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González-Ibáñez L, Meneses ME, Sánchez-Tapia M, Pérez-Luna D, Torres N, Torre-Villalvazo I, Bonilla M, Petlacalco B, Castillo I, López-Barradas A, Macías A, Tovar AR, Martínez-Carrera D. Edible and medicinal mushrooms ( Pleurotus ostreatus, Ustilago maydis, Ganoderma lucidum) reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in adipose tissue of obese Wistar rats fed with a high fat plus saccharose diet. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37161495 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an increasing global public health problem. A strategy to treat obesity is the use of functional foods. Edible and medicinal mushrooms contain diverse bioactive compounds showing important antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and prebiotic properties. We analysed the effects of adding (10%) of Pleurotus ostreatus (Po, basidiomata), Ganoderma lucidum (Gl, basidiomata), or Ustilago maydis (Um, galls), milled, to a high fat plus saccharose diet (HFD + S) for 6 months in a model of obesity with Wistar rats. We assessed weight gain, body composition, lipid parameters, endoplasmic reticulum stress (proteins and inflammatory markers: BiP, XBP-1, JNK, p-JNK, TNF-α), and adiponectin in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). The consumption of edible and medicinal mushrooms decreased weight gain (-17.2-30.1%) and fat mass (-23.7-43.1%), maintained fat-free mass, reduced levels of serum biochemical parameters (TC: -40.1-44.1%, TG: -37.7-51.6%, LDL-C: -64.5-71.1%), and prevented adipocyte hypertrophy (-30.9-36.9%) and collagen deposition (-70.9-73.7%) in SAT. Compared with the HFD + S group, mushroom consumption by Wistar rats significantly reduced the expression of proteins associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation (BiP: -72.2-88.2%; XBP-1: -71.5-81.8%; JNK: -71.2-90.0%; p-JNK: -37.3-81.0%; TNF-α: -80.7-91.5%), whereas significantly increased adiponectin protein expression (246.4-654.2%) in SAT. These effects outperformed those obtained through the commercial lipid-lowering drug atorvastatin, contributing synergistically to prevent further obesity-related dysfunctions, such as insulin resistance derived from inflammation and ER stress in adipose tissue. Bioactive compounds from edible, functional and medicinal mushrooms represent new emerging therapies for obesity treatments using natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura González-Ibáñez
- Centro de Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales (CB-HCFM), Campus Puebla, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla no. 205, Puebla 72760, Mexico.
| | - María E Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales (CB-HCFM), Campus Puebla, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla no. 205, Puebla 72760, Mexico.
- CONACYT-Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla 205, Puebla 72760, Mexico
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Daniel Pérez-Luna
- Centro de Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales (CB-HCFM), Campus Puebla, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla no. 205, Puebla 72760, Mexico.
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Iván Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Myrna Bonilla
- Centro de Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales (CB-HCFM), Campus Puebla, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla no. 205, Puebla 72760, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Petlacalco
- Centro de Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales (CB-HCFM), Campus Puebla, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla no. 205, Puebla 72760, Mexico.
| | - Ivan Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales (CB-HCFM), Campus Puebla, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla no. 205, Puebla 72760, Mexico.
| | - Adriana López-Barradas
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Antonio Macías
- Centro de Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales (CB-HCFM), Campus Puebla, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla no. 205, Puebla 72760, Mexico.
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Daniel Martínez-Carrera
- Centro de Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales (CB-HCFM), Campus Puebla, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla no. 205, Puebla 72760, Mexico.
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Setford S, Phillips S, Cameron H, Grady M. Clinical Accuracy of a Glucose Oxidase-Based Blood Glucose Test-Strip Across Extremes of Oxygen Partial Pressure. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023:19322968231158663. [PMID: 36879470 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231158663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose oxidase (GOx)-based blood glucose monitors (BGMs) are influenced by the partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) within the applied sample. Limited in-clinic data exists regarding the quantitative effect of Po2 in unmanipulated capillary fingertip blood samples across physiologically representative glucose and Po2 ranges. METHOD Clinical accuracy data were collected as part of a BGM manufacturer's ongoing post-market surveillance program for a commercially available GOx-based BGM test-strip. The data set comprised 29 901 paired BGM-comparator readings and corresponding Po2 values from 5 428 blood samples from a panel of 975 subjects. RESULTS A linear regression-calculated bias range of 5.22% (+0.72% [low Po2: 45 mm Hg] to -4.5% [high Po2: 105 mm Hg]); biases calculated as absolute at <100 mg/dL glucose was found. Below the nominal Po2 of 75 mm Hg, a linear regression bias of +3.14% was calculated at low Po2, while negligible impact on bias (regression slope: +0.002%) was observed at higher than nominal levels (>75 mm Hg). When evaluating BGM performance under corner conditions of low (<70 mg/dL) and high (>180 mg/dL) glucose, combined with low and high Po2, linear regression biases ranged from +1.52% to -5.32% within this small group of subjects and with no readings recorded at <70 mg/dL glucose at low and high Po2. CONCLUSIONS Data from this large-scale clinical study, performed on unmanipulated fingertip capillary bloods from a diverse diabetes population, indicate Po2 sensitivity of the BGM to be markedly lower than published studies, which are mainly laboratory-based, requiring artificial manipulation of oxygen levels in aliquots of venous blood.
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Freckmann G, Mende J, Pleus S, Waldenmaier D, Baumstark A, Jendrike N, Haug C. Mean Absolute Relative Difference of Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems and Relationship to ISO 15197. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1089-1095. [PMID: 33759584 PMCID: PMC9445334 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analytical quality of a blood glucose monitoring system (BGMS) is often assessed according to the requirements described in the international standard ISO 15197. However, the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) is sometimes used as well. This analysis aims at providing empirical data from BGMS evaluation studies conducted according to ISO 15197 and at providing an estimation of how MARD and percentage of measurement results within ISO accuracy limits are related. METHODS Results of 77 system accuracy evaluations conducted according to ISO 15197 were used to calculate MARD between BGMS and a laboratory comparison method's results (glucose oxidase or hexokinase method). Additionally, bias and 95%-limits of agreement (LoA) using the Bland and Altman method were calculated. RESULTS MARD results ranged from 2.3% to 20.5%. The lowest MARD of a test strip lot that showed <95% of results within ISO limits was 6.1%. The distribution of MARD results shows that only 3.6% of test strip lots with a MARD equal to or below 7% showed <95% of results within ISO limits (2.2% of all test strip lots). Bias of test strip lots that showed ≥95% of results within the limits ranged from -10.3% to +7.4%. The half-width of the 95%-LoA of test strip lots that showed ≥95% of results within the limits ranged from 4.8% to 24.0%. CONCLUSION There is a threshold MARD that may allow an estimate whether ISO 15197 requirements are fulfilled, but this statement cannot be made with certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Mende
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Jochen Mende, MSc, Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Lise-Meitner-Straße 8/2, Ulm D-89081, Germany.
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Delia Waldenmaier
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Baumstark
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Jendrike
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Setford S, Phillips S, Grady M. Evidence From a Long-Term, Systematic Post-Market Surveillance Program: Clinical Performance of a Hematocrit-Insensitive Blood Glucose Test Strip. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:67-75. [PMID: 30730221 PMCID: PMC7783001 DOI: 10.1177/1932296819826968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Described is a manufacturer's systematic post-market evaluation of the long-term clinical accuracy of a commercially available blood glucose monitoring (BGM) test strip product. METHODS Production batches of test strips were routinely and regularly sampled and evaluated in a clinical setting to assess product accuracy. Evaluations were performed on capillary blood samples from a minimum of 100 subjects with diabetes, by clinical staff according to instructions for use. Readings were compared against capillary blood samples collected at the same time and measured by a standard laboratory reference method. Clinical accuracy was calculated according to EN ISO 15197:2015. RESULTS A total of 21 115 paired results were obtained, equating to 209 production batches over the >3-year period since test strip launch. Of the results, 97.6% met the accuracy criterion (range: 97.1-98.1% by year), with 98.1% of values presenting zero risk as defined by the surveillance error grid. At the <5th (21.0-33.8%) and >95th (48.3-59.4%) percentile extremes of hematocrit distribution, 97.9% and 96.4% of values were clinically accurate. The product also demonstrated clinical accuracy across all seven glucose ranges ("bins") as defined by the standard. Under conditions of combined hematocrit and glucose (<80 mg/dL and ≥300 mg/dL) extremes, 97.7% of values were clinically accurate. CONCLUSIONS Methodologies and results from a manufacturer's self-imposed clinical accuracy surveillance program of a BGM product is presented. Given the publication of sometimes-conflicting data presented within ad hoc BGM clinical accuracy evaluations, usually of limited size, it is advocated that BGM manufacturers adopt similarly robust and systematic surveillance programs to safeguard patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Setford
- LifeScan Scotland, Inverness, UK
- Steven Setford, PhD, LifeScan Scotland Ltd, Beechwood Park North, Inverness, IV2 3ED, UK.
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Mexican Ganoderma Lucidum Extracts Decrease Lipogenesis Modulating Transcriptional Metabolic Networks and Gut Microbiota in C57BL/6 Mice Fed with a High-Cholesterol Diet. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010038. [PMID: 33374283 PMCID: PMC7823885 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of hyperlipidemia and associated diseases is a health priority. Natural products, such as the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Gl), have demonstrated hypocholesterolemic, prebiotic and antidiabetic properties. However, the underlying transcriptomic mechanisms by which Gl exerts bioactivities are not completely understood. We report a comprehensive hepatic and renal transcriptome profiling of C57BL/6 mice under the consumption of a high-cholesterol diet and two standardized Gl extracts obtained from basidiocarps cultivated on conventional substrate (Gl-1) or substrate containing acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; Gl-2). We showed that Gl extracts modulate relevant metabolic pathways involving the restriction of lipid biosynthesis and the enrichment of lipid degradation and secretion. The Gl-2 extract exerts a major modulation over gene expression programs showing the highest similarity with simvastatin druggable-target-genes and these are enriched more in processes related to human obesity alterations in the liver. We further show a subset of Gl-modulated genes correlated with Lactobacillus enrichment and the reduction of circulating cholesterol-derived fats. Moreover, Gl extracts induce a significant decrease of macrophage lipid storage, which occurs concomitantly with the down-modulation of Fasn and Elovl6. Collectively, this evidence suggests a new link between Gl hypocholesterolemic and prebiotic activity, revealing thereby that standardized Mexican Gl extracts are a novel transcriptome modulator to prevent metabolic disorders associated with hypercholesterolemia.
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Abstract
Glucose meter evaluations are common in publications and inform whether the meter meets the ISO 15197 specification. The ISO 15197 specifications, which are universally cited, leave 1% of results unspecified, which can be thought of as typical performance of results (99%) versus rare performance (1%). Suggestions are provided to extract more information from these evaluations, including rare performance, since highly discrepant results or failure to obtain a result can be observed in a glucose meter that has met the ISO 15197 specification. It is also recommended that when manufacturers perform evaluations, they analyze adverse events contained in the FDA MAUDE database. Finally, we point out an important problem with the ISO 15197 specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S. Krouwer
- Krouwer Consulting, Sherborn, MA, USA
- Jan S. Krouwer, PhD, Krouwer Consulting, 26 Parks Dr, Sherborn, MA 01770, USA.
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Xu Y, Lim JH, Lee YCJ. The impact of provision of self-monitoring of blood glucose supplies on self-care activities among patients with uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A prospective study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 157:107873. [PMID: 31604083 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is an important self-care activity for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to achieve glycaemic control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of providing SMBG supplies on self-care among patients with uncontrolled T2DM. METHODS This was a six-month, prospective study conducted in two primary care institutions. Patients ≥21 years old with uncontrolled T2DM (HbA1c > 7.0%) and polypharmacy (≥5 chronic medications) were included. All participants were given a free blood glucometer, test strips, and lancets, and were invited to consult pharmacists to learn about SMBG. The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities questionnaire was administered at baseline and at six months. RESULTS A total of 167 patients were recruited and 150 (89.8%) completed the study. At six months, significant improvements from baseline were observed for overall self-care (+0.58, p = 0.008), glycemic control (-0.41%, p < 0.001) and all specific self-care activities. The mean change in the SMBG score in all the participants was found to have a strong positive correlation with the mean change in the overall self-care score (rs = 0.580, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Provision of SMBG supplies was effective in improving self-care among patients with uncontrolled T2DM, including non-insulin-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judith Han Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chia Joyce Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Heald AH, Livingston M, Fryer A, Cortes G, Anderson SG, Gadsby R, Laing I, Lunt M, Young RJ, Stedman M. Real-world practice level data analysis confirms link between variability within Blood Glucose Monitoring Strip (BGMS) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Clin Pract 2018; 72:e13252. [PMID: 30168887 PMCID: PMC6766879 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Our aim was to quantify the impact of Blood Glucose Monitoring Strips variability (BGMSV) at GP practice level on the variability of reported glycated haemoglobin (HbA1cV) levels. METHODS Overall GP Practice BGMSV and HbA1cV were calculated from the quantity of main types of BGMS being prescribed combined with the published accuracy, as % results within ±% bands from reference value for the selected strip type. The regression coefficient between the BGMSV and HbA1cV was calculated. To allow for the aggregation of estimated three tests/day over 13 weeks (ie, 300 samples) of actual Blood Glucose (BG) values up to the HbA1c, we multiplied HbA1cV coefficient by √300 to estimate an empirical value for impact of BGMSV on BGV. RESULTS Four thousand five hundred and twenty-four practice years with 159 700 T1DM patient years where accuracy data were available for more than 80% of strips prescribed were included, with overall BGMSV 6.5% and HbA1c mean of 66.9 mmol/mol (8.3%) with variability of 13 mmol/mol equal to 19% of the mean. At a GP practice level, BGMSV and HbA1cV as % of mean HbA1c (in other words, the spread of HbA1c) were closely related with a regression coefficient of 0.176, P < 0.001. Thus, greater variability in the BGMS at a GP practice level resulted in a greater spread of HbA1C readings in T1DM patients. Applying this factor for BGMS to the national ISO accepted standard where 95% results must be ≤±15% from reference, revealed that for BG, 95% results would be ≤±45% from the reference value. Thus, the variation in BG is three times that of the BGMS. For a patient with BG target @10 mmol/L using the worst performing ISO standard strips, on 1/20 occasions (average 1/week) actual blood glucose value could be >±4.5 mmol/L from target, compared with the best performing BGMS with BG >±2.2 mmol/L from reference on 1/20 occasions. CONCLUSION Use of more variable/less accurate BGMS is associated both theoretically and in practice with a larger variability in measured BG and HbA1c, with implications for patient confidence in their day-to-day monitoring experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H. Heald
- The School of Medicine and Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologySalford Royal HospitalSalfordUK
| | | | - Anthony Fryer
- Institute for Applied Clinical SciencesKeele UniversityKeeleUK
| | - Gabriela Cortes
- Head of Medical DepartmentHigh Speciality Regional Hospital of IxtapalucaMexico CityMexico
| | - Simon G. Anderson
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Roger Gadsby
- Warwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickWiltshireUK
| | - Ian Laing
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologySalford Royal HospitalSalfordUK
| | - Mark Lunt
- The School of Medicine and Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of blood glucose monitors (BGMs) from studies reported in the medical literature. A literature review was performed of publications between 2010 and 2017 that presented data about the accuracy of BGMs using ISO 15197 2003 and/or ISO 15197 2013 as target standards. We found 58 publications describing the performance of 143 unique BGM systems, 59 of which were Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared. When compared with non-FDA-cleared BGMs, FDA-cleared BGMs were significantly more likely to pass both ISO 15197 2003 (OR = 2.39, CI 1.45-3.92, P < 0.01) and ISO 15197 2013 standards (OR = 2.20, CI 1.51-3.27, P < 0.01). Newer meters were more likely to pass both ISO 15197 2003 and ISO 15197 2013 standards. Many of the studies were supported by BGM manufacturers, and when compared with independent studies, an FDA-cleared BGM was significantly more likely to pass in a manufacturer-supported study for both ISO 15197 2003 (OR = 22.4, CI 8.73-21.57, P < 0.001) and ISO 15197 2013 (OR = 23.08, CI 10.16-60.03, P < 0.001). BGM accuracy should be assessed independently following regulatory clearance to ensure accurate performance. Failure to meet performance levels mandated by standards can result in deleterious clinical and economic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraya King
- 1 Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center , San Mateo, California
| | - David Ahn
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, University of California , Los Angeles, Valencia, California
| | - Victoria Hsiao
- 3 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Travis Porco
- 4 FI Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David C Klonoff
- 1 Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center , San Mateo, California
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Glurich I, Bartkowiak B, Berg RL, Acharya A. Screening for dysglycaemia in dental primary care practice settings: systematic review of the evidence. Int Dent J 2018; 68:369-377. [PMID: 29740815 PMCID: PMC9379002 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing prevalence of diabetes and periodontal disease is prompting identification of additional clinical settings to identify patients at risk for dysglycaemia. A systematic review of studies that have examined feasibility of screening for at-risk patients in general dentistry settings at point-of-care (POC) was undertaken. MATERIALS AND METHODS Systematic review of pragmatic clinical field trials piloting POC screening for dysglycaemia risk in dental settings was undertaken in studies whose primary objective was to explore rates of dysglycaemia among undiagnosed patient populations. RESULTS Among 17 dental clinical field trials identified, 10 were systematically reviewed. High rates of undiagnosed dysglycaemia were detected among dental patients by biological screening in all trials. Notably, substantive differences in study design and population characteristics were identified, precluding meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Screening for dysglycaemia in dental offices effectively identified high-risk patients requiring triage for glycaemic management. Considerations for future clinical trial design were advanced to establish an evidence base amenable to meta-analysis of the relative translational value of glycaemic screening in dental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Glurich
- Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Barbara Bartkowiak
- Division of Marshfield Clinic Health System, Medical Library, Marshfield Clinic Medical Education, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Richard L. Berg
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Amit Acharya
- Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
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Vahlsing T, Delbeck S, Leonhardt S, Heise HM. Noninvasive Monitoring of Blood Glucose Using Color-Coded Photoplethysmographic Images of the Illuminated Fingertip Within the Visible and Near-Infrared Range: Opportunities and Questions. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2018; 12:1169-1177. [PMID: 30222001 PMCID: PMC6232738 DOI: 10.1177/1932296818798347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive blood glucose assays have been promised for many years and various molecular spectroscopy-based methods of skin are candidates for achieving this goal. Due to the small spectral signatures of the glucose used for direct physical detection, moreover hidden among a largely variable background, broad spectral intervals are usually required to provide the mandatory analytical selectivity, but no such device has so far reached the accuracy that is required for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). A recently presented device as described in this journal, based on photoplethysmographic fingertip images for measuring glucose in a nonspecific indirect manner, is especially evaluated for providing reliable blood glucose concentration predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Vahlsing
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und
-prüfung (BAM), Acoustic and Electromagnetic Methods, Berlin, Germany
- Chair for Medical Information
Technology, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Delbeck
- Interdisciplinary Center for Life
Sciences, South-Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Iserlohn, Germany
| | - Steffen Leonhardt
- Chair for Medical Information
Technology, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
Aachen, Germany
| | - H. Michael Heise
- Interdisciplinary Center for Life
Sciences, South-Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Iserlohn, Germany
- H. Michael Heise, PhD, Interdisciplinary
Center for Life Sciences, South-Westphalia University of Applied Sciences,
Frauenstuhlweg 31, D-58644 Iserlohn, Germany.
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Differences Between Flash Glucose Monitor and Fingerprick Measurements. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8040093. [PMID: 30336581 PMCID: PMC6316667 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Freestyle Libre (FL) is a factory calibrated Flash Glucose Monitor (FGM). We investigated Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD) between Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) and FL measurements in the first day of sensor wear in 39 subjects with Type 1 diabetes. The overall MARD was 12.3%, while the individual MARDs ranged from 4% to 25%. Five participants had a MARD ≥ 20%. We estimated bias and lag between the FL and SMBG measurements. The estimated biases range from -1.8 mmol / L to 1.4 mmol / L , and lags range from 2 min to 24 min . Bias is identified as a main cause of poor individual MARDs. The biases seem to persist in days 2⁻7 of sensor usage. All cases of MARD ≥ 20% in the first day are eliminated by bias correction, and overall MARD is reduced from 12.3% to 9.2%, indicating that adding support for voluntary user-supplied bias correction in the FL could improve its performance.
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Traceability to a primary reference measurement procedure (ID-LCMS); A key step in validating the clinical accuracy and safety of hospital blood glucose monitoring systems. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 486:275-281. [PMID: 30125535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A key step in the evaluation of the accuracy of blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS) is using a comparator method aligned to a high order definitive reference method. We describe how we achieved traceability to an isotope dilution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (ID-LCMS) method. We used ID-LCMS to evaluate the accuracy and specificity of two hospital BGMS used in China. METHOD ID-LCMS was used to verify the calibration alignment of the laboratory plasma hexokinase reference method using NIST standard reference material and clinical samples. The ID-LCMS aligned hexokinase method was used to evaluate the clinical accuracy of two BGMS in hospitalized patients. System accuracy was evaluated using Chinese consensus guidelines. BGMS accuracy was also assessed with interference factors known to be present in critically ill patients' blood. RESULTS The laboratory plasma hexokinase reference method was shown to calibrate closely with ID-LCMS. Two BGMS demonstrated good correlation with this reference method. Only one BGMS met the Chinese guidelines. The interference factors didn't influence this BGMS but adversely affected the clinical accuracy of the other. CONCLUSIONS We advocate that our IDMS calibration alignment approach for ensuring the accuracy of the glucose reference method should be adopted in evaluations assessing the accuracy of blood glucose monitoring systems.
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14
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Pleus S, Flacke F, Sieber J, Haug C, Freckmann G. Strengths and Limitations of New Approaches for Graphical Presentation of Blood Glucose Monitoring System Accuracy Data. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2017; 11:1226-1230. [PMID: 28443344 PMCID: PMC5951044 DOI: 10.1177/1932296817707292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphical presentation of blood glucose monitoring systems' (BGMSs) accuracy typically includes difference plots (DPs). Recently, 3 new approaches were presented: radar plots (RPs), rectangle target plots (RTPs), and surveillance error grids (SEGs). BGMS data were modeled based on 3 scenarios that can be encountered in real life to highlight strengths and limitations of these approaches. Detailed assessment of BGMS data may be easier in plots with individual data points (DPs, RPs, SEGs), whereas RTPs may facilitate display of large amounts of data or comparison of BGMS. SEGs have the advantage of assessing clinical risk. The selection of a specific type depends mostly on the kind of information sought (eg, accuracy in specific concentration intervals, lot-to-lot variability, clinical risk) as there is no "absolute best" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Flacke
- Sanofi, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Sieber
- Sanofi, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Yu-Fei W, Wei-Ping J, Ming-Hsun W, Miao-O C, Ming-Chang H, Chi-Pin W, Ming-Shih L. Accuracy Evaluation of 19 Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Manufactured in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Multicenter Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2017; 11:953-965. [PMID: 28480733 PMCID: PMC5950995 DOI: 10.1177/1932296817705143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND System accuracy of current blood glucose monitors (BGMs) in the market has already been evaluated extensively, yet mostly focused on European and North American manufacturers. Data on BGMs manufactured in the Asia-Pacific region remain to be established. In this study, we sought to assess the accuracy performance of 19 BGMs manufactured in the Asia-pacific region. METHODS A total of 19 BGMs were obtained from local pharmacies in China. The study was conducted at three hospitals located in the Asia-Pacific region. Measurement results of each system were compared with results of the reference instrument (YSI 2300 PLUS Glucose Analyzer), and accuracy evaluation was performed in accordance to the ISO 15197:2003 and updated 2015 guidelines. Radar plots, which is a new method, are described herein to visualize the analytical performance of the 19 BGMs evaluated. Consensus error grid is a tool for evaluating the clinical significance of the results. RESULTS The 19 BGMs resulted in a satisfaction rate between 83.5% and 100.0% within ISO 15197:2003 error limits, and between 71.3% and 100.0% within EN ISO 15197:2015 (ISO 15197:2013) error limits. CONCLUSIONS Of the 19 BGMs evaluated, 12 met the minimal accuracy requirement of the ISO 15197:2003 standard, whereas only 4 met the tighter EN ISO 15197:2015 (ISO 15197:2013) requirements. Accuracy evaluation of BGMs should be performed regularly to maximize patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yu-Fei
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Clinical Center of Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Diabetes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes, Shanghai, China
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Wei-Ping
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Hsieh Ming-Chang
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wang Chi-Pin
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee Ming-Shih
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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16
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Lin SP, Lin WY, Chang JT, Chu CF. Demonstration of disinfection procedure for the development of accurate blood glucose meters in accordance with ISO 15197:2013. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180617. [PMID: 28683148 PMCID: PMC5500346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite measures to reduce disease transmission, a risk can occur when blood glucose meters (BGMs) are used on multiple individuals or by caregivers assisting a patient. The laboratory and in-clinic performance of a BGM system before and after disinfection should be demonstrated to guarantee accurate readings and reliable control of blood glucose (BG) for patients. In this study, an effective disinfection procedure, conducting wiping 10 times to assure a one minute contact time of the disinfectant on contaminated surface, was first demonstrated using test samples of the meter housing materials, including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polycarbonate (PC), in accordance with ISO 15197:2013. After bench studies comprising 10,000 disinfection cycles, the elemental compositions of the disinfected ABS, PMMA, and PC samples were almost the same as in the original samples, as indicated by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Subsequently, the validated disinfection procedure was then directly applied to disinfect 5 commercial BGM systems composed of ABS, PMMA, or PC to observe the effect of the validated disinfection procedure on meter accuracy. The results of HBsAg values after treatment with HBV sera and disinfectant wipes for each material were less than the LoD of each material of 0.020 IU/mL. Before and after the multiple disinfection cycles, 900 of 900 samples (100%) were within the system accuracy requirements of ISO 15197:2013. All of the systems showed high performance before and after the series of disinfection cycles and met the ISO 15197:2013 requirements. In addition, our results demonstrated multiple cleaning and disinfection cycles that represented normal use over the lifetime of a meter of 3-5 years. Our validated cleaning and disinfection procedure can be directly applied to other registered disinfectants for cleaning commercial BGM products in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan R.O.C
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan R.O.C
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17
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Vettoretti M, Facchinetti A, Sparacino G, Cobelli C. A Model of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Measurement Error. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2017; 11:724-735. [PMID: 28299958 PMCID: PMC5588839 DOI: 10.1177/1932296817698498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reliable model of the probability density function (PDF) of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) measurement error would be important for several applications in diabetes, like testing in silico insulin therapies. In the literature, the PDF of SMBG error is usually described by a Gaussian function, whose symmetry and simplicity are unable to properly describe the variability of experimental data. Here, we propose a new methodology to derive more realistic models of SMBG error PDF. METHODS The blood glucose range is divided into zones where error (absolute or relative) presents a constant standard deviation (SD). In each zone, a suitable PDF model is fitted by maximum-likelihood to experimental data. Model validation is performed by goodness-of-fit tests. The method is tested on two databases collected by the One Touch Ultra 2 (OTU2; Lifescan Inc, Milpitas, CA) and the Bayer Contour Next USB (BCN; Bayer HealthCare LLC, Diabetes Care, Whippany, NJ). In both cases, skew-normal and exponential models are used to describe the distribution of errors and outliers, respectively. RESULTS Two zones were identified: zone 1 with constant SD absolute error; zone 2 with constant SD relative error. Goodness-of-fit tests confirmed that identified PDF models are valid and superior to Gaussian models used so far in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The proposed methodology allows to derive realistic models of SMBG error PDF. These models can be used in several investigations of present interest in the scientific community, for example, to perform in silico clinical trials to compare SMBG-based with nonadjunctive CGM-based insulin treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vettoretti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Facchinetti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sparacino
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Claudio Cobelli, PhD, Department of Information Engineering University of Padova, via G. Gradenigo 6B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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18
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Abstract
Controlling glycemia in diabetes remains key to prevent complications in this condition. However, glucose levels can undergo large fluctuations secondary to daily activities, consequently creating management difficulties. The current review summarizes the basics of glucose management in diabetes by addressing the main glycemic parameters. The advantages and limitation of HbA1c, the gold standard measure of glucose control, are discussed together with the clinical importance of hypoglycemia and glycemic variability. The review subsequently moves focus to glucose monitoring techniques in diabetes, assessing advantages and limitations. Monitoring glucose levels is crucial for effective and safe adjustment of hypoglycemic therapy, particularly in insulin users. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), based on capillary glucose testing, remains one of the most widely used methods to monitor glucose levels, given the relative accuracy, familiarity, and manageable costs. However, patient inconvenience and the sporadic nature of SMBG limit clinical effectiveness of this approach. In contrast, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides a more comprehensive picture of glucose levels, but these systems are expensive and require constant calibration which, together with concerns over accuracy of earlier devices, restrict CGM use to special groups of patients. The newer flash continuous glucose monitoring (FCGM) system, which is more affordable than conventional CGM devices and does not require calibration, offers an alternative glucose monitoring strategy that comprehensively analyzes glucose profile while sparing patients the inconvenience of capillary glucose testing for therapy adjustment or CGM calibration. The fast development of new CGM devices will gradually displace SMBG as the main glucose testing method. Avoiding the inconvenience of SMBG and optimizing glycemia through alternative glucose testing strategies will help to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi A Ajjan
- LIGHT Laboratories, Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
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19
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Ekhlaspour L, Mondesir D, Lautsch N, Balliro C, Hillard M, Magyar K, Radocchia LG, Esmaeili A, Sinha M, Russell SJ. Comparative Accuracy of 17 Point-of-Care Glucose Meters. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2017; 11:558-566. [PMID: 27697848 PMCID: PMC5505415 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816672237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of point-of-care blood glucose (BG) meters is important for the detection of dysglycemia, calculation of insulin doses, and the calibration of continuous glucose monitors. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of commercially available glucose meters in a challenging laboratory study using samples with a wide range of reference BG and hemoglobin values. METHODS Fresh, discarded blood samples from a hospital STAT laboratory were either used without modification, spiked with a glucose solution, or incubated at 37°C to produce 347 samples with an even distribution across reference BG levels from 20 to 440 mg/dl and hemoglobin values from 9 to 16 g/dl. We measured the BG of each sample with 17 different commercially available glucose meters and the reference method (YSI 2300) at the same time. We determined the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) for each glucose meter, overall and stratified by reference BG and by hemoglobin level. RESULTS The accuracy of different meters widely, exhibiting a range of MARDs from 5.6% to 20.8%. Accuracy was lower in the hypoglycemic range, but was not consistently lower in samples with anemic blood hemoglobin levels. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of commercially available glucose meters varies widely. Although the sample mix in this study was much more challenging than those that would be collected under most use conditions, some meters were robust to these challenges and exhibited high accuracy in this setting. These data on relative accuracy and robustness to challenging samples may be useful in informing the choice of a glucose meter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laya Ekhlaspour
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debbie Mondesir
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norman Lautsch
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney Balliro
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mallory Hillard
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kendra Magyar
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Aryan Esmaeili
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manasi Sinha
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven J. Russell
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Johnson JL, O’Neal KS, Pack CC, Carter SM. Barriers to Patient Use of Control Solution for Glucose Meters: Surveys of Patients, Pharmacists, and Providers in a Metropolitan Area. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2017; 11:553-557. [PMID: 28745089 PMCID: PMC5505424 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816678427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important factor in controlling diabetes is self-monitoring of blood glucose. Manufacturers of glucose meters recommend routine use of control solution to ensure accuracy. Previous studies have demonstrated that glucose meters vary in accuracy and that patients are not using control solution as recommended. The purpose of this study is to identify potential barriers to control solution use from multiple perspectives including patient, pharmacist, and provider. METHODS This study was a prospective, observational survey design. First, 25 randomly selected chain and independent pharmacies in the Tulsa metropolitan area were audited for control solution accessibility. These pharmacies were then used to survey pharmacists, via telephone, regarding control solution inventory and perception of importance of use. Next, providers were electronically surveyed on their routine practice recommendations, while 60 patients with diabetes were randomly selected for telephone survey on use and perceptions of control solution. RESULTS Twenty-five pharmacies were audited and 23 pharmacists, 60 patients, and 29 providers were surveyed. Only 39% of pharmacies stated they supplied control solution, however, only 1 pharmacy visibly stocked it. The only patient factor that appeared to have an impact on control solution usage was having type 1 versus type 2 diabetes (38% vs 15%). Providers are aware of what control solution is (62%), but only half felt it should be routine practice with 44% of those never recommending it. CONCLUSION This study raises awareness for the need to educate patients, providers, and pharmacists about use of control solution to ensure glucose meter accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Johnson
- Southwestern Oklahoma State University College of Pharmacy, Weatherford, OSU Physicians Department of Internal Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Sandra M. Carter
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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21
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Freckmann G, Baumstark A, Jendrike N, Rittmeyer D, Pleus S, Haug C. Accuracy Evaluation of Four Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems in the Hands of Intended Users and Trained Personnel Based on ISO 15197 Requirements. Diabetes Technol Ther 2017; 19:246-254. [PMID: 28225633 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2016.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-monitoring of blood glucose (BG) is an integral part in the therapy of people with diabetes, which is why blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS) have to fulfill minimum accuracy requirements. However, accuracy is often assessed by trained operators, although such assessments do not necessarily allow for drawing conclusions on accuracy in the hands of lay users. METHODS The accuracy of 4 different BGMS (Accu-Chek® Active, Accu-Chek® Performa, Contour®Plus, and OneTouch® SelectSimple™) in the hands of lay users and trained study personnel was assessed in this study. Procedures were based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15197:2013, clause 8, requirements. BGMS measurement results were compared against results from a glucose oxidase and a hexokinase laboratory analyzer. Handling errors made by lay users were documented. Accuracy was evaluated applying ISO 15197:2013/EN ISO 15197:2015 criteria (percentage of results within ±15 mg/dL or ±15%), more stringent criteria (10 mg/dL or 10%, and 5 mg/dL or 5%, respectively), and ISO 15197:2003 system accuracy criteria. RESULTS The level of accuracy differed among the four BGMS investigated independent from the operator. One system had less than 95% of the values within each of the limits and one system showed marked differences in accuracy when used by trained personnel and by lay users. Common lay user errors were not checking the test strip codes, incorrect application of blood, and not using the blood drop immediately. CONCLUSIONS BGMS accuracy can differ when used by trained personnel and when used by lay users. It is important that BGMS manufacturers provide systems that are as insensitive to operator errors as technically possible and easy to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Baumstark
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Jendrike
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Delia Rittmeyer
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm , Ulm, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Nimri
- 1 Diabetes Technology Center, Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes , Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Nathan Murray
- 2 William Sansum Diabetes Center , Santa Barbara, CA
| | | | | | - Eyal Dassau
- 2 William Sansum Diabetes Center , Santa Barbara, CA
- 3 Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA
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23
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Abstract
Giving a bolus is one major part in multiple dose insulin therapy (MDI) along with basal insulin substitution. To adjust the bolus optimally, different factors like carbohydrate content and composition of the meal, correction factors, and timing have to be considered. Advances in technologies like bolus advisors can assist the patients but still there a several open questions and technical challenges regarding boluses. This commentary provides an opportunity to address several of the above-mentioned factors influencing the result of bolusing. It shall draw attention to those factors and address the current opportunities, for example, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), as well as the need for further studies which can help to improve diabetes insulin therapy by means of the correct use of boluses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Ziegler
- Diabetes Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Muenster, Germany
- Ralph Ziegler, MD, Diabetes Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Mondstrasse 148, 48155 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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24
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Blackwell M, Wheeler BJ. Clinical review: the misreporting of logbook, download, and verbal self-measured blood glucose in adults and children with type I diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:1-8. [PMID: 27605000 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-016-0907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in technology, the frequent self-measurement of blood glucose (SMBG) remains fundamental to the management of 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Once measured, SMBG results are routinely reported back to health professionals and other interested parties, either verbally, via a logbook, or electronically downloaded from a pump or meter. The misreporting of SMBG using various techniques represents a classic non-adherence behavior and carries with it both acute and chronic dangers. In addition, while this behavior appears very prevalent, many aspects remain largely unstudied. With this in mind, we aimed to summarize literature addressing the misreporting of SMBG in T1DM via a detailed literature search. This produced both recent and past literature. While most of these studies examined the prevalence of deliberate misreporting in a verbal or logbook context, others focused on the motivations behind this behavior, and alternative forms of misreporting, including deliberate manipulation of meters to produce inaccurate results and true technological errors. This timely review covers all aspects of misreporting and highlights multiple patient techniques, which are clearly adapting to advances in technology. We believe that further understanding and attention to this aspect of adherence may lead not only to improvements in glycemic control and safety, but also to the psychological well-being of those affected by type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Blackwell
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin J Wheeler
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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25
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Jeong TD, Cho EJ, Ko DH, Lee W, Chun S, Hong KS, Min WK. Large-scale performance evaluation of Accu-Chek inform II point-of-care glucose meters. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016; 76:657-663. [PMID: 27739331 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2016.1233575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to report the experience of large-scale performance evaluation of 238 Accu-Chek Inform II point-of-care (POC) glucose meters in a single medical setting. METHODS The repeatability of 238 POC devices, the within-site imprecision of 12 devices, and the linearity of 49 devices were evaluated using glucose control solutions. The glucose results of 24 POC devices and central laboratory were compared using patient samples. RESULTS Mean concentration of control solutions was 2.39 mmol/L for Level 1 and 16.52 mmol/L for Level 2. The pooled repeatability coefficient of variation (CV) of the 238 devices was 2.0% for Level 1 and 1.6% for Level 2. The pooled within-site imprecision CV and reproducibility CV of the 12 devices were 2.7% and 2.7% for Level 1, and 1.9%, and 1.9% for Level 2, respectively. The test results of all 49 devices were linear within analytical measurement range from 1.55-31.02 mmol/L. The correlation coefficient for individual POC devices ranged from 0.9967-0.9985. The total correlation coefficient for the 24 devices was 0.998. CONCLUSIONS The Accu-Chek Inform II POC blood glucose meters performed well in terms of precision, linearity, and correlation evaluations. Consensus guidelines for the large-scale performance evaluations of POC devices are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Dong Jeong
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Ewha Womans University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Cho
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center , Seoul , Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Ko
- c Department of Laboratory Medicine , Hallym University College of Medicine Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital , Hwaseong , Korea
| | - Woochang Lee
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center , Seoul , Korea
| | - Sail Chun
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center , Seoul , Korea
| | - Ki-Sook Hong
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Ewha Womans University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Won-Ki Min
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center , Seoul , Korea
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26
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Sode K, Loew N, Ohnishi Y, Tsuruta H, Mori K, Kojima K, Tsugawa W, LaBelle JT, Klonoff DC. Novel fungal FAD glucose dehydrogenase derived from Aspergillus niger for glucose enzyme sensor strips. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:305-311. [PMID: 27573296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel fungus FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase, derived from Aspergillus niger (AnGDH), was characterized. This enzyme's potential for the use as the enzyme for blood glucose monitor enzyme sensor strips was evaluated, especially by investigating the effect of the presence of xylose during glucose measurements. The substrate specificity of AnGDH towards glucose was investigated, and only xylose was found as a competing substrate. The specific catalytic efficiency for xylose compared to glucose was 1.8%. The specific activity of AnGDH for xylose at 5mM concentration compared to glucose was 3.5%. No other sugars were used as substrate by this enzyme. The superior substrate specificity of AnGDH was also demonstrated in the performance of enzyme sensor strips. The impact of spiking xylose in a sample with physiological glucose concentrations on the sensor signals was investigated, and it was found that enzyme sensor strips using AnGDH were not affected at all by 5mM (75mg/dL) xylose. This is the first report of an enzyme sensor strip using a fungus derived FADGDH, which did not show any positive bias at a therapeutic level xylose concentration on the signal for a glucose sample. This clearly indicates the superiority of AnGDH over other conventionally used fungi derived FADGDHs in the application for SMBG sensor strips. The negligible activity of AnGDH towards xylose was also explained on the basis of a 3D structural model, which was compared to the 3D structures of A. flavus derived FADGDH and of two glucose oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan; Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan.
| | - Noya Loew
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ohnishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsuruta
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazushige Mori
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
| | - Jeffrey T LaBelle
- School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709, USA
| | - David C Klonoff
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan; Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Health Services, 100 South San Mateo Drive, San Mateo, CA 94401, USA
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Meneses ME, Martínez-Carrera D, Torres N, Sánchez-Tapia M, Aguilar-López M, Morales P, Sobal M, Bernabé T, Escudero H, Granados-Portillo O, Tovar AR. Hypocholesterolemic Properties and Prebiotic Effects of Mexican Ganoderma lucidum in C57BL/6 Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159631. [PMID: 27438015 PMCID: PMC4954724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible and medicinal mushrooms contain bioactive compounds with promising effects on several cardiovascular risk biomarkers. However, strains of Ganoderma lucidum of Mexican origin have not yet been studied. Standardized extracts of G. lucidum (Gl) were given to C57BL/6 mice fed a high-cholesterol diet compared with the drug simvastatin. The effects of the extracts on serum biochemical parameters, liver lipid content, cholesterol metabolism, and the composition of gut microbiota were assessed. Acetylsalicylic acid (10 mM) added to the cultivation substrate modulated properties of Gl extracts obtained from mature basidiomata. Compared to the high-cholesterol diet group, the consumption of Gl extracts significantly reduced total serum cholesterol (by 19.2% to 27.1%), LDL-C (by 4.5% to 35.1%), triglyceride concentration (by 16.3% to 46.6%), hepatic cholesterol (by 28.7% to 52%) and hepatic triglycerides (by 43.8% to 56.6%). These effects were associated with a significant reduction in the expression of lipogenic genes (Hmgcr, Srebp1c, Fasn, and Acaca) and genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (Abcg5 and Abcg8), as well as an increase in Ldlr gene expression in the liver. No significant changes were observed in the gene expression of Srebp2, Abca1 or Cyp7a1. In several cases, Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts showed better effects on lipid metabolism than the drug simvastatin. A proposed mechanism of action for the reduction in cholesterol levels is mediated by α-glucans and β-glucans from Gl, which promoted decreased absorption of cholesterol in the gut, as well as greater excretion of fecal bile acids and cholesterol. The prebiotic effects of Gl-1 and Gl-2 extracts modulated the composition of gut microbiota and produced an increase in the Lactobacillaceae family and Lactobacillus genus level compared to the control group, high-cholesterol diet group and group supplemented with simvastatin. Mexican genetic resources of Gl represent a new source of bioactive compounds showing hypocholesterolemic properties and prebiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E. Meneses
- CONACYT–Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Daniel Martínez-Carrera
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miriam Aguilar-López
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Porfirio Morales
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Mercedes Sobal
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Teodoro Bernabé
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Helios Escudero
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Omar Granados-Portillo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
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Ottiger C, Gygli N, Huber AR, Fernandez-Tresguerres B, Pardo S, Petruschke T. Performance of a Blood Glucose Monitoring System in a Point-of-Care Setting. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:939-46. [PMID: 26989068 PMCID: PMC4928233 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816638854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses and demonstrates that CONTOUR® XT-BGMS (CXT-BGMS) complies with the requirements of the German (RiliBÄK) and Swiss (QUALAB) quality control guidelines for point-of-care testing (POCT) and fulfills the ISO15197:2013 accuracy limits criteria under the routine conditions of a hospital point-of care setting. This single-center study was conducted in Switzerland using 105 venous blood samples from hospitalized patients. Each sample was tested in comparison to the hexokinase reference method. Compliance with POCT guidelines was assessed by daily BGMS measurements using control solutions. Accuracy of CXT-BGMS according to ISO limits was 98.41%. All control measurements were within the limits defined by RiliBÄK (within ± 11% of target values and root mean square error [RMSE] within RMSE limits), and QUALAB (within ± 10% of target values).
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Füzéry AK, Cembrowski GS. Requirements for Successful Adoption of a Glucose Measurement System Into a Hospital POC Program. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:947-9. [PMID: 27130460 PMCID: PMC4928240 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816645363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Widespread and successful implementation of any glucose measurement system in a hospital point-of-care (POC) program requires a number of features in addition to accurate and reliable analytical performance. Such features include, but are not limited to, a system's glucose-hematocrit dependence, durability, information technology capabilities, and battery capacity and battery life. While the study of Ottiger et al in this issue supports the analytical accuracy and reliability of Bayer's CONTOUR XT® blood glucose monitoring system, the suitability of other features of this system for a hospital POC program remains to be established.
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McAuley SA, Dang TT, Horsburgh JC, Bansal A, Ward GM, Aroyan S, Jenkins AJ, MacIsaac RJ, Shah RV, O'Neal DN. Feasibility of an Orthogonal Redundant Sensor incorporating Optical plus Redundant Electrochemical Glucose Sensing. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:679-88. [PMID: 26846821 PMCID: PMC5038539 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816629982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthogonal redundancy for glucose sensing (multiple sensing elements utilizing distinct methodologies) may enhance performance compared to nonredundant sensors, and to sensors with multiple elements utilizing the same technology (simple redundancy). We compared the performance of a prototype orthogonal redundant sensor (ORS) combining optical fluorescence and redundant electrochemical sensing via a single insertion platform to an electrochemical simple redundant sensor (SRS). METHODS Twenty-one adults with type 1 diabetes wore an ORS and an SRS concurrently for 7 days. Following sensor insertion, and on Day 4 with a standardized meal, frequent venous samples were collected for reference glucose measurement (laboratory [YSI] and meter) over 3 and 4 hours, respectively. Between study visits reference capillary blood glucose testing was undertaken. Sensor data were processed prospectively. RESULTS ORS mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was (mean ± SD) 10.5 ± 13.2% versus SRS 11.0 ± 10.4% (P = .34). ORS values in Clarke error grid zones A and A+B were 88.1% and 97.6%, respectively, versus SRS 86.4% and 97.8%, respectively (P = .23 and P = .84). ORS Day 1 MARD (10.7 ± 10.7%) was superior to SRS (16.5 ± 13.4%; P < .0001), and comparable to ORS MARD for the week. ORS sensor survival (time-averaged mean) was 92.1% versus SRS 74.4% (P = .10). ORS display time (96.0 ± 5.8%) was equivalent to SRS (95.6 ± 8.9%; P = .87). CONCLUSIONS Combining simple and orthogonal sensor redundancy via a single insertion is feasible, with accuracy comparing favorably to current generation nonredundant sensors. Addition of an optical component potentially improves sensor reliability compared to electrochemical sensing alone. Further improvement in optical sensing performance is required prior to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybil A McAuley
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jodie C Horsburgh
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Glenn M Ward
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Alicia J Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J MacIsaac
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David N O'Neal
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Sharifi A, Varsavsky A, Ulloa J, Horsburgh JC, McAuley SA, Krishnamurthy B, Jenkins AJ, Colman PG, Ward GM, MacIsaac RJ, Shah R, O'Neal DN. Redundancy in Glucose Sensing: Enhanced Accuracy and Reliability of an Electrochemical Redundant Sensor for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:669-78. [PMID: 26499476 PMCID: PMC5038525 DOI: 10.1177/1932296815612096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current electrochemical glucose sensors use a single electrode. Multiple electrodes (redundancy) may enhance sensor performance. We evaluated an electrochemical redundant sensor (ERS) incorporating two working electrodes (WE1 and WE2) onto a single subcutaneous insertion platform with a processing algorithm providing a single real-time continuous glucose measure. METHODS Twenty-three adults with type 1 diabetes each wore two ERSs concurrently for 168 hours. Post-insertion a frequent sampling test (FST) was performed with ERS benchmarked against a glucose meter (Bayer Contour Link). Day 4 and 7 FSTs were performed with a standard meal and venous blood collected for reference glucose measurements (YSI and meter). Between visits, ERS was worn with capillary blood glucose testing ≥8 times/day. Sensor glucose data were processed prospectively. RESULTS Mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) for ERS day 1-7 (3,297 paired points with glucose meter) was (mean [SD]) 10.1 [11.5]% versus 11.4 [11.9]% for WE1 and 12.0 [11.9]% for WE2; P < .0001. ERS Clarke A and A+B were 90.2% and 99.8%, respectively. ERS day 4 plus day 7 MARD (1,237 pairs with YSI) was 9.4 [9.5]% versus 9.6 [9.7]% for WE1 and 9.9 [9.7]% for WE2; P = ns. ERS day 1-7 precision absolute relative deviation (PARD) was 9.9 [3.6]% versus 11.5 [6.2]% for WE1 and 10.1 [4.4]% for WE2; P = ns. ERS sensor display time was 97.8 [6.0]% versus 91.0 [22.3]% for WE1 and 94.1 [14.3]% for WE2; P < .05. CONCLUSIONS Electrochemical redundancy enhances glucose sensor accuracy and display time compared with each individual sensing element alone. ERS performance compares favorably with 'best-in-class' of non-redundant sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sharifi
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Johanna Ulloa
- Sensor R & D, Medtronic Diabetes, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Jodie C Horsburgh
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sybil A McAuley
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Alicia J Jenkins
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter G Colman
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn M Ward
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard J MacIsaac
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rajiv Shah
- Sensor R & D, Medtronic Diabetes, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - David N O'Neal
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Leigh S, Idris I, Collins B, Granby P, Noble M, Parker M. Promoting health and reducing costs: a role for reform of self-monitoring of blood glucose provision within the National Health Service. Diabet Med 2016; 33:681-90. [PMID: 26443548 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the cost-effectiveness of all options for the self-monitoring of blood glucose funded by the National Health Service, providing guidance for disinvestment and testing the hypothesis that advanced meter features may justify higher prices. METHODS Using data from the Health and Social Care Information Centre concerning all 8 340 700 self-monitoring of blood glucose-related prescriptions during 2013/2014, we conducted a cost-minimization analysis, considering both strip and lancet costs, including all clinically equivalent technologies for self-monitoring of blood glucose, as determined by the ability to meet ISO-15197:2013 guidelines for meter accuracy. RESULTS A total of 56 glucose monitor, test strip and lancet combinations were identified, of which 38 met the required accuracy standards. Of these, the mean (range) net ingredient costs for test strips and lancets were £0.27 (£0.14-£0.32) and £0.04 (£0.02-£0.05), respectively, resulting in a weighted average of £0.28 (£0.18-£0.37) per test. Systems providing four or more advanced features were priced equal to those providing just one feature. A total of £12 m was invested in providing 42 million self-monitoring of blood glucose tests with systems that fail to meet acceptable accuracy standards, and efficiency savings of £23.2 m per annum are achievable if the National Health Service were to disinvest from technologies providing lesser functionality than available alternatives, but at a much higher price. CONCLUSION The study uncovered considerable variation in the price paid by the National Health Service for self-monitoring of blood glucose, which could not be explained by the availability of advanced meter features. A standardized approach to self-monitoring of blood glucose prescribing could achieve significant efficiency savings for the National Health Service, whilst increasing overall utilisation and improving safety for those currently using systems that fail to meet acceptable standards for measurement accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leigh
- Lifecode® Solutions, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Health Economics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - I Idris
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - B Collins
- Liverpool Health Economics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Public Health, Wirral Council, Wirral, UK
| | - P Granby
- Lifecode® Solutions, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Health Economics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Noble
- Lifecode® Solutions, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Parker
- Lifecode® Solutions, Liverpool, UK
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McGrath RT, Donnelly VC, Glastras SJ, Preda VA, Sheriff N, Ward P, Hocking SL, Fulcher GR. Evaluation of Blood Glucose Meter Efficacy in an Antenatal Diabetes Clinic. Diabetes Technol Ther 2016; 18:68-74. [PMID: 26440810 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal treatment of diabetes in pregnancy requires accurate measurement of blood glucose levels, in order to minimize adverse outcomes for both mother and neonate. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is routinely used to measure glycemic control and to assess whether treatment targets are being met; however, the accuracy of blood glucose meters in pregnancy is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant women with gestational, type 1, or type 2 diabetes mellitus were eligible to participate. Nonfasting capillary blood glucose levels were measured in duplicate using the BGStar(®) (Sanofi, Sydney, Australia) and FreeStyle Lite(®) (Abbott, Sydney) blood glucose meters. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for plasma glucose, hematocrit, and glycated hemoglobin. Capillary blood glucose was compared with plasma glucose and further assessed according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15197:2013 standards. RESULTS One hundred ten women were recruited, providing 96 samples suitable for analysis. The mean ± SD laboratory plasma glucose level was 4.6 ± 1.4 mmol/L; the BGStar and FreeStyle Lite capillary blood glucose values were 5.3 ± 1.4 mmol/L and 5.0 ± 1.3 mmol/L, respectively. Both meters showed a positive bias (0.42 mmol/L for the FreeStyle Lite and 0.65 mmol/L for the BGStar). Furthermore, neither meter fulfilled the ISO 15197:2013 standards, and there was a nonsignificant improvement in meter performance at blood glucose levels of ≤4.2 mmol/L. Hematocrit did not affect the results of either blood glucose meter. Clarke Error Grid analysis demonstrated that approximately 70% of the results of both meters would lead to appropriate clinical action. CONCLUSIONS The BGStar and FreeStyle Lite blood glucose meters did not meet ISO 15197:2013 recommendations for blood glucose monitoring systems when assessed in a population of women with diabetes in pregnancy. Clinicians should consider this difference in blood glucose readings when making diabetes-related treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel T McGrath
- 1 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 2 Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney , Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanessa C Donnelly
- 1 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Glastras
- 1 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 2 Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney , Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Veronica A Preda
- 1 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 2 Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney , Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nisa Sheriff
- 1 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Ward
- 3 Pathology North (Northern Sydney), Chemical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha L Hocking
- 1 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 2 Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney , Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory R Fulcher
- 1 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 2 Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney , Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Bailey TS, Grunberger G, Bode BW, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jovanovič L, Roberts VL, Rodbard D, Tamborlane WV, Walsh J. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 2016 OUTPATIENT GLUCOSE MONITORING CONSENSUS STATEMENT. Endocr Pract 2016; 22:231-61. [PMID: 26848630 DOI: 10.4158/ep151124.cs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This document represents the official position of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology. Where there were no randomized controlled trials or specific U.S. FDA labeling for issues in clinical practice, the participating clinical experts utilized their judgment and experience. Every effort was made to achieve consensus among the committee members. Position statements are meant to provide guidance, but they are not to be considered prescriptive for any individual patient and cannot replace the judgment of a clinician.
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Bailey T, Bode BW, Christiansen MP, Klaff LJ, Alva S. The Performance and Usability of a Factory-Calibrated Flash Glucose Monitoring System. Diabetes Technol Ther 2015; 17:787-94. [PMID: 26171659 PMCID: PMC4649725 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2014.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance and usability of the FreeStyle(®) Libre™ Flash glucose monitoring system (Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA) for interstitial glucose results compared with capillary blood glucose results. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two study participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes were enrolled by four U.S. clinical sites. A sensor was inserted on the back of each upper arm for up to 14 days. Three factory-only calibrated sensor lots were used in the study. Sensor glucose measurements were compared with capillary blood glucose (BG) results (approximately eight per day) obtained using the BG meter built into the reader (BG reference) and with the YSI analyzer (Yellow Springs Instrument, Yellow Springs, OH) reference tests at three clinic visits (32 samples per visit). Sensor readings were masked to the participants. RESULTS The accuracy of the results was demonstrated against capillary BG reference values, with 86.7% of sensor results within Consensus Error Grid Zone A. The percentage of readings within Consensus Error Grid Zone A on Days 2, 7, and 14 was 88.4%, 89.2%, and 85.2%, respectively. The overall mean absolute relative difference was 11.4%. The mean lag time between sensor and YSI reference values was 4.5±4.8 min. Sensor accuracy was not affected by factors such as body mass index, age, type of diabetes, clinical site, insulin administration, or hemoglobin A1c. CONCLUSIONS Interstitial glucose measurements with the FreeStyle Libre system were found to be accurate compared with capillary BG reference values, with accuracy remaining stable over 14 days of wear and unaffected by patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shridhara Alva
- Clinical Affairs, Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, California
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36
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Bedini JL, Wallace JF, Pardo S, Petruschke T. Performance Evaluation of Three Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Using ISO 15197: 2013 Accuracy Criteria, Consensus and Surveillance Error Grid Analyses, and Insulin Dosing Error Modeling in a Hospital Setting. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 10:85-92. [PMID: 26445813 PMCID: PMC4738222 DOI: 10.1177/1932296815609368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood glucose monitoring is an essential component of diabetes management. Inaccurate blood glucose measurements can severely impact patients' health. This study evaluated the performance of 3 blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS), Contour® Next USB, FreeStyle InsuLinx®, and OneTouch® Verio™ IQ, under routine hospital conditions. METHODS Venous blood samples (N = 236) obtained for routine laboratory procedures were collected at a Spanish hospital, and blood glucose (BG) concentrations were measured with each BGMS and with the available reference (hexokinase) method. Accuracy of the 3 BGMS was compared according to ISO 15197:2013 accuracy limit criteria, by mean absolute relative difference (MARD), consensus error grid (CEG) and surveillance error grid (SEG) analyses, and an insulin dosing error model. RESULTS All BGMS met the accuracy limit criteria defined by ISO 15197:2013. While all measurements of the 3 BGMS were within low-risk zones in both error grid analyses, the Contour Next USB showed significantly smaller MARDs between reference values compared to the other 2 BGMS. Insulin dosing errors were lowest for the Contour Next USB than compared to the other systems. CONCLUSIONS All BGMS fulfilled ISO 15197:2013 accuracy limit criteria and CEG criterion. However, taking together all analyses, differences in performance of potential clinical relevance may be observed. Results showed that Contour Next USB had lowest MARD values across the tested glucose range, as compared with the 2 other BGMS. CEG and SEG analyses as well as calculation of the hypothetical bolus insulin dosing error suggest a high accuracy of the Contour Next USB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott Pardo
- Bayer HealthCare LLC, Medical Care, Whippany, NJ, USA
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Freckmann G, Link M, Schmid C, Pleus S, Baumstark A, Haug C. System Accuracy Evaluation of Different Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Following ISO 15197:2013 by Using Two Different Comparison Methods. Diabetes Technol Ther 2015; 17:635-48. [PMID: 26110670 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherence to established standards (e.g., International Organization for Standardization [ISO] 15197) is important to ensure comparable and sufficient accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Accuracy evaluation was performed for different SMBG systems available in Europe with three reagent lots each. MATERIALS AND METHODS Test procedures followed the recently published revision ISO 15197:2013. Comparison measurements were performed with a glucose oxidase (YSI 2300 STAT Plus™ glucose analyzer; YSI Inc., Yellow Springs, OH) and a hexokinase (cobas Integra(®) 400 Plus analyzer; Roche Instrument Center, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) method. Compliance with ISO 15197:2013 accuracy criteria was determined by calculating the percentage of results within ±15% or within ±0.83 mmol/L of the comparison measurement results for glucose concentrations at and above or below 5.55 mmol/L, respectively, and by calculating the percentage of results within consensus error grid Zones A and B. RESULTS Seven systems showed with all three tested lots that 95-100% of the results were within the accuracy limits of ISO 15197:2013 and that 100% of results were within consensus error grid Zones A and B, irrespective of the comparison method used. Regarding results of individual lots, slight differences between the glucose oxidase method and the hexokinase method were found. Accuracy criteria of ISO 15197:2003 (±20% for concentrations ≥4.2 mmol/L and±0.83 mmol/L for concentrations <4.2 mmol/L) were fulfilled by eight systems with all three lots and by one system with two lots. CONCLUSIONS In this study, seven systems complied with the accuracy criteria of ISO 15197:2013. The results also indicate that the comparison measurement method/system is important, as it may have a considerable impact on accuracy data obtained for a system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH , Ulm, Germany
| | - Manuela Link
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH , Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina Schmid
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH , Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH , Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Baumstark
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH , Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH , Ulm, Germany
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38
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Bedini JL, Wallace JF, Petruschke T, Pardo S. A Multicenter Performance Evaluation of a Blood Glucose Monitoring System in 21 Leading Hospitals in Spain. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 10:93-100. [PMID: 26253142 PMCID: PMC4738213 DOI: 10.1177/1932296815598777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-monitoring of blood glucose is crucial for the effective self-management of diabetes. The present study evaluated the accuracy of the Contour® XT blood glucose monitoring system (BGMS) compared to the reference method in a large multicenter study under routine lab conditions at each hospital site. METHODS This study was conducted at 21 leading hospitals in Spain using leftover whole blood samples (n = 2100). Samples were tested with the BGMS using 1 commercial strip lot and the local laboratory hexokinase method. BGMS accuracy was assessed and results were compared to ISO 15197:2013 accuracy limit criteria and by using mean absolute relative difference analysis (MARD), consensus (Parkes) error grid (CEG), and surveillance error grid analyses (SEG). RESULTS Pooled analysis of 2100 measurements from all sites showed that 99.43% of the BGMS results were within the ranges accepted by the accuracy limit criteria. The overall MARD was 3.85%. MARD was 4.47% for glucose concentrations < 70 mg/dL and 3.81% for concentrations of 70-300 mg/dL. In CEG, most results (99.8%) were within zone A ("no effect on clinical action"); the remaining ones (0.2%) were in zone B ("little to no effect on clinical action"). The SEG analysis showed that most of the results (98.4%) were in the "no risk" zone, with the remaining results in the "slight, lower" risk zone. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest multicenter study of Contour XT BGMS to date, and shows that this BGMS meets the ISO 15197:2013 accuracy limit criteria under local routine conditions in 21 leading Spanish hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott Pardo
- Bayer HealthCare LLC, Medical Care, Whippany, NJ, USA
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39
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Mansell EJ, Docherty PD, Fisk LM, Chase JG. Estimation of secondary effect parameters in glycaemic dynamics using accumulating data from a virtual type 1 diabetic patient. Math Biosci 2015; 266:108-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Freckmann G, Schmid C, Baumstark A, Rutschmann M, Haug C, Heinemann L. Analytical Performance Requirements for Systems for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose With Focus on System Accuracy: Relevant Differences Among ISO 15197:2003, ISO 15197:2013, and Current FDA Recommendations. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 9:885-94. [PMID: 25872965 PMCID: PMC4525642 DOI: 10.1177/1932296815580160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 15197 standard is applicable for the evaluation of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) before the market approval. In 2013, a revised version of this standard was published. Relevant revisions in the analytical performance requirements are the inclusion of the evaluation of influence quantities, for example, hematocrit, and some changes in the testing procedures for measurement precision and system accuracy evaluation, for example, number of test strip lots. Regarding system accuracy evaluation, the most important change is the inclusion of more stringent accuracy criteria. In 2014, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States published their own guidance document for the premarket evaluation of SMBG systems with even more stringent system accuracy criteria than stipulated by ISO 15197:2013. The establishment of strict accuracy criteria applicable for the premarket evaluation is a possible approach to further improve the measurement quality of SMBG systems. However, the system accuracy testing procedure is quite complex, and some critical aspects, for example, systematic measurement difference between the reference measurement procedure and a higher-order procedure, may potentially limit the apparent accuracy of a given system. Therefore, the implementation of a harmonized reference measurement procedure for which traceability to standards of higher order is verified through an unbroken, documented chain of calibrations is desirable. In addition, the establishment of regular and standardized post-marketing evaluations of distributed test strip lots should be considered as an approach toward an improved measurement quality of available SMBG systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina Schmid
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Baumstark
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lutz Heinemann
- Profil Institut für Stoffwechselforschung GmbH, Neuss, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Cleared blood glucose monitor (BGM) systems do not always perform as accurately for users as they did to become cleared. We performed a literature review of recent publications between 2010 and 2014 that present data about the frequency of inaccurate performance using ISO 15197 2003 and ISO 15197 2013 as target standards. We performed an additional literature review of publications that present data about the clinical and economic risks of inaccurate BGMs for making treatment decisions or calibrating continuous glucose monitors (CGMs). We found 11 publications describing performance of 98 unique BGM systems. 53 of these 98 (54%) systems met ISO 15197 2003 and 31 of the 98 (32%) tested systems met ISO 15197 2013 analytical accuracy standards in all studies in which they were evaluated. Of the tested systems, 33 were identified by us as FDA-cleared. Among these FDA-cleared BGM systems, 24 out of 32 (75%) met ISO 15197 2003 and 15 out of 31 (48.3%) met ISO 15197 2013 in all studies in which they were evaluated. Among the non-FDA-cleared BGM systems, 29 of 65 (45%) met ISO 15197 2003 and 15 out of 65 (23%) met ISO 15197 2013 in all studies in which they were evaluated. It is more likely that an FDA-cleared BGM system, compared to a non-FDA-cleared BGM system, will perform according to ISO 15197 2003 (χ(2) = 6.2, df = 3, P = 0.04) and ISO 15197 2013 (χ(2) = 11.4, df = 3, P = 0.003). We identified 7 articles about clinical risks and 3 articles about economic risks of inaccurate BGMs. We conclude that a significant proportion of cleared BGMs do not perform at the level for which they were cleared or according to international standards of accuracy. Such poor performance leads to adverse clinical and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Health Services, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Priya Prahalad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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42
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Sølvik UØ, Risa M, Jacobsen CE, Monsen G, Sandberg S. Performance of 10 systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose by trained healthcare professionals and in the hands of the users. Clin Chem 2015; 61:772-4. [PMID: 25737533 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.236760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Una Ø Sølvik
- Department of Global Health and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Marianne Risa
- Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories (Noklus) Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla E Jacobsen
- Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories (Noklus) Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital Bergen, Norway
| | - Grete Monsen
- Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories (Noklus) Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital Bergen, Norway
| | - Sverre Sandberg
- Department of Global Health and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Bergen Bergen, Norway Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories (Noklus) Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital Bergen, Norway Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Haukeland University Hospital Bergen, Norway
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43
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Link M, Schmid C, Pleus S, Baumstark A, Rittmeyer D, Haug C, Freckmann G. System Accuracy Evaluation of Four Systems for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Following ISO 15197 Using a Glucose Oxidase and a Hexokinase-Based Comparison Method. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 9:1041-50. [PMID: 25872967 PMCID: PMC4667333 DOI: 10.1177/1932296815580161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 15197 is widely accepted for the accuracy evaluation of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Accuracy evaluation was performed for 4 SMBG systems (Accu-Chek Aviva, ContourXT, GlucoCheck XL, GlucoMen LX PLUS) with 3 test strip lots each. To investigate a possible impact of the comparison method on system accuracy data, 2 different established methods were used. METHODS The evaluation was performed in a standardized manner following test procedures described in ISO 15197:2003 (section 7.3). System accuracy was assessed by applying ISO 15197:2003 and in addition ISO 15197:2013 criteria (section 6.3.3). For each system, comparison measurements were performed with a glucose oxidase (YSI 2300 STAT Plus glucose analyzer) and a hexokinase (cobas c111) method. RESULTS All 4 systems fulfilled the accuracy requirements of ISO 15197:2003 with the tested lots. More stringent accuracy criteria of ISO 15197:2013 were fulfilled by 3 systems (Accu-Chek Aviva, ContourXT, GlucoMen LX PLUS) when compared to the manufacturer's comparison method and by 2 systems (Accu-Chek Aviva, ContourXT) when compared to the alternative comparison method. All systems showed lot-to-lot variability to a certain degree; 2 systems (Accu-Chek Aviva, ContourXT), however, showed only minimal differences in relative bias between the 3 evaluated lots. CONCLUSIONS In this study, all 4 systems complied with the evaluated test strip lots with accuracy criteria of ISO 15197:2003. Applying ISO 15197:2013 accuracy limits, differences in the accuracy of the tested systems were observed, also demonstrating that the applied comparison method/system and the lot-to-lot variability can have a decisive influence on accuracy data obtained for a SMBG system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Link
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina Schmid
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Baumstark
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Delia Rittmeyer
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Ulm, Germany
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44
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Herrero P, Pesl P, Bondia J, Reddy M, Oliver N, Georgiou P, Toumazou C. Method for automatic adjustment of an insulin bolus calculator: in silico robustness evaluation under intra-day variability. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 119:1-8. [PMID: 25733405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Insulin bolus calculators are simple decision support software tools incorporated in most commercially available insulin pumps and some capillary blood glucose meters. Although their clinical benefit has been demonstrated, their utilisation has not been widespread and their performance remains suboptimal, mainly because of their lack of flexibility and adaptability. One of the difficulties that people with diabetes, clinicians and carers face when using bolus calculators is having to set parameters and adjust them on a regular basis according to changes in insulin requirements. In this work, we propose a novel method that aims to automatically adjust the parameters of a bolus calculator. Periodic usage of a continuous glucose monitoring device is required for this purpose. METHODS To test the proposed method, an in silico evaluation under real-life conditions was carried out using the FDA-accepted Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) UVa/Padova simulator. Since the T1DM simulator does not incorporate intra-subject variability and uncertainty, a set of modifications were introduced to emulate them. Ten adult and ten adolescent virtual subjects were assessed over a 3-month scenario with realistic meal variability. The glycaemic metrics: mean blood glucose; percentage time in target; percentage time in hypoglycaemia; risk index, low blood glucose index; and blood glucose standard deviation, were employed for evaluation purposes. A t-test statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate the benefit of the presented algorithm against a bolus calculator without automatic adjustment. RESULTS The proposed method statistically improved (p<0.05) all glycemic metrics evaluating hypoglycaemia on both virtual cohorts: percentage time in hypoglycaemia (i.e. BG<70 mg/dl) (adults: 2.7±4.0 vs. 0.4±0.7, p=0.03; adolescents: 7.1±7.4 vs. 1.3±2.4, p=0.02) and low blood glucose index (LBGI) (adults: 1.1±1.3 vs. 0.3±0.2, p=0.002; adolescents: 2.0±2.19 vs. 0.7±1.4, p=0.05). A statistically significant improvement was also observed on the blood glucose standard deviation (BG SD mg/dL) (adults: 33.5±13.7 vs. 29.2±8.3, p=0.01; adolescents: 63.7±22.7 vs. 44.9±23.9, p=0.01). Apart from a small increase in mean blood glucose on the adult cohort (129.9±11.9 vs. 133.9±11.6, p=0.03), the rest of the evaluated metrics, despite showing an improvement trend, did not experience a statistically significant change. CONCLUSIONS A novel method for automatically adjusting the parameters of a bolus calculator has the potential to improve glycemic control in T1DM diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Herrero
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Pesl
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Bondia
- Institut Universitari d'Automàtica i Informàtica Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Monika Reddy
- Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Oliver
- Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelis Georgiou
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christofer Toumazou
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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45
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Abstract
Monitoring of glycemic control is a key component of the diabetes treatment plan. Patients who are not meeting targets often require more intensive monitoring, ranging from frequent self-monitored glucose to continuous glucose monitoring in order to facilitate medication and lifestyle changes. However, more intensive monitoring demands more training and a structured plan for interpretation and use of the data. Better patient and provider tools to support decision-making and progress toward an artificial pancreas may help to alleviate this burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Healy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 5th Floor McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathleen M Dungan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 5th Floor McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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46
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DeSalvo DJ, Shanmugham S, Ly TT, Wilson DM, Buckingham BA. Accuracy evaluation of blood glucose monitoring systems in children on overnight closed-loop control. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:969-73. [PMID: 24876427 PMCID: PMC4455362 DOI: 10.1177/1932296814532238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study evaluated the difference in accuracy between the Bayer Contour® Next (CN) and HemoCue® (HC) glucose monitoring systems in children with type 1 diabetes participating in overnight closed-loop studies. Subjects aged 10-18 years old were admitted to a clinical research center and glucose values were obtained every 30 minutes overnight. Glucose values were measured using whole blood samples for CN and HC readings and results were compared to Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) reference values obtained with plasma from the same sample. System accuracy was compared using mean absolute relative difference (MARD) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) accuracy standards. A total of 28 subjects were enrolled in the study. Glucose measurements were evaluated at 457 time points. CN performed better than HC with an average MARD of 3.13% compared to 10.73% for HC (P < .001). With a limited sample size, CN met ISO criteria (2003 and 2013) at all glucose ranges while HC did not. CN performed very well, and would make an excellent meter for future closed-loop studies outside of a research center.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trang T Ly
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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47
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Czupryniak L, Barkai L, Bolgarska S, Bronisz A, Broz J, Cypryk K, Honka M, Janez A, Krnic M, Lalic N, Martinka E, Rahelic D, Roman G, Tankova T, Várkonyi T, Wolnik B, Zherdova N. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetes: from evidence to clinical reality in Central and Eastern Europe--recommendations from the international Central-Eastern European expert group. Diabetes Technol Ther 2014; 16:460-75. [PMID: 24716890 PMCID: PMC4074758 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2013.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is universally considered to be an integral part of type 1 diabetes management and crucial for optimizing the safety and efficacy of complex insulin regimens. This extends to type 2 diabetes patients on intensive insulin therapy, and there is also a growing body of evidence suggesting that structured SMBG is beneficial for all type 2 diabetes patients, regardless of therapy. However, access to SMBG can be limited in many countries in Central and Eastern Europe. A consensus group of diabetes experts from 10 countries in this region (with overlapping historical, political, and social environments)--Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine--was formed to discuss the role of SMBG across the spectrum of patients with diabetes. The group considered SMBG to be an essential tool that should be accessible to all patients with diabetes, including those with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. The current article summarizes the evidence put forward by the consensus group and provides their recommendations for the appropriate use of SMBG as part of individualized patient management. The ultimate goal of these evidence-based recommendations is to help patients and providers in Central and Eastern Europe to make optimal use of SMBG in order to maximize the efficacy and safety of glucose-lowering therapies, to prevent complications, and to empower the patient to play a more active role in the management of their diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Czupryniak
- Internal Medicine and Diabetology Department, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - László Barkai
- Postgraduate Institute of Pediatrics, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Care, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Svetlana Bolgarska
- Department of Diabetology, National Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of National Academy of Medical Science, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Agata Bronisz
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Broz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Cypryk
- Department of Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Honka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Janez
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Nebojsa Lalic
- Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emil Martinka
- National Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lubochna, Slovakia
| | - Dario Rahelic
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gabriela Roman
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Tamás Várkonyi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bogumił Wolnik
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Nadia Zherdova
- Department of Diabetology, National Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of National Academy of Medical Science, Kiev, Ukraine
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Link M, Pleus S, Schmid C, Freckmann G, Baumstark A, Stolberg E, Haug C. Accuracy Evaluation of Three Systems for Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose With Three Different Test Strip Lots Following ISO 15197. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:422-424. [PMID: 24876597 PMCID: PMC4455421 DOI: 10.1177/1932296813518859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Link
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina Schmid
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Baumstark
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Erhard Stolberg
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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