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Pattanaik A, Lodha L, Marate S, K D, Sushma Bhandarkar B, V S, Ashtaputre N, Mani RS. Buffalopox: An emerging zoonotic challenge. Infect Dis Now 2024; 54:104954. [PMID: 39033879 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2024.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
As a variant of Vaccinia virus, Buffalopox virus is known to cause Buffalopox disease. In recent times, sporadic outbreaks of the infection in humans have been reported, especially in the endemic countries of Southeast Asia. Though mortality has not been high, associated morbidity is significant. Due to waning cross-protective immunity against smallpox, Buffalopox virus is one of the several orthopox viruses likely to emerge or reemerge. To combat this virus, early recognition, isolation, and management of the infection in animals and humans is of prime importance. In addition, vaccination in animals and humans at risk of acquiring infection is essential as a means of limiting animal-to-animal and animal-to-human spread of the virus. With this in mind, a collaborative approach between the animal and human health sectors is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pattanaik
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Lonika Lodha
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Srilatha Marate
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Dhanya K
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - B Sushma Bhandarkar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Sreelakshmi V
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Nidhi Ashtaputre
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India.
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2
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MacNeill AL. Comparative Pathology of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080892. [PMID: 36015017 PMCID: PMC9412692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a brief history of the impacts that a human-specific Orthopoxvirus (OPXV), Variola virus, had on mankind, recalls how critical vaccination was for the eradication of this disease, and discusses the consequences of discontinuing vaccination against OPXV. One of these consequences is the emergence of zoonotic OPXV diseases, including Monkeypox virus (MPXV). The focus of this manuscript is to compare pathology associated with zoonotic OPXV infection in veterinary species and in humans. Efficient recognition of poxvirus lesions and other, more subtle signs of disease in multiple species is critical to prevent further spread of poxvirus infections. Additionally included are a synopsis of the pathology observed in animal models of MPXV infection, the recent spread of MPXV among humans, and a discussion of the potential for this virus to persist in Europe and the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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3
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Ma W, Pang M, Lei X, Wang Z, Feng H, Li S, Chen D. Orf Virus Detection in the Saliva and Milk of Dairy Goats. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:837808. [PMID: 35432295 PMCID: PMC9006325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.837808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf is a zoonotic and highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf outbreaks in sheep and goats usually lead to high culling rate and mortality in newborn kids and lambs, posing a great threat to the development of goat and sheep industry. Human Orf occurs via direct contact with infected animals or fomites. While this disease is traditionally thought to spread through direct contact, whether other transmission routes exist remains unclear. Herein, we report the detection of ORFV in the saliva and milk of dairy goats without clinical Orf symptoms. Further analyses showed that these ORFV are infectious, as they can induce characteristic cytopathic changes in primary mammary and lip cells. Importantly, these ORFV can induce typical Orf lesions after inoculation in ORFV-free dairy goats. This is the first study showing that live, infectious ORFV can be isolated from the saliva and milk of asymptomatic goats, highlighting novel potential transmission routes of ORFV. These findings provide a novel idea for the prevention and control of Orf spread.
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Silva LF, de Oliveira SAM, de Alencar Mota ALA, Gonçalves VSP, de Oliveira Freitas C, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF, de Sant'Ana FJF. Seroprevalence of bovine vaccinia in cows and its correlation with the productive profile of affected farms in Distrito Federal, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:411-419. [PMID: 34729709 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is an infectious disease caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) characterized by vesicular and exanthematic lesions, mainly in cattle. Although BV has been described in some Brazilian regions in the last decades, official information regarding the current prevalence in bovine herds of Midwestern Brazil is lacking. Thus, the current study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with BV in cattle in the Distrito Federal (DF), Brazil. Sera of 312 cows of 64 herds were tested by virus-neutralizing test for VACV antibodies. Herd and animal seroprevalence were estimated to be 33.3% (CI 95%: 18.2-48.3%) and 10.6% (CI 95%: 1.0-20.2%), respectively. Seropositive cows were detected in dairy, beef, and mixed-purpose farms. The results of an epidemiological questionnaire showed that no risk factor analyzed was positively associated with seropositivity to VACV. There was no significant association between type of milking (manual/mechanic) and seropositivity to VACV; however, most seropositive cows were present in farms with high daily milk production and high number of lactating and adult cows. Our results indicate that VACV circulates in many regions of DF with considerable prevalence in dairy cows. Control measures to restrict VACV circulation and consequences of the infection may be advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ferreira Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carolina de Oliveira Freitas
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Barbosa Costa G, Silva de Oliveira J, Townsend MB, Carson WC, Borges IA, McCollum AM, Kroon EG, Satheshkumar PS, Reynolds MG, Nakazawa YJ, de Souza Trindade G. Educational Approach to Prevent the Burden of Vaccinia Virus Infections in a Bovine Vaccinia Endemic Area in Brazil. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050511. [PMID: 33922509 PMCID: PMC8145679 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonotic disease characterized by exanthematous lesions on the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers, and is an important public health issue in Brazil and South America. BV also results in economic losses to the dairy industry, being a burden to the regions involved in milk production. In the past 20 years, much effort has been made to increase the knowledge regarding BV epidemiology, etiologic agents, and interactions with the hosts and the environment. In the present study, we evaluated milking practices that could be associated with VACV infections in an endemic area in Brazil and proposed an educational tool to help prevent VACV infections. In our survey, 124 individuals (51.7%) from a total of 240 had previously heard of BV, 94 of which knew about it through BV outbreaks. Although most individuals involved in dairy activities (n = 85/91) reported having good hygiene practices, only 29.7% used adequate disinfecting products to clean their hands and 39.5% disinfected cows’ teats before and after milking. Furthermore, 46.7% of individuals reported having contact with other farm and domestic animals besides dairy cattle. We also evaluated the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies in the surveyed population. Overall, 6.1% of likely unvaccinated individuals were positive for anti-Orthopoxvirus IgG antibodies, and 1.7% of all individuals were positive for IgM antibodies. Based on our findings, we proposed educational materials which target individuals with permanent residence in rural areas (mainly farmers and milkers), providing an overview and basic information about preventive measures against VACV infections that could enhance BV control and prevention efforts, especially for vulnerable populations located in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças não Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília 70723-040, Brazil
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Michael B. Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - William C. Carson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Iara Apolinário Borges
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Andrea M. McCollum
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Mary G. Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
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6
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José da Silva Domingos I, Silva de Oliveira J, Lorene Soares Rocha K, Bretas de Oliveira D, Geessien Kroon E, Barbosa Costa G, de Souza Trindade G. Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going? Pathogens 2021; 10:406. [PMID: 33807254 PMCID: PMC8065508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first vaccine in history) and also thanks to a massive vaccination program in the 20th century all over the world. Although the first vaccine was created using the Cowpox virus (CPXV), it turned out later that the Vaccinia virus was the one used during the vaccination program. VACV is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that has emerged in Brazil and South America in the last 20 years. BV has a great impact on local dairy economies and is also a burden to public health. In this review, we described the main events related to VACV and BV emergence in Brazil and South America, the increase of related scientific studies, and the issues that science, human and animal medicine are going to face if we do not be on guard to this virus and its disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago José da Silva Domingos
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças Não-Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF 70719-040, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
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7
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Souza AR, Luques MN, Damaso CR. Genomic diversity of vaccinia virus strain Cantagalo isolated in southeastern Brazil during the early years of the outbreak, 1999-2006. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 115:e200521. [PMID: 33566940 PMCID: PMC7849178 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of a vesiculopustular disease in dairy cattle and milkers have been frequently reported in Brazil since 1999 when the vaccinia virus strain Cantagalo was first isolated in the State of Rio de Janeiro. However, the genomic diversity of the viral isolates associated with these outbreaks is not well known, particularly in the southeastern states that represent the focal point of virus spread to other regions. Here, we report the genomic sequences and an analysis of the polymorphic site profiles and genotypic diversity of four clinical isolates of vaccinia virus strain Cantagalo collected from 1999 to 2006 in southeastern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Rv Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Matheus Nobrega Luques
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Clarissa R Damaso
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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8
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Silva NIO, de Oliveira JS, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS, Drumond BP. Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Viruses 2020; 13:E43. [PMID: 33396609 PMCID: PMC7823380 DOI: 10.3390/v13010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of zoonotic viruses, including poxviruses, poses one of the greatest threats to human and animal health. Forty years after the eradication of smallpox, emerging zoonotic orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses continue to infect humans as well as wild and domestic animals. Currently, the geographical distribution of poxviruses in a broad range of hosts worldwide raises concerns regarding the possibility of outbreaks or viral dissemination to new geographical regions. Here, we review the global host ranges and current epidemiological understanding of zoonotic orthopoxviruses while focusing on orthopoxviruses with epidemic potential, including monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (N.I.O.S.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.); (G.d.S.T.)
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9
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Styczynski A, Burgado J, Walteros D, Usme-Ciro J, Laiton K, Farias AP, Nakazawa Y, Chapman C, Davidson W, Mauldin M, Morgan C, Martínez-Cerón J, Patiña E, López Sepúlveda LL, Torres CP, Cruz Suarez AE, Olaya GP, Riveros CE, Cepeda DY, Lopez LA, Espinosa DG, Gutierrez Lozada FA, Li Y, Satheshkumar PS, Reynolds M, Gracia-Romero M, Petersen B. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Possibly Associated with Emerging Zoonotic Vaccinia Virus in a Farming Community, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25. [PMID: 31743085 PMCID: PMC6874243 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.181114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy farmers had high rates of orthopoxvirus seropositivity and substantial illness associated with vaccinia-like lesions. In 2014, vaccinia virus (VACV) infections were identified among farmworkers in Caquetá Department, Colombia; additional cases were identified in Cundinamarca Department in 2015. VACV, an orthopoxvirus (OPXV) used in the smallpox vaccine, has caused sporadic bovine and human outbreaks in countries such as Brazil and India. In response to the emergence of this disease in Colombia, we surveyed and collected blood from 134 farmworkers and household members from 56 farms in Cundinamarca Department. We tested serum samples for OPXV antibodies and correlated risk factors with seropositivity by using multivariate analyses. Fifty-two percent of farmworkers had OPXV antibodies; this percentage decreased to 31% when we excluded persons who would have been eligible for smallpox vaccination. The major risk factors for seropositivity were municipality, age, smallpox vaccination scar, duration of time working on a farm, and animals having vaccinia-like lesions. This investigation provides evidence for possible emergence of VACV as a zoonosis in South America.
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10
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Lima MT, Oliveira GP, Afonso JAB, Souto RJC, de Mendonça CL, Dantas AFM, Abrahao JS, Kroon EG. An Update on the Known Host Range of the Brazilian Vaccinia Virus: An Outbreak in Buffalo Calves. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3327. [PMID: 30723465 PMCID: PMC6350457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even nearly forty years after the eradication of smallpox, members of the Poxviridae family continue to be the focus of an increasing number of studies. Among these studies, prominently stands vaccinia virus, an orthopoxvirus that is associated with bovine vaccinia outbreaks. Although more frequently associated with infections in cattle and humans, the host range of vaccinia virus is not restricted only to these hosts. There are several instances of molecular and serological evidence of circulation of vaccinia virus among wildlife species. In addition, viral isolation has confirmed a broad spectrum of vaccinia virus hosts. In this report, we provide a brief update on the host range of Brazilian vaccinia virus, and present a case description of an outbreak in domestic buffalo calves from Northeastern Brazil that corroborates previous serological and molecular studies. Furthermore, in the present study, vaccinia virus has been isolated for the first time in buffaloes, and referred to as vaccinia virus Pernambuco (VACV-PE). Phylogenetic reconstruction was based on A56R clustered VACV-PE with vaccinia virus isolates belonging to group 1 Brazilian vaccinia virus. Furthermore, the vaccinia virus genome was detected in the milk of a lactating cow, which thereby revealed a pathway for future studies on the possible impact of vaccinia virus on buffalo milk and milk products. Taken together, these results provide the first description of clinical disease caused by vaccinia virus in buffaloes in South America. They also raise new questions about the chain of transmission of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Teixeira Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Graziele Pereira Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla Lopes de Mendonça
- Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil
| | | | - Jonatas Santos Abrahao
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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11
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Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Palusiński M, Struzik J, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Toka FN, Schollenberger A, Gieryńska M. Ectromelia virus induces tubulin cytoskeletal rearrangement in immune cells accompanied by a loss of the microtubule organizing center and increased α-tubulin acetylation. Arch Virol 2018; 164:559-565. [PMID: 30374707 PMCID: PMC6373239 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is an orthopoxvirus that productively replicates in dendritic cells (DCs), but its influence on the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton in DCs is not known. Here, we show that ECTV infection of primary murine
granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-derived bone marrow cells (GM-BM) downregulates numerous genes engaged in MT cytoskeleton organization and dynamics. In infected cells, the MT cytoskeleton undergoes dramatic rearrangement and relaxation, accompanied by disappearance of the microtubule organizing centre (MTOC) and increased acetylation and stabilization of MTs, which are exploited by progeny virions for intracellular transport. This indicates a strong ability of ECTV to subvert the MT cytoskeleton of highly specialized immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Palusiński
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Struzik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Ada Schollenberger
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Rehfeld IS, Fraiha ALS, Matos ACD, Costa AG, Gallinari GCF, Costa ÉA, Guedes MIMC, Lobato ZIP. Short communication: Parapoxvirus and Orthopoxvirus coinfection in milk of naturally infected cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7801-7803. [PMID: 30007812 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the occurrence of poxvirus infections associated with exanthematic lesions in cattle from many Brazilian states. Coinfection between viruses belonging to 2 genera, Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) and Parapoxvirus (PPV), was already identified from the lesions of affected cows and humans. The DNA and infectious viral particles of Vaccinia virus, an OPXV, have been detected in milk of naturally and experimentally infected cows. However, to date no reports have described the detection of Pseudocowpox virus, a PPV, in milk. Thus, we investigated the presence of PPV and OPXV in milk samples obtained from dairy cows from a Brazilian region with exanthematic disease outbreaks. From 2011 to 2014, 6 dairy farms with exanthematic disease outbreaks involving dairy cows, calves, and humans were visited. Twelve crusts of cows' teat lesions and 60 milk samples were collected. The crusts and milk samples were analyzed by PCR to detect OPXV or PPV DNA. According to the analyzed crusts, we detected PPV infection in 4 of the 6 visited farms, from which we investigated the PPV contamination in milk. From the 40 milk samples tested, PPV DNA was detected in 12 samples. Of these milk samples, 8 were positive for both PPV and OPXV. This is the first report of PPV DNA detection in milk samples from affected cows, indicating that the virus may be present in milk and potentially contaminating dairy products associated or not with OPXV. In addition to the lesions caused by direct contact, the presence of 2 or more poxvirus species in milk showed that the effect of zoonotic exanthematic diseases on public health and animal husbandry is relevant and cannot be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle S Rehfeld
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Ana Luiza S Fraiha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Ana Carolina D Matos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Aristóteles G Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Grazielle C F Gallinari
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Érica A Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Maria Isabel M C Guedes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Zélia Inês P Lobato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901.
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13
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Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonosis characterized by exanthematous lesions in the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers and is an important public health issue. Severe VACV-induced lesions in the teats and udder of cows and buffaloes could lead to mastitis and other secondary infections, thereby reducing productivity and resulting in economic losses to the dairy industry. In Brazil, BV re-emerged in the late 1990s and is now endemic in most of the Brazilian territory. In the last 15 years, much effort has been made to know more about this disease and its epidemiology, etiologic agents, and interactions with the host and the environment. In this review, we describe the known dynamics of VACV infection in cattle and the viral shedding routes, as well as the relevance of BV for animal and public health.
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14
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Oliveira JSD, Figueiredo PDO, Costa GB, Assis FLD, Drumond BP, da Fonseca FG, Nogueira ML, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS. Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Viruses 2017; 9:E340. [PMID: 29140260 PMCID: PMC5707547 DOI: 10.3390/v9110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The orthopoxviruses (OPV) comprise several emerging viruses with great importance to human and veterinary medicine, including vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. Historically, VACV is the most comprehensively studied virus, however, its origin and natural hosts remain unknown. VACV was the primary component of the smallpox vaccine, largely used during the smallpox eradication campaign. After smallpox was declared eradicated, the vaccination that conferred immunity to OPV was discontinued, favoring a new contingent of susceptible individuals to OPV. VACV infections occur naturally after direct contact with infected dairy cattle, in recently vaccinated individuals, or through alternative routes of exposure. In Brazil, VACV outbreaks are frequently reported in rural areas, affecting mainly farm animals and humans. Recent studies have shown the role of wildlife in the VACV transmission chain, exploring the role of wild rodents as reservoirs that facilitate VACV spread throughout rural areas. Furthermore, VACV circulation in urban environments and the significance of this with respect to public health, have also been explored. In this review, we discuss the history, epidemiological, ecological and clinical aspects of natural VACV infections in Brazil, also highlighting alternative routes of VACV transmission, the factors involved in susceptibility to infection, and the natural history of the disease in humans and animals, and the potential for dissemination to urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Poliana de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil.
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
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15
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Rehfeld IS, Fraiha ALS, Matos ACD, Guedes MIMC, Costa EA, de Souza MR, Cavalcante LFL, Lobato ZIP. Short communication: Survival of Vaccinia virus in inoculated cheeses during 60-day ripening. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7051-7054. [PMID: 28734599 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia is a neglected zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) and has a major economic and public health effect in Brazil. Previous studies showed infectious VACV particles in milk from either experimentally or naturally infected cows and in fresh cheeses prepared with experimentally contaminated milk. Ripening is a process that leads to major changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of cheese, reducing contamination by spoilage, pathogenic microorganisms, or both. However, it is not known if VACV infectious particles persist after the ripening process. To investigate this issue, viral infectivity at different ripening times was studied in cheeses manufactured with milk experimentally contaminated with VACV strain Guarani P2 (GP2). Cheeses were analyzed at 1, 7, 14, 21, 45, and 60 d of ripening at 25°C. Viral DNA was quantified by real-time PCR, and VACV isolation and titration were performed in Vero cells. The whole experiment was repeated 4 times. Analysis of the mean viral DNA quantification and infectivity indicated a reduction of approximately 2 logs along the ripening process; however, infectious viral particles (1.7 × 102 pfu/mL) could still be recovered at d 60 of ripening. These findings indicate that the ripening process reduces VACV infectivity, but it was not able to inactivate completely the viral particles after 60 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle S Rehfeld
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza S Fraiha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina D Matos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel M C Guedes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erica A Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R de Souza
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luigi F L Cavalcante
- Intergado-Rio Paranaguá, Jardim Riacho, 1463, CEP: 32280-300, Contagem, MG, Brazil
| | - Zélia I P Lobato
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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16
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de Oliveira TML, Guedes MIMC, Rehfeld IS, Matos ACD, Rivetti Júnior AV, da Cunha AF, Cerqueira MMOP, Abrahão JS, Lobato ZIP. Vaccinia virus detection in dairy products made with milk from experimentally infected cows. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649801 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), an emerging zoonosis that causes exanthematic lesions on the teats of dairy cows and on the hands of milkers. The virus has been detected in the milk of naturally infected cows. The objective of this study was to investigate and quantify VACV DNA as well as the presence of infectious virus particles in samples of cheese curd, cheese whey and pasteurized milk produced using milk from cows experimentally inoculated with VACV-GP2, a Brazilian isolate of VACV (VACV-BR). VACV DNA was detected in samples of cheese and pasteurized milk at different time points, even after the resolution of the typical lesions caused by VACV, which occurred after 22 days post-infection (dpi), on average. Moreover, it was possible to detect infectious viral particles in cheese samples on alternate days until 27 dpi. The presence of both VACV DNA and infectious viral particles in cheese samples throughout the clinical course of BV and even after the disappearance of the typical clinical signs of disease draws attention to the risk associated with consumption of the cheese. Furthermore, VACV-contaminated milk and cheese may represent an occupational risk to cheesemakers who often manipulate milk and cheese curd without wearing gloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M L de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M I M C Guedes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I S Rehfeld
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A C D Matos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A V Rivetti Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A F da Cunha
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leite, Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leite, Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J S Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Z I P Lobato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Subclinical bovine vaccinia: An important risk factor in the epidemiology of this zoonosis in cattle. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:233-235. [PMID: 28502903 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) that mainly affects lactating cows and dairy farm milkers. The epidemiological role(s) of other cattle categories such as dry cows, bulls, and heifers in BV remains unclear. This study was performed to investigate VACV in affected dairy cattle herds and perifocal farms during an outbreak in Brazil. Crusts from lesions of cows' teats were collected from all farms with BV outbreaks. Milk, feces, blood, and serum were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic lactating cows. Blood and serum were also sampled from other cattle categories (calves, heifers, dry cows, and bulls). The samples were tested for VACV by PCR, and to confirm VACV viability, VACV-positive samples were inoculated in BSC-40 cells and stained using immunoperoxidase. Neutralizing antibodies were investigated using plaque reduction neutralization test. Viral DNA was detected in milk, blood, and feces samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic dairy cows and in blood samples from other cattle categories on farms with and without confirmed BV outbreak. In affected farms, viable virus was identified in feces and milk samples from lactating cows and in blood samples from asymptomatic dry cows. Viable VACV was also identified in feces from lactating cows and one bull's blood sample from perifocal farms. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 81.6% of the herds affected by BV and in 53.8% of the herds on perifocal farms. The presented data indicate a potential source of viral dissemination, which contributes to the persistence and spread of VACV in the environment.
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18
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Bovine vaccinia: Inactivated Vaccinia virus vaccine induces protection in murine model. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:84-89. [PMID: 28532811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonosis characterized by exanthematous lesions on the teats of dairy cows and the milkers' hands. Since 1999, due to the occurrence of many BV outbreaks in dairy farms across all Brazilian regions, there is a need to improve the control and prevention measures of the disease. Vaccination is one of the major tools to prevent viral diseases, and it could be an alternative for BV prevention. The main objective of this study was the development of vaccine formulations against BV using the inactivated VACV strain GP2 as antigen combined with different adjuvants. Potency tests were performed in mice, which were vaccinated with two doses at a 21-day interval, and then challenged with the vaccine homologous virus. VACV strain GP2 inactivated by beta-propiolactone (BPL) in association with adjuvants was effective in inducing a humoral immune response against VACV, as measured by neutralizing antibody (NA) titers, and was variable depending on the adjuvant used in each vaccine formulation. The vaccine formulation containing aluminum hydroxide (AH) associated with saponin as adjuvant induced the production of high NA titers in all vaccinated mice, giving 100% protection in Balb/c murine model after challenge with homologous virus.
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19
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Dos Santos Pereira Andrade AC, Lima MT, Oliveira GP, Calixto RS, de Sales E Souza ÉL, da Glória de Souza D, de Almeida Leite CM, Ferreira JMS, Kroon EG, de Oliveira DB, Dos Santos Martins F, Abrahão JS. Daily ingestion of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 decreases Vaccinia virus dissemination and lethality in a mouse model. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:73-80. [PMID: 27873547 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is an important pathogen. Although studies have shown relationships between probiotics and viruses, the effect of probiotics on VACV infection is unknown. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the probiotics effects on VACV infection. Mice were divided into four groups, two non-infected groups, one receiving the probiotic, the other one not receiving it, and two groups infected intranasally with VACV Western Reserve (VACV-WR) receiving or not receiving the probiotic. Viral titres in organs and cytokine production in the lungs were analysed. Lung samples were also subjected to histological analysis. The intake of probiotic results in reduction in viral spread with a significant decrease of VACV titer on lung, liver and brain of treated group. In addition,treatment with the probiotic results in attenuated mice lung inflammation showing fewer lesions on histological findings and decreased lethality in mice infected with VACV. The ingestion of Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 (LPST11) after VACV infection resulted in 2/9 animal lethality compared with 4/9 in the VACV group. This is the first study on probiotics and VACV interactions, providing not only information about this interaction, but also proposing a model for future studies involving probiotics and other poxvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Dos Santos Pereira Andrade
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M Teixeira Lima
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - G Pereira Oliveira
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - R Silva Calixto
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - É Lorenna de Sales E Souza
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D da Glória de Souza
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C M de Almeida Leite
- 2 Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - J M Siqueira Ferreira
- 3 Laboratório de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - E G Kroon
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D Bretas de Oliveira
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F Dos Santos Martins
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - J S Abrahão
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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20
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de Oliveira TML, Guedes MIMC, Rehfeld IS, Matos ACD, Rivetti AV, Alves PA, Galinari GCF, Cerqueira MMOP, Abrahão JS, Lobato ZIP. Detection of Vaccinia Virus in Milk: Evidence of a Systemic and Persistent Infection in Experimentally Infected Cows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 12:898-903. [PMID: 26545169 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), which affects lactating cows and milkers. VACV DNA and infectious particles have been detected in milk of naturally infected cows. However, the period and pattern of VACV shedding in milk is unknown, as is whether the presence of VACV in milk is due to a localized or a systemic infection. To address those questions, eight lactating cows were inoculated with VACV in previously scarified teats. The experiment was divided in two phases. In Phase 1, milk samples were collected daily for 33 days, and in Phase 2, four animals from the first phase were immunosuppressed. In both phases, milk was collected with a sterile catheter on even days and by hand milking on odd days. All animals showed typical BV lesions in the inoculated teats. All milk samples were subjected to nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR to detect VACV DNA. PCR-positive samples were subjected to virus isolation. VACV DNA was intermittently detected in milk in both phases and infectious viral particles could be detected only in phase 2, on the 69th, 73rd, 74th, 77th, 79th, and 81st days postinfection. Despite the possibility of propagation of VACV through milk, it is known that milk continues to be drawn and marketed normally during outbreaks of the disease. The detection of both VACV DNA and infectious particles in milk samples draws attention to the potential public health risk associated with the consumption of milk from BV outbreaks. Detection of VACV in the milk from noninfected teats demonstrated that VACV shedding in milk might be related to a systemic infection. Moreover, it was shown that VACV DNA and viral infectious particles could be detected in milk even after healing of the lesions, demonstrating that VACV may cause a persistent infection in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tércia Moreira Ludolfo de Oliveira
- 1 Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes
- 1 Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabelle Silva Rehfeld
- 1 Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Diniz Matos
- 1 Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Vasconcelos Rivetti
- 1 Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil .,2 LANAGRO-Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) , Pedro Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Alves
- 3 Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Cossenzo Florentino Galinari
- 1 Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mônica Maria Oliveira Pinho Cerqueira
- 4 Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leite, Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- 3 Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Zélia Inês Portela Lobato
- 1 Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Costa GB, Borges IA, Alves PA, Miranda JB, Luiz APMF, Ferreira PCP, Abrahão JS, Moreno EC, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS. Alternative Routes of Zoonotic Vaccinia Virus Transmission, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2244-6. [PMID: 26583465 PMCID: PMC4672421 DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.141249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Rehfeld IS, Guedes MIMC, Fraiha ALS, Costa AG, Matos ACD, Fiúza ATL, Lobato ZIP. Vaccinia virus Transmission through Experimentally Contaminated Milk Using a Murine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127350. [PMID: 26000966 PMCID: PMC4441451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), which affects dairy cattle and humans. Previous studies have detected the presence of viable virus particles in bovine milk samples naturally and experimentally contaminated with VACV. However, it is not known whether milk contaminated with VACV could be a route of viral transmission. However, anti-Orthopoxvirus antibodies were detected in humans from BV endemic areas, whom had no contact with affected cows, which suggest that other VACV transmission routes are possible, such as consumption of contaminated milk and dairy products. Therefore, it is important to study the possibility of VACV transmission by contaminated milk. This study aimed to examine VACV transmission, pathogenesis and shedding in mice orally inoculated with experimentally contaminated milk. Thirty mice were orally inoculated with milk containing 107 PFU/ml of VACV, and ten mice were orally inoculated with uncontaminated milk. Clinical examinations were performed for 30 consecutive days, and fecal samples and oral swabs (OSs) were collected every other day. Mice were euthanized on predetermined days, and tissue and blood samples were collected. Nested-PCR, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), viral isolation, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods were performed on the collected samples. No clinical changes were observed in the animals. Viral DNA was detected in feces, blood, OSs and tissues, at least in one of the times tested. The lungs displayed moderate to severe interstitial lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, and only the heart, tonsils, tongue, and stomach did not show immunostaining at the IHC analysis. Neutralizing antibodies were detected at the 20th and 30th days post infection in 50% of infected mice. The results revealed that VACV contaminated milk could be a route of viral transmission in mice experimentally infected, showing systemic distribution and shedding through feces and oral mucosa, albeit without exhibiting any clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle Silva Rehfeld
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal (LPVA), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal (LPVA), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Soares Fraiha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal (LPVA), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Gomes Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal (LPVA), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Diniz Matos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal (LPVA), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Tatiane Lino Fiúza
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Zélia Inês Portela Lobato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal (LPVA), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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23
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Antunes JMADP, Ribeiro MG, Megid J. Intramammary coinfection by vaccinia virus and staphylococcus aureus in a bovine vaccinia outbreak. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- João Marcelo Azevedo De Paula Antunes
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), PO Box 560, 18618‐970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), PO Box 560, 18618‐970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jane Megid
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), PO Box 560, 18618‐970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Rehfeld IS, Guedes MIMC, Matos ACD, de Oliveira TML, Rivetti AV, Moura ACJ, Paes PRO, do Lago LA, Kroon EG, Lobato ZIP. Clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters of dairy cows experimentally infected with Vaccinia virus. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:752-7. [PMID: 23747141 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), an important zoonosis that affects dairy cattle. There are many aspects of the disease that remain unknown, and aiming to answer some of these questions, the clinical, hematological, and biochemical parameters of VACV experimentally infected cows were evaluated. In the first part of the study, lactating cows were infected with VACV-GP2 strain. In the second part, animals previously infected with VACV-GP2 were divided into two treatment groups: Group 1, immunosuppressed cows; and Group 2, re-infected cows. In this study, BV could be experimentally reproduced, with similar lesions as observed in natural infections. Moreover, a short incubation period and local lymphadenopathy were also observed. VACV could be detected by PCR and isolated from scabs taken from teat lesions of all inoculated and re-inoculated animals. Lymphocytosis and neutrophilia were observed in all animals from the first part of the experiment, and lymphopenia and relative neutrophilia were observed in the immunosuppressed animals. Detection of viral DNA in oral mucosa lesions suggests that viral reactivation might occur in immunosuppressed animals. Moreover, clinical disease with teat lesions may occur in previously VACV-infected cows under the experimental conditions of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle S Rehfeld
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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25
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Rivetti AV, Guedes MIMC, Rehfeld IS, Oliveira TML, Matos ACD, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Lobato ZIP. Bovine vaccinia, a systemic infection: evidence of fecal shedding, viremia and detection in lymphoid organs. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:103-11. [PMID: 23021861 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) that affects dairy cattle and milkers, causing economic losses and impacting animal and human health. Based on the clinical presentation, BV appears to be a localized disease, with lesions restricted to the skin of affected individuals. However, there are no studies on the pathogenesis of the disease in cows to determine if there is a systemic spread of the virus and if there are different ways of VACV shedding. The objective of this work was to study if there is a systemic spread of VACV in experimentally infected cows and to study the kinetics of VACV circulation in the blood and shedding in the feces of these animals. To this end, eight crossbred lactating cows were used. Three teats of each cow were inoculated with the GP2V strain of VACV. All animals were monitored daily, and blood and fecal samples were collected for 67 days post-infection (dpi). After this period, four of these previously infected cows were immunosuppressed using dexamethasone. Viral DNA was continuously detected and quantified in the blood and feces of these animals in an intermittent way, even after the resolution of the lesions. At slaughter, tissues were collected, and viral DNA was detected and quantified in the mesenteric and retromammary lymph nodes, ileum, spleen and liver. The detection of VACV DNA in the feces for a longer period (67 dpi) and in the lymphatic organs provides new evidence about VACV elimination and suggests that BV could be a systemic infection with a chronic course and viral shedding through the feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo V Rivetti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) - Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567, Campus da UFMG, CEP 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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26
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Cargnelutti JF, Flores MM, Teixeira FRM, Weiblen R, Flores EF. An outbreak of pseudocowpox in fattening calves in southern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:437-41. [PMID: 22362537 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711435408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudocowpox virus is a parapoxvirus frequently associated with papulovesicular and scabby lesions on the teats and udders of milking cows and is often transmitted to human beings. An unusual outbreak of skin disease in fattening calves in southern Brazil is described. Fourteen of 17 male cattle (82%), aged 6-48 months, feeding on grass pastures were affected. Animals developed papules, vesicles, and scabby proliferative lesions on the muzzle in a clinical course of approximately 10-15 days. The scabby lesions often presented with exudation and bleeding. Histological examination of mucocutaneous tissue in detached scabs revealed acanthosis with thickening of the corneal layer and premature keratinization (parakeratotic hyperkeratosis). The dermis had multifocal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. Electron microscopic examination of scab specimens revealed typical parapoxvirus particles: oval shaped (260 nm × 160 nm), enveloped, and covered with a helical layer. Polymerase chain reaction using a set of pan-parapoxvirus primers for the B2L gene amplified a 590-bp product out of DNA extracted from scabs. Nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons revealed a nucleotide homology of 97% with Pseudocowpox virus and lower homology with other parapoxviruses: Bovine papular stomatitis virus (84%) and Orf virus (94%). A phylogenetic tree based on the B2L sequence was constructed, showing that the virus clustered with Pseudocowpox virus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Cargnelutti JF, Schmidt C, Masuda EK, Nogueira PRK, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Vaccinia viruses isolated from skin infection in horses produced cutaneous and systemic disease in experimentally infected rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1070-5. [PMID: 22244689 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of rabbits to two isolates of Vaccinia virus (VACV) recovered from cutaneous disease in horses in Southern Brazil was investigated. Rabbits were inoculated in the ear skin with both VACV isolates, either in single or mixed infection. All inoculated animals presented local skin lesions characterized by hyperaemia, papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers. Infectious virus was detected in the lungs and intestine of rabbits that died during acute disease. Histological examination of the skin revealed changes characteristic of those associated with members of the genus Orthopoxvirus. These results demonstrate that rabbits develop skin disease accompanied by systemic signs upon intradermal inoculation of these two equine VACV isolates, either alone or in combination, opening the way for using rabbits to study selected aspects of the biology and pathogenesis of VACV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
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28
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Vaccinia viruses isolated from cutaneous disease in horses are highly virulent for rabbits. Microb Pathog 2011; 52:192-9. [PMID: 22226666 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two genotypically distinct Vaccinia viruses (VACV), named P1V and P2V, were isolated from an outbreak of cutaneous disease in horses in Southern Brazil. We herein investigated the susceptibility of rabbits, a proposed animal model, to P1V and P2V infection. Groups of weanling rabbits were inoculated intranasally (IN) with P1V or P2V at low (10(2.5) TCID50), medium (10(4.5)TCID50), or high titer (10(6.5)TCID50). Rabbits inoculated with medium and high titers shed virus in nasal secretions and developed serous to hemorrhagic nasal discharge and severe respiratory distress, followed by progressive apathy and high lethality. Clinical signs appeared around days 3-6 post-inoculation (pi) and lasted up to the day of death or euthanasia (around days 5-10). Virus shedding and clinical signs were less frequent in rabbits inoculated with low virus titers. Viremia was detected in all groups, with different frequencies. Viral DNA was detected in the feces of a few animals inoculated with P1V and P2V, low titer, and with P2V at high titer. Gross necropsy findings and histological examination showed diffuse interstitial fibrousing pneumonia with necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and intestinal liquid content. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in all inoculated animals surviving beyond day 9 pi. These results show that rabbits are highly susceptible to VACV isolated from horses, and develop severe respiratory and systemic disease upon IN inoculation. Thus, rabbits may be used to study selected aspects of VACV infection and disease.
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Kroon EG, Mota BEF, Abrahão JS, da Fonseca FG, de Souza Trindade G. Zoonotic Brazilian Vaccinia virus: from field to therapy. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:150-63. [PMID: 21896287 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype species of the Orthopoxvirus (OPV) genus, causes an occupational zoonotic disease in Brazil that is primarily associated with the handling of infected dairy cattle. Cattle and human outbreaks have been described in southeastern Brazil since 1999 and have now occurred in almost half of the territory. Phylogenetic studies have shown high levels of polymorphisms among isolated VACVs, which indicate the existence of at least two genetically divergent clades; this has also been proven in virulence assays in a mouse model system. In humans, VACV infection is characterized by skin lesions, primarily on the hands, accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, myalgia, headache and lymphadenopathy. In this review, we will discuss the virological, epidemiological, ecological and clinical aspects of VACV infection, its diagnosis and compounds that potentially could be used for the treatment of severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
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30
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da Fonseca FG, Kroon EG, Nogueira ML, de Souza Trindade G. Zoonotic vaccinia virus outbreaks in Brazil. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vaccinia virus (VACV) was used as a live vaccine during the WHO-led smallpox eradication campaign in the second half of the 20th century. The program culminated with the obliteration of the disease, one of the most important achievements in modern medicine. Interestingly, one of the key factors in the successful vaccination campaign – the VACV itself – is poorly understood in relation to its natural reservoirs, evolutionary history and origins, being frequently considered extinct as a naturally occurring virus. Nevertheless, orthopoxviruses other than variola virus have been known to circulate in Brazil since the early 1960s. More specifically, VACV has been associated with naturally acquired infections in humans, cattle and possibly other reservoirs since 1999, when bovine vaccinia outbreaks started to be consistently described year after year. In this article, we list and discuss the most important VACV outbreaks that have occurred in Brazil in the last 20 years. Phylogenetic issues are considered, as the latest studies point to large genetic variance among isolates. Clinical and epidemiological data, both published and new, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima 5416, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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Okeoma CM, Huegel AL, Lingappa J, Feldman MD, Ross SR. APOBEC3 proteins expressed in mammary epithelial cells are packaged into retroviruses and can restrict transmission of milk-borne virions. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 8:534-43. [PMID: 21147467 PMCID: PMC3023938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, including retroviruses like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), are transmitted from mother to infants through milk. Lymphoid cells and antibodies are thought to provide mammary gland and milk-borne immunity. In contrast, little is known about the role of mammary epithelial cells (MECs). The APOBEC3 family of retroviral restriction factors is highly expressed in macrophages and lymphoid and dendritic cells. We now show that APOBEC3 proteins are also expressed in mouse and human MECs. Lymphoid cell-expressed APOBEC3 restricts in vivo spread of MMTV to lymphoid and mammary tissue. In contrast, mammary gland-expressed APOBEC3 is packaged into MMTV virions and decreases the infectivity of milk-borne viruses. Moreover, APOBEC3G and other APOBEC3 genes are expressed in human mammary cells and have the potential to restrict viruses produced in this cell type. These data point to a role for APOBEC3 proteins in limiting infectivity of milk-transmitted viruses.
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MESH Headings
- APOBEC Deaminases
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytidine Deaminase/biosynthesis
- Cytidine Deaminase/physiology
- Cytosine Deaminase/biosynthesis
- Cytosine Deaminase/physiology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Female
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/virology
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/pathogenicity
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Milk/virology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Retroviridae Infections/metabolism
- Retroviridae Infections/transmission
- Retroviridae Infections/virology
- Tumor Virus Infections/metabolism
- Tumor Virus Infections/transmission
- Tumor Virus Infections/virology
- Virion/physiology
- Virus Assembly
- vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Microbiology and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Alyssa L. Huegel
- Department of Microbiology and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | | | - Michael D. Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Susan R. Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
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de Oliveira TML, Rehfeld IS, Siqueira JMF, Abrahão JS, Campos RK, dos Santos AKR, Cerqueira MMOP, Kroon EG, Lobato ZIP. Vaccinia virus is not inactivated after thermal treatment and cheese production using experimentally contaminated milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1491-6. [PMID: 20707725 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia is an emergent zoonosis caused by the Vaccinia virus (VACV). The disease is characterized by the appearance of exanthematic lesions that occur in humans and dairy cows. Previous studies have revealed the presence of infectious viral particles in milk samples during an outbreak of bovine vaccinia in Brazil, indicating the possibility of disease transmission through raw milk. To assess the viability of the virus in milk after thermal treatment and processing procedures, milk samples were experimentally contaminated with 10(3) plaque forming units (PFU)/mL (group I) and 10(5) PFU/mL (group II) VACV Guarani P2 virus, and the third group was not contaminated and served as a control. The samples were submitted to storage temperatures in a cold chamber, freezer for 48 hours, and to low temperature long-time treatment. Moreover, the viral viability was evaluated in cheese produced with contaminated milk using 10(4) PFU/mL VACV Guarani P2. Notably, the virus remained viable in milk after storage for 48 hours in both the cold chamber and the freezer, with a reduction in viral titer of 14.49% and 25.86%, respectively. Group II showed a viral reduction in titer of 61.88% and 75.98%, respectively. Thermal treatment 65°C for 30 minutes showed a reduction of viral titer of 94.83% and 99.99%, respectively, in group I and group II, but still showed remaining viable virus particles. In addition, it was possible to recover infectious viral particles from both the solid curds and the whey of the cheese produced with experimentally contaminated milk. The cheese shows a reduction in viral titer of 84.87% after storage at 4°C for 24 hours. The presence of viable viral particles in milk after both thermal treatment and cheese production indicates a potential public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tércia M Ludoulfo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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