosomal regions are linked to OCD. Moreover, results from recent molecular genetic studies suggest that several candidate genes are associated with OCD. However, specific genes causing OCD have not been conclusively identified, and the molecular pathogenesis of the disorder has not been elucidated. The search for genes is complicated by the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of OCD, as well as the possibility of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Despite this complexity, further refinement of the phenotype and developments in molecular and statistical genetics hold promise for further deepening our genetic understanding of OCD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F Samuels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1629 Thames Street, Suite 401, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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15
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Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA. Symptom dimensions and subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a developmental perspective. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009. [PMID: 19432385 PMCID: PMC3181902 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/jfleckman] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of definitive etiological markers for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD% obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptom dimensions may offer a fruitful point of orientation. These dimensions can be understood as defining potentially overlapping clinical features that may be continuous with "normal" worries first evident in childhood. Although the understanding of the dimensional structure of OC symptoms is still imperfect, a recent large-scale meta-analysis has confirmed the presence of at least four separa ble symptom dimensions in children, as well as adults, with OCD. A dimensional approach does not exclude other methods to parse OCD. Thus far, a pediatric age of onset, the presence of other family members with OCD, and the individual's "tic-related" status appear to be potentially useful categorical distinctions. Although the OC symptom dimensions appear to be valid for all ages, it is unlikely that the underlying genetic vulnerability factors and neurobiological substrates for each of these symptom dimensions are the same across the course of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Leckman
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520-7900, USA.
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16
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Mick E, Faraone SV. Family and genetic association studies of bipolar disorder in children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009; 18:441-53, x. [PMID: 19264272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The risk of bipolar disorder (BPD) (15-42%) in first-degree relatives of children with BPD are consistently larger than the 8.7% estimate of recurrence risk of BPD in first-degree relatives of adult BPD cases. There have been no family linkage studies of pediatric BPD, but secondary analyses of adult linkage samples suggest that early-onset BPD both increases the strength of associations in linkage studies. Positive associations with pediatric BPD and the BDNF gene (Vall66), the GAD1 gene (4s2241165), and the dopamine transporter gene (rs41084) have been reported but none of these associations have been replicated in independent samples. The number of informative families examined so far is quite small and studies were vastly underpowered to detect small effects. An adequately powered sample will likely require collaborative ascertainment of cases and families from multiple sites using valid and accepted measures of pediatric BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mick
- Departments of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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17
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Mick E, Wozniak J, Wilens TE, Biederman J, Faraone SV. Family-based association study of the BDNF, COMT and serotonin transporter genes and DSM-IV bipolar-I disorder in children. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9:2. [PMID: 19193231 PMCID: PMC2640390 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade pediatric bipolar disorder has gained recognition as a potentially more severe and heritable form of the disorder. In this report we test for association with genes coding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). METHODS Bipolar-I affected offspring triads (N = 173) were drawn from 522 individuals with 2 parents in 332 nuclear families recruited for genetic studies of pediatric psychopathology at the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital. RESULTS We failed to identify an association with the val66 allele in BDNF (OR = 1.23, p = 0.36), the COMT-l allele (OR = 1.27, p = 0.1), or the HTTLPR short allele (OR = 0.87, p = 0.38). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the markers examined thus far in COMT and SLC6A4 are not associated with pediatric bipolar disorder and that if the val66met marker in BDNF is associated with pediatric bipolar disorder the magnitude of the association is much smaller than first reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mick
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Janet Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy E Wilens
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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18
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Geller B, Tillman R, Bolhofner K, Zimerman B. Child bipolar I disorder: prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:1125-33. [PMID: 18838629 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.10.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Child bipolar I disorder (BP-I) is a contentious diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To investigate continuity of child and adult BP-I and characteristics of later episodes. DESIGN Inception cohort longitudinal study. Prospective, blinded, controlled, consecutive new case ascertainment. SETTING University medical school research unit. Subjects There were 115 children, enrolled from 1995 through 1998, aged 11.1 (SD, 2.6) years with first episode DSM-IV BP-I, mixed or manic phase, with 1 or both cardinal symptoms (elation or grandiosity) and score of 60 or less on the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). All DSM-IV severity and duration criteria were fulfilled. Separate interviews were conducted of parents about their children and of children about themselves. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Washington University in St Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS); Psychosocial Schedule for School Age Children-Revised; CGAS. RESULTS Retention was 93.9% (n = 108) for completing assessments at every one of the 9 follow-up visits. Subjects spent 60.2% of weeks with any mood episodes and 39.6% of weeks with mania episodes, during 8-year follow-up. During follow-up, 87.8% recovered from mania, but 73.3% relapsed to mania. Even accounting for family psychopathology, low maternal warmth predicted relapse to mania, and more weeks ill with manic episodes was predicted by low maternal warmth and younger baseline age. Largely similar to first episodes, second and third episodes of mania were characterized by psychosis, daily (ultradian) cycling, and long duration (55.2 and 40.0 weeks, respectively), but significantly shorter than first episodes. At 8-year follow-up, 54 subjects were 18.0 years or older. Among subjects 18.0 years or older, 44.4% had manic episodes and 35.2% had substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS In grown-up subjects with child BP-I, the 44.4% frequency of manic episodes was 13 to 44 times higher than population prevalences, strongly supporting continuity. The rate of substance use disorders in grown-up child BP-I was similar to that in adult BP-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Geller
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.
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