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Huang Y, Zhang Z, Tong H, Qin W, Li Q, Ma L, Ren Z, Chen W, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Yao L, Zhou P. Chondroitin polymerizing factor promotes development and progression of colorectal cancer via facilitating transcription of VEGFB. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18268. [PMID: 38775031 PMCID: PMC11109815 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignancy affecting the digestive system on a global scale. This study aimed to explore the previously unexplored role of CHPF in the progression of CRC. Our results revealed a significant upregulation of CHPF expression in CRC tumour tissues compared to normal tissues, with its levels correlating with tumour malignancy. In vitro experiments using CRC cell lines demonstrated that inhibiting CHPF expression suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation and cell migration, while promoting apoptosis. Conversely, overexpressing CHPF had the opposite effect. Additionally, our xenograft models in mice confirmed the inhibitory impact of CHPF knockdown on CRC progression using various cell models. Mechanistic investigations unveiled that CHPF may enhance VEGFB expression through E2F1-mediated transcription. Functionally, suppressing VEGFB expression successfully mitigated the oncogenic effects induced by CHPF overexpression. Collectively, these findings suggest that CHPF may act as a tumour promoter in CRC, operating in a VEGFB-dependent manner and could be a potential target for therapeutic interventions in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Huang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hanxing Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenzheng Qin
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Quanlin Li
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lili Ma
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhong Ren
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunshi Zhong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liqing Yao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Pinghong Zhou
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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2
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Xu HF, Shi JH, Zhao YQ, Du LB, Liu YY, Wang WJ, Cao HL, Ma L, Huang JX, Cao J, Li L, Fan YP, Gu XF, Feng CY, Zhu Q, Wang XH, Du JC, Zhang JG, Zhang SK, Qiao YL. Real-World Utilization, Barriers, and Factors Associated With the Targeted Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients in China: A Multi-Center, Hospital-Based Survey Study. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1606091. [PMID: 37465051 PMCID: PMC10351535 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1606091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To explore the utilization, barriers, and factors associated with the targeted treatment of Chinese metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. Methods: A total of 1,688 mCRC patients from 19 hospitals in 14 cities were enrolled from March 2020 to March 2021 using stratified, multistage cluster sampling. The use of targeted therapy and any barriers patients experienced were collected. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with initiating targeted treatment. Results: About 51.6% of the patients initiated targeted therapy, of whom 44.5%, 20.2%, and 35.2% started first-, second-, and third-line treatment, respectively. The most reported barriers were high medical costs and a lack of belief in the efficacy of targeted therapy. Patients treated in the general hospital, diagnosed at an older age, less educated, and who had a lower family income, no medical insurance, poor health-related quality of life, metastasis outside the liver/lung or systemic metastasis, a shorter duration of mCRC were less likely to initiate targeted therapy. Conclusion: Reduced medical costs and interventional education to improve public awareness could facilitate the use of targeted treatment for mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Control, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Fang Xu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Control, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji-Hai Shi
- The Clinical Epidemiology of Research Center, Department of Dermatological, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Yu-Qian Zhao
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Bin Du
- Department of Cancer Prevention, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Yong Liu
- Liaoning Office for Cancer Control and Research, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - He-Lu Cao
- Department of Preventive Health, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, China
| | - Li Ma
- Public Health School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Juan-Xiu Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Gu
- Department of Student Affairs, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chang-Yan Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wang
- Department of Public Health, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing-Chang Du
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Gong Zhang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Control, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao-Kai Zhang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Control, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - You-Lin Qiao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Control, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Effect of Chinese herbal medicine formula on progression-free survival among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Study protocol for a multi-center, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275058. [PMID: 36525406 PMCID: PMC9757552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) causes high cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although chemotherapy and targeted agents treatment improve median survival and 5-year survival rates, there is only one-third of patients who adhere to treatment protocol until the pause of disease progression. Hezhong granule is a traditional Chinese herbal formula used for mCRC, which has shown good potential in alleviating the adverse effects of chemotherapy, enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy, and improving the quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to further validate the clinical efficacy and safety of the Chinese herbal medicine formula named Hezhong (HZ) in combination with standard chemotherapy and cetuximab (CET) or bevacizumab (BV) for treating mCRC. METHODS In this multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, 360 eligible mCRC patients who will be randomly assigned to Hezhong or placebo group with a 1: 1 ratio. Participants in the Hezhong group will receive standard chemotherapy and CET or BV plus Hezhong Granule until the pause of disease progression, death, the exhibition of intolerable toxicity, or up to 6 months, while the placebo group will treat with standard chemotherapy and CET or BV plus placebo. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary endpoints are overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), safety, quality of life years (QOL), and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). EXPECTED RESULTS The expected results of this trial are to improve the PFS and QOL of patients with mCRC and provide evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of mCRC with traditional Chinese medicine in China. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial has been registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR). The trial registration number was ChiCTR2100041643.
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Sorokin M, Zolotovskaia M, Nikitin D, Suntsova M, Poddubskaya E, Glusker A, Garazha A, Moisseev A, Li X, Sekacheva M, Naskhletashvili D, Seryakov A, Wang Y, Buzdin A. Personalized targeted therapy prescription in colorectal cancer using algorithmic analysis of RNA sequencing data. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1113. [PMCID: PMC9623986 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Overall survival of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) patients remains poor, and gene expression analysis could potentially complement detection of clinically relevant mutations to personalize CRC treatments. Methods: We performed RNA sequencing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cancer tissue samples of 23 CRC patients and interpreted the data obtained using bioinformatic method Oncobox for expression-based rating of targeted therapeutics. Oncobox ranks cancer drugs according to the efficiency score calculated using target genes expression and molecular pathway activation data. The patients had primary and metastatic CRC with metastases in liver, peritoneum, brain, adrenal gland, lymph nodes and ovary. Two patients had mutations in NRAS, seven others had mutated KRAS gene. Patients were treated by aflibercept, bevacizumab, bortezomib, cabozantinib, cetuximab, crizotinib, denosumab, panitumumab and regorafenib as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy, and information on the success of totally 39 lines of therapy was collected. Results: Oncobox drug efficiency score was effective biomarker that could predict treatment outcomes in the experimental cohort (AUC 0.77 for all lines of therapy and 0.91 for the first line after tumor sampling). Separately for bevacizumab, it was effective in the experimental cohort (AUC 0.87) and in 3 independent literature CRC datasets, n = 107 (AUC 0.84–0.94). It also predicted progression-free survival in univariate (Hazard ratio 0.14) and multivariate (Hazard ratio 0.066) analyses. Difference in AUC scores evidences importance of using recent biosamples for the prediction quality. Conclusion: Our results suggest that RNA sequencing analysis of tumor FFPE materials may be helpful for personalizing prescriptions of targeted therapeutics in CRC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10177-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Sorokin
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia ,grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow Region, Russia ,OmicsWay Corp, 91789 Walnut, CA USA
| | - Marianna Zolotovskaia
- grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Daniil Nikitin
- OmicsWay Corp, 91789 Walnut, CA USA ,grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Suntsova
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Poddubskaya
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia ,Clinical Center Vitamed, 121309 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Glusker
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey Moisseev
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xinmin Li
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Marina Sekacheva
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - David Naskhletashvili
- grid.466904.90000 0000 9092 133XN.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ye Wang
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anton Buzdin
- grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow Region, Russia ,grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia ,grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Elrebehy MA, Al-Saeed S, Gamal S, El-Sayed A, Ahmed AA, Waheed O, Ismail A, El-Mahdy HA, Sallam AAM, Doghish AS. miRNAs as cornerstones in colorectal cancer pathogenesis and resistance to therapy: A spotlight on signaling pathways interplay - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:583-600. [PMID: 35768045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the world's third most prevalent cancer and the main cause of cancer-related mortality. A lot of work has been put into improving CRC patients' clinical care, including the development of more effective methods and wide biomarkers variety for prognostic, and diagnostic purposes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate a variety of cellular processes and play a significant role in the CRC progression and spread via controlling their target gene expression by translation inhibition or mRNA degradation. Consequently, dysregulation and disruption in their function, miRNAs are linked to CRC malignant pathogenesis by controlling several cellular processes involved in the CRC. These cellular processes include increased proliferative and invasive capacity, cell cycle aberration, evasion of apoptosis, enhanced EMT, promotion of angiogenesis and metastasis, and decreased sensitivity to major treatments. The miRNAs control cellular processes in CRC via regulation of pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling, PTEN/AKT/mTOR axis, KRAS, TGFb signaling, VEGFR, EGFR, and P53. Hence, the goal of this review was to review miRNA biogenesis and present an updated summary of oncogenic and tumor suppressor (TS) miRNAs and their potential implication in CRC pathogenesis and responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We also summarise the biological importance and clinical applications of miRNAs in the CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Sarah Al-Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Sara Gamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Asmaa El-Sayed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Alshaimaa A Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Omnia Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Al-Aliaa M Sallam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
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6
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Wang F, Liu G. Influence of KDR Genetic Variation on the Effectiveness and Safety of Bevacizumab in the First-Line Treatment for Patients with Advanced Colorectal Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:5651-5659. [PMID: 35734201 PMCID: PMC9208669 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s362366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Bevacizumab is usually considered a first-line anti-tumor therapy, which inhibits tumor growth by downregulating the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that further silences the activity of the kinase insert region receptor (KDR) gene. In the current study, we investigated the treatment response of bevacizumab in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) patients bearing 889 C>T mutation in the KDR gene. Methods A total of 135 advanced CRC patients were treated with bevacizumab along with chemotherapy at the seventh medical center of the People’s Liberation Army general hospital from January 2012 to June 2021 and were analyzed retrospectively. The KDR genotyping and mRNA expression analyses were performed in 57 patients. Results The KDR genotyping revealed 97 (71.85%) cases with CC genotype, 34 (25.19%) cases with CT, and 4 (2.96%) cases with TT genotype, while the minor allele frequency of 889 C>T was found as 0.16. The median progression-free survival (PFS) of the patients with CT/TT genotype and CC genotype was found to be 6.1 and 9.7 months, respectively (P = 0.009). The median overall survival (OS) of the two genotypes was 13.7 and 19.7 (P = 0.025), respectively. Multivariable Cox regression analysis of PFS, CT/TT genotype was found to be an independent factor for PFS (odds ratio (OR) = 1.88, P = 0.023). Additionally, the mRNA expression of KDR in 57 biopsies taken from patients with CT/TT genotypes was significantly higher than that of patients with CC genotype (P < 0.001). Additionally, in terms of safety, 55 patients experienced grade 2 or higher fatigue (incidence rate 40.74%) after receiving bevacizumab along with chemotherapy. Conclusion The 889 C>T mutation in KDR gene affects the KDR expression in colorectal cancer patients, thereby affecting the effectiveness of bevacizumab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Seventh Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhang W, Huang K, Xu L, Shahid N, Pan Y, Xu C, Jiao X, Yang K. Downregulation of MiR-1538 promotes proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer by targeting DNMT3A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 609:119-126. [PMID: 35429679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of digestive tract, but the molecular mechanism of its occurrence and development is not clear. Some studies have shown that microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer, but many miRNAs which play an important role in the progression of CRC remain to be investigated. In this study,we found that the expression of miR-1538 was significantly down-regulated in CRC tissues and cells, and its expression level was significantly correlated with tumor size, clinical stage and prognosis. Functional and mechanism experiments showed that miR-1538 decreased the protein level of DNA methyltransferases 3A (DNMT3A) and inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells by targeting the 3'-UTR of DNMT3A mRNA. Our results identify the biological function and mechanism of miR-1538 as a tumor suppressor gene in the progression of CRC, and suggest that miR-1538 can be used as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Alberta Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Kaixin Huang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Lingsha Xu
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Numan Shahid
- School of International Studies, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yifei Pan
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Chengle Xu
- Alberta Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xueli Jiao
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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8
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Wang D, Li Y, Liu Y, Cheng S, Liu F, Zuo R, Ding C, Shi S, Liu G. NPM1 promotes cell proliferation by targeting PRDX6 in colorectal cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 147:106233. [PMID: 35659568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor that begins in the colorectal mucosal epithelium. NPM1 is a nucleolar phosphoprotein that has been linked to tumor progression in humans. NPM1 is significantly overexpressed in a variety of tumors, including colorectal cancer, but its role and mechanism in colorectal cancer remain unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to discover the role of NPM1 in promoting colorectal cancer proliferation via PRDX6 and its molecular mechanism. NPM1 knockdown or overexpression inhibited or promoted the proliferation and cell cycle progression of HCT-116 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells, respectively, according to our findings. Furthermore, NPM1 knockdown or overexpression increased or decreased intracellular ROS levels. Animal experiments revealed that NPM1 knockdown or overexpression inhibited or promoted the growth of colorectal cancer cells transplanted subcutaneously. NPM1 knockdown or overexpression reduced or increased PRDX6 expression and related enzyme activities, respectively, according to our findings. NPM1 formed a complex with CBX3 as evidenced by immunoprecipitation, and the double luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that the CBX3-NPM1 complex promoted PRDX6 transcription. Our data support the role of NPM1 in promoting the proliferation of colorectal cancer, which may be accomplished by CBX3 promoting the expression of the antioxidant protein PRDX6 and thus inhibiting intracellular ROS levels. NPM1 and PRDX6 are potential colorectal cancer therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Medical Examination, Xiamen International Travel Healthcare Center, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shuyu Cheng
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Renjie Zuo
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chenchun Ding
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Songlin Shi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, China.
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, China; Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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9
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Yang X, Li C, Gou K, Liu X, Zhou Y, Zou J, Chen Q, Luo Y, Zhao Y. A novel and potent dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor suppresses the proliferation of colorectal cancer by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. MEDCOMM – ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mog2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Chungen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital West China Medical Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Kun Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital West China Medical Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital West China Medical Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital West China Medical Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jiao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital West China Medical Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital West China Medical Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital West China Medical Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital West China Medical Chengdu Sichuan China
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10
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DDR1 promotes LoVo cell proliferation by regulating energy metabolism. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:615-624. [PMID: 35593476 PMCID: PMC9828011 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular energy metabolism dysregulation is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression. Discoidin domain receptor 1a (DDR1a), one of the five DDR1 isoforms, is closely related to cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis in various tumors. Whether it participates in cellular metabolic reprogramming and regulates CRC initiation and progression remains unclear. In this study, we compared the expression of DDR1 in CRC tissues and adjacent tissues from 126 postoperative CRC samples. Moreover, lentivirus-mediated DDR1a overexpression and knockdown were performed in LoVo cells, and cell viability and proliferation were determined by CCK-8 and BrdU assays, respectively. Oxygen consumption rate, extracellular acidification rate, and lactate production were used to determine the effect of DDR1a on metabolic reprogramming. Clinically, CRC patients with high DDR1 expression had poor differentiation and were at an advanced TNM stage. DDR1a promoted LoVo cell proliferation, mitochondrial function, and extracellular acidification. Moreover, DDR1a knockdown inhibited intracellular lactic acid production in LoVo cells, while a pyruvate kinase inhibitor (diamide, 200 μM) significantly reversed this progression. Taken together, our results reveal that DDR1 plays a crucial role in maintaining intracellular environment homeostasis through metabolic reprogramming.
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11
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LI XM, YUAN DY, LIU YH, ZHU L, QIN HK, YANG YB, LI Y, YAN F, WANG YJ. Panax notoginseng saponins prevent colitis-associated colorectal cancer via inhibition IDO1 mediated immune regulation. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:258-269. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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CAMTA1-PPP3CA-NFATc4 multi-protein complex mediates the resistance of colorectal cancer to oxaliplatin. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:129. [PMID: 35332122 PMCID: PMC8948201 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major contributor to the worldwide prevalence of cancer-related deaths. Metastasis and chemoresistance are the two main causes for colorectal cancer treatment failure, and thus, high mortality. Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 1 (CAMTA1) is involved in tumor growth and development, but its mechanisms of action in the development of colorectal cancer and chemoresistance are poorly understood. Here, we report that Camta1 is a tumor suppressor. Immunohistochemical staining and western blotting analyses of normal and colorectal cancer tissues showed a significantly low expression of Camta1 expression in colorectal cancer tissues, when compared to adjacent normal tissues. In functional in vitro experiments, we observed that Camta1 overexpression significantly decreased the proliferation and invasion capacity of SW620 and SW480 cells, whereas Camta1 knockdown displayed a significant increase in the proliferative and invasive ability of these cells. Subsequently, we examined the effects of Camta1 overexpression and knockdown on the resistance of colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin, a common chemotherapeutic drug. Interestingly, the sensitivity of Camta1-overexpressed cells to oxaliplatin was increased, whereas that of Camta1-silenced cells to the same chemotherapeutic drug was decreased. Furthermore, Camta1 knockdown upregulated nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 4 (Nfatc4) mRNA, and protein levels in colorectal cancer cells and downregulated the phosphorylated NFATc4 level. By contrast, Nfatc4 knockdown reversed the resistance of colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin caused by Camta1 knockdown. In addition, we show that protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha (PPP3CA) is essential for the expression and phosphorylation of NFATc4 caused by Camta1 knockdown, as well as the proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance of colorectal cancer cells. We show that PPP3CA and CAMTA1 competitively bind to NFATc4, and Camta1 knockdown promotes the dephosphorylation of PPP3CA and suppresses the phosphorylation of NFATc4. To verify the role of CAMTA1 in oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer, we established a xenograft mouse model and show agreement between in vitro and in vivo results.
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13
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Liu Z, Chen C, Yan M, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Lai D. CENPO regulated proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer in a p53-dependent manner. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:8. [PMID: 35201521 PMCID: PMC8810981 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered to be a leading cause of cancer-related death. Centromere protein O (CENPO) can prevent the separation of sister chromatids and cell death after spindle injury. Nevertheless, the role of CENPO in CRC has not been reported. The expression level of CENPO in CRC was revealed by TCGA database and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Subsequently, the loss-of-function assays were performed to identified the role of CENPO in CRC in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrated that CENPO was highly expressed in CRC. The expression of CENPO was positively correlated with the deterioration of CRC. Moreover, CENPO knockdown inhibited the malignant phenotypes of CRC cells, which was characterized by slowed proliferation, cycle repression at G2, promotion of apoptosis, reduced migration and weakened tumorigenesis. Furthermore, CENPO knockdown downregulated the expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, CCND1, PIK3CA and inhibited AKT phosphorylation in CRC cells. Moreover, the function of CENPO in regulating proliferation and apoptosis depended on p53. In summary, CENPO may play a promoting role in CRC through the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which can be regarded as a molecular therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chuangqi Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Center of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiangtai Zeng
- Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, GanNan Medical University, 23 Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dongming Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China.
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14
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Mir-4746 inhibits the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by targeting CCND1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 594:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Mammes A, Pasquier J, Mammes O, Conti M, Douard R, Loric S. Extracellular vesicles: General features and usefulness in diagnosis and therapeutic management of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1561-1598. [PMID: 34853637 PMCID: PMC8603448 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i11.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the world, among all type of cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed in males and the second in females. In most of cases, (RP1) patients’ prognosis limitation with malignant tumors can be attributed to delayed diagnosis of the disease. Identification of patients with early-stage disease leads to more effective therapeutic interventions. Therefore, new screening methods and further innovative treatment approaches are mandatory as they may lead to an increase in progression-free and overall survival rates. For the last decade, the interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) research has exponentially increased as EVs generation appears to be a universal feature of every cell that is strongly involved in many mechanisms of cell-cell communication either in physiological or pathological situations. EVs can cargo biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and generate transmission signal through the intercellular transfer of their content. By this mechanism, tumor cells can recruit and modify the adjacent and systemic microenvironment to support further invasion and dissemination. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the role of EVs production in colorectal normal and cancer tissues. Specific attention is paid to the use of EVs for early CRC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis as EVs have come into the spotlight of research as a high potential source of ‘liquid biopsies’. The use of EVs as new targets or nanovectors as drug delivery systems for CRC therapy is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Mammes
- INSERM UMR-938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Unit, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- INSERM UMR-938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Unit, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Paris 75012, France
| | | | - Marc Conti
- INSERM UMR-938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Unit, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Paris 75012, France
- Metabolism Research Unit, Integracell SAS, Longjumeau 91160, France
| | - Richard Douard
- UCBM, Necker University Hospital, Paris 75015, France
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Clinique Bizet, Paris 75016, France
| | - Sylvain Loric
- INSERM UMR-938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Unit, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Paris 75012, France
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16
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Li B, Liu X, Wu G, Liu J, Cai S, Wang F, Yang C, Liu J. MicroRNA-934 facilitates cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer by targeting B-cell translocation gene 2. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9507-9519. [PMID: 34699325 PMCID: PMC8809948 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1996505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global public health issue with increasing prevalence. MicroRNA-934 (miR-934) is a kind of non-coding RNA involved in the regulation of diverse cancers. Though previous researches have revealed part of association between miR-934 and CRC, the role of miR-934 in CRC pathogenesis has not been completely explored yet. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of miR-934 on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in CRC. Accordingly, miR-934 was found to be over-expressed in SW480 and HCT116 cells, two typical CRC cell lines. Meanwhile, miR-934 knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in SW480 and HCT116 cells. It was further validated that miR-934 knockdown displayed an inhibitory effect on cell migration and invasion in SW480 and HCT116 cells. Additionally, miR-934 deficiency markedly decreased VEGF expression in SW480 and HCT116 cells and suppressed capability of CRC cells to promote tube formation in vascular endothelial cells, which suggests the pro-angiogenesis role of miR-934 in vitro. Dual luciferase reporter assay further showed that miR-934 directly bound to B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2). BTG2 knockdown reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-934 silencing on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in SW480 and HCT116 cells. In summary, this study suggests that miR-934 facilitates CRC progression by targeting BTG2, and further highlights the role of miR-934 in pathogenesis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Ansteel Group General Hospital, Anshan, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianyi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ansteel Group General Hospital, Anshan, Liaoning, China
| | - Guogang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Ansteel Group General Hospital, Anshan, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ansteel Group General Hospital, Anshan, Liaoning, China
| | - Shouliang Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Ansteel Group General Hospital, Anshan, Liaoning, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Ansteel Group General Hospital, Anshan, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jisheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ansteel Group General Hospital, Anshan, Liaoning, China
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17
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Galán-Martínez J, Stamatakis K, Sánchez-Gómez I, Vázquez-Cuesta S, Gironés N, Fresno M. Isoform-specific effects of transcription factor TCFL5 on the pluripotency-related genes SOX2 and KLF4 in colorectal cancer development. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1876-1890. [PMID: 34623757 PMCID: PMC9067154 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a very common life‐threatening malignancy. Transcription factor‐like 5 (TCFL5) has been suggested to be involved in CRC. Here, we describe the expression of four alternative transcripts of TCFL5 and their relevance in CRC. Complete deletion of all isoforms drastically decreased pro‐tumoural properties such as spheroids formation and in vivo tumour growth, although increased migration in CRC cell lines. Overexpression of the two main isoforms, TCFL5_E8 and CHA, had opposite effects: TCFL5_E8 reduced proliferation and spheroids formation, while CHA increased them. TCFL5_E8 reduced in vivo tumour formation, while CHA had no effect. In addition, TCFL5_E8 and CHA have different roles in the regulation of the pluripotency‐related genes SOX2 and KLF4. Both isoforms bind directly to their promoters; however, TCFL5_E8 induced SOX2 and reduced KLF4 mRNA levels, whereas CHA did the opposite. Together, our results show that TCFL5 plays an important role in the development of CRC, being however isoform‐specific. This work also points to the need to analyse separately TCFL5 isoforms in cancer, due to their different and opposite functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Galán-Martínez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Sanitario de Investigación Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Stamatakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Sánchez-Gómez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Sanitario de Investigación Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Núria Gironés
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Sanitario de Investigación Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Sanitario de Investigación Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Li H, Zhang N, Jiao X, Wang C, Sun W, He Y, Ren G, Huang S, Li M, Chang Y, Jin Z, Xie Q, Zhang X, Huang H, Jin H. Downregulation of microRNA-6125 promotes colorectal cancer growth through YTHDF2-dependent recognition of N6-methyladenosine-modified GSK3β. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e602. [PMID: 34709763 PMCID: PMC8516342 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the key regulator of gene expression, and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification play a significant role in tumour progression. However, regulation of m6A-modified mRNAs by miRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC), and its effect on progression of CRC, remains to be investigated. METHODS Expression of miR-6125 and YTH Domain-Containing Family Protein 2 (YTHDF2) was detected by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The effects of miR-6125 and YTHDF2 on proliferative capacity of CRC cells were analysed using soft agar, ATP, CCK8 and EdU assays, and in animal experiments. RESULTS MiR-6125 expression was downregulated markedly in CRC, and expression correlated negatively with tumour size and prognosis. MiR-6125 targeted the 3'-UTR of YTHDF2 and downregulated the YTHDF2 protein, thereby increasing the stability of m6A-modified glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) mRNA. Increased GSK3β protein levels inhibited the expression of Wnt/β-catenin/Cyclin D1 pathway-related proteins, leading to G0-G1 phase arrest and ultimately inhibiting the proliferation of CRC cells. CONCLUSIONS MiR-6125 regulates YTHDF2 and thus plays a critical role in regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby affecting the growth of CRC. Collectively, these results suggest that miR-6125 and YTHDF2 are potential targets for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Ning Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xueli Jiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Cong Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Wenhao Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yanyu He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Ganglin Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Shirui Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Mengjie Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yixin Chang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zihui Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Qipeng Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Haishan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Honglei Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsKey Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineMinistry of EducationSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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19
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Zhuang QS, Sun XB, Chong QY, Banerjee A, Zhang M, Wu ZS, Zhu T, Pandey V, Lobie PE. ARTEMIN Promotes Oncogenicity and Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil in Colorectal Carcinoma by p44/42 MAPK Dependent Expression of CDH2. Front Oncol 2021; 11:712348. [PMID: 34422665 PMCID: PMC8377398 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.712348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ARTEMIN (ARTN), one of the glial-cell derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands, has been reported to be associated with a number of human malignancies. In this study, the enhanced expression of ARTN in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) was observed; the expression of ARTN positively correlated with lymph node metastases and advanced tumor stages and predicted poor prognosis. Forced expression of ARTN in CRC cells enhanced oncogenic behavior, mesenchymal phenotype, stem cell-like properties and tumor growth and metastasis in a xenograft model. These functions were conversely inhibited by depletion of endogenous ARTN. Forced expression of ARTN reduced the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU treatment; and 5-FU resistant CRC cells harbored enhanced expression of ARTN. The oncogenic functions of ARTN were demonstrated to be mediated by p44/42 MAP kinase dependent expression of CDH2 (CADHERIN 2, also known as N-CADHERIN). Inhibition of p44/42 MAP kinase activity or siRNA mediated depletion of endogenous CDH2 reduced the enhanced oncogenicity and chemoresistance consequent to forced expression of ARTN induced cell functions; and forced expression of CDH2 rescued the reduced mesenchymal properties and resistance to 5-FU after ARTN depletion. In conclusion, ARTN may be of prognostic and theranostic utility in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shi Zhuang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin-Bao Sun
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Wang YX, Lin C, Cui LJ, Yang WH, Li QM, Liu ZJ, Miao XP. Rauwolfia vomitoria Extract Represses Colorectal Cancer Cell Autophagy and Promotes Apoptosis. Pharmacology 2021; 106:488-497. [PMID: 34237728 DOI: 10.1159/000512614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent digestive tract tumors in the world with an increasing incidence. Currently, surgical resection and chemotherapy are the main therapeutic options; however, their effects are limited by various adverse reactions. Rauwolfia vomitoria extract (Rau) has been shown to repress the progression of multiple human cancers; however, whether Rau plays a role in CRC remains undetermined. METHODS Influences of Rau treatment on HCT-116 and LoVo cells were estimated via MTT and colony formation experiments. Flow cytometry analysis was adopted to evaluate the apoptosis rate of HCT-116 and LoVo cells. Apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3) and autophagy-related proteins (LC3 and P62) were assessed by Western blotting. Effects of Rau on autophagy of HCT-116 and LoVo cell were evaluated through GFP-LC3 analysis. In vivo xenograft tumor assay was conducted to further examine the role of Rau in CRC tumor growth. RESULTS Rau remarkably repressed HCT-116 and LoVo cell viability and promoted HCT-116 and LoVo cell apoptosis in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Rau increased the expression of caspase-3 and Bax and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 in HCT-116 and LoVo cells. Moreover, Rau was demonstrated to decrease the LC3||/LC3| ratio and increase the level of P62 in HCT-116 and LoVo cells. In addition, we found that Rau repressed xenograft tumor growth and also repressed autophagy in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that Rau repressed CRC cell viability and autophagy in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that Rau might be a potent therapeutic agent of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Lu-Jia Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Wan-He Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Qiu-Min Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Zhan-Ju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Pu Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
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21
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Nkune NW, Kruger CA, Abrahamse H. Possible Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Colorectal Cancer Treatment when Combined with Cannabidiol. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:137-148. [PMID: 32294046 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200415102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) has a high mortality rate and is one of the most difficult diseases to manage due to tumour resistance and metastasis. The treatment of choice for CRC is reliant on the phase and time of diagnosis. Despite several conventional treatments available to treat CRC (surgical excision, chemo-, radiationand immune-therapy), resistance is a major challenge, especially if it has metastasized. Additionally, these treatments often cause unwanted adverse side effects and so it remains imperative to investigate alternative combination therapies. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for the primary treatment of CRC, since it is non-invasive, has few side effects and selectively damages only cancerous tissues, leaving adjacent healthy structures intact. PDT involves three fundamentals: a Photosensitizer (PS) drug localized in tumour tissues, oxygen, and light. Upon PS excitation using a specific wavelength of light, an energy transfer cascade occurs, that ultimately yields cytotoxic species, which in turn induces cell death. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid compound derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, which has shown to exert anticancer effects on CRC through different pathways, inducing apoptosis and so inhibiting tumour metastasis and secondary spread. This review paper highlights current conventional treatment modalities for CRC and their limitations, as well as discusses the necessitation for further investigation into unconventional active nanoparticle targeting PDT treatments for enhanced primary CRC treatment. This can be administered in combination with CBD, to prevent CRC secondary spread and enhance the synergistic efficacy of CRC treatment outcomes, with less side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkune W Nkune
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cherie A Kruger
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Luo W, Liu Q, Chen X, Liu H, Quan B, Lu J, Zhang K, Wang X. FXYD6 Regulates Chemosensitivity by Mediating the Expression of Na+/K+-ATPase α1 and Affecting Cell Autophagy and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9986376. [PMID: 34212047 PMCID: PMC8208849 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9986376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemoresistance is a challenge of improving chemotherapeutic efficacy and prolonging survival time for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC); it is the major cause of frequent recurrence, rapid metastasis, and poor prognosis for CRC patients. FXYD6 is a regulator of Na+/K+-ATPase which is depressed in chemoresistant CRC patients. However, the biological roles of FXYD6 on regulating chemoresistance in CRC are still unclear. METHODS GSE3964 and GSE69657 from GEO DataSets were used to analyze the relationship of genes and chemoresistance. The FXYD6 expression level was detected by western blotting and real-time PCR and also analyzed from TCGA DataSet. To investigate the functional role of FXYD6 and ATP-α1, FXYD6 and ATP-α1 functional cell models were constructed. Drug sensitivity and cell proliferation were performed by MTT assay. Autophagy and apoptosis were conducted by autophagy fluorescence analysis and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Autophagy and apoptosis markers were tested by western blotting. RESULTS FXYD6 was downregulated in CRC resistant patients and irinotecan- (Iri-) resistant SW620 cells (SW620/Iri). FXYD6 silence inhibited cell apoptosis and enhanced prosurvival autophagy, whereas FXYD6 overexpression produced the opposite effect which alleviated the drug resistance to irinotecan and oxaliplatin of CRC cells. FXYD6 regulates chemosensitivity by mediating the expression of Na+/K+-ATPase α1 and affecting cell autophagy and apoptosis in colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION FXYD6 functions as a chemosensitivity regulator which may predict the curative effect of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Changde First People's Hospital, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
| | - Qingan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Changde First People's Hospital, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Changde First People's Hospital, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Changde First People's Hospital, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
| | - Bin Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Changde First People's Hospital, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
| | - Jinli Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Changde First People's Hospital, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Changde First People's Hospital, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
| | - Xiangling Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changde First People's Hospital, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
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Kong X, Liu C, Lu P, Guo Y, Zhao C, Yang Y, Bo Z, Wang F, Peng Y, Meng J. Combination of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and Network Pharmacology to Reveal the Mechanism of Qizhen Decoction in the Treatment of Colon Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14341-14360. [PMID: 34124457 PMCID: PMC8190929 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been utilized for the treatment of colon cancer. Qizhen decoction (QZD), a potential compound prescription of TCM, possesses multiple biological activities. It has been proven clinically effective in the treatment of colon cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of anticolon cancer activity is still not clear. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of QZD. Furthermore, a collaborative analysis strategy of network pharmacology and cell biology was used to further explore the critical signaling pathway of QZD anticancer activity. First, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed to identify the chemical composition of QZD. Then, the chemical composition database of QZD was constructed based on a systematic literature search and review of chemical constituents. Moreover, the common and indirect targets of chemical components of QZD and colon cancer were searched by multiple databases. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the String database (https://www.string-db.org/). All of the targets were analyzed by Gene Oncology (GO) bioanalysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and the visual network topology diagram of "Prescription-TCM-Chemical composition-Direct target-Indirect target-Pathway" was constructed by Cytoscape software (v3.7.1). The top molecular pathway ranked by statistical significance was further verified by molecular biology methods. The results of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS showed that QZD had 111 kinds of chemical components, of which 103 were unique components and 8 were common components. Ten pivotal targets of QZD in the treatment of colon cancer were screened by the PPI network. Targets of QZD involve many biological processes, such as the signaling pathway, immune system, gene expression, and so on. QZD may interfere with biological pathways such as cell replication, oxygen-containing compounds, or organic matter by protein binding, regulation of signal receptors or enzyme binding, and affect cytoplasm and membrane-bound organelles. The main antitumor core pathways were the apoptosis metabolic pathway, the PI3K-Akt signal pathway, and so on. Expression of the PI3K-Akt signal pathway was significantly downregulated after the intervention of QZD, which was closely related to the inhibition of proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells by cell biology methods. The present work may facilitate a better understanding of the effective components, therapeutic targets, biological processes, and signaling pathways of QZD in the treatment of colon cancer and provide useful information about the utilization of QZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Kong
- Graduate
School, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- School
of Chinese Materia Medical, Beijing University
of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Peng Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuzhu Guo
- Department
of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Graduate
School, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- Graduate
School, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhichao Bo
- Graduate
School, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Fangyuan Wang
- Graduate
School, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Graduate
School, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jingyan Meng
- College
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Babaei A, Soleimanjahi H, Soleimani M, Arefian E. Mesenchymal stem cells loaded with oncolytic reovirus enhances antitumor activity in mice models of colorectal cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114644. [PMID: 34090878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are promising alternative biological agents for treating cancer. However, triggered immune responses against viruses and their delivery to tumor sites are their primary limitations in cancer therapy. To address these challenges, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can serve as permissive tools for OVs loading and delivery to tumor sites. Here, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor capability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) as a new vehicle for Dearing strain of reovirus (ReoT3D) loading. We first isolated and confirmed the purity of MSCs, and the optimized dose of ReoT3D for MSCs loading was computed by a standard assay. Next, we used murine CT26 cell line to establish the colorectal cancer model in BALB/c mice and demonstrated the antitumor effects of MSCs loaded with reovirus. Our results demonstrated that multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1 pfu/cells of reovirus was the safe dose for loading into purified MSCs. Moreover, our anticancer experiments exhibited that treatment with MSCs loaded with ReoT3D was more effective than ReoT3D and MSCs alone. Higher anticancer impact of MSCs loaded with OV was associated with induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrests, P53 expression in tumor sections, and reduced tumor growth and size. The present results suggest that MSCs as a permissive shuttle for oncolytic virus (OV) delivery increased the anticancer activity of ReoT3D in mice models of colorectal cancer and these findings should be supported by more preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Nano Medicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Sensitive High-Throughput Assays for Tumour Burden Reveal the Response of a Drosophila melanogaster Model of Colorectal Cancer to Standard Chemotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105101. [PMID: 34065887 PMCID: PMC8151205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) models of cancer are emerging as powerful tools to investigate the basic mechanisms underlying tumour progression and identify novel therapeutics. Rapid and inexpensive, it is possible to carry out genetic and drug screens at a far larger scale than in vertebrate organisms. Such whole-organism-based drug screens permits assessment of drug absorption and toxicity, reducing the possibility of false positives. Activating mutations in the Wnt and Ras signalling pathways are common in many epithelial cancers, and when driven in the adult Drosophila midgut, it induces aggressive intestinal tumour-like outgrowths that recapitulate many aspects of human colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we have taken a Drosophila CRC model in which tumourous cells are marked with both GFP and luciferase reporter genes, and developed novel high-throughput assays for quantifying tumour burden. Leveraging these assays, we find that the Drosophila CRC model responds rapidly to treatment with standard CRC-drugs, opening the door to future rapid genetic and drug screens.
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Li Q, Yue W, Li M, Jiang Z, Hou Z, Liu W, Ma N, Gan W, Li Y, Zhou T, Yue W, Chen S. Downregulating Long Non-coding RNAs CTBP1-AS2 Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Development by Modulating the miR-93-5p/TGF-β/SMAD2/3 Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626620. [PMID: 33937030 PMCID: PMC8079788 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC), the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, has a high mortality rate. In recent decades, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to exert an important effect on CRC growth. However, the CTBP1-AS2 expression and function in CRC are largely unknown. Materials and Methods: The CTBP1-AS2 and miR-93-5p expression in CRC and para-cancerous tissues was detected by reverse transcription-PCR. The expression of CTBP1-AS2, miR-93-5p and the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/small mothers against decapentaplegic 2/3 (SMAD2/3) pathway was selectively regulated to study the correlation between CTBP1-AS2 expression and prognosis of patients with CRC. CRC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were measured in vivo and in vitro. In addition, bioinformatics was applied to explore the targeting relationship between CTBP1-AS2 and miR-93-5p. The targeting binding sites between CTBP1-AS2 and miR-93-5p, as well as between miR-93-5p and TGF-β, were verified by the dual-luciferase reporter assay and the RNA immunoprecipitation experiment. Results: Compared with normal para-cancerous tissues, CTBP1-AS2 was considerably overexpressed in CRC tissues and was closely associated with worse survival of patients with CRC. Functionally, gain and loss in experiments illustrated that CTBP1-AS2 accelerated CRC cell proliferation and invasion and inhibited cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, CTBP1-AS2 regulated the malignant phenotype of tumor cells through the TGF-β/SMAD2/3 pathway. Moreover, miR-93-5p, as an endogenous competitive RNA of CTBP1-AS2, attenuated the oncogenic effects mediated by CTBP1-AS2. Conclusion: CTBP1-AS2 promotes the TGF-β/SMAD2/3 pathway activation by inhibiting miR-93-5p, thereby accelerating CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjing Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhipeng Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehui Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingru Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taicheng Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Huang CC, Liu FR, Feng Q, Pan XY, Song SL, Yang JL. RGD4C peptide mediates anti-p21Ras scFv entry into tumor cells and produces an inhibitory effect on the human colon cancer cell line SW480. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:321. [PMID: 33765976 PMCID: PMC7993510 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We prepared an anti-p21Ras scFv which could specifically bind with mutant and wild-type p21Ras. However, it cannot penetrate the cell membrane, which prevents it from binding to p21Ras in the cytoplasm. Here, the RGD4C peptide was used to mediate the scFv penetration into tumor cells and produce antitumor effects. Methods RGD4C-EGFP and RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv recombinant expression plasmids were constructed to express fusion proteins in E. coli, then the fusion proteins were purified with HisPur Ni-NTA. RGD4C-EGFP was used as reporter to test the factors affecting RGD4C penetration into tumor cell. The immunoreactivity of RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv toward p21Ras was identified by ELISA and western blotting. The ability of RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv to penetrate SW480 cells and colocalization with Ras protein was detected by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The antitumor activity of the RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv was assessed with the MTT, TUNEL, colony formation and cell migration assays. Chloroquine (CQ) was used an endosomal escape enhancing agent to enhance endosomal escape of RGD4C-scFv. Results RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv fusion protein were successfully expressed and purified. We found that the RGD4C fusion protein could penetrate into tumor cells, but the tumor cell entry of was time and concentration dependent. Endocytosis inhibitors and a low temperature inhibited RGD4C fusion protein endocytosis into cells. The change of the cell membrane potential did not affect penetrability. RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv could penetrate SW480 cells, effectively inhibit the growth, proliferation and migration of SW480 cells and promote this cells apoptosis. In addition, chloroquine (CQ) could increase endosomal escape and improve antitumor activity of RGD4C-scFv in SW480 cells. Conclusion The RGD4C peptide can mediate anti-p21Ras scFv entry into SW480 cells and produce an inhibitory effect, which indicates that RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv may be a potential therapeutic antibody for the treatment of ras-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Huang
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jing Ming Road, Chenggong County, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.,Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212Daguan Rd, Xishan District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Fang-Rui Liu
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jing Ming Road, Chenggong County, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212Daguan Rd, Xishan District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yan Pan
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212Daguan Rd, Xishan District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shu-Ling Song
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212Daguan Rd, Xishan District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ju-Lun Yang
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jing Ming Road, Chenggong County, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China. .,Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212Daguan Rd, Xishan District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China.
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Xiong G, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Pang X, Wang B, Zhang Y. Circular RNA_0074027 participates in cell proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells through regulation of miR‑525‑3p. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:324. [PMID: 33760126 PMCID: PMC7974509 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to elucidate the biological function of circular RNAs (circRNA) 0074027 in colorectal cancer (CRC). The expression of circRNA‑0074027 in CRC tissues and cells was determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. The in vitro experiments, including Cell Counting Kit‑8 (CCK‑8) assay, 5‑Ethynyl‑2'‑deoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry and Transwell assay, were applied to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis ability respectively following downregulation of circRNA‑0074027. The correlation between circRNA‑0074027 and micro (mi)RNA‑525‑3p was determined via dual‑luciferase reporter assay. Finally, western blotting was used to explore the possible regulatory mechanism. CircRNA‑0074027 was upregulated in CRC tissues, while miR‑525‑3p expression was reduced. In addition, patients with CRC and circRNA‑0074027 overexpression were more likely to have low tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis and advanced TMN stage. Deletion of circRNA‑0074027 could suppress cell proliferation and metastasis through up-regulating p53 expression and forbidding epithelial‑mesenchymal transition signaling pathway. The addition of miRNA‑525‑3p inhibitors could reverse the anti‑tumor effects induced by the deletion of circRNA‑0074027. The downregulation of cirRNA_0074027 inhibited tumor progression via sponging miR‑525‑3p, which could be a promising treatment bio‑marker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, P.R. China
| | - Yichao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Pang
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, P.R. China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, P.R. China
| | - Yongchuan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, P.R. China
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Wu W, Chen Y, Ye S, Yang H, Yang J, Quan J. Transcription factor forkhead box K1 regulates miR-32 expression and enhances cell proliferation in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:407. [PMID: 33841568 PMCID: PMC8020380 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased microRNA (miR)-32 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues enhances CRC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and attenuates CRC cell apoptosis by repressing the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Forkhead box K1 (FOXK1) was identified as a potential interacting transcription factor using DNA pull-down assays and mass spectrometry. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of FOXK1 in regulating miR-32 expression in CRC. The expressions of FOXK1, miR-32, transmembrane protein 245 gene (TMEM245) and PTEN were compared between CRC and normal colonic tissues. Levels of miR-32, TMEM245, PTEN and the proliferation and apoptosis of CRC cells were studied using FOXK1-overexpression or knockdown, or by simultaneously interfering with FOXK1 and miR-32 expression. Direct FOXK1 binding to the miR-32 promoter was verified using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays. The results showed elevated FOXK1, miR-32 and TMEM245 expression, and significantly decreased PTEN expression in CRC, compared with normal colonic tissues. Correlations between the expressions of TMEM245 and miR-32, FOXK1 and miR-32, and FOXK1 and TMEM245 were positive and significant. FOXK1-knockdown led to decreased miR-32 and TMEM245 expression and increased PTEN expression, whereas FOXK1-overexpression had the opposite effect. Overexpressed FOXK1 promoted the malignancy of CRC cells in vitro by stimulating proliferation and reducing apoptosis; whereas FOXK1-depletion suppressed such malignancy and a miR-32 inhibitor partially reversed the effects of FOXK1. The results of ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that FOXK1 directly binds to the promoter of TMEM245/miR-32. Thus, the FOXK1-miR-32-PTEN signaling axis may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Yongze Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Shicai Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Jianyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Juanhua Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
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CDC42EP3 promotes colorectal cancer through regulating cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cell migration. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:169. [PMID: 33726765 PMCID: PMC7962261 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors worldwide, the incidence rate of which is still increasing year by year. Herein, the objective of this study is to investigate whether CDC42EP3 has regulatory effects in CRC. Methods First, CDC42EP3 knockdown cell model based on HCT116 and RKO cell lines was successfully constructed, which was further used for constructing mouse xenotransplantation models. Importantly, effects of CDC42EP3 knockdown on proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis, and migration of CRC were accessed by MTT assay, EdU staining assay, colony formation assay, Flow cytometry, and Transwell assay. Results As the results, we showed that CDC42EP3 was significantly upregulated in CRC, and its high expression was associated with tumor progression. Furthermore, knockdown of CDC42EP3 could inhibit proliferation, colony formation and migration, and promote apoptosis of CRC cells in vitro. In vivo results further confirmed knockdown of CDC42EP3 attenuated tumor growth in CRC. Interestingly, the regulation of CRC by CDC42EP3 involved not only the change of a variety of apoptosis-related proteins, but also the regulation of downstream signaling pathway. Conclusion In conclusion, the role of CDC42EP3 in CRC was clarified and showed its potential as a target of innovative therapeutic approaches for CRC.
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Wu ZX, Yang Y, Zeng L, Patel H, Bo L, Lin L, Chen ZS. Establishment and Characterization of an Irinotecan-Resistant Human Colon Cancer Cell Line. Front Oncol 2021; 10:624954. [PMID: 33692943 PMCID: PMC7937870 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.624954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Irinotecan is widely used as a chemotherapeutic drug to treat CRC. However, the mechanisms of acquired resistance to irinotecan in CRC remain inconclusive. In the present study, we established a novel irinotecan-resistant human colon cell line to investigate the underlying mechanism(s) of irinotecan resistance, particularly the overexpression of ABC transporters. The irinotecan-resistant S1-IR20 cell line was established by exposing irinotecan to human S1 colon cancer cells. MTT cytotoxicity assay was carried out to determine the drug resistance profile of S1-IR20 cells. The drug-resistant cells showed about 47-fold resistance to irinotecan and cross-resistance to ABCG2 substrates in comparison with S1 cells. By Western blot analysis, S1-IR20 cells showed significant increase of ABCG2, but not ABCB1 or ABCC1 in protein expression level as compared to that of parental S1 cells. The immunofluorescence assay showed that the overexpressed ABCG2 transporter is localized on the cell membrane of S1-IR20 cells, suggesting an active efflux function of the ABCG2 transporter. This finding was further confirmed by reversal studies that inhibiting efflux function of ABCG2 was able to completely abolish drug resistance to irinotecan as well as other ABCG2 substrates in S1-IR20 cells. In conclusion, our work established an in vitro model of irinotecan resistance in CRC and suggested ABCG2 overexpression as one of the underlying mechanisms of acquired resistance to irinotecan. This novel resistant cell line may enable future studies to overcome drug resistance in vitro and improve CRC treatment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leli Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States.,Precision Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Harsh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Letao Bo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lusheng Lin
- Cell Research Center, Shenzhen Bolun Institute of Biotechnology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
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32
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Network Pharmacology Interpretation of Fuzheng-Jiedu Decoction against Colorectal Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:4652492. [PMID: 33688358 PMCID: PMC7914091 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4652492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) believes that the pathogenic factors of colorectal cancer (CRC) are “deficiency, dampness, stasis, and toxin,” and Fuzheng–Jiedu Decoction (FJD) can resist these factors. In this study, we want to find out the potential targets and pathways of FJD in the treatment of CRC and also explain from a scientific point of view that FJD multidrug combination can resist “deficiency, dampness, stasis, and toxin.” Methods We get the composition of FJD from the TCMSP database and get its potential target. We also get the potential target of colorectal cancer according to the OMIM Database, TTD Database, GeneCards Database, CTD Database, DrugBank Database, and DisGeNET Database. Subsequently, PPI analysis, KEGG pathways analysis, and GO biological processes analysis were carried out for the target of FJD in the therapy of colorectal cancer. In addition, we have also built a relevant network diagram. Results In this study, we identified four core compounds of FJD in the therapy of colorectal cancer, including quercetin, kaempferol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. At the same time, we also obtained 30 core targets, including STAT3, INS, TP53, VEGFA, AKT1, TNF, IL6, JUN, EGF, CASP3, MAPK3, MAPK1, MAPK8, SRC, IGF1, CCND1, ESR1, EGFR, PTEN, MTOR, FOS, PTGS2, CXCL8, HRAS, CDH1, BCL2L1, FN1, MMP9, ERBB2, and JAK2. FJD treatment of colorectal cancer mainly involves 112 KEGG pathways, including FoxO (hsa04068) signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt (hsa04151) signaling pathway, HIF-1 (hsa04066) signaling pathway, T cell receptor (hsa04660) signaling pathway, and ErbB (hsa04012) signaling pathway. At the same time, 330 GO biological processes were summarized, including cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune. Conclusions In this study, we found that FJD can regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation and immunity, and angiogenesis through PI3K-Akt signaling pathway to play an anti-CRC effect.
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Yang T, Wang H, Li M, Yang L, Han Y, Liu C, Zhang B, Wu M, Wang G, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Huang J, Zhang H, Cao T, Chen P, Zhang W. CD151 promotes Colorectal Cancer progression by a crosstalk involving CEACAM6, LGR5 and Wnt signaling via TGFβ1. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:848-860. [PMID: 33767593 PMCID: PMC7975690 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CD151 impacts various signaling pathways in different cancers, and promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) cell malignancy by yet undefined mechanisms. This study aimed to comprehensively assess CD151's function in CRC. CD151 levels were significantly higher in CRC tissues and cells compared with controls in the tissue microarray. Cell viability, migration and invasion were suppressed by CD151 downregulation in CRC cells. Consistently, mouse xenografts were inhibited by CD151 silencing. RNA-seq revealed that multiple genes were significantly altered by CD151 knockdown in cultured CRC cells and xenografts. Particularly, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) alongside CD151 were downregulated both in vitro and in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry results were validated by qRT-PCR and immunoblot. Moreover, pull-down assay and immunofluorescence confirmed the associations of TGFβ1, CEACAM6 and LGR5 with CD151. This study demonstrated CEACAM6, LGR5 and Wnt pathway suppression by CD151 silencing might occur through TGFβ1 regulation, offering a comprehensive view of CD151's roles in colorectal carcinogenesis. Our findings provide an insight into the CD151-involved signaling network in CRC oncogenesis, which could be utilized to design novel targeted therapies against CD151-based signaling in treatment for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Huibing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, China
| | - Linqi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Key Lab of Hebei Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Key Laboratory of Moleculor and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Mingfa Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Dingzhou City People's Hospital, Dingzhou, Hebei, 073000, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Third General Surgery, Cangzhou City People's Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, 061000, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Department of Second General Surgery, Hebei Medical University Fourth hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 500017, China
| | - Jianming Huang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Huaxing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, China
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Echle A, Rindtorff NT, Brinker TJ, Luedde T, Pearson AT, Kather JN. Deep learning in cancer pathology: a new generation of clinical biomarkers. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:686-696. [PMID: 33204028 PMCID: PMC7884739 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical workflows in oncology rely on predictive and prognostic molecular biomarkers. However, the growing number of these complex biomarkers tends to increase the cost and time for decision-making in routine daily oncology practice; furthermore, biomarkers often require tumour tissue on top of routine diagnostic material. Nevertheless, routinely available tumour tissue contains an abundance of clinically relevant information that is currently not fully exploited. Advances in deep learning (DL), an artificial intelligence (AI) technology, have enabled the extraction of previously hidden information directly from routine histology images of cancer, providing potentially clinically useful information. Here, we outline emerging concepts of how DL can extract biomarkers directly from histology images and summarise studies of basic and advanced image analysis for cancer histology. Basic image analysis tasks include detection, grading and subtyping of tumour tissue in histology images; they are aimed at automating pathology workflows and consequently do not immediately translate into clinical decisions. Exceeding such basic approaches, DL has also been used for advanced image analysis tasks, which have the potential of directly affecting clinical decision-making processes. These advanced approaches include inference of molecular features, prediction of survival and end-to-end prediction of therapy response. Predictions made by such DL systems could simplify and enrich clinical decision-making, but require rigorous external validation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Echle
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Titus Josef Brinker
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Thomas Pearson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Chen S, Wang B, Fu X, Liang Y, Chai X, Ye Z, Li R, He Y, Kong G, Lian J, Li X, Chen T, Zhang X, Qiu X, Tang X, Zhou K, Lin B, Zeng J. ALKAL1 gene silencing prevents colorectal cancer progression via suppressing Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway. J Cancer 2021; 12:150-162. [PMID: 33391411 PMCID: PMC7738833 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been described in a range of human cancers and is involved in cancer initiation and progression via activating multiple signaling pathways, such as the PI3K-AKT, CRKL-C3G, MEKK2/3-MEK5-ERK5, JAK-STAT and MAPK signal pathways. Recently ALK and LTK ligand 1 (ALKAL1) also named “augmentor-β” or “FAM150A” is identified as a potent activating ligands for human ALK that bind to the extracellular domain of ALK. However, due to its poor stability, the mechanisms of ALKAL1 underlying the tumor progression in the human cancers including colorectal cancer have not been well documented. Herein, ALKAL1 expression was evaluated by RNA sequencing datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) of 625 cases colorectal cancer, immunohistochemical analysis of 377 cases colorectal cancer tissues, and Western blotting even Real-time PCR of 10 pairs of colorectal cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues, as well as 8 colorectal cancer cell lines. Statistical analysis was performed to explore the correlation between ALKAL1 expression and clinicopathological features in colorectal cancer. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to examine the association between ALKAL1 expression and overall survival. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to assess the biological roles of ALKAL1 in colorectal cancer. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Western blotting and luciferase assays were used to identify the underlying signal pathway involved in the tumor progression role of ALKAL1. As a result, we showed that ALKAL1 was upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines. Upregulation of ALKAL1 correlated with tumor malignancy and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. ALKAL1 silencing inhibited tumorigenesis, metastasis and invasion of colorectal cancer cells, and inhibited SHH signaling pathway, which is essential for ALKAL1 induced migration. Our findings reveal a new mechanism by which ALKAL1 participates in colorectal cancer migration and invasion via activating the SHH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xuekun Fu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanfang Liang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Marina Bay Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan 523905, China
| | - Xingxing Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023 China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ronggang Li
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen 529030, China
| | - Yaoming He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen 529030, China
| | - Gang Kong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen 529030, China
| | - Jiachun Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiangyong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China.,Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Xianxiu Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Keyuan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Bihua Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
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Kim H, Bang S, Jee S, Park S, Kim Y, Park H, Jang K, Paik SS. Loss of YY1 expression predicts unfavorable prognosis in stage III colorectal cancer. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2021; 64:S78-S84. [PMID: 34135143 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_96_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yin Yang 1 (YY1), the multifunctional transcription factor, has recently been assigned biological properties related to human malignancies. YY1 can facilitate both tumor suppression and tumor growth. The conflicting role of YY1 in human malignancies is not yet fully explained. Objective In this study, we determined the clinicopathologic significance and prognostic role of YY1 in stage III colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and Methods YY1 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in tissue microarray from 345 CRCs. YY1 expression was scored by the proportion of tumor cells with nuclear staining into 4 scores (0, none; 1+, ≤10%; 2+, 10 to ≤25%; 3+, >25%). A score of 0 and 1 were considered as loss of expression. Results Loss of YY1 expression was observed in 49 (14.2%) out of 345 CRCs and was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.004), tumor deposit (P = 0.008), and higher pathologic tumor (pT) stage (P = 0.004). In stage III group, loss of YY1 expression was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.027) and tumor deposit (P = 0.011). Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed no significant difference between patients with YY1 loss and patients with intact YY1 in both cancer-specific survival and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.330 and P = 0.470, respectively). In American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage subgroup, loss of YY1 expression was associated with poor recurrence-free survival in AJCC stage III CRC (P = 0.038). Conclusion Loss of YY1 expression was significantly associated with aggressive phenotypes and poor patient outcome in AJCC stage III CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsung Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongsik Bang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungyun Jee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongeon Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hosub Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Sam Paik
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Li W, Guo J, Wang Q, Tang J, You F. The efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine as an adjunctive therapy for colorectal cancer: A protocol for systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23216. [PMID: 33371062 PMCID: PMC7748206 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a public health problem and the world's leading cancer killer. It is a disease with high incidence and mortality. Although chemotherapy has achieved some success in the treatment of CRC, drug resistance and tumor metastasis caused by chemotherapy are still the main causes of death in patients with CRC. Notably, many side effects associated with chemotherapy, such as nausea, vomiting, and peripheral neurotoxicity, are major challenges in the treatment of patients with CRC. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been widely used as an adjunctive therapy for CRC, but its efficacy and safety are still uncertain. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of CHM for the treatment of CRC. METHODS A comprehensive retrieval will be performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, CNKI, SinoMed, VIP, and Wan Fang Data. The methodologic quality of randomized controlled trials will be assessed using the Cochrane risk assessment tool. Review Manager 5.3 software will be used for data synthesis and analysis. Funnel plot analysis and Egger test will be used to assess publication bias. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation standard will be used to generate summary of finding table. RESULTS The results of this systematic review will be used to summarize and evaluate the evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials of CHM as adjuvant therapy for CRC. CONCLUSION This review will provide a detailed summary of the evidence to assess the efficacy and safety of CHM for CRC. OSF REGISTRATION DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/X2SKJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Evidence-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine Center of Sichuan Province, No.39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Evidence-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine Center of Sichuan Province, No.39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Fengming You
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Wei L, Wang B, Hu L, Xu Y, Li Z, Shen Y, Huang H. MEX3A is upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and promotes development and progression of ESCC through targeting CDK6. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21091-21113. [PMID: 33188661 PMCID: PMC7695430 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors worldwide and identified as a serious threat to human health. The role of MEX3A in ESCC remains unclear. In this study, we found that MEX3A was upregulated in tumor tissues of ESCC and positively associated with more advanced tumor stage, higher risk of lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis. The downregulation of MEX3A in ESCC cell lines could induce inhibition of cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, and the promotion of cell apoptosis, while MEX3A overexpression exhibited opposite effects. In vivo experiments also verified the inhibition of ESCC induced by MEX3A knockdown. Moreover, we identified CDK6 as a potential target of MEX3A, which was also upregulated in ESCC. Further studies demonstrated that knockdown of CDK6 showed similar effects on the development of ESCC with MEX3A. More importantly, it was illustrated that CDK6 knockdown could alleviate the promotion effects of MEX3A overexpression on ESCC. In conclusion, MEX3A was identified as a tumor promotor in the development and progression of ESCC by targeting CDK6, which may be considered as a novel prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liwen Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Zhongdong Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Hairong Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
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Gu Y, Huang Y, Sun Y, Liang X, Kong L, Liu Z, Wang L. [Long non-coding RNA LINC01106 regulates colorectal cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis through the STAT3 pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1259-1264. [PMID: 32990221 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.09.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of LINC01106 in colorectal cancer and its role in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. METHODS We analyzed the data of LINC01106 expression levels in tumor tissues and normal tissues of patients with colorectal cancer in TCGA database and explored the association of LINC01106 expression level with the prognosis of the patients. Colorectal cancer SW480 cell lines with LINC01106 knockdown or overexpression were established, and their proliferation and apoptosis relative to the parental cells were evaluated using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expressions of p-STAT3, STAT3, and Bcl-2 in the cells were detected by immunoblotting. Nude mouse models bearing xenografts of SW480 cells with LINC01106 knockdown or na?ve SW480 cells were established to observe the effect of LINC01106 knockdown on the growth of SW480 cells in vivo. RESULTS Analysis of the data from TCGA database showed that the expression level of LINC01106 was significantly higher in colorectal cancer tissues than in normal tissues, and LINC01106 expression level was significantly related to the prognosis of the patients (P < 0.05). Knockdown of LINC01106 significantly inhibited the proliferation and promoted apoptosis of SW480 cells (P < 0.05), while LINC01106 overexpression significantly promoted proliferation of the cells. LINC01106 knockdown in SW-480 cells obviously lowered the expressions of p- STAT3 and Bcl-2 and suppressed the growth of the xenograft in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS LINC01106 is significantly up-regulated in colorectal cancer tissue and is related to the prognosis of the patients. LINC01106 can regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of SW480 cells through STAT3/Bcl-2 signaling and may serve as a potential marker for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Yiming Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Lingti Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 211198, China
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Liu L, Zhai Z, Wang D, Ding Y, Chen X, Wang Q, Shu Z, Wu M, Chen L, He X, Fan D, Pan F, Xing M. The association between IL-1 family gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Gene 2020; 769:145187. [PMID: 32998046 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem given its high incidence and mortality. This study focuses on examining the associations between IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1RN polymorphisms and colorectal cancer susceptibility. METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wan Fang databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. Relevant data were extracted from the original included studies. The correlation was demonstrated based on the odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Publication bias was investigated by Egger's line regression test and Begg's funnel plot. RESULTS Eighteen independent studies involving 6218 cases and 10160 controls were eligible for this pooled analysis. Overall, the result revealed that the IL-1α rs3783553 polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of CRC (G vs. C, OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.90-1.15, I2 = 51%, P = 0.78; GG vs. CC, OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.04-3.74, I2 = 70%, P = 0.04; GC vs. CC, OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.12-2.75, I2 = 42%, P = 0.01; GG + GC vs. CC, OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.08-3.18, I2 = 63%, P = 0.03; and GG vs. GC + CC, OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.04-1.58, I2 = 39%, P = 0.02), and significance was also noted for IL-1RN VNTR under the dominant model (22 + 2L vs. LL, OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.01-2.19, I2 = 77%, P = 0.045) and allelic contrast model (2 vs. L, OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.00-1.64, I2 = 58.6%, P = 0.047). For IL-1β + 31C/T, significance was observed in the dominant model (CC + CT vs. TT, OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69-0.99, I2 = 52%, P = 0.034) and the heterozygous model (CT vs. TT, OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65-0.98, I2 = 60%, P = 0.04). For IL-1β + 511 C/T, a significant association was noted in four gene models (CT vs. TT, OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.63-0.83, I2 = 0%, P < 0.001; CC + CT vs. TT, OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.65-0.84, I2 = 0%, P < 0.001; CC vs. TT, OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.65-0.91, I2 = 30.9%, P = 0.003; C vs. T, OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.80-0.95, I2 = 38%, P = 0.001), but a significant relationship was not found in the recessive model (CC vs. CT + TT, OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.86-1.38, I2 = 57.1%, P = 0.25). In addition, borderline statistical significance was noted between IL-1β + 3954 Ins/Del and CRC in the homozygous model, but no significance was identified for IL-1β + 3737 G/A, Il-1β + 1464 G/C, and IL-1RN + 2018 T/C under all five genetic models. In the subgroup analysis of ethnic groups, significant associations with CRC were found for IL-1β + 31 (CC vs. TT: OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.67-0.99, I2 = 20.2%, P = 0.04; CT vs. TT: OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.47-0.82, I2 = 0%, P < 0.001; CC + CT vs. TT: OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.55-0.87, I2 = 29.7%, P = 0.001), IL-1β + 511 (CT vs. TT, OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.55-0.77, I2 = 0%, P < 0.001; CC + CT vs. TT, OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.58-0.78, I2 = 0%, P < 0.001; C vs. T, OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.75-0.92, I2 = 49.6%, P < 0.001) and IL-1RN + 2018 T/C in the allelic contrast model (T vs. C, OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.44-0.98, I2 = 0%, P = 0.04) among Asians but not in Caucasians. A significant association between IL-1β + 1464 G/C polymorphisms in Caucasians was observed under the recessive model (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.77-0.98, I2 = 45%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION The current meta-analysis demonstrated that IL-1α rs3783553, IL-1β + 31C/T, IL-1β + 511C/T, and IL-1RN VNTR are critical genes for CRC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Library, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenglong Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yun Ding
- Library, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Library, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zheyue Shu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Minglan Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Information Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xuelin He
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dazhi Fan
- Foshan Institute of Fetal Medicine, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, 11 Renminxi Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China; Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meiyuan Xing
- Library, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Bai C, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Zhang HY, Chen Y, Tang Y. Repurposing Ziyuglycoside II Against Colorectal Cancer via Orchestrating Apoptosis and Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:576547. [PMID: 33071789 PMCID: PMC7533566 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.576547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective chemotherapy drugs for colorectal cancer remain a challenge. In this research, Ziyuglycoside II (Ziyu II), exhibits considerable antitumor activity against CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that Ziyu II induced apoptosis through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was necessary for Ziyu II to inhibit colorectal cancer cells. Intriguingly, The treatment of Ziyu II triggered complete autophagic flux in CRC cells. Inhibition of autophagy partially reversed Ziyu II-induced growth inhibition, demonstrating a cytotoxic role of autophagy in response to Ziyu II-treated. Mechanism indicated that Ziyu II-induced autophagy by inhibiting Akt/mTOR pathway. Akt reactivation partially reduced Ziyu II-induced LC3-II turnover and LC3 puncta accumulation. Especially, Ziyu II improves the sensitivity of 5-fluorouracil which is the first-line chemotherapy drug in colorectal cancer cells. This research provides novel insight into the molecular mechanism of Ziyu II’s anti-proliferation, including apoptosis and autophagy, and lays a foundation for the potential application of Ziyu II in clinical CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Bai
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Duan L, Yang W, Feng W, Cao L, Wang X, Niu L, Li Y, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Hong L, Fan D. Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of miRNAs in drug resistance of colorectal cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920947342. [PMID: 32922521 PMCID: PMC7450467 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920947342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy is identified as a curative approach to prolong the survival time of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Although great progress in therapeutic approaches has been achieved during the last decades, drug resistance still extensively persists and serves as a major hurdle to effective anticancer therapy for CRC. The mechanism of multidrug resistance remains unclear. Recently, mounting evidence suggests that a great number of microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to drug resistance in CRC. Certain of these miRNAs may thus be used as promising biomarkers for predicting drug response to chemotherapy or serve as potential targets to develop personalized therapy for patients with CRC. This review mainly summarizes recent advances in miRNAs and the molecular mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated chemoresistance in CRC. We also discuss the potential role of drug resistance-related miRNAs as potential biomarkers (diagnostic and prognostic value) and envisage the future orientation and challenges in translating the findings on miRNA-mediated chemoresistance of CRC into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weibo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liaoran Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yiding Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Banales JM, Marin JJG, Lamarca A, Rodrigues PM, Khan SA, Roberts LR, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Andersen JB, Braconi C, Calvisi DF, Perugorria MJ, Fabris L, Boulter L, Macias RIR, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Gradilone SA, Strazzabosco M, Marzioni M, Coulouarn C, Fouassier L, Raggi C, Invernizzi P, Mertens JC, Moncsek A, Ilyas SI, Heimbach J, Koerkamp BG, Bruix J, Forner A, Bridgewater J, Valle JW, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:557-588. [PMID: 32606456 PMCID: PMC7447603 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1102] [Impact Index Per Article: 275.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) includes a cluster of highly heterogeneous biliary malignant tumours that can arise at any point of the biliary tree. Their incidence is increasing globally, currently accounting for ~15% of all primary liver cancers and ~3% of gastrointestinal malignancies. The silent presentation of these tumours combined with their highly aggressive nature and refractoriness to chemotherapy contribute to their alarming mortality, representing ~2% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide yearly. The current diagnosis of CCA by non-invasive approaches is not accurate enough, and histological confirmation is necessary. Furthermore, the high heterogeneity of CCAs at the genomic, epigenetic and molecular levels severely compromises the efficacy of the available therapies. In the past decade, increasing efforts have been made to understand the complexity of these tumours and to develop new diagnostic tools and therapies that might help to improve patient outcomes. In this expert Consensus Statement, which is endorsed by the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma, we aim to summarize and critically discuss the latest advances in CCA, mostly focusing on classification, cells of origin, genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, molecular alterations, biomarker discovery and treatments. Furthermore, the horizon of CCA for the next decade from 2020 onwards is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), San Sebastian, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jose J G Marin
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), San Sebastian, Spain
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pedro M Rodrigues
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Shahid A Khan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chiara Braconi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC-Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), San Sebastian, Spain
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Laura Fouassier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Chiara Raggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center of Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Moncsek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sumera I. Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Jordi Bruix
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), San Sebastian, Spain
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomédica (FCRB), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Forner
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), San Sebastian, Spain
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomédica (FCRB), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Bridgewater
- Department of Medical Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Juan W Valle
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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Babaei A, Soleimanjahi H, Soleimani M, Arefian E. The synergistic anticancer effects of ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI608 on murine colorectal cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:555-565. [PMID: 32803686 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many types of oncolytic viruses (OVs) were enrolled in clinical trials. Recently, an OV named Talimogene laherparepvec approved for the treatment of melanoma. This achievement highlighted the clinical application of OVs. Scientists focus on using these anticancer agents in combination with the current or/and new anticancer chemotherapeutics. They aim to increase the oncolytic effect of a new approach for the treatment of cancer cells. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess the anticancer impacts of ReoT3D, irinotecan (CPT-11), and napabucasin (BBI608) against murine colorectal cancer cells (CT26). They are assessed alone and in combination with each other. METHODS Here, oncolytic reovirus was propagated and titrated. Then MTT assay was carried out to assess the toxicity of this OV and chemotherapeutics effect on CT26 cells. The anticancer effects of ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI608, alone and simultaneously, on CT26 cell line, were assessed by the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, colony-forming, migration, and real-time PCR experiments. RESULTS Alone treatment with ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI608 led to effectively inducing of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic genes expression level and significantly reduce of colony-forming, migration, and anti-apoptotic genes expression rate. Importantly, the maximum anticancer effect against CT26 cell line was seen upon combination ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI608 treatment. CONCLUSION The present study highlights that combination of ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI560 showed synergistic anticancer activity against CT26 cell line. This modality might be considered as a new approach against colorectal cancer (CRC) in the in vivo and clinical trial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and cell therapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Balhorn R, Balhorn MC, Balakrishnan K, Rebhun RB. The small molecule antibody mimic SH7139 targets a family of HLA-DRs expressed by B-cell lymphomas and other solid cancers. J Drug Target 2020; 28:1124-1136. [PMID: 32588667 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1787418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Selective high-affinity ligands (SHALs) belong to a novel class of small-molecule cancer therapeutics that function as targeted prodrugs. SH7139, the most advanced of the SHAL drugs designed to bind to a unique β-subunit structural epitope located on HLA-DR10, has exhibited exceptional preclinical efficacy and safety profiles. A comparison of SH7139 and SH7129, a biotin derivative of the drug developed for use as a diagnostic, showed the incorporation of a biotin tag did not alter the SHALs ability to target or kill HLA-DR10 expressing Raji cells. The use of SH7129 in an immuno-histochemical type assay to stain peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from individuals expressing specific HLA-DRB1 alleles has also revealed that in addition to HLA-DR10, seven other more commonly expressed HLA-DRs are targeted by the drug. Computational dockings of the SHAL's recognition ligands to a number of HLA-DR structures explain, in part, why the targeting domains of SH7129 and SH7139 bind to some HLA-DRs but not others. The results also substantiate the selectivity of SH7129 and suggest it may prove useful as a companion diagnostic for pre-screening biopsy samples to identify those patients whose tumours should respond to SH7139 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karuppiah Balakrishnan
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- The Comparative Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Ju M, Cheng H, Qu K, Lu X. Efficacy and safety of ramucirumab treatment in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20618. [PMID: 32541497 PMCID: PMC7302601 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) has an important role in colorectal cancer pathogenesis and progression. The aim of our study is to provide a protocol for assessing the efficacy and safety of ramucirumab (a monoclonal antibody VEGFR-2 antagonist) for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. METHODS The systematic review will be reported according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses protocols. Relevant randomized controlled trials were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Excerpt Medica Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Database. Papers in English or Chinese published from their inception to February 2020 will be included without any restrictions.Study selection and data extraction will be performed independently by 2 investigators. The clinical outcomes including overall response rate, complete response rate (disease control rate), overall survival, progression-free survival, quality of life, immune function, and adverse events, were systematically evaluated. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 14.0 were used for data analysis, and a fixed or random-effect model of meta-analysis will be used depending upon the heterogeneity observed between studies. Subgroup analysis will be carried out depending on the availability of sufficient clinical data. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and provide more evidence-based guidance in clinical practice. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020165683.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ju
- Department of Anus & Intestine Surgery
| | - Honggang Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province
| | - Xiangqian Lu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
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Pak JN, Jung JH, Park JE, Hwang J, Lee HJ, Shim BS, Kim SH. p53 dependent LGR5 inhibition and caspase 3 activation are critically involved in apoptotic effect of compound K and its combination therapy potential in HCT116 cells. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2745-2755. [PMID: 32403193 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Though ginsenoside metabolite compound K was known to have antitumor effect in several cancers, its underlying apoptotic mechanism still remains unclear so far. Thus, in the present study, the apoptotic mechanism of compound K was explored in colorectal cancer cells (CRCs) in association with leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) that was overexpressed in colorectal cancers with poor survival rate. Here compound K significantly reduced viability of HCT116p53+/+ cells better than that of HCT116p53-/- cells. Consistently, compound K increased sub G1 population and attenuated the expression of LGR5, c-Myc, procaspase3, Pin1 in HCT116p53+/+ cells more than in HCT116p53-/- cells. Conversely, caspase 3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK reversed inhibitory effect of compound K on LGR5, c-Myc and procaspase3 in HCT116 cells. Consistently, inhibition of LGR5 using transfection method enhanced suppression of pro-PARP, Bcl-xL c-Myc, Snail and Pin1 in compound K treated HCT116p53+/+ cells. Furthermore, compound K synergistically potentiated antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or Doxorubicin to reduce the survival genes and cytotoxicity in HCT116p53+/+ cells. Overall, our findings provide scientific insight that compound K induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells via caspase and p53 dependent LGR5 inhibition with combination therapy potential with 5-FU or doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Na Pak
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Sang Shim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zhang PF, Xie D, Li Q. Cost-effectiveness analysis of fruquintinib as third-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2020; 106:400-405. [PMID: 32354261 DOI: 10.1177/0300891620916789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of addition of fruquintinib to best supportive care (BSC) in third-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS To conduct the cost-effectiveness analysis, a Markov model was established to simulate the course of metastatic CRC. Three health states-progression-free survival (PFS), progressive disease (PD), and death-were included. Clinical data were derived from the FRESCO trial and health utility values were extracted from previous literature. The primary outcome of the study was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in US dollars per quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) from a Chinese societal perspective. One-way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the study. RESULTS Addition of fruquintinib to BSC gained 0.54 QALY at a cost of $15,404.57 while the BSC group gained 0.38 QALY at a cost of $9603.94. ICER of fruquintinib versus BSC was $36,253.94/QALY. In the 1-way sensitivity analyses, utility for PD in both groups, utility for PFS in both groups, and cost of fruquintinib significantly influenced the results of the analysis. At the willingness-to-pay threshold of $28,988.40/QALY, probabilities of addition of fruquintinib to BSC or BSC alone as the cost-effective option were 0% and 100%, indicating addition of fruquintinib is not a dominant option compared with BSC. CONCLUSIONS Addition of fruquintinib to BSC is not a cost-effective regimen in the third-line setting for patients with metastatic CRC from the Chinese societal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Liu N, Wu C, Jia R, Cai G, Wang Y, Zhou L, Ji Q, Sui H, Zeng P, Xiao H, Liu H, Huo J, Feng Y, Deng W, Li Q. Traditional Chinese Medicine Combined With Chemotherapy and Cetuximab or Bevacizumab for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:478. [PMID: 32372960 PMCID: PMC7187887 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huangci Granule is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Huangci Granule combination with chemotherapy and cetuximab (CET) or bevacizumab (BV) for treating mCRC. Methods We performed a randomized, controlled, and double-blind trial and recruited patients with mCRC who were planned to undergo chemotherapy combined with CET or BV. The treatment group was treated with Huangci Granule, while the control group was treated with placebo. Continuous treatment until disease progression, death, intolerable toxicity or up to 6 months. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary endpoint was quality of life and safety. Result 320 patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment, including 200 first-line patients and 120 second-line patients. In the first-line treatment, the median PFS was 9.59 months (95% CI, 6.94–13.25) vs 6.89 months (95% CI, 4.99–9.52) in treatment group and control group (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50–0.97; P = 0.027). Chinese medicine was an independent factor affecting the PFS. In the second-line treatment, the median PFS was 6.51 months (95% CI, 4.49–9.44) vs 4.53 months (95% CI, 3.12–6.57) in the treatment group and control group (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45–0.95; P = 0.020). Compared with the control group, “role function,” “social function,” “fatigue,” and “appetite loss” were significantly improved in the treatment (P < 0.05) and drug related grades 3 to 4 adverse events were less. Conclusion Huangci Granule combined with chemotherapy and CET or BV can prolong the PFS of mCRC, improve the quality of life, reduce adverse reactions, and have good safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaojun Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiang Cai
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Puhua Zeng
- Cancer Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Haijuan Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Affiliated to Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Huaimin Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Henan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiege Huo
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanli Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Muro K, Salinardi T, Singh AR, Macarulla T. Safety of Aflibercept in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Literature Review and Expert Perspective on Clinical and Real-World Data. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E844. [PMID: 32244546 PMCID: PMC7225956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) represents a substantial health burden globally and an increasing challenge in Asian countries. Treatment options include chemotherapy plus a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor (such as bevacizumab, aflibercept or ramucirumab), or anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies. Aflibercept, a recombinant fusion protein, has been approved for treatment of mCRC in combination with FOLFIRI for patients whose disease progresses during or after treatment with an oxaliplatin-containing regimen, based on its efficacy and tolerability profile in clinical trials. This report aims to provide an overview of both clinical and real-world evidence and experience on the use of aflibercept in routine clinical practice, with a focus on European, American and Asian populations. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed (on 28th February 2019) using the search terms ("aflibercept") and ("Colorectal"OR"CRC") to identify publications containing information on aflibercept-containing regimens. RESULTS The adverse events (AE) profile was similar between geographical locations. Across trials, real-world and retrospective studies, grade ≥ 3 hypertension and proteinuria were amongst the most frequently reported AEs. CONCLUSIONS The safety profile of aflibercept is generally manageable and comparable across various geographic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Muro
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Taylor Salinardi
- Global Medical Oncology, Sanofi, Boston, MA 02142, USA; (T.S.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Arvind Rup Singh
- Global Medical Oncology, Sanofi, Boston, MA 02142, USA; (T.S.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Teresa Macarulla
- Gastrointestinal Tumors Service of the Medical Oncology Service, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, IOB, Barcelona 08035, Spain;
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