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Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism L55M in the Paraoxonase 1 Gene as a Risk and Prognostic Factor in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5915-5932. [PMID: 36547064 PMCID: PMC9776864 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to explore the possible role of L55M, (rs 854560, 163T > A) SNP as a predisposing factor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to assess its potency as a prognostic biomarker for short (1 year) survival and for median (5 years) and 9-year long patients’ outcome. Methods: The current work is a prospective case-control study with 77 patients with acute coronary syndrome (53 with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI, 14 with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI and 10 with unstable angina, UA) and 122 control individuals. Patients were followed-up for 9 years. The genotyping for PON1 L55M SNP was carried on by PCR-RFLP method. Results: The results of the genotyping for PON1 L55M SNP showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.023) between the controls and the whole group of patients with acute coronary syndrome, as the individuals with genotype with at least one variant M allele had about 2.5-fold higher risk for developing ACS than those which are homozygous of the wild-type L allele (LL genotype). In patients with variant M allele genotypes (LM + MM) which suffer from non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTEACS, i.e., UA or NSTEMI), the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerols (TAG) are significantly higher than in NSTEACS patients with LL genotype (p = 0.022 for TC and p = 0.015 for TAG). There was no significant difference in the survival rate at the 1st, 5th and 9th year of follow-up between ACS patients with different genotypes, although it is worth to note that in the subgroup of NSTEACS, all patients (n = 13) with variant M allele genotypes (LM + MM) were alive at the end of the first year, while 2 of the patients with LL genotype (18.2%) were dead. Conclusions: The results of our current study suggest that the variant M allele and the M allele genotypes (LM + MM) of the PON1 L55M polymorphism are risk factors for acute coronary syndrome, especially for patients with STEMI, but do not support the possible effect of this polymorphism on the clinical progression and outcome of the patients with ACS either in short or long follow-up periods.
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Negi P, Heikkilä T, Vuorenpää K, Tuunainen E, Nammas W, Maaniitty T, Knuuti J, Metso J, Lövgren J, Jauhiainen M, Lamminmäki U, Pettersson K, Saraste A. Time-resolved fluorescence based direct two-site apoA-I immunoassays and their clinical application in patients with suspected obstructive coronary artery disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:912578. [PMID: 36312264 PMCID: PMC9614376 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.912578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a heterogeneous group of subpopulations differing in protein/lipid composition and in their anti-atherogenic function. There is a lack of assays that can target the functionality of HDL particles related to atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to construct two-site apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) assays and to evaluate their clinical performance in patients with suspected obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Approach and results Direct two-site apoA-I assays (named 109-121 and 110-525) were developed to identify the presence of apoA-I in the HDL of patients with CAD using apoA-I antibodies as a single-chain variable fragment fused with alkaline phosphatase. ApoA-I109-121 and apoA-I110-525 were measured in 197 patients undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and myocardial positron emission tomography perfusion imaging due to suspected obstructive CAD. Among patients not using lipid-lowering medication (LLM, n = 125), the level of apoA-I110-525 was higher in the presence than in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis [21.88 (15.89-27.44) mg/dl vs. 17.66 (13.38-24.48) mg/dl, P = 0.01)], whereas there was no difference in apoA-I109-121, HDL cholesterol, and apoA-I determined using a polyclonal apoA-I antibody. The levels of apoA-I109-121 and apoA-I110-525 were similar in the presence or absence of obstructive CAD. Among patients not using LLM, apoA-I110-525 adjusted for age and sex identified individuals with coronary atherosclerosis with a similar accuracy to traditional risk factors [area under the curve [AUC] (95% CI): 0.75(0.66-0.84) 0.71 (0.62-0.81)]. However, a combination of apoA-I110-525 with risk factors did not improve the accuracy [AUC (95% CI): 0.73 (0.64-0.82)]. Conclusion Direct two-site apoA-I assays recognizing heterogeneity in reactivity with apoA-I could provide a potential approach to identify individuals at a risk of coronary atherosclerosis. However, their clinical value remains to be studied in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Negi
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,*Correspondence: Priyanka Negi
| | - Taina Heikkilä
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Karoliina Vuorenpää
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Emilia Tuunainen
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Wail Nammas
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Maaniitty
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Metso
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biobank Unit, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janita Lövgren
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biobank Unit, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Saraste
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Antti Saraste
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Adam S, Ho JH, Liu Y, Siahmansur T, Siddals K, Iqbal Z, Azmi S, Senapati S, New J, Jeziorska M, Ammori BJ, Syed AA, Donn R, Malik RA, Durrington PN, Soran H. Bariatric Surgery-induced High-density Lipoprotein Functionality Enhancement Is Associated With Reduced Inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2182-2194. [PMID: 35639942 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests an association between impaired high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). HDL is essential for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress principally via paraoxonase-1 (PON1). RCT depends on HDL's capacity to accept cholesterol (cholesterol efflux capacity [CEC]) and active transport through ATP-binding cassette (ABC) A1, G1, and scavenger receptor-B1 (SR-B1). We have studied the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in morbidly obese subjects on RCT and HDL functionality. METHODS Biomarkers associated with increased CVD risk including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), myeloperoxidase mass (MPO), PON1 activity, and CEC in vitro were measured in 44 patients before and 6 and 12 months after RYGB. Overweight but otherwise healthy (mean body mass index [BMI] 28 kg/m2) subjects acted as controls. Twelve participants also underwent gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies before and 6 months after RYGB for targeted gene expression (ABCA1, ABCG1, SR-B1, TNF-α) and histological analysis (adipocyte size, macrophage density, TNF-α immunostaining). RESULTS Significant (P < 0.05) improvements in BMI, HDL-cholesterol, hsCRP, TNF-α, MPO mass, PON1 activity, and CEC in vitro were observed after RYGB. ABCG1 (fold-change, 2.24; P = 0.005) and ABCA1 gene expression increased significantly (fold-change, 1.34; P = 0.05). Gluteal fat adipocyte size (P < 0.0001), macrophage density (P = 0.0067), and TNF-α immunostaining (P = 0.0425) were reduced after RYBG and ABCG1 expression correlated inversely with TNF-α immunostaining (r = -0.71; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION RYGB enhances HDL functionality in association with a reduction in adipose tissue and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwaan Adam
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Jan H Ho
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Yifen Liu
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
| | - Tarza Siahmansur
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk Siddals
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
| | - Zohaib Iqbal
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Shazli Azmi
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Siba Senapati
- Department of Surgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - John New
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Jeziorska
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
| | - Basil J Ammori
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - Akheel A Syed
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - Rachelle Donn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
- Weill-Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar
| | - Paul N Durrington
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
| | - Handrean Soran
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
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Raza ST, Abbas S, Wani IA, Eba A, Mahdi F. Clinical implications of PON1 (rs662) and TNF-α (rs1799964) genes polymorphism in patients with coronary artery disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common kind of heart problem, currently became one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is predicted to persist so for the next 20 years. The global risk factors to CAD include atherosclerosis, genetic predisposition, environment and the lifestyle. This study is aimed to find out the genotypic association of PON1 (rs662) and TNF-α (rs1799964) genes with CAD among North Indian populations. A total of 330 subjects including 175 CAD cases and 155 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) method. χ2 and Student's t-tests were applied for the comparison of alleles and genotype frequencies in cases and controls. Logistic regression analysis was applied to calculate the 95% confidence intervals and odds ratios (OR) for assessing the association of genotype with disease.
Results
The PON1 gene QQ, QR, RR genotypes frequencies were 36.57%, 50.29%, 13.14% in CAD cases and 60%, 38.71%, 1.29% in controls, respectively. OR for the genotype QQ, QR, RR was 0.38, 1.6, 11.57 (P < 0.001, P = 0.035, P < 0.001). The TNF-α gene CC, CT, TT genotypes frequencies in cases were 4.57%, 50.29%, 45.14% and controls 3.23%, 46.45%, 50.32%, respectively. OR for CC, CT, TT genotype was 1.437, 1.166, 0.812 (P = 0.531, P = 0.487, P = 0.347). We found significant difference in the genotype and allele frequencies of PON1 gene between cases and control, while no significant difference was observed in TNF-α gene between cases and control.
Conclusions
The PON1 (rs662) gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with an elevated risk of CAD, while no significant association was observed with TNF-α (rs1799964) gene polymorphism and the risk of CAD.
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Taylor JK, Carpio-Rivera E, Chacón-Araya Y, Grandjean PW, Moncada-Jiménez J. The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Paraoxonase-1 (PON1): A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:130-143. [PMID: 32940564 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1812493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the acute and chronic effects of exercise on Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) concentration and activity. Methods: A literature search was performed using 16 electronic databases. Effect sizes (ES) were computed and two-tailed α values < .05 and non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity, inconsistency (I2), and small-study effects using the LFK index were examined. Results: Eighteen studies (n = 377 participants) met the criteria for inclusion. The acute effects of exercise on PON1 concentration were trivial and non-significant (ES = -.03, 95%CI = -.39 to .34, p > .05), heterogeneous (p = .05), moderately inconsistent (I2 = 48%), with minor asymmetry (LFK index = 1.34). The chronic effects of exercise on PON1 concentration were also trivial and non-significant (ES = -.04, 95%CI = -.53 to.45, p > .05), homogenous (p = .65), displayed low inconsistency (I2 = 0%), and minor asymmetry (LFK index = -1.14). The acute effects of exercise on PON1 activity were trivial and non-significant (ES = .11, 95%CI = -.02 to.24, p > .05), homogenous (p = .85), showed low inconsistency (I2 = 0%), and no asymmetry (LFK index = .82). The chronic effects of exercise on PON1 activity were trivial and non-significant (ES = .31, 95%CI = -.03 to.65, p > .05), homogenous (p = .17), moderately inconsistent (I2 = 36%), with no asymmetry (LFK index = .60). Conclusion: Acute and chronic exercise training, overall, exerted a trivial effect on PON1 concentration and activity.
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Flaherty SM, Wood EK, Ryff CD, Love GD, Kelesidis T, Berkowitz L, Echeverría G, Rivera K, Rigotti A, Coe CL. Race and sex differences in HDL peroxide content among American adults with and without type 2 diabetes. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:18. [PMID: 35125112 PMCID: PMC8818198 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a critical role in protection against atherosclerosic and cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In addition to contributing to clearing excess vascular cholesterol, HDL particles exhibit antioxidative functions, helping to attenuate adverse effects of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. However, these beneficial properties can be undermined by oxidative stress, inflammation, and unhealthy lifestyles and diet, as well as influenced by race and sex. Thus, when assessing cardiovascular risk, it is important to consider multifactorial aspects of HDL, including antioxidant activity rather than just total amount and type of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) particles. Because prior research showed HDL peroxide content (HDLperox) can be inversely associated with normal anti-oxidant HDL activity, elevated HDLperox may serve as a bioindicator of HDL dysfunction. Methods In this study, data from a large national cohort of Americans was utilized to determine the impact of sex, race, and diabetes status on HDLperox in middle-aged and older adults. A previously developed cell-free fluorometric method was utilized to quantify HDLperox in serum depleted of apo-B containing lipoproteins. Results In keeping with predictions, white men and diabetics exhibited HDLperox in the atypical upper range, suggestive of less functional HDL. White men had higher HDLperox levels than African American males (13.46 ± 6.10 vs. 10.88 ± 5.81, p < .001). There was also a significant main effect of type 2 diabetes (F(1,1901) = 14.9, p < .0001). Overall, African Americans evinced lower HDLperox levels, despite more obesity (10.3 ± 4.7 vs.11.81 ± 5.66 for Whites) suggesting that other aspects of lipid metabolism and psychosocial factors account for the higher prevalence of ASCVD in African Americans. Conclusion This research helps to provide a more comprehensive understanding of HDL function in a racially and metabolically diverse adult population. HDLperox content was significantly different in adults with type 2 diabetes, and distinctive in nondiabetic White males, and suggests other processes account for the higher prevalence of ASCVD among African Americans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01608-4.
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Fagerberg B, Barregard L. Review of cadmium exposure and smoking-independent effects on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the general population. J Intern Med 2021; 290:1153-1179. [PMID: 34157165 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cadmium (Cd) via food and smoking is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Blood and urine levels of Cd are established biomarkers of exposure. OBJECTIVES To review (1) the smoking-independent associations between Cd exposure and ASCVD, including the possible presence of a nonlinear dose-response relationship with Cd exposure and (2) the causal effects of Cd exposure on different stages of atherosclerosis. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Cd confers increased risk of ASCVD and asymptomatic atherosclerosis in the carotid and coronary arteries above B-Cd >0.5 μg/L or U-Cd >0.5 μg/g creatinine, but it has not been shown below a threshold of these exposure levels. Adjustment for smoking does not exclude the possibility of residual confounding, but several studies in never-smoking cohorts have shown associations between Cd and ASCVD, and experimental studies have demonstrated pro-atherosclerotic effects of Cd. Cd accumulates in arterial walls and atherosclerotic plaques, reaching levels shown to have proatherosclerotic effects. Suggested early effects are increased subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins, which become oxidized, and endothelial dysfunction and damage with increased permeability for monocytes, which in the intima turn to macrophages and then to foam cells. Later, Cd may contribute to plaque rupture and erosion by endothelial apoptosis and degradation of the fibrous cap. Finally, by having prothrombotic and antifibrinolytic effects, the CVD risk may be further increased. CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence that Cd causes ASCVD above a suggested exposure level via mechanisms in early as well as the late stages of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Fagerberg
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Barregard
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Garcia C, Blesso CN. Antioxidant properties of anthocyanins and their mechanism of action in atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:152-166. [PMID: 34087429 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis develops due to lipid accumulation in the arterial wall and sclerosis as result of increased hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, lipid oxidation, and protein oxidation. However, improving antioxidant status through diet may prevent the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It is believed that polyphenol-rich plants contribute to the inverse relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease. Anthocyanins are flavonoid polyphenols with antioxidant properties that have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The consumption of anthocyanins increases total antioxidant capacity, antioxidant defense enzymes, and HDL antioxidant properties by several measures in preclinical and clinical populations. Anthocyanins appear to impart antioxidant actions via direct antioxidant properties, as well as indirectly via inducing intracellular Nrf2 activation and antioxidant gene expression. These actions counter oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in cells present in atherosclerotic plaques, including macrophages and endothelial cells. Overall, anthocyanins may protect against atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease through their effects on cellular antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and inflammation; however, their underlying mechanisms of action appear to be complex and require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Garcia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States
| | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States.
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The Antioxidant Enzyme PON1: A Potential Prognostic Predictor of Acute Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6677111. [PMID: 33628379 PMCID: PMC7884154 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6677111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme, which has been proved to be involved in the pathophysiological process of oxidative stress and various neurological diseases in recent years. Although reduced PON1 activity has been reported in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), the prognostic value of PON1 in AIS has not been clearly established. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the baseline serum PON1 activity level is related to the functional outcome of AIS patients. Methods From July 2017 to June 2020, AIS patients within 3 days of symptom onset were continuously prospectively included in the study. On admission, clinical and laboratory data were recorded, and serum PON1 activity was tested. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was used to evaluate the initial neurologic deficit at admission, and the modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to evaluate the functional outcome at 3 months. A multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the baseline PON1 activity level and the prognosis of AIS. Results A total of 336 AIS patients were finally included in this study. The serum PON1 activity of AIS patients with good outcomes was significantly higher than that of patients with poor outcomes (193.4 ± 16.3 U/mL vs. 127.2 ± 14.9 U/mL, p < 0.001). However, the comparison of other clinical and laboratory data between AIS patients with good and poor outcomes was not significant (p > 0.05). There was a significant decrease in the mRS score in patients with AIS across serum PON1 quartiles (3.0 ± 1.6, 2.6 ± 1.5, 2.4 ± 1.4, and 2.4 ± 1.3, p = 0.007). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the 3-month functional outcome of AIS patients was significantly correlated with the quartile of serum PON1 activity. Conclusions This study suggests that the serum PON1 activity may be an independent predictor of the functional outcome of AIS patients.
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Silva DVTD, Baião DDS, Ferreira VF, Paschoalin VMF. Betanin as a multipath oxidative stress and inflammation modulator: a beetroot pigment with protective effects on cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:539-554. [PMID: 32997545 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1822277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common physiopathological condition enrolled in risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Individuals in such a redox imbalance status present endothelial dysfunctions and inflammation, reaching the onset of heart disease. Phytochemicals are able to attenuate the main mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation and should be considered as supportive therapies to manage risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including betanin (betanidin-5-O-β-glucoside), a pigment displaying the potential to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammantion, as previously demonstrated in preclinical trials. Betanin resists gastrointestinal digestion, is absorbed by the epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa and reaches the plasma in its active form. Betanin displays free-radical scavenger ability through hydrogen or electron donation, preserving lipid structures and LDL particles while inducing the transcription of antioxidant genes through the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 and, simultaneously, suppressing the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa-B pathways. This review discusses the anti-radical and gene regulatory cardioprotective activities of betanin in the pathophysiology of endothelial damage and atherogenesis, the main conditions for cardiovascular disease. In addition, betanin influences on these multipath cellular signals and aiding in reducing cardiovascular disorders is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Dos Santos Baião
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Soppert J, Lehrke M, Marx N, Jankowski J, Noels H. Lipoproteins and lipids in cardiovascular disease: from mechanistic insights to therapeutic targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:4-33. [PMID: 32730849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, effective and cost-efficient therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk are highly needed. Lipids and lipoprotein particles crucially contribute to atherosclerosis as underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease and influence inflammatory processes as well as function of leukocytes, vascular and cardiac cells, thereby impacting on vessels and heart. Statins form the first-line therapy with the aim to block cholesterol synthesis, but additional lipid-lowering drugs are sometimes needed to achieve low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol target values. Furthermore, beyond LDL cholesterol, also other lipid mediators contribute to cardiovascular risk. This review comprehensively discusses low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides as well as fatty acids and derivatives in the context of cardiovascular disease, providing mechanistic insights into their role in pathological processes impacting on cardiovascular disease. Also, an overview of applied as well as emerging therapeutic strategies to reduce lipid-induced cardiovascular burden is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Soppert
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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Wu FY, Li CI, Liao LN, Liu CS, Lin WY, Lin CH, Yang CW, Li TC, Lin CC. Evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms in 6 candidate genes and carotid intima-media thickness in community-dwelling residents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230715. [PMID: 32214403 PMCID: PMC7098559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests the existence of association between a large panel of modifiable biomarkers representing inflammation, coagulation, paraoxonase, and endothelial activation pathways and carotid atherosclerosis. Thus, this study investigated whether CRP, FGA, FGB, FGG, PON1, and EDNRA gene variants affected plasma hs-CRP, fibrinogen levels, and thickness of carotid intima media thickness (IMT). Nineteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CRP, FGA, FGB, FGG, PON1, and EDNRA genes were examined in 480 participants from 160 families. Carotid IMT was measured by ultrasound. Generalized linear models with generalized estimating equation were utilized to consider the dependence of subjects within families. In the recessive model, homozygotes for the minor alleles of rs1800789, rs1800790 and rs4220 SNPs in FGB gene indicated a reduced risk of IMT (Exp. β = 0.89, 0.89, 0.88), which remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors. Significant interaction effects between CRP SNP rs1130864 and rs3093059 and gender for IMT were observed with a significant association in men only. Men carrying minor-minor genotype of CRP SNP rs1130864 and rs3093059 had 0.70- and 0.78-fold lower IMT than men carrying minor-major/major-major genotype. We also observed that the interaction of CRP SNP rs1130864 and rs3093059 with obesity on IMT, hs-CRP and fibrinogen levels. These results support the hypothesis that inflammatory genes are involved in atherosclerosis, most likely via complex gene-gender and gene-obesity interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yang Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ing Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Na Liao
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsueh Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Wei Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chung Li
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CCL); (TCL)
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CCL); (TCL)
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Paraoxonase 1 as antioxidant enzyme in children. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Low Serum Paraoxonase-1 Activity Associates with Incident Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Subjects with Concurrently High Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and C-Reactive Protein. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091357. [PMID: 31480611 PMCID: PMC6780415 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxonase-1 (PON1) is a key enzyme that inhibits low-density lipoprotein oxidation and consequently atherogenesis. Here, we assessed whether low serum PON1 activity associates with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in subjects with high levels of high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation. Cox proportional-hazards modeling of incident CVD risk (11 years mean follow-up) adjusted for relevant clinical and biomarker covariates was performed on a population-based study (N = 7766) stratified into three groups: low CRP-(LR; event rate 4.9%); low HDL-C/high CRP-(HR1; event rate 14.4%); and high HDL-C/high CRP-(HR2; event rate 7.6%). Modeling results for PON1 activity in HR2 were significant and robust (hazard ratio/SD unit-0.68, 95% CI 0.55-0.83, p = 0.0003), but not so for LR and HR1. Analyses in HR2 of the interaction of PON1 with HDL-C, apoA-I, apoA-II, and apoE levels were significant only for PON1 with apoE (hazard ratio-1.77, 95% CI 1.29-2.41, p = 0.0003). Subsequent subgroup analysis revealed inverse risk dependence for apoE at low PON1 levels. In conclusion, in a population-based study of subjects with concurrently high HDL-C and CRP levels, low serum PON1 activity associates with incident CVD risk with risk accentuated at low apoE levels.
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Mackness B, Mackness M. Unexpectedly higher diazoxon hydrolysis by serum paraoxonase-1 in coronary heart disease. Clin Biochem 2019; 65:21-23. [PMID: 30659791 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low serum PON1 activities (paraoxon, phenyl-acetate or lactone substrates) are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). We investigated the rate of diazoxon hydrolysis by PON1 in a population with CHD. DESIGN & METHODS Case- control study of 410 subjects with CHD and 274 controls. PON1 activity towards paraoxon and diazoxon, PON1 serum concentration and the PON1-55 and 192 polymorphisms were determined. RESULTS There were no differences in the distribution of the PON1-55 or PON1-192 genotypes between the CHD and controls, however, PON1 activity towards diazoxon (DIAZ) was significantly (+160%) higher in CHD. In the control population, DIAZ was significantly different between the PON1-192 genotypes in the order QQ > QR > RR (P < .001). However, in CHD the order was QQ > QR = RR. In CHD DIAZ was significantly higher in all the PON1-192 and 55 genotypes compared to controls. In both populations DIAZ was significantly different between the PON1-55 genotypes in the order LL > LM > MM (P < .001). CONCLUSION If this result can be replicated in other studies and/or with other PON1 substrates, there may be major diagnostic and mechanistic implications for the relationship of PON1 and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Mackness
- Avda. Princip D'Espanya, 43892 Miami Playa, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mike Mackness
- Avda. Princip D'Espanya, 43892 Miami Playa, Tarragona, Spain.
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Singh K, Singh R, Chandra S, Tyagi S. Paraoxonase-1 is a better indicator than HDL of Atherosclerosis - A pilot study in North Indian population. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12:275-278. [PMID: 29254890 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to evaluate the levels of HDL and Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and their correlation in atherosclerotic patients with and without diabetic mellitus (DM) as well as in control subjects in Northern Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed lipid profiles and Serum PON1 levels by automated analyzer and ELISA, respectively. Study subjects (N = 150) were divided in three groups; Group I: Atherosclerotic patients without DM (N = 50), Group II: Atherosclerotic patients with DM (N = 50); Group III: Controls (N = 50). RESULTS We found a significantly (p < 0.0001) low levels of HDL-C in Group I (32.2 ± 7.3) and Group II (36.9 ± 11.5) as compared to Group III (41.0 ± 7.1). PON-1 levels were also significantly lower in Group I (60.1 ± 10.5) and Group II (50.0 ± 13.9) when compared to Group III (95.0 ± 12.0). We observed a significant correlation (r = 0.59, p < 0.001) between the levels of PON1 and HDL-C in study subjects. CONCLUSIONS The reduced levels of HDL and PON-1 and their significant correlation in CAD patients may be associated with the pathogenesis of this disease. Considering HDL as a dependent variable, Paraoxonase-1 is the most important parameter contributing to the total variation in HDL in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamna Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Sudhir Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, 110001, India.
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Department of Cardiology, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi, 110002, India
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Association of serum paraoxonase activity with lipid profile, APO-A and APO-B in subjects with different levels of HDL. Artery Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2018.10.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Kim KM, Jung KY, Yun HM, Lee SY, Oh TJ, Jang HC, Lim S. Effect of rosuvastatin on fasting and postprandial endothelial biomarker levels and microvascular reactivity in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: a preliminary report. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:146. [PMID: 29121934 PMCID: PMC5679486 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular benefits of statins have been proven, but their effect on circulation in small vessels has not been examined fully. We investigated the effect of 20 mg rosuvastatin on biomarkers, including paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and on microvascular reactivity. Method We enrolled 20 dyslipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls. Rosuvastatin (20 mg/day) was given to the patient group for 12 weeks. Biochemical parameters, including PON-1 and ADMA, were compared between the patient and control groups, and before and after rosuvastatin treatment in the patient group. Fasting and 2 h postprandial levels of PON-1 and ADMA after mixed-meal challenge were also compared. Microvascular reactivity in a peripheral artery was examined using laser Doppler flowmetry. Results The respective mean ± standard deviation of age and BMI were 50.1 ± 3.8 year and 25.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2 in the patients and 50.2 ± 3.2 year and 25.4 ± 3.4 kg/m2 in the controls. The patient group had worse profiles of cardiometabolic biomarkers, including PON-1 and ADMA, than the controls. In the patients treated with 20 mg rosuvastatin, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol decreased from 147.2 ± 26.5 to 68.3 ± 24.5 mg/dL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol increased from 42.4 ± 5.2 to 44.7 ± 6.2 mg/dL (both P < 0.05). Both fasting and 2 h postprandial levels of PON-1 increased and those of ADMA decreased after treatment with rosuvastatin for 12 weeks. The changes in postprandial levels of both biomarkers were greater than those after fasting. Microcirculation assessed as reactive hyperemia in the patients after an ischemic challenge increased significantly from 335.3 ± 123.4 to 402.7 ± 133.4% after rosuvastatin treatment. The postprandial changes in the biomarkers were significantly associated with improvement of microvascular reactivity. Conclusions Rosuvastatin treatment for 12 weeks improved microvascular reactivity with concomitant beneficial changes in the postprandial levels of PON-1 and ADMA. These results suggest that rosuvastatin improves the postprandial cardiometabolic milieu in type 2 diabetes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02185963 (July 7, 2014) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-017-0629-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Kyong Yeun Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Mi Yun
- Physiologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Vascular Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seo Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Tae Jung Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea.
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Alharbi KK, Alnbaheen MS, Alharbi FK, Hasanato RM, Khan IA. Q192R polymorphism in the PON1 gene and familial hypercholesterolemia in a Saudi population. Ann Saudi Med 2017; 37:425-432. [PMID: 29229890 PMCID: PMC6074118 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2017.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by abnormal levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood. FH is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The relationship between the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease has not been studied in Saudi patients. OBJECTIVE To investigate the genetic associations of the Q192R polymorphism in the PON1 gene with FH in Saudi patients. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Tertiary care center, Riyadh. METHODS Two hundred Saudi patients were enrolled in this study, including 100 patients with FH and 100 healthy controls, during the period from January 2012 to March 2013. Serum was separated from coagulated blood (3 mL) and used for analysis of lipid profiles. Genomic DNA was isolated from anticoagulant-treated blood (2 mL). Genotyping for the Q192R polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, followed by 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The strength of association between the Q192R polymorphism and FH in the Saudi population. RESULTS We confirmed that QR versus QQ (odds ratio [OR]: 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-3.43; P=.03), QR+RR versus QQ (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.13-3.49; P=.01), and R versus Q (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.09- 2.59; P=.01) in the Q192R polymorphism were associated with FH in the Saudi population. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the Q192R polymorphism in the PON1 gene is associated with FH in the Saudi population. Our results confirmed that the R allele, QR, and dominant model genotypes were associated with FH. LIMITATION Only a single variant (Q192R) was analyzed, and the medical and family histories of the patients were not known.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Imran Ali Khan
- Dr. Imran Ali Khan, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,, College of Applied Medical Sciences,, King Saud University, PO Box 10219,, Riyadh-11433, Saudi Arabia, T: +966-11-4693851, , ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9746
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Antioxidative activity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL): Mechanistic insights into potential clinical benefit. BBA CLINICAL 2017; 8:66-77. [PMID: 28936395 PMCID: PMC5597817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles by macrophages represents a key step in the development of atherosclerotic plaques, leading to the foam cell formation. Chemical modification of LDL is however necessary to induce this process. Proatherogenic LDL modifications include aggregation, enzymatic digestion and oxidation. LDL oxidation by one-electron (free radicals) and two-electron oxidants dramatically increases LDL affinity to macrophage scavenger receptors, leading to rapid LDL uptake and fatty streak formation. Circulating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, primarily small, dense, protein-rich HDL3, provide potent protection of LDL from oxidative damage by free radicals, resulting in the inhibition of the generation of pro-inflammatory oxidized lipids. HDL-mediated inactivation of lipid hydroperoxides involves their initial transfer from LDL to HDL and subsequent reduction to inactive hydroxides by redox-active Met residues of apolipoprotein A-I. Several HDL-associated enzymes are present at elevated concentrations in HDL3 relative to large, light HDL2 and can be involved in the inactivation of short-chain oxidized phospholipids. Therefore, HDL represents a multimolecular complex capable of acquiring and inactivating proatherogenic lipids. Antioxidative function of HDL can be impaired in several metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Structural and compositional anomalies in the HDL proteome and lipidome underlie such functional deficiency. Concomitant normalization of the metabolism, circulating levels, composition and biological activities of HDL particles, primarily those of small, dense HDL3, can constitute future therapeutic target.
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Bis(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) Sulfate Dehydrate: Potential Candidate for Controlling Lipid Metabolism? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6950516. [PMID: 28529953 PMCID: PMC5424176 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6950516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium is a trace element mainly connected with regulation of insulin metabolism which is particularly important in diabetes. In recent years, organic complexes of vanadium seem to be more interesting than inorganic salts. Nevertheless, the effect of vanadium on lipid metabolism is still a problematic issue; therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 3 organic complexes of vanadium such as sodium (2,2′-bipyridine)oxidobisperoxovanadate(V) octahydrate, bis(2,2′-bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) sulfate dehydrate, and bis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) sulfate dihydrate in conjunction with high-fat as well as control diet in nondiabetes model on the following lipid parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein as well as activity of paraoxonase 1. All of these parameters were determined in plasma of Wistar rats. The most significant effect was observed in case of bis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′ bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) sulfate dehydrate in rats fed with high-fat diet. Based on our research, bis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) sulfate dihydrate should be the aim of further research and perhaps it will be an important factor in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
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Human paraoxonase 1 overexpression in mice stimulates HDL cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173385. [PMID: 28278274 PMCID: PMC5344486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effect of human PON1 overexpression in mice on cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. PON1 overexpression in PON1-Tg mice induced a significant 3-fold (p<0.0001) increase in plasma paraoxonase activity and a significant ~30% (p<0.0001) increase in the capacity of HDL to mediate cholesterol efflux from J774 macrophages compared to wild-type mice. It also caused a significant 4-fold increase (p<0.0001) in the capacity of macrophages to transfer cholesterol to apoA-1, a significant 2-fold (p<0.0003) increase in ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression, and a significant increase in the expression of PPARγ (p<0.0003 and p<0.04, respectively) and LXRα (p<0.0001 and p<0.01, respectively) mRNA and protein compared to macrophages from wild-type mice. Moreover, transfection of J774 macrophages with human PON1 also increased ABCA1, PPARγ and LXRα protein expression and stimulates macrophages cholesterol efflux to apo A1. In vivo measurements showed that the overexpression of PON1 significantly increases the fecal elimination of macrophage-derived cholesterol in PON1-Tg mice. Overall, our results suggested that the overexpression of PON1 in mice may contribute to the regulation of the cholesterol homeostasis by improving the capacity of HDL to mediate cholesterol efflux and by stimulating reverse cholesterol transport.
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Wang B, Yang RN, Zhu YR, Xing JC, Lou XW, He YJ, Ding QL, Zhang MY, Qiu H. Involvement of xanthine oxidase and paraoxonase 1 in the process of oxidative stress in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:387-395. [PMID: 27959408 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XOD) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) are important enzymes in redox reactions in vivo, and are predominantly synthesized by the liver. The aim of the present study was to investigate the redox state in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and determine the association between the activities of XOD and PON1 and the severity of NAFLD. Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, model and α‑lipoic acid (high and low dose) groups. The rats in the NAFLD model were induced by feeding a high fat diet for 12 weeks and the in vitro cell model of hepatocyte steatosis was induced by treating L‑02 cells with oleic acid for 24 h. The body weight, liver function, lipid and oxidative stress indices, and histological features of the liver were examined in the rats. Compared with the control group, the rats in the NAFLD model group showed impaired liver function, lipid disorders and damage from oxidative stress. The serum activity of XOD increased significantly from the 4th week and was markedly higher, compared with that in the control group, reaching a peak in the 12th week. The activity of PON1 was negatively correlated with that of XOD. Compared with the control cells, the activity of XOD and levels of free‑fatty acids were significantly higher, and the activity of PON1 was significantly lower in the NAFLD L‑02 cell model. All the above indicators were significantly improved by treatment with the antioxidant, α‑lipoic acid. The activities of XOD and PON1 may be promising as markers in a noninvasive approach for detecting the severity of NAFLD clinically. α‑lipoic acid had protective effects on the NAFLD rats, and the potential mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 81 Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Ning Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 81 Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Rong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 81 Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Cheng Xing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 81 Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Lou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 81 Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jie He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 81 Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Long Ding
- Experimental and Teaching Center of Medical Basis for Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yue Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Central Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, Henan 473000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 81 Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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Anesthetic Propofol-Induced Gene Expression Changes in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Based on Dynamical Differential Coexpression Network Analysis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7097612. [PMID: 27437027 PMCID: PMC4942588 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7097612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the influence of anesthetic propofol on gene expression in patients treated by coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery based on differential coexpression network (DCN) and to further reveal the novel mechanisms of the cardioprotective effects of propofol. Firstly, we constructed the DCN for disease condition based on Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and weight value. Secondly, the inference of modules was applied to search modules from DCN with same members but varied connectivity. Furthermore, we measured the statistical significance of the modules for selecting differential modules (DMs). Finally, attract method was used for DMs analysis to select key modules. Based on the δ value, 11928 edges and 2956 nodes were chosen to construct DCNs. A total of 29 seed genes were selected. Moreover, by quantifying connectivity changes in shared gene modules across different conditions, 8 DMs with higher connectivity dynamics were identified. Then, we extracted key modules using attract method, there were 8 key modules, and the top 3 modules were module 1, 2, and 3. Furthermore, GCG, PPY, and PON1 were initial seed genes of these 3 key modules, respectively. Accordingly, GCG and PON1 might exert important roles in the cardioprotective effects of propofol during CABG.
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Zasowska-Nowak A, Nowak PJ, Bialasiewicz P, Prymont-Przyminska A, Zwolinska A, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Markowski J, Rutkowski KP, Nowak D. Strawberries Added to the Usual Diet Suppress Fasting Plasma Paraoxonase Activity and Have a Weak Transient Decreasing Effect on Cholesterol Levels in Healthy Nonobese Subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:422-35. [PMID: 26934671 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1065523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Strawberries can improve oxidants-antioxidants balance and reduce some cardiovascular risk factors in obese subjects. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme with antioxidant properties that can protect from coronary artery disease in humans. We examined the effect of strawberry consumption on plasma PON-1 activity and lipid profile in healthy nonobese subjects. METHODS Thirty-one subjects (body mass index [BMI] 24.4 ± 4.0 kg/m(2)) on their usual diet consumed 500 g of strawberry pulp daily for 30 days (first course) and after a 10-day washout the cycle was repeated (second course). Fasting blood and spot morning urine samples were collected before, during, and after each strawberry course (8 time points) for determination of paraoxonase and arylesterase PON-1 activities and lipid profile. Twenty subjects served as controls with respect to cholesterol and PON-1 activities changes over the study period. RESULTS Strawberries decreased mean plasma paraoxonase PON-1 activity and this effect was more evident after the second course (by 11.6%, p < 0.05) than after the first course (5.4%, p = 0.06), whereas arylesterase activity was constant. Strawberries altered total cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) with a tendency to transiently decrease it (by 5.1%) only after 15 days of the first course. Triglycerides and high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not change in response to fruit consumption. No changes in PON-1 activities and lipid profile were noted in controls. Paraoxonase correlated with arylesterase activity (ƿ from 0.33 to 0.46 at the first 7 time points, p < 0.05). This association disappeared at the end of study (ƿ = 0.07) when the strongest inhibition of paraoxonase was noted. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of the usual diet with strawberries decreased paraoxonase PON-1 activity and did not improve lipid profiles in healthy nonobese subjects. Further studies are necessary to establish the clinical significance of paraoxonase suppression and to define a group of healthy subjects who can benefit from strawberry consumption with respect to cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr J Nowak
- b Department of Nephrology , Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaroslaw Markowski
- g Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, POLAND; Research Institute of Horticulture, Division of Pomology , Fruit Storage and Processing Department , Skierniewice , POLAND
| | - Krzysztof P Rutkowski
- g Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, POLAND; Research Institute of Horticulture, Division of Pomology , Fruit Storage and Processing Department , Skierniewice , POLAND
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Kunutsor SK, Bakker SJ, James RW, Dullaart RP. Serum paraoxonase-1 activity and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: The PREVEND study and meta-analysis of prospective population studies. Atherosclerosis 2016; 245:143-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dai X, Wiernek S, Evans JP, Runge MS. Genetics of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. World J Cardiol 2016; 8:1-23. [PMID: 26839654 PMCID: PMC4728103 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) comprises a broad spectrum of clinical entities that include asymptomatic subclinical atherosclerosis and its clinical complications, such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden cardiac death. CAD continues to be the leading cause of death in industrialized society. The long-recognized familial clustering of CAD suggests that genetics plays a central role in its development, with the heritability of CAD and MI estimated at approximately 50% to 60%. Understanding the genetic architecture of CAD and MI has proven to be difficult and costly due to the heterogeneity of clinical CAD and the underlying multi-decade complex pathophysiological processes that involve both genetic and environmental interactions. This review describes the clinical heterogeneity of CAD and MI to clarify the disease spectrum in genetic studies, provides a brief overview of the historical understanding and estimation of the heritability of CAD and MI, recounts major gene discoveries of potential causal mutations in familial CAD and MI, summarizes CAD and MI-associated genetic variants identified using candidate gene approaches and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and summarizes the current status of the construction and validations of genetic risk scores for lifetime risk prediction and guidance for preventive strategies. Potential protective genetic factors against the development of CAD and MI are also discussed. Finally, GWAS have identified multiple genetic factors associated with an increased risk of in-stent restenosis following stent placement for obstructive CAD. This review will also address genetic factors associated with in-stent restenosis, which may ultimately guide clinical decision-making regarding revascularization strategies for patients with CAD and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Dai
- Xuming Dai, Szymon Wiernek, Marschall S Runge, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Szymon Wiernek
- Xuming Dai, Szymon Wiernek, Marschall S Runge, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - James P Evans
- Xuming Dai, Szymon Wiernek, Marschall S Runge, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Marschall S Runge
- Xuming Dai, Szymon Wiernek, Marschall S Runge, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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PON-1 Activity and Plasma 8-Isoprostane Concentration in Patients with Angiographically Proven Coronary Artery Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:5136937. [PMID: 26697134 PMCID: PMC4677230 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5136937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to estimate association of the extent of angiographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD) with plasma 8-isoprostane F2 (8-iso-PGF2α) levels as a reliable marker of lipid peroxidation and serum activity of paraoxonase-1, which demonstrates the ability to protect against lipid oxidation. The study included 105 patients with angiographically documented CAD (CAD+) and 45 patients with negative results of coronary angiography (CAD−). Compared to the control group CAD+ patients were characterized by increased 8-iso-PGF2α levels (P = 0.007) and reduced activity of PON-1 towards paraoxon (PONase, P = 0.002) and phenyl acetate (AREase, P = 0.037). Univariate correlation analysis indicated that 8-iso-PGF2α concentrations were positively associated with the severity of CAD as evaluated by the Gensini score (R = 0.41, P < 0.001) while PONase activity (R = −0.26, P < 0.05) and AREase activity (R = −0.23, P < 0.05) were inversely correlated with CAD severity. PONase activity and 8-iso-PGF2α concentration remained independent determinant of atherosclerosis severity in multiple linear regression after adjusting for age, gender, smoking habits, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, statin therapy, and HDL-C and TAG concentration (β coefficients −0.267; P < 0.05 and 0.368; P < 0.001, resp.). The results suggest that PON-1 activity and 8-iso-PGF2α concentration are associated with the presence and extent of coronary stenosis and may be considered additional markers of coronary artery disease.
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Soran H, Schofield JD, Durrington PN. Antioxidant properties of HDL. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:222. [PMID: 26528181 PMCID: PMC4607861 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) provides a pathway for the passage of lipid peroxides and lysophospholipids to the liver via hepatic scavenger receptors. Perhaps more importantly, HDL actually metabolizes lipid hydroperoxides preventing their accumulation on low-density lipoprotein (LDL), thus impeding its atherogenic structural modification. A number of candidates have been suggested to be responsible for HDL's antioxidant function, with paraoxonase-1 (PON1) perhaps the most prominent. Here we review the evidence for HDL anti-oxidative function and the potential contributions of apolipoproteins, lipid transfer proteins, paraoxonases and other enzymes associated with HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technology Facility, University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan D Schofield
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technology Facility, University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, UK
| | - Paul N Durrington
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technology Facility, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Sahebkar A. Effect of statin therapy on paraoxonase-1 status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 clinical trials. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 60:50-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Soran H, Schofield JD, Liu Y, Durrington PN. How HDL protects LDL against atherogenic modification: paraoxonase 1 and other dramatis personae. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:247-56. [PMID: 26103614 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current evidence about how HDL impedes the oxidative and glycative atherogenic modification of LDL. RECENT FINDINGS Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is located on HDL. Meta-analysis of clinical epidemiological investigations reveals a substantial association of low serum PON1 activity with coronary heart disease incidence independent of other risk factors including HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI (apoAI). Transgenic animal models also indicate an antiatherosclerotic role for PON1. However, highly purified and recombinant PON1 do not retain their antioxidant properties. SUMMARY The therapeutic potential of PON1 should be recognized in preventing atherosclerosis and combating infection and organophosphate toxicity. In unleashing this potential, it is important to consider that both highly purified and recombinant PON1 are dissociated from the lipid phase and other components of HDL, such as apoAI and apoM, all of which may be required for HDL (through its PON1 component) to hydrolyze more lipophilic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handrean Soran
- aCardiovascular Research Group, School of Medicine, Core Technology Facility, University of Manchester bCardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester and Manchester Children University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Scherrer DZ, Zago VHDS, Vieira IC, Parra ES, Panzoldo NB, Alexandre F, Secolin R, Baracat J, Quintão ECR, Faria ECD. p.Q192R SNP of PON1 seems not to be Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in an Asymptomatic and Normolipidemic Brazilian Population Sample. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 105:45-52. [PMID: 26039660 PMCID: PMC4523287 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidences suggest that paraoxonase 1 (PON1) confers important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties when associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships between p.Q192R SNP of PON1, biochemical parameters and carotid atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic, normolipidemic Brazilian population sample. METHODS We studied 584 volunteers (females n = 326, males n = 258; 19-75 years of age). Total genomic DNA was extracted and SNP was detected in the TaqMan® SNP OpenArray® genotyping platform (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were determined and PON1 activity was measured using paraoxon as a substrate. High-resolution β-mode ultrasonography was used to measure cIMT and the presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in a subgroup of individuals (n = 317). RESULTS The presence of p.192Q was associated with a significant increase in PON1 activity (RR = 12.30 (11.38); RQ = 46.96 (22.35); QQ = 85.35 (24.83) μmol/min; p < 0.0001), HDL-C (RR= 45 (37); RQ = 62 (39); QQ = 69 (29) mg/dL; p < 0.001) and apo A-I (RR = 140.76 ± 36.39; RQ = 147.62 ± 36.92; QQ = 147.49 ± 36.65 mg/dL; p = 0.019). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that heterozygous and p.192Q carriers influenced by 58% PON1 activity towards paraoxon. The univariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that p.Q192R SNP was not associated with mean cIMT; as a result, in the multiple regression analysis, no variables were selected with 5% significance. In logistic regression analysis, the studied parameters were not associated with the presence of carotid plaques. CONCLUSION In low-risk individuals, the presence of the p.192Q variant of PON1 is associated with a beneficial plasma lipid profile but not with carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zanetti Scherrer
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vanessa Helena de Souza Zago
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Isabela Calanca Vieira
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Eliane Soler Parra
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Natália Baratella Panzoldo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Fernanda Alexandre
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Rodrigo Secolin
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Jamal Baracat
- Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Eliana Cotta de Faria
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
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Mackness M, Mackness B. Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1): Gene structure and expression, promiscuous activities and multiple physiological roles. Gene 2015; 567:12-21. [PMID: 25965560 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human PON1 is a HDL-associated lipolactonase capable of preventing LDL and cell membrane oxidation and is therefore considered to be atheroprotective. PON1 contributes to the antioxidative function of HDL and reductions in HDL-PON1 activity, prevalent in a wide variety of diseases with an inflammatory component, are believed to lead to dysfunctional HDL which can promote inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, PON1 is multifunctional and may contribute to other HDL functions such as in innate immunity, preventing infection by quorum sensing gram negative bacteria by destroying acyl lactone mediators of quorum sensing, and putative new roles in cancer development and the promotion of healthy ageing. In this review we explore the physiological roles of PON1 in disease development, as well as PON1 gene and protein structure, promiscuous activities and the roles of SNPs and ethnicity in determining PON1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Mackness
- Avenida Príncipe D'España, Miami Platja, 43892 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Bharti Mackness
- Avenida Príncipe D'España, Miami Platja, 43892 Tarragona, Spain
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Apostolova N, Victor VM. Molecular strategies for targeting antioxidants to mitochondria: therapeutic implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:686-729. [PMID: 25546574 PMCID: PMC4350006 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function and specifically its implication in cellular redox/oxidative balance is fundamental in controlling the life and death of cells, and has been implicated in a wide range of human pathologies. In this context, mitochondrial therapeutics, particularly those involving mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, have attracted increasing interest as potentially effective therapies for several human diseases. For the past 10 years, great progress has been made in the development and functional testing of molecules that specifically target mitochondria, and there has been special focus on compounds with antioxidant properties. In this review, we will discuss several such strategies, including molecules conjugated with lipophilic cations (e.g., triphenylphosphonium) or rhodamine, conjugates of plant alkaloids, amino-acid- and peptide-based compounds, and liposomes. This area has several major challenges that need to be confronted. Apart from antioxidants and other redox active molecules, current research aims at developing compounds that are capable of modulating other mitochondria-controlled processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Multiple chemically different molecular strategies have been developed as delivery tools that offer broad opportunities for mitochondrial manipulation. Additional studies, and particularly in vivo approaches under physiologically relevant conditions, are necessary to confirm the clinical usefulness of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University Jaume I , Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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Bednarska-Makaruk M, Rodo M, Szirkowiec W, Mossakowska M, Puzianowska-Kuźnicka M, Skalska A, Zdrojewski T, Ryglewicz D, Wehr H. Paraoxonase 1 activity and level of antibodies directed against oxidized low density lipoproteins in a group of an elderly population in Poland - PolSenior study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 60:153-61. [PMID: 25459919 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to assess two factors influencing the amount of oxidized LDL-paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and the level of anti-oxidized LDL antibodies (anti-ox LDL) in a large group of elderly individuals in Poland. The effects of cognitive status, hypertension and metabolic syndrome and of selected serum lipids and inflammation indicators on PON1 activity and anti-ox LDL level were also examined. The investigated population consisted of 3154 individuals aged 65 and more - participants of the population-based PolSenior project. PON1 arylesterase activity was determined spectrophotometrically, anti-ox-LDL antibodies using ELISA method. PON1 activity significantly decreased with advancing age, was lower in males than in females and decreased in persons with impaired cognition. Individuals with hypertension and high lipid levels showed higher PON1 activity. Lower PON1 activity was related to higher level of inflammation indicators - hsCRP and IL-6. The significant association of PON1 activity with age, HDL-C, LDL-C, sex and IL-6 was confirmed in multivariate analysis. Anti-ox LDL antibodies level was significantly higher in the two oldest subgroups of males. It was significantly lower in males than in females. It was decreased in persons with higher serum triglycerides. No relationship of anti-ox LDL level with cognition, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, inflammation indicators and serum lipid levels was observed. In some persons very high levels of anti-ox LDL were stated, most frequently in the oldest persons, particularly in men. CONCLUSION Both investigated antioxidant factors - PON1 activity and anti-ox LDL level, could play an important role in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Rodo
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuźnicka
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Centre, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Skalska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zdrojewski
- Department of Arterial Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Ryglewicz
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Wehr
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Yadav R, France M, Aghamohammadzadeh R, Liu Y, Hama S, Kwok S, Schofield J, Turkington P, Syed AA, Malik R, Pemberton P, Greenstein A, Durrington P, Ammori B, Gibson M, Jeziorska M, Soran H. Impairment of high-density lipoprotein resistance to lipid peroxidation and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity complicated by obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3390-8. [PMID: 24823455 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) complicates morbid obesity and is associated with increased cardiovascular disease incidence. An increase in the circulating markers of chronic inflammation and dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein (HDL) occur in severe obesity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to establish whether the effects of obesity on inflammation and HDL dysfunction are more marked when complicated by OSA. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Morbidly obese patients (n = 41) were divided into those whose apnea-hypoapnea index (AHI) was more or less than the median value and on the presence of OSA [OSA and no OSA (nOSA) groups]. We studied the antioxidant function of HDL and measured serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, TNFα, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels in these patients. In a subset of 19 patients, we immunostained gluteal sc adipose tissue (SAT) for TNFα, macrophages, and measured adipocyte size. RESULTS HDL lipid peroxide levels were higher and serum PON1 activity was lower in the high AHI group vs the low AHI group (P < .05 and P < .0001, respectively) and in the OSA group vs the nOSA group (P = .005 and P < .05, respectively). Serum TNFα and ICAM-1 levels and TNFα immunostaining in SAT increased with the severity of OSA. Serum PON1 activity was inversely correlated with AHI (r = -0.41, P < .03) in the OSA group. TNFα expression in SAT directly correlated with AHI (r = 0.53, P < .03) in the subset of 19 patients from whom a biopsy was obtained. CONCLUSION Increased serum TNFα, ICAM-1, and TNFα expression in SAT provide a mechanistic basis for enhanced inflammation in patients with OSA. Decreased serum PON1 activity, impaired HDL antioxidant function, and increased adipose tissue inflammation in these patients could be a mechanism for HDL and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Cardiovascular Research Group (R.Y., M.F., R.A., Y.L., S.H., S.K., J.S., R.M., A.G., P.D., M.J., H.S.), Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Trials Unit (R.Y., M.F. S.K., J.S., H.S.) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (M.F., P.P.), Central Manchester University Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom; and Departments of Medicine (P.T., A.A.S.) and Surgery (B.A.), the North West Diabetes Local Research Network (M.G.), Salford Royal National Health Service Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom
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Fiorito G, Guarrera S, Valle C, Ricceri F, Russo A, Grioni S, Mattiello A, Di Gaetano C, Rosa F, Modica F, Iacoviello L, Frasca G, Tumino R, Krogh V, Panico S, Vineis P, Sacerdote C, Matullo G. B-vitamins intake, DNA-methylation of One Carbon Metabolism and homocysteine pathway genes and myocardial infarction risk: the EPICOR study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:483-488. [PMID: 24418380 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several epidemiological studies highlighted the association between folate and B-vitamins low intake and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk. Contrasting results were reported on the relationship between folate intake and DNA-methylation. Folate and B-vitamins may modulate DNA-methylation of specific enzymes which are included in the One-Carbon Metabolism (OCM) and in the homocysteine (Hcy) pathways. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether DNA-methylation profiles of OCM and Hcy genes could modulate the myocardial infarction (MI) risk conferred by a low B-vitamins intake. METHODS AND RESULTS Study sample (206 MI cases and 206 matched controls) is a case-control study nested in the prospective EPIC cohort. Methylation levels of 33 candidate genes where extracted by the whole epigenome analysis (Illumina-HumanMethylation450K-BeadChip). We identified three differentially methylated regions in males (TCN2 promoter, CBS 5'UTR, AMT gene-body) and two in females (PON1 gene-body, CBS 5'UTR), each of them characterized by an increased methylation in cases. Functional in silico analysis suggested a decreased expression in cases. A Recursively Partitioned Mixture Model cluster algorithm identified distinct methylation profiles associated to different MI risk: high-risk vs. low-risk methylation profile groups, OR = 3.49, p = 1.87 × 10(-)(4) and OR = 3.94, p = 0.0317 in males and females respectively (multivariate logistic regression adjusted for classical CVD risk factors). Moreover, a general inverse relationship between B-vitamins intake and DNA-methylation of the candidate genes was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that DNA-methylation patterns in specific regions of OCM and Hcy pathways genes may modulate the CVD risk conferred by folate and B-vitamins low intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fiorito
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - S Guarrera
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - C Valle
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - F Ricceri
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - A Russo
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - S Grioni
- Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - A Mattiello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - C Di Gaetano
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - F Rosa
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - F Modica
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - L Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy
| | - G Frasca
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civile-M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy
| | - R Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civile-M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy
| | - V Krogh
- Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - S Panico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - P Vineis
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy; Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - C Sacerdote
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy; Cancer Epidemiology, CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - G Matullo
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy.
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Reduced paraoxonase 1 activity as a marker for severe coronary artery disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:97-103. [PMID: 24167353 PMCID: PMC3774974 DOI: 10.1155/2013/816189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), a high-density-lipoprotein- (HDL-) associated enzyme, has the potential to protect against atherogenesis. We examine the relationships between plasma PON1 activity and the progression of atherosclerosis as well as coronary artery disease (CAD). Fasting blood samples were collected from female apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice and 149 patients undergoing coronary angiography for the biochemical parameters measurement. The severity of CAD was defined using angiographic Gensini score (GSS). Compared to 3-month-old apoE(-/-) mice, aged mice had significantly lower PON1 activity, which is negatively correlated with the size of atherosclerotic lesion and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α ) levels. In study patients, PON1 activity was correlated with age, sex, and HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein AI, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and was significantly lower in CAD group than that in non-CAD control group. Interestingly, PON1 activity in severe CAD group (GSS > 40) was further significantly reduced compared to those in mild and moderate subgroups (GSS ≤ 40) (P < 0.01). There is a significant correlation between PON1 activity and the severity of CAD as assessed by GSS (r = -0.393, P < 0.001). PON1 activity may be a potential biomarker for the severity of CAD.
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The Q192R polymorphism of the paraoxonase 1 gene is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in Saudi subjects. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:121-8. [PMID: 23625196 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a HDL-bound antioxidant enzyme that protects LDL from oxidative modification. Discovery of the antioxidant properties of PON1 led to extensive research on its role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The Q192R (rs662; A/G) polymorphism, which results in the glutamine to arginine substitution at position 192, of the PON1 gene has been linked to increased atherosclerosis risk in several but not all population studies. Besides genetic factors, environmental variables and ethnicity have been implicated as factors responsible for the ambiguity in relating the PON1 gene with atherosclerotic risk. Here, we tested the association of the Q192R polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) in Saudi ethnic subjects taking environmental factors into consideration. The genomic DNA samples from 121 angiographically confirmed CAD cases and 108 normal healthy control subjects were genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis. The distribution of QQ, QR, and RR genotypes was significantly different between cases and controls (p < 0.005). The RR genotype was associated with CAD risk independently of several established risk factors including age, gender, smoking, obesity, and diabetes (OR 2.2, 1.4-7.4, p < 0.01). Genotype-based stratification of demographic and biochemical data revealed that the RR genotype has proatherogenic properties. This study, thus, identifies the Q192R polymorphism as an additional risk factor for CAD in the Saudi population and suggests that it may have prognostic value. The negative effect of this genetic variant is presumably due to the diminished ability of the RR variant genotype of PON1 to blunt LDL oxidation.
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Unsal C, Albayrak Y, Albayrak N, Kuloglu M, Hashimoto K. Reduced serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine but not quetiapine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1545-52. [PMID: 24143103 PMCID: PMC3798239 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s52463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are currently the most prescribed drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia. Despite their advantages, which include greater improvement in negative symptoms, cognitive function, prevention of deterioration, quality of life, and fewer extrapyramidal symptoms, the concern regarding metabolic abnormalities which might cause cardiovascular diseases during treatment with SGAs have been rising. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme mostly located on high-density lipoprotein particles, and has been shown to protect or inhibit lipoprotein oxidation. Growing evidence suggests that PON1 plays a key role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. METHODS In the present study, we measured serum PON1 activity and serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with schizophrenia, who had been treated with either olanzapine or quetiapine, and in healthy controls. Thirty five patients who had been treated with olanzapine, 29 patients who had been treated with quetiapine, and 32 age, sex, and smoking status-matched healthy control (HC) participants were enrolled. Serum PON1 activity and serum levels of TC, triglyceride, HDL-C, and LDL-C were measured. RESULTS Serum PON1 activity in the olanzapine group was significantly lower than that of HC and quetiapine groups. Furthermore, serum levels of TC and LDL-C in the olanzapine group were significantly higher than those of quetiapine and HC groups. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between PON1 activity and HDL-C levels in the olanzapine group. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that serum PON1 activity in patients treated with olanzapine was lower than that of HC and quetiapine groups, and that PON1 may play a role in the metabolic side effects associated with olanzapine treatment. A further study to examine the relationship between serum PON1 activity and cardiovascular and metabolic side effects during treatment with SGAs will be of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Unsal
- Department of Psychiatry, Namik Kemal University, School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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Litvinov D, Mahini H, Garelnabi M. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of paraoxonase 1: implication in arteriosclerosis diseases. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012. [PMID: 23181222 PMCID: PMC3503369 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a hydrolytic enzyme with wide range of substrates, and capability to protect against lipid oxidation. Despite of the large number of compounds that can be hydrolyzed by paraoxonase, the biologically relevant substrates are still not clearly determined. There is a massive in vitro and in vivo data to demonstrate the beneficial effects of PON1 in several atherosclerosis-related processes. The enzyme is primarily expressed in liver; however, it is also localized in other tissues. PON1 attracted significant interest as a protein that is responsible for the most of antioxidant properties of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Several bioactive molecules such as dietary polyphenols, aspirin and its hydrolysis product salicylate, are known to stimulate PON1 transcription activation in mouse liver and HepG2 cell line. Studies on the activity, function, and genetic makeup have revealed a protective role of PON1. Some striking data were obtained in PON1 gene knockout and PON1 transgenic mouse models and in human studies. The goal of this review is to assess the current understanding of PON1 expression, enzymatic and antioxidant activity, and its atheroprotective effects. Results from in vivo and in vitro basic studies; and from human studies on the association of PON1 with coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Litvinov
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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