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Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Barlow SE, Bolling CF, Avila Edwards KC, Eneli I, Hamre R, Joseph MM, Lunsford D, Mendonca E, Michalsky MP, Mirza N, Ochoa ER, Sharifi M, Staiano AE, Weedn AE, Flinn SK, Lindros J, Okechukwu K. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics 2023; 151:e2022060640. [PMID: 36622115 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 203.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Moreira M, Veiga G, Lopes F, Hales D, Luz C, Cordovil R. Kindergarten Affordances for Physical Activity and Preschoolers' Motor and Social-Emotional Competence. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020214. [PMID: 36832343 PMCID: PMC9955055 DOI: 10.3390/children10020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between the quality of the kindergarten physical and social environment to promote physical activity (PA) and preschoolers' motor and social-emotional competence. Two Portuguese kindergartens (Gondomar city) were selected from a pool of seventeen with an assessment of kindergarten PA best practices (one with high PA practices, the other with low). Thirty-six children (M = 4.42; SD = 1.00 years) without neuromotor disorders participated in this study. Motor and social-emotional competence were assessed with standardized motor skills tasks and parent report of child behaviors. Children from the kindergarten with higher compliance with PA best practices showed significantly better motor competence. No statistically significant differences were found for social-emotional competence scores. These findings emphasize the critical importance of kindergarten in promoting preschoolers' motor competence by assuring a physical and social environment that enhances their PA practice. This is a particularly relevant concern for directors and teachers during the post-pandemic period, given the developmental delays and decreases in physical activity preschool children experienced across the pandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moreira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Guida Veiga
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Frederico Lopes
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Derek Hales
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Carlos Luz
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1549-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudos Educacionais, 1549-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Cordovil
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) Policy on Young Children's Physical Activity and Sedentary Time: A Pilot Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147468. [PMID: 34299917 PMCID: PMC8304787 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The importance of daily physical activity is crucial for healthy development during the early years. Currently, a formal written physical activity policy is lacking in Canadian childcare centers, but holds promise for offering consistent physical activity opportunities. With eight recommendations, the Childcare PLAY policy is an evidence-informed, institutional-level document, targeting children’s physical activity, outdoor play, and sedentary time. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) policy on the physical activity and sedentary time of young children (18 months–4 years) in childcare. Methods: Nine childcare centers in London, Ontario participated in the cluster, randomized controlled trial. The centers in the control condition (n = 4) continued their typical daily routines, while the centers in the intervention condition (n = 5) implemented the PLAY policy for eight weeks. To assess physical activity levels, toddlers and preschoolers wore ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers for five consecutive days during childcare hours, at baseline, mid- and post-intervention, and at the six-month follow-up. Raw accelerometry data were converted to 15 s epochs, and age- and device-specific cut-points were applied. The participants with two or more days of at least 5 h/day of wear-time at baseline, and at one additional time point, were included in the linear mixed-effects models. An adjusted alpha (p < 0.017) was used to account for multiple comparison bias. Results: A total of 148 children (31.92 ± 7.41 months) had valid accelerometry data. The intervention resulted in a significant increase in light physical activity among the participants in the experimental group at the six-month follow-up (+1.07 min/h, an 11.16% increase; p = 0.0017). The intervention did not have a statistically significant effect on the total physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, or sedentary time. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the Childcare PLAY policy was effective at increasing the toddlers’ and preschoolers’ light physical activity. This pilot intervention appears promising for supporting some improved movement behaviors among children in childcare settings; however, additional investigations are needed to explore the feasibility and effectiveness with larger and more-diverse samples.
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Szpunar M, Bruijns B, Tucker P. Measuring Early Childhood Educators' Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior-Related Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review of Tools. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2021; 48:455-467. [PMID: 34254546 PMCID: PMC8278557 DOI: 10.1177/10901981211025471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early childhood educators’ (ECEs) self-efficacy is often predictive of their ability and likelihood of promoting healthy activity behaviors in childcare settings. To date, ECEs’ physical activity and sedentary behavior–related self-efficacy has been measured in a variety of ways in childcare-based research, creating difficulty when comparing across studies. To identify the different approaches ECEs’ self-efficacy is assessed, the current study aimed to compare all existing tools that quantitatively measure physical activity and sedentary behavior–related self-efficacy of pre- and in-service ECEs. Seven online databases were searched for original, peer-reviewed, English-written journal articles. Articles were deemed eligible if they employed a tool which measured physical activity and/or sedentary behavior–related self-efficacy of pre- or in-service ECEs. A total of 16 studies were included in this review, and 13 unique tools were identified. All tools measured task self-efficacy (n = 13), while only 1 tool measured barrier self-efficacy, and approximately half of the tools (n = 7; 54%) reported on the validity and reliability. Great variability existed among the self-efficacy items included in the tools; however, common constructs included: teaching/leading physical activity, fundamental movement skill development, and physical activity programming. Very few tools mentioned sedentary behavior (n = 2) and outdoor/risky play (n = 2). Given the low number of studies that tested validity and reliability of their self-efficacy tools, the lack of consideration for barrier self-efficacy, and the paucity of tools that fully encompassed physical activity, sedentary behavior, and outdoor play considerations for ECEs, future research is needed to validate a new, reliable tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia Tucker
- University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Patricia Tucker, School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, Ontario N6G 1H1, Canada.
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Herr RM, Diehl K, Schneider S, Osenbruegge N, Memmer N, Sachse S, Hoffmann S, Wachtler B, Herke M, Pischke CR, Novelli A, Hilger-Kolb J. Which Meso-Level Characteristics of Early Childhood Education and Care Centers Are Associated with Health, Health Behavior, and Well-Being of Young Children? Findings of a Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4973. [PMID: 34067043 PMCID: PMC8125417 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of early childhood education and care (ECEC) centers might be relevant for children's health. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of the association between meso-level characteristics (MLCs) of ECEC centers with children's health, health behavior, and wellbeing. Five databases were searched for quantitative and qualitative research articles published in English or German since 1 January 2000 on health, health behavior, and wellbeing of children aged 0 to 6 years considering MLCs of ECEC centers. Two authors screened 10,396 potentially eligible manuscripts and identified 117 papers, including 3077 examinations of the association between MLCs and children's health indicators (Kappas > 0.91). Five categories of MLCs were identified: (1) structural characteristics, (2) equipment/furnishings, (3) location, (4) facilities/environment, (5) culture/activities/policies/practices, and 6) staff. Only very few studies found an association of MLCs with body weight/obesity, and general health and wellbeing. Especially physical activity and mental health were related to MLCs. In general, the location (rural vs. urban, neighborhood status) seemed to be a relevant health aspect. MLCs of ECEC centers appeared relevant for child health indicators to different degrees. Future research should focus on these associations, in detail, to identify concrete ECEC indicators that can support health promotion in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Herr
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (K.D.); (S.S.); (N.O.); (N.M.); (J.H.-K.)
| | - Katharina Diehl
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (K.D.); (S.S.); (N.O.); (N.M.); (J.H.-K.)
| | - Sven Schneider
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (K.D.); (S.S.); (N.O.); (N.M.); (J.H.-K.)
| | - Nina Osenbruegge
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (K.D.); (S.S.); (N.O.); (N.M.); (J.H.-K.)
| | - Nicole Memmer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (K.D.); (S.S.); (N.O.); (N.M.); (J.H.-K.)
| | - Steffi Sachse
- Institute of Psychology, University of Education Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Stephanie Hoffmann
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany;
| | - Benjamin Wachtler
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, 12101 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Max Herke
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany;
| | - Claudia R. Pischke
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Center for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Anna Novelli
- Chair of Health Economics, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jennifer Hilger-Kolb
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (K.D.); (S.S.); (N.O.); (N.M.); (J.H.-K.)
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Kracht CL, Redman LM, Casey PH, Krukowski RA, Andres A. Association between Home Environment in Infancy and Child Movement Behaviors. Child Obes 2021; 17:100-109. [PMID: 33471594 PMCID: PMC7984654 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2020.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: An adequate balance of movement behaviors, including physical activity (PA), sleep, and screen time, is important for preventing excess weight gain in children. This study examined the relationship between the infant home environment and movement behaviors later in life. Methods: Pregnant women were recruited for a cohort study related to maternal and child development. The home environment was assessed for developmental stimulation, organization, and toys by the Pediatric Review of Children's Environmental Support and Stimulation (PROCESS) questionnaire when the child was 6 months of age. At 2 years of age, mother-reported child screen time, and child PA and sleep duration were estimated by accelerometry. Child behaviors were compared with the 24-hour Movement Guidelines (≥180 minutes/day of total PA, 11-14 hours/day of sleep, and ≤1 hour/day of screen time). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the home environment and movement behaviors, adjusting for maternal and child covariates. Results: Mother/child dyads (n = 141) were mainly white (84.4%), and middle (32.8%) or low income (48.9%). All children (100%) met the PA guideline, some met the sleep guideline (71.6%), fewer met the screen-time guideline (44.7%), and only one-third (34.0%) met all three guidelines. Children who met the screen-time guideline lived in homes with more developmental stimulation and toys (p < 0.05). Children who met all 3 guidelines lived in homes with more organization and toys (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The infant home environment was associated with appropriate amounts of movement behaviors at 2 years. Promoting organization (i.e., routines) and toys in infancy may help facilitate nonscreen-based habits and healthy development. The clinical trial registration number is NCT01131117.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick H. Casey
- Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Krukowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aline Andres
- Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Address correspondence to: Aline Andres, PhD, RD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Slot 512-20B, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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Kracht CL, Webster EK, Staiano AE. Relationship between the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and fundamental motor skills in preschoolers. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1185-1190. [PMID: 32653249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association among 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and fundamental motor skills (FMS) in preschoolers. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with one-year follow-up. METHODS Parents of 3-4-year-old children reported child age, sex, race, and time spent viewing screens (hours/day). Accelerometers measured preschooler physical activity (PA) and sleep. The 24-Hour Movement Guidelines were examined (≥3 h/day total PA including ≥1 h/day of moderate-to-vigorous [MVPA], 10-13 h/day of sleep, and ≤1 h/day of screen-time). Trained researchers administered the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition (TGMD-3) to assess FMS. Linear regression was used to assess guidelines met and raw locomotor, ball skills, and total TGMD-3 scores with adjustment for covariates. RESULTS One hundred and seven preschoolers provided complete cross-sectional data, and 53 preschoolers provided complete longitudinal data. Of the 107 preschoolers, they were 3.4 ± 0.6 years of age, 44% were male, 50% were White, and the mean age-and-sex adjusted TGMD-3 total score percentile was below average (41 ± 22). Many preschoolers met the PA guideline (91%) and sleep guideline (83%), but few preschoolers met the screen-time guideline (8%) or all three guidelines (6%). MVPA was positively associated with locomotor and total TGMD-3 scores in cross-sectional analysis (p < 0.05 for all). Baseline PA, sleep, and screen-time were associated with total TGMD-3 score at follow-up (p < 0.05 for all). Meeting the screen-time guideline and all three guidelines at baseline were each positively associated with total TGMD-3 score at follow-up (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Each movement behavior contributed to later FMS. Promotion of adequate movement behaviors is warranted for child health.
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Kracht CL, Webster EK, Staiano AE. A natural experiment of state-level physical activity and screen-time policy changes early childhood education (ECE) centers and child physical activity. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:387. [PMID: 32209069 PMCID: PMC7092539 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood education (ECE) centers are an important place for preschool-aged children to obtain physical activity (PA). A U.S. state government (Louisiana) recently updated requirements for licensed centers' PA and screen-time policies, which allowed for assessment of 1) ECE center practices, environment, staff behaviors, and policies changes on child-level PA and 2) state level changes on the ECE center. METHODS ECE centers were assessed at the beginning of state licensing changes and 1-year later. The ECE centers were assessed via the Environmental Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) tool. The EPAO Sedentary Opportunities score, which primarily assesses television viewing time, was revised to reflect viewing non-television devices (e.g. tablets). Child-level PA was measured using accelerometry. For Aim 1, mixed models assessed ECE center changes and child PA with adjustment for demographic characteristics (fixed effects), baseline EPAO score (random effects), and clustering for center. For Aim 2, paired t-tests assessed ECE center environment differences between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Nine ECE centers participated and 49 preschoolers provided complete measures at both time points. For Aim 1, increases in the EPAO revised-Sedentary Opportunities score (as in less non-television screen-time) resulted in increased child PA (p = 0.02). For Aim 2, ECE centers improved their EPAO Active Opportunities and Staff Behaviors score (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSIONS ECE centers improved their environment after 1-year, resulting in additional child PA. Changes in ECE centers environment, possibly through policy, can positively influence children's PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Kracht
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - E Kipling Webster
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, 1120 15th Street, CJ 2312, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Amanda E Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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Venetsanou F, Emmanouilidou K, Kouli O, Bebetsos E, Comoutos N, Kambas A. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors of Young Children: Trends from 2009 to 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1645. [PMID: 32138370 PMCID: PMC7084846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the lives of children in several countries, including Greece, have been affected by recession. The aim of the present study was (a) to examine time trends in physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) of Greek preschool children, together with their family affluence (FA), from 2009 until 2018, and to explore the associations among them; and (b) to investigate the connections of parental educational level and children's BMIs to their achieving ST (<1h/day) and PA (11,500 steps/day) guidelines. A total of 652 children from four cross-sectional cohorts participated. PA was recorded with Omron HJ-720IT-E2 pedometers, whereas ST, family affluence (FA) and parental educational level were reported by participants' parents. The results of the one-way ANOVAs that were computed revealed statistically significant differences among cohorts, albeit of no practical importance, in PA, ST and FA. According to the regressions calculated, neither BMI nor the educational level was related to membership in ST and PA guidelines groups. ST was a significant predictor of children's PA in all week periods (school-time, leisure-time, weekend), whereas FA was not such a strong predictor. Multilevel interventions aiming at both ST and PA seem to be imperative for the benefit of young children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Venetsanou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kyriaki Emmanouilidou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (K.E.); (O.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Olga Kouli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (K.E.); (O.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Evangelos Bebetsos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (K.E.); (O.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Nikolaos Comoutos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Antonis Kambas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (K.E.); (O.K.); (E.B.)
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Tsuda E, Goodway JD, Famelia R, Brian A. Relationship Between Fundamental Motor Skill Competence, Perceived Physical Competence and Free-Play Physical Activity in Children. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:55-63. [PMID: 31469346 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1646851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the extent to which fundamental motor skill competence (FMSC; locomotor and object control skill competence) and perceived physical competence (PPC) predicted physical activity levels and sedentary behaviors during free-play time at preschool. Method: A total of 72 children (girls n = 33, boys n = 39; Mage = 4.38, SD = .85 years) were recruited from two preschools. Fundamental motor skill competence was measured using the Test of Gross Motor Development - 2nd edition, and PPC was assessed using the physical competence subscale of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance. Physical activity was measured using accelerometers. Results: Children engaged in light physical activity 19.66%, and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) 36.41%, and sedentary behaviors 43.94% of their free-play time. Since no correlation was observed in light physical activity with any variables, a hierarchical multiple linear regression was run for MVPA and sedentary behaviors. The results illustrated 38.9% of the variance in MVPA during free-play time was predicted by FMSC and PPC, after controlling for age and sex, with locomotor skill competence as a significant predictor (t= 2.98, p < .05). For sedentary behaviors, the 32.9% of the variance during free-play time was predicted by FMSC and PPC, after controlling age and sex, with locomotor skill competence as a significant predictor (t = 2.72, p < .05). Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of developing FMSC and positive PPC during early childhood to enhance physical activity engagement during free-play.
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Tucker P, Driediger M, Vanderloo LM, Burke SM, Irwin JD, Johnson AM, Shelley J, Timmons BW. Exploring the Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: Rationale and Protocol for a Pilot, Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4400. [PMID: 31717931 PMCID: PMC6888608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Young children are prone to low levels of physical activity in childcare. This environment, inclusive of equipment, policies, and staff, has been identified as influencing young children's activity behaviours. To date, no study has examined the feasibility and effectiveness of such policies in Canadian childcare centres, while the provision of physical activity policies in other countries has shown some promise for improving the activity levels of young children. As such, the primary objective of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy study is to examine the feasibility of an evidence-based, stakeholder-informed, written physical activity and sedentary time policy for centre-based childcare (i.e., at the institutional level). The secondary objectives are to examine the impact of policy implementation on the physical activity levels and sedentary time of young children, subsequent environmental changes in childcare centres, and childcare providers' self-efficacy to implement a physical activity policy. This study will examine both policy implementation and individual (behavioural) outcomes. Methods/Design: The Childcare PLAY Policy study, a pilot, cluster-randomized controlled trial, involves the random allocation of childcare centres to either the experimental (n = 4) or control (n = 4) group. Childcare centres in the experimental group will adopt a written physical activity policy for eight weeks (at which time they will be asked to stop enforcing the policy). Physical activity levels and sedentary time in childcare will be assessed via ActiGraph™ accelerometers with measurements at baseline (i.e., week 0), mid-intervention (i.e., week 4), immediately post-intervention (i.e., week 9), and at six-month follow-up. Policy implementation and feasibility will be assessed using surveys and interviews with childcare staff. The Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation Self-Report tool will capture potential changes to the childcare setting. Finally, childcare providers' self-efficacy will be captured via a study-specific questionnaire. A nested evaluation of the impact of policy implementation on young children's physical activity levels will be completed. A linear mixed effects models will be used to assess intervention effects on the primary and secondary outcomes. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis will be employed to assess the feasibility of policy implementation. Discussion: The Childcare PLAY Policy study aims to address the low levels of physical activity and high sedentary time observed in childcare centres by providing direction to childcare staff via a written set of evidence-informed standards to encourage young children's activity and reduce sedentary time. The findings of this work will highlight specific aspects of the policy that worked and will inform modifications that may be needed to enhance scalability. Policy-based approaches to increasing physical activity affordances in childcare may inform future regulations and programming within this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Molly Driediger
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Leigh M. Vanderloo
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada;
| | - Shauna M. Burke
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Jennifer D. Irwin
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Andrew M. Johnson
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Jacob Shelley
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Brian W. Timmons
- Child Health and Exercise Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
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Kracht CL, Webster EK, Staiano AE. Sociodemographic Differences in Young Children Meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:908-915. [PMID: 31491748 PMCID: PMC7058481 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about variation in meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines (including physical activity [PA], sleep, and screen time [ST]) in early childhood. The aim was to evaluate sociodemographic differences in meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. METHODS Parents of 3-4 year old children reported sociodemographic information and ST. Sleep and PA were measured using accelerometry, and height and weight were objectively measured. The 24-Hour Movement Guidelines include daily PA (total PA: ≥3 h; including ≥1 h of moderate to vigorous), sleep (10-13 h), and ST (≤1 h). Meeting guidelines by age, sex, race, poverty level, and weight status were assessed using chi-square and linear regression models. RESULTS Of 107 children, 57% were white and 26% lived in households at or below the poverty level. Most children met the PA (91.5%) and sleep (86.9%) guidelines, but few met ST (14.0%) or all 3 (11.3%) guidelines. African American children and children who lived at or below the poverty level were less likely to meet the sleep, ST, and all 3 guidelines compared with others (P < .01 for all). There were no other differences. CONCLUSION These results suggest future interventions should focus on reducing differences in movement, namely in sleep and ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L. Kracht
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - E. Kipling Webster
- Louisiana State University’s School of Kinesiology, 112 Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Amanda E. Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
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Venetsanou F, Kambas A, Gourgoulis V, Yannakoulia M. Physical activity in pre-school children: Trends over time and associations with body mass index and screen time. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 46:393-399. [PMID: 31446794 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1659414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Pre-school years are important for adopting health behaviours; however, today's children seem to be overweight, present low physical activity (PA) levels and exceed screen time (ST) recommendations.Aim: To examine (a) time trends in PA in Greek pre-school children, (b) the associations among PA, body mass index (BMI) and ST and (c) potential PA differences between boys and girls.Subjects and methods: Data from five cross-sectional cohorts (2005 [n = 252]; 2008 [n = 212]; 2011 [n = 187]; 2014 [n = 194]; 2017 [n = 128]) were compared. PA was assessed using Omron HJ-720IT-E2 pedometers, whereas ST was reported by participants' parents. A 4-way ANOVA was applied on children's average week step counts.Results: A significant association (F = 828.90, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.638) between ST and PA was revealed, with children that had ST < 1 hour/day presenting the higher PA levels and being the only ones that met PA recommendations (11,500 steps/day). Statistically significant PA differences, though of no practical importance, were found among cohorts. There were no significant PA differences between boys and girls or among BMI categories. Nevertheless, obesity prevalence was found to exist at alarming levels (24.5% in 2008-41.4% in 2017), and a large percentage of children (23.6% in 2008-63.3% in 2017) presented excessive ST (> 2 hours/day).Conclusion: Effective interventions aiming at reducing ST and enhancing PA seem imperative if children's health is to be safeguarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Venetsanou
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, Greece
| | - Antonis Kambas
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Vassilios Gourgoulis
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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14
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Difference in Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Obesity in Children With and Without Siblings. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:348-355. [PMID: 30646816 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2018-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background/Context: Children without siblings (singletons) have higher rates of obesity than do children with siblings (nonsingletons). Higher moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) and less sedentary behavior (SB) are associated with lower childhood obesity. PURPOSE To examine the difference in PA and SB between singleton and nonsingleton children. METHODS Mothers of children ages 5.0-7.9 years old who were singletons or nonsingletons with a sibling between the ages of 2.0 and 4.9 years old were recruited. Height, weight, and waist circumference of the 5.0- to 7.9-year-old children were measured, and age and sex percentiles were calculated. Accelerometry measured SB and PA, including light PA, moderate to vigorous PA, and counts per minute. RESULTS Fifty-six mother-child dyads (23 singletons and 33 nonsingletons) with an average child age of 5.7 (0.7) years participated. More singletons were classified as overweight or obese than were nonsingletons (49% vs 17%, P = .04). In adjusted linear models, singletons had less light PA per day (β = -38.1, SE = 19.2, P = .001) and more SB (β = 38.0, SE = 16.5, P = .02) than did nonsingletons, with no difference in moderate to vigorous PA or counts per minute. CONCLUSION In this sample, singletons had higher obesity and lower light PA than did nonsingleton children. Investigation into differences in singleton/nonsingleton families, including family health behaviors, may help assess sibling influence in early behavior development.
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Joseph ED, Kracht CL, St Romain J, Allen AT, Barbaree C, Martin CK, Staiano AE. Young Children's Screen Time and Physical Activity: Perspectives of Parents and Early Care and Education Center Providers. Glob Pediatr Health 2019; 6:2333794X19865856. [PMID: 31384633 PMCID: PMC6657133 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x19865856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early care and education (ECE) providers and parents can facilitate physical
activity (PA) and reduce screen time in preschoolers. Input from caregivers on
barriers and facilitators of PA and screen time is needed to comprehensively
address these behaviors and promote children’s health. Four focus groups (3
parent and 1 ECE provider) were conducted. Thematic analysis was performed to
identify themes and subthemes. Twenty-eight caregivers (21 parents and 7 ECE
providers) participated. Caregivers reported responsibility for modeling and
shaping children’s PA and screen time. Parents felt that a busy lifestyle was a
PA barrier and encouraged screen time. ECE providers were concerned about
certain environmental influences on PA. The groups differed in their view of
screen time as either entertainment (parents) or educational (providers). Both
types of caregivers were unaware of PA or screen time guidelines. Investigation
into opportunities to utilize screen time to serve priorities of both caregivers
and promote child PA are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Webster EK, Martin CK, Staiano AE. Fundamental motor skills, screen-time, and physical activity in preschoolers. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:114-121. [PMID: 30997257 PMCID: PMC6450921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the associations among preschoolers fundamental motor skills, screen-time, physical activity (PA), and sedentary behavior (SB). METHODS Children ages 3-4years were enrolled in a prospective observational trial of PA. Trained assessors conducted the Test of Gross Motor Development-3rdedition (TGMD-3), and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd edition, and parent-reported child screen-time and sociodemographic information. Children wore an accelerometer for 7days to examine SB and total PA (TPA). TPA was further characterized as moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) or vigorous PA (VPA). Mixed linear models were calculated, controlling for age (for TGMD-3), sex, household income, and accelerometer wear time (for accelerometry models), with childcare center as a random effect. The primary analysis reported on the cross-sectional baseline data of 126 children with complete fundamental motor skill and screen-time data; a subanalysis included 88 children with complete accelerometry data. RESULTS Children were 3.4 ± 0.5years of age (54% girls; 46% white, 42% African American, 12% other). A total of 48% lived in households at or below the federal poverty level. Children engaged in 5.1 ± 3.6h/day of screen-time. Children's screen-time was inversely related to the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd edition, manual dexterity skills percentile (β (SE) = -1.7 (0.8), p = 0.049). In the accelerometry subsample, children engaged in 5.9 ± 0.9h/day of TPA of which 1.7 ± 0.6h/day was MVPA. Boys engaged in more MVPA and VPA and less SB compared with girls (all p < 0.05). A higher TGMD-3, total score (β (SE) = 0.4 (0.2), p = 0.017) and locomotor score (β (SE) = 0.7 (0.3), p = 0.018) were associated with more VPA but not with TPA or MVPA. Screen-time and television in the bedroom were not related to SB, TPA, MVPA, or VPA. CONCLUSION Children's motor skills were positively related to VPA but inversely related to screen-time. Further inquiry into the implications of high exposure to screen-time in young children is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kipling Webster
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Corby K. Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Amanda E. Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
Preventing physical inactivity in youth starts in the preschool years and requires strategies targeting schools, caregivers and families that limit excessive screen time and improve participation in PE, organized sports and active play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mitchell
- Roberts Center for Pediatric Research, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19145
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