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Peng J, Li S, Ti H. Sensitize Tumor Immunotherapy: Immunogenic Cell Death Inducing Nanosystems. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5895-5930. [PMID: 38895146 PMCID: PMC11184231 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s457782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Low immunogenicity of tumors poses a challenge in the development of effective tumor immunotherapy. However, emerging evidence suggests that certain therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and phototherapy, can induce varying degrees of immunogenic cell death (ICD). This ICD phenomenon leads to the release of tumor antigens and the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), thereby enhancing tumor immunogenicity and promoting immune responses. However, the use of a single conventional ICD inducer often fails to achieve in situ tumor ablation and establish long-term anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, the induction of ICD induction varies among different approaches, and the distribution of the therapeutic agent within the body influences the level of ICD and the occurrence of toxic side effects. To address these challenges and further boost tumor immunity, researchers have explored nanosystems as inducers of ICD in combination with tumor immunotherapy. This review examines the mechanisms of ICD and different induction methods, with a specific focus on the relationship between ICD and tumor immunity. The aim is to explore the research advancements utilizing various nanomaterials to enhance the body's anti-tumor effects by inducing ICD. This paper aims to contribute to the development and clinical application of nanomaterial-based ICD inducers in the field of cancer immunotherapy by providing important theoretical guidance and practical references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlan Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Ti
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Precise Medicine and Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Zhang X, Li D, Wang W, Zheng X, Zhang C, Jin Y, Meng S, Li J, Dai R, Kang W, Wu H, Zheng Z, Zhang R. A novel NIR-II FL/ PA imaging-guided synergistic photothermal-immune therapy: Biomineralizing nanosystems integrated with anti-tumor and bone repair. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101052. [PMID: 38628351 PMCID: PMC11019278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced stages of breast cancer are frequently complicated by bone metastases, which cause significant cancer-related bone destruction and mortality. However, the early precise theranostics of bone metastasis remains a formidable challenge in clinical practice. Herein,a novel all-in-one nanotheranostic system (ABI NYs) combining NIR-II FL/PA dual-modal imaging with photothermal-immunity therapeutic functionalities in one component was designed to precisely localize bone metastasis microscopic lesions and achieve complete tumor ablation at an early stage. The surface modification of the nanosystem with ibandronate (IBN) facilitates both passive and active targeting, significantly improving the detection rate of bone metastasis and suppressing the bone resorption. Superior photothermal performance produces sufficient heat to kill tumor cells while stimulating the upregulation of heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70), which triggers the immunogenic cell death (ICD) effect and the anti-tumor immune response. These all-in-one nanosystems precisely demonstrated early lesion localization in bone metastases and total tumor ablation with a single integration via "one-component, multi-functions" technique. To sum up, ABI NYs, as novel biomineralizing nanosystems integrated with anti-tumor and bone repair, present a synergistic therapy strategy, providing insight into the theranostics of bone metastases and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Research Team of Molecular Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital), Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Chongqing Zhang
- Medical Imaging Department, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital (Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University), Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yarong Jin
- Department of Radiology, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital), Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Shichao Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Jinxuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Rong Dai
- Department of Radiology, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital), Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Weiwei Kang
- Department of Radiology, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital), Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Ziliang Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital), Taiyuan, 030000, China
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Li X, He S, Luo B, Li P, Chen X, Wu M, Song C, Liu C, Yang T, Zhang X, Yang X, Hu J. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles to Enhance Antigen Presentation for Boosting Light-Driven Tumor Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303541. [PMID: 37608451 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential tools for tumor-target therapy accompanied with activating anticancer immune responses by serving as an integrated platform, but usually suffered from the limited cross presentation of tumor-associated antigen by dendritic cells (DCs). Here, a straightforward engineering strategy to construct heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70) highly expressed EVs incapsulated with Te nanoparticles (Te@EVsHSP70 ) for tumor photothermal therapy triggering improved immunotherapy is proposed. Tumor cells are firstly used as bioreactors for intracellular synthesis of Te nanoparticles, and NIR irradiation is subsequently introduced to upregulate the expression of HSP70 to give engineered Te@EVsHSP70 through exocytosis. Te@EVsHSP70 exhibits excellent photothermal performance and enhanced tumor antigen capture capability, which induces significant immunogenic death of tumor cells and improves DCs maturation both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the engineered EVs demonstrate superior antitumor efficacy through photothermal effect and following provoked antitumor immune responses. This work provides a facile method to fabricate multifunctional EVs-based drug delivery system for improving photothermal-triggered tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shuaicheng He
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ban Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wenchang People's Hospital, Haikou, 571321, China
| | - Puze Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xue Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Meichan Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng Song
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tian Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430200, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Delic M, Boeswald V, Goepfert K, Pabst P, Moehler M. In vitro Characterization of Enhanced Human Immune Responses by GM-CSF Encoding HSV-1-Induced Melanoma Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1291-1307. [PMID: 36310770 PMCID: PMC9606445 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s350136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the innate and adaptive immune response against melanoma cells after JS-1 (wild-type herpes simplex virus 1, wt HSV-1) or Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) infection and evaluated the antitumoral efficacy in human melanoma cells. We analyzed the putative synergistic biological and immunological effects of JS-1 or T-VEC combined with cytostatic drugs in human tumor and immune cells. T-VEC is a genetically modified strain of HSV-1. Genetic modifications (insertion of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene) were made to attenuate the virus and increase selectivity for cancer cells. In addition to the direct oncolytic effect, we investigated the immune stimulatory effects of T-VEC by comparing it with JS-1. JS-1 is identical T-VEC except for the inserted GM-CSF gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the effects of T-VEC and JS-1 with cytostatic drugs in human tumor-immune cell coculture experiments. After coculture, the surface markers CD80, CD83 and CD86 were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and the cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and GM-CSF, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Furthermore, we analyzed the potential of the viruses to induce T cell activation, measured on the basis of CD4, CD8 and CD69. Analysis of these markers and cytokines allows for conclusions to be drawn concerning the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and the immunostimulatory effects of the treatment. RESULTS We documented increased activation of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes after infection by both HSV-1 strains and treatment with cytostatic drugs without significant differences between T-VEC and JS-1. CONCLUSION We demonstrated an immune response as a result of infection with both viruses, but T-VEC was in vitro not stronger than JS-1. The immunostimulatory effects of the viruses could be partially increased by chemotherapy, providing a rationale for future preclinical studies designed to explore T-VEC in combined regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Delic
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany,Correspondence: Maike Delic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany, Tel +49 6131 179803, Fax +49 6131 179657, Email
| | - Veronika Boeswald
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Goepfert
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Pabst
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Moehler
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
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Combination therapy with CAR T cells and oncolytic viruses: a new era in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:647-660. [PMID: 34158626 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an encouraging and fast-growing platform used for the treatment of various types of tumors in human body. Despite the recent success of CAR T-cell therapy in hematologic malignancies, especially in B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the application of this treatment approach in solid tumors faced several obstacles resulted from the heterogeneous expression of antigens as well as the induction of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is a new cancer treatment modality by the use of competent or genetically engineered viruses to replicate in tumor cells selectively. OVs represent potential candidates to synergize the current setbacks of CAR T-cell application in solid tumors and then and overcome them. As well, the application of OVs gives researches the ability to engineer the virus with payloads in the way that it selectively deliver a specific therapeutic agents in tumor milieu to reinforce the cytotoxic activity of CAR T cells. Herein, we made a comprehensive review on the outcomes resulted from the combination of CAR T-cell immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of solid cancers. In the current study, we also provided brief details on some challenges that remained in this field and attempted to shed a little light on the future perspectives.
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The Evolution and Future of Targeted Cancer Therapy: From Nanoparticles, Oncolytic Viruses, and Oncolytic Bacteria to the Treatment of Solid Tumors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113018. [PMID: 34835785 PMCID: PMC8623458 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While many classes of chemotherapeutic agents exist to treat solid tumors, few can generate a lasting response without substantial off-target toxicity despite significant scientific advancements and investments. In this review, the paths of development for nanoparticles, oncolytic viruses, and oncolytic bacteria over the last 20 years of research towards clinical translation and acceptance as novel cancer therapeutics are compared. Novel nanoparticle, oncolytic virus, and oncolytic bacteria therapies all start with a common goal of accomplishing therapeutic drug activity or delivery to a specific site while avoiding off-target effects, with overlapping methodology between all three modalities. Indeed, the degree of overlap is substantial enough that breakthroughs in one therapeutic could have considerable implications on the progression of the other two. Each oncotherapeutic modality has accomplished clinical translation, successfully overcoming the potential pitfalls promising therapeutics face. However, once studies enter clinical trials, the data all but disappears, leaving pre-clinical researchers largely in the dark. Overall, the creativity, flexibility, and innovation of these modalities for solid tumor treatments are greatly encouraging, and usher in a new age of pharmaceutical development.
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Zeng J, Li X, Sander M, Zhang H, Yan G, Lin Y. Oncolytic Viro-Immunotherapy: An Emerging Option in the Treatment of Gliomas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721830. [PMID: 34675919 PMCID: PMC8524046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of malignant gliomas remains poor, with median survival fewer than 20 months and a 5-year survival rate merely 5%. Their primary location in the central nervous system (CNS) and its immunosuppressive environment with little T cell infiltration has rendered cancer therapies mostly ineffective, and breakthrough therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited benefit. However, tumor immunotherapy is developing rapidly and can help overcome these obstacles. But for now, malignant gliomas remain fatal with short survival and limited therapeutic options. Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a unique antitumor immunotherapy wherein viruses selectively or preferentially kill tumor cells, replicate and spread through tumors while inducing antitumor immune responses. OVTs can also recondition the tumor microenvironment and improve the efficacy of other immunotherapies by escalating the infiltration of immune cells into tumors. Some OVTs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and possess tropism for the CNS, enabling intravenous delivery. Despite the therapeutic potential displayed by oncolytic viruses (OVs), optimizing OVT has proved challenging in clinical development, and marketing approvals for OVTs have been rare. In June 2021 however, as a genetically engineered OV based on herpes simplex virus-1 (G47Δ), teserpaturev got conditional and time-limited approval for the treatment of malignant gliomas in Japan. In this review, we summarize the current state of OVT, the synergistic effect of OVT in combination with other immunotherapies as well as the hurdles to successful clinical use. We also provide some suggestions to overcome the challenges in treating of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zeng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxue Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Max Sander
- Department of International Cooperation, Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Virotherapy in Germany-Recent Activities in Virus Engineering, Preclinical Development, and Clinical Studies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081420. [PMID: 34452286 PMCID: PMC8402873 DOI: 10.3390/v13081420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy research involves the development, exploration, and application of oncolytic viruses that combine direct killing of cancer cells by viral infection, replication, and spread (oncolysis) with indirect killing by induction of anti-tumor immune responses. Oncolytic viruses can also be engineered to genetically deliver therapeutic proteins for direct or indirect cancer cell killing. In this review—as part of the special edition on “State-of-the-Art Viral Vector Gene Therapy in Germany”—the German community of virotherapists provides an overview of their recent research activities that cover endeavors from screening and engineering viruses as oncolytic cancer therapeutics to their clinical translation in investigator-initiated and sponsored multi-center trials. Preclinical research explores multiple viral platforms, including new isolates, serotypes, or fitness mutants, and pursues unique approaches to engineer them towards increased safety, shielded or targeted delivery, selective or enhanced replication, improved immune activation, delivery of therapeutic proteins or RNA, and redirecting antiviral immunity for cancer cell killing. Moreover, several oncolytic virus-based combination therapies are under investigation. Clinical trials in Germany explore the safety and potency of virotherapeutics based on parvo-, vaccinia, herpes, measles, reo-, adeno-, vesicular stomatitis, and coxsackie viruses, including viruses encoding therapeutic proteins or combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These research advances represent exciting vantage points for future endeavors of the German virotherapy community collectively aimed at the implementation of effective virotherapeutics in clinical oncology.
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Malogolovkin A, Gasanov N, Egorov A, Weener M, Ivanov R, Karabelsky A. Combinatorial Approaches for Cancer Treatment Using Oncolytic Viruses: Projecting the Perspectives through Clinical Trials Outcomes. Viruses 2021; 13:1271. [PMID: 34209981 PMCID: PMC8309967 DOI: 10.3390/v13071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cancer immunotherapy breakthroughs have fundamentally changed oncology and revived the fading hope for a cancer cure. The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) became an indispensable tool for the treatment of many malignant tumors. Alongside ICI, the application of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials is demonstrating encouraging outcomes. Dozens of combinations of oncolytic viruses with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy are widely used or studied, but it seems quite complicated to highlight the most effective combinations. Our review summarizes the results of clinical trials evaluating oncolytic viruses with or without genetic alterations in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, cytokines, antigens and other oncolytic viruses as well. This review is focused on the efficacy and safety of virotherapy and the most promising combinations based on the published clinical data, rather than presenting all oncolytic virus variations, which are discussed in comprehensive literature reviews. We briefly revise the research landscape of oncolytic viruses and discuss future perspectives in virus immunotherapy, in order to provide an insight for novel strategies of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Malogolovkin
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Karabelsky
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
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Neulinger-Muñoz M, Schaack D, Grekova SP, Bauer AS, Giese T, Salg GA, Espinet E, Leuchs B, Heller A, Nüesch JPF, Schenk M, Volkmar M, Giese NA. Human Retrotransposons and the Global Shutdown of Homeostatic Innate Immunity by Oncolytic Parvovirus H-1PV in Pancreatic Cancer. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061019. [PMID: 34071585 PMCID: PMC8228339 DOI: 10.3390/v13061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the oncolytic parvovirus H-1PV has entered clinical trials, predicting therapeutic success remains challenging. We investigated whether the antiviral state in tumor cells determines the parvoviral oncolytic efficacy. The interferon/interferon-stimulated genes (IFN/ISG)-circuit and its major configurator, human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), were evaluated using qRT-PCR, ELISA, Western blot, and RNA-Seq techniques. In pancreatic cancer cell lines, H-1PV caused a late global shutdown of innate immunity, whereby the concomitant inhibition of HERVs and IFN/ISGs was co-regulatory rather than causative. The growth-inhibitory IC50 doses correlated with the power of suppression but not with absolute ISG levels. Moreover, H-1PV was not sensitive to exogenous IFN despite upregulated antiviral ISGs. Such resistance questioned the biological necessity of the oncotropic ISG-shutdown, which instead might represent a surrogate marker for personalized oncolytic efficacy. The disabled antiviral homeostasis may modify the activity of other viruses, as demonstrated by the reemergence of endogenous AluY-retrotransposons. This way of suppression may compromise the interferogenicity of drugs having gemcitabine-like mechanisms of action. This shortcoming in immunogenic cell death induction is however amendable by immune cells which release IFN in response to H-1PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Neulinger-Muñoz
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Dominik Schaack
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Svetlana P. Grekova
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea S. Bauer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Functional Genome Analysis, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Gabriel A. Salg
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Elisa Espinet
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- HI-STEM—Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Leuchs
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Tumor Virology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Anette Heller
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Jürg P. F. Nüesch
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis F170, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Miriam Schenk
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Volkmar
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Nathalia A. Giese
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Arora R, Malla WA, Tyagi A, Mahajan S, Sajjanar B, Tiwari AK. Canine Parvovirus and Its Non-Structural Gene 1 as Oncolytic Agents: Mechanism of Action and Induction of Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648873. [PMID: 34012915 PMCID: PMC8127782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration into the strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer is far from complete. Apart from humans, cancer has gained considerable importance in animals because of increased awareness towards animal health and welfare. Current cancer treatment regimens are less specific towards tumor cells and end up harming normal healthy cells. Thus, a highly specific therapeutic strategy with minimal side effects is the need of the hour. Oncolytic viral gene therapy is one such specific approach to target cancer cells without affecting the normal cells of the body. Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an oncolytic virus that specifically targets and kills cancer cells by causing DNA damage, caspase activation, and mitochondrial damage. Non-structural gene 1 (NS1) of CPV, involved in viral DNA replication is a key mediator of cytotoxicity of CPV and can selectively cause tumor cell lysis. In this review, we discuss the oncolytic properties of Canine Parvovirus (CPV or CPV2), the structure of the NS1 protein, the mechanism of oncolytic action as well as role in inducing an antitumor immune response in different tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Arora
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Waseem Akram Malla
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Arpit Tyagi
- GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Basavaraj Sajjanar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Biological Standardisation, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.,ICAR - Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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13
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Grekova SP, Rommelaere J, Raykov Z. Parvoviruses-tools to fine-tune anticancer immune responses. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1417-1419. [PMID: 23243613 PMCID: PMC3518522 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents a recent approach to anticancer therapy. Rodent autonomous parvoviruses (PVs) represent naturally oncolytic viruses that are non-pathogenic for humans but possess and extended tropism, being capable of infecting transformed cells of both rodent and human origin. Recent work from our group demonstrate that PVs can act as direct lytic agents and adjuvants, stimulating antitumor immune responses against glioma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana P Grekova
- Programme Infection and Cancer; Tumour Virology Division F010 and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM; Unit 701; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Kim GB, Nam GH, Hong Y, Woo J, Cho Y, Kwon IC, Yang Y, Kim IS. Xenogenization of tumor cells by fusogenic exosomes in tumor microenvironment ignites and propagates antitumor immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/27/eaaz2083. [PMID: 32937446 PMCID: PMC7458456 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many cancer patients not responding to current immunotherapies fail to produce tumor-specific T cells for various reasons, such as a lack of recognition of cancer cells as foreign. Here, we suggest a previously unidentified method for xenogenizing (turning self to non-self) tumors by using fusogenic exosomes to introduce fusogenic viral antigens (VSV-G) onto the tumor cell surface. We found that xenogenized tumor cells were readily recognized and engulfed by dendritic cells; thereby, tumor antigens were efficiently presented to T lymphocytes. Moreover, exosome-VSV-G itself acts as a TLR4 agonist and stimulates the maturation of dendritic cells, leading to CD8+ T cell cross-priming. The administration of these exosomes in multiple tumor mouse models xenogenized tumor cells, resulting in tumor growth inhibition. The combinatorial treatment with anti-PD-L1 exhibited complete tumor regression (30%) and better long-term overall survival. These results suggest that tumor xenogenization by fusogenic exosomes provides a previously unidentified novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Beom Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsun Hong
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwan Woo
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yakdol Cho
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoosoo Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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15
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Hartley A, Kavishwar G, Salvato I, Marchini A. A Roadmap for the Success of Oncolytic Parvovirus-Based Anticancer Therapies. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:537-557. [PMID: 32600158 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-012220-023606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autonomous rodent protoparvoviruses (PVs) are promising anticancer agents due to their excellent safety profile, natural oncotropism, and oncosuppressive activities. Viral infection can trigger immunogenic cell death, activating the immune system against the tumor. However, the efficacy of this treatment in recent clinical trials is moderate compared with results seen in preclinical work. Various strategies have been employed to improve the anticancer activities of oncolytic PVs, including development of second-generation parvoviruses with enhanced oncolytic and immunostimulatory activities and rational combination of PVs with other therapies. Understanding the cellular factors involved in the PV life cycle is another important area of investigation. Indeed, these studies may lead to the identification of biomarkers that would allow a more personalized use of PV-based therapies. This review focuses on this work and the challenges that still need to be overcome to move PVs forward into clinical practice as an effective therapeutic option for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hartley
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Gayatri Kavishwar
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Ilaria Salvato
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
| | - Antonio Marchini
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; .,Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
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16
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Abstract
New immuno-oncology therapies are improving cancer treatments beyond the former standard of care, as evidenced by the recent and continuing clinical approvals for immunotherapies in a broad range of indications. However, a majority of patients (particularly those with immunologically cold tumors) still do not benefit, highlighting the need for rational combination approaches. Oncolytic viruses (OV) both directly kill tumor cells and inflame the tumor microenvironment. While OV spread can be limited by the generation of antiviral immune responses, the initial local tumor cell killing can reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, resulting in more effective release of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), cross-presentation, and antitumoral effector T cell recruitment. Moreover, many OVs can be engineered to express immunomodulatory genes. Rational combination approaches to cancer immunotherapy include the use of OVs in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) or adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) to promote sustained antitumoral immune responses. OV combinations have additive or synergistic efficacy in preclinical tumor models with ICIs or ACT. Several preclinical studies have confirmed systemic reactivation and proliferation of adoptively transferred antitumoral T cells in conjunction with oncolytic OVs (expressing cytokines or TAAs) resulting from the specific tumor cell killing and immunostimulation of the tumor microenvironment which leads to increased tumor trafficking, activity, and survival. Recent clinical trials combining OVs with ICIs have shown additive effects in melanoma. Additional clinical data in an expanded range of patient indications are eagerly awaited. The relative timings of OV and ICI combination remains under-studied and is an area for continued exploration. Studies systematically exploring the effects of systemic ICIs prior to, concomitantly with, or following OV therapy will aid in the future design of clinical trials to enhance efficacy and increase patient response rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Russell
- Vyriad Inc., 3605 US Highway 52 N, Building 110, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Vyriad Inc., 3605 US Highway 52 N, Building 110, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Vyriad Inc., 3605 US Highway 52 N, Building 110, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Diaz
- Vyriad Inc., 3605 US Highway 52 N, Building 110, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
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17
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Cecil A, Gentschev I, Adelfinger M, Dandekar T, Szalay AA. Vaccinia virus injected human tumors: oncolytic virus efficiency predicted by antigen profiling analysis fitted boolean models. Bioengineered 2019; 10:190-196. [PMID: 31142183 PMCID: PMC6550548 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1622220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy on the basis of oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) strains is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Recently, we showed that the oncolytic vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 has a therapeutic potential in treating human prostate and hepatocellular carcinomas in xenografted mice. In this study, we describe the use of dynamic boolean modeling for tumor growth prediction of vaccinia virus-injected human tumors. Antigen profiling data of vaccinia virus GLV-1h68-injected human xenografted mice were obtained, analyzed and used to calculate differences in the tumor growth signaling network by tumor type and gender. Our model combines networks for apoptosis, MAPK, p53, WNT, Hedgehog, the T-killer cell mediated cell death, Interferon and Interleukin signaling networks. The in silico findings conform very well with in vivo findings of tumor growth. Similar to a previously published analysis of vaccinia virus-injected canine tumors, we were able to confirm the suitability of our boolean modeling for prediction of human tumor growth after virus infection in the current study as well. In summary, these findings indicate that our boolean models could be a useful tool for testing of the efficacy of VACV-mediated cancer therapy already before its use in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Cecil
- a Department of Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institute , University of Würzburg, Biocenter , Würzburg , Germany.,b Department of Bioinformatics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute , University of Würzburg, Biocenter , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Ivaylo Gentschev
- a Department of Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institute , University of Würzburg, Biocenter , Würzburg , Germany.,c Genelux Corporation , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Marion Adelfinger
- a Department of Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institute , University of Würzburg, Biocenter , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- b Department of Bioinformatics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute , University of Würzburg, Biocenter , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- a Department of Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institute , University of Würzburg, Biocenter , Würzburg , Germany.,d Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
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18
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Marchini A, Daeffler L, Pozdeev VI, Angelova A, Rommelaere J. Immune Conversion of Tumor Microenvironment by Oncolytic Viruses: The Protoparvovirus H-1PV Case Study. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1848. [PMID: 31440242 PMCID: PMC6692828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells utilize multiple mechanisms to evade and suppress anticancer immune responses creating a “cold” immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as a promising approach to revert tumor immunosuppression and enhance the efficacy of other forms of immunotherapy. Growing evidence indicates that oncolytic viruses (OVs) act in a multimodal fashion, inducing immunogenic cell death and thereby eliciting robust anticancer immune responses. In this review, we summarize information about OV-mediated immune conversion of the tumor microenvironment. As a case study we focus on the rodent protoparvovirus H-1PV and its dual role as an oncolytic and immune modulatory agent. Potential strategies to improve H-1PV anticancer efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchini
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Daeffler
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vitaly I Pozdeev
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Assia Angelova
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Bretscher C, Marchini A. H-1 Parvovirus as a Cancer-Killing Agent: Past, Present, and Future. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060562. [PMID: 31216641 PMCID: PMC6630270 DOI: 10.3390/v11060562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat protoparvovirus H-1PV is nonpathogenic in humans, replicates preferentially in cancer cells, and has natural oncolytic and oncosuppressive activities. The virus is able to kill cancer cells by activating several cell death pathways. H-1PV-mediated cancer cell death is often immunogenic and triggers anticancer immune responses. The safety and tolerability of H-1PV treatment has been demonstrated in early clinical studies in glioma and pancreatic carcinoma patients. Virus treatment was associated with surrogate signs of efficacy including immune conversion of tumor microenvironment, effective virus distribution into the tumor bed even after systemic administration, and improved patient overall survival compared with historical control. However, monotherapeutic use of the virus was unable to eradicate tumors. Thus, further studies are needed to improve H-1PV's anticancer profile. In this review, we describe H-1PV's anticancer properties and discuss recent efforts to improve the efficacy of H-1PV and, thereby, the clinical outcome of H-1PV-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Bretscher
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, F011, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Antonio Marchini
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, F011, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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20
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Moehler M, Heo J, Lee HC, Tak WY, Chao Y, Paik SW, Yim HJ, Byun KS, Baron A, Ungerechts G, Jonker D, Ruo L, Cho M, Kaubisch A, Wege H, Merle P, Ebert O, Habersetzer F, Blanc JF, Rosmorduc O, Lencioni R, Patt R, Leen AM, Foerster F, Homerin M, Stojkowitz N, Lusky M, Limacher JM, Hennequi M, Gaspar N, McFadden B, De Silva N, Shen D, Pelusio A, Kirn DH, Breitbach CJ, Burke JM. Vaccinia-based oncolytic immunotherapy Pexastimogene Devacirepvec in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after sorafenib failure: a randomized multicenter Phase IIb trial (TRAVERSE). Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1615817. [PMID: 31413923 PMCID: PMC6682346 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1615817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa-Vec) is a vaccinia virus-based oncolytic immunotherapy designed to preferentially replicate in and destroy tumor cells while stimulating anti-tumor immunity by expressing GM-CSF. An earlier randomized Phase IIa trial in predominantly sorafenib-naïve hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) demonstrated an overall survival (OS) benefit. This randomized, open-label Phase IIb trial investigated whether Pexa-Vec plus Best Supportive Care (BSC) improved OS over BSC alone in HCC patients who failed sorafenib therapy (TRAVERSE). 129 patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to Pexa-Vec plus BSC vs. BSC alone. Pexa-Vec was given as a single intravenous (IV) infusion followed by up to 5 IT injections. The primary endpoint was OS. Secondary endpoints included overall response rate (RR), time to progression (TTP) and safety. A high drop-out rate in the control arm (63%) confounded assessment of response-based endpoints. Median OS (ITT) for Pexa-Vec plus BSC vs. BSC alone was 4.2 and 4.4 months, respectively (HR, 1.19, 95% CI: 0.78–1.80; p = .428). There was no difference between the two treatment arms in RR or TTP. Pexa-Vec was generally well-tolerated. The most frequent Grade 3 included pyrexia (8%) and hypotension (8%). Induction of immune responses to vaccinia antigens and HCC associated antigens were observed. Despite a tolerable safety profile and induction of T cell responses, Pexa-Vec did not improve OS as second-line therapy after sorafenib failure. The true potential of oncolytic viruses may lie in the treatment of patients with earlier disease stages which should be addressed in future studies. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01387555
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moehler
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Heo
- College of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - H C Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic ofKorea
| | - W Y Tak
- School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Chao
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S W Paik
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Yim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - K S Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea UniversityCollege of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Baron
- Department of Medicine, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - G Ungerechts
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Jonker
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L Ruo
- Department of Surgery, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - M Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - A Kaubisch
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Wege
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Merle
- Hepatology Unit, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - O Ebert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - F Habersetzer
- Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, INSERM 1110, IHU de Strasbourg and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - J F Blanc
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Department, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - R Lencioni
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R Patt
- Rad-MD, New York, NY, USA
| | - A M Leen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - F Foerster
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Homerin
- Medical Affairs, Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - N Stojkowitz
- Clinical Operations, Transgene S.A., 400 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - M Lusky
- Program Management, Transgene S.A., 400 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - J M Limacher
- Medical Affairs, Transgene S.A., 400 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - M Hennequi
- Biostatistics, Transgene S.A., 400 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - N Gaspar
- Clinical Assays, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B McFadden
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N De Silva
- Clinical, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Shen
- Clinical, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Pelusio
- Clinical, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D H Kirn
- SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - J M Burke
- Clinical, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Goepfert K, Dinsart C, Rommelaere J, Foerster F, Moehler M. Rational Combination of Parvovirus H1 With CTLA-4 and PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibitors Dampens the Tumor Induced Immune Silencing. Front Oncol 2019; 9:425. [PMID: 31192129 PMCID: PMC6546938 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent therapeutic success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced melanoma highlights the potential of cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic virus-based therapies may further improve the outcome of these cancer patients. A human ex vivo melanoma model was used to investigate the oncolytic parvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) in combination with ipilimumab and/or nivolumab. The effect of this combination on activation of human T lymphocytes was demonstrated. Expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 immune checkpoint proteins was upregulated in H-1PV-infected melanoma cells. Nevertheless, maturation of antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells was triggered by H-1PV infected melanoma cells. Combining H-1PV with checkpoint inhibitors, ipilimumab enhanced TNFα release during maturation of dendritic cells; nivolumab increased the amount of IFNγ release. H-1PV mediated reduction of regulatory T cell activity was demonstrated by lower TGF-ß levels. The combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab resulted in a further decline of TGF-ß levels. Similar results were obtained regarding the activation of cytotoxic T cells. H-1PV infection alone and in combination with both checkpoint inhibitors caused strong activation of CTLs, which was reflected by an increased number of CD8+GranB+ cells and increased release of granzyme B, IFNγ, and TNFα. Our data support the concept of a treatment benefit from combining oncolytic H-1PV with the checkpoint inhibitors ipilimumab and nivolumab, with nivolumab inducing stronger effects on cytotoxic T cells, and ipilimumab strengthening T lymphocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Goepfert
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christiane Dinsart
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Foerster
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Moehler
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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22
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Angelova A, Rommelaere J. Immune System Stimulation by Oncolytic Rodent Protoparvoviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:E415. [PMID: 31060205 PMCID: PMC6563271 DOI: 10.3390/v11050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent protoparvoviruses (PVs), parvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) in particular, are naturally endowed with oncolytic properties. While being historically described as agents that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells, recent yet growing evidence demonstrates that these viruses are able to reverse tumor-driven immune suppression through induction of immunogenic tumor cell death, and the establishment of antitumorigenic, proinflammatory milieu within the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the most important preclinical proofs of the interplay and the cooperation between PVs and the host immune system. The molecular mechanisms of PV-induced immunostimulation are also discussed. Furthermore, initial encouraging in-human observations from clinical trials and compassionate virus uses are presented, and speak in favor of further H-1PV clinical development as partner drug in combined immunotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Angelova
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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23
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NF-κB Signaling in Targeting Tumor Cells by Oncolytic Viruses-Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110426. [PMID: 30413032 PMCID: PMC6265863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, oncolytic virotherapy became a promising therapeutic approach, leading to the introduction of a novel generation of anticancer drugs. However, despite evoking an antitumor response, introducing an oncolytic virus (OV) to the patient is still inefficient to overcome both tumor protective mechanisms and the limitation of viral replication by the host. In cancer treatment, nuclear factor (NF)-κB has been extensively studied among important therapeutic targets. The pleiotropic nature of NF-κB transcription factor includes its involvement in immunity and tumorigenesis. Therefore, in many types of cancer, aberrant activation of NF-κB can be observed. At the same time, the activity of NF-κB can be modified by OVs, which trigger an immune response and modulate NF-κB signaling. Due to the limitation of a monotherapy exploiting OVs only, the antitumor effect can be enhanced by combining OV with NF-κB-modulating drugs. This review describes the influence of OVs on NF-κB activation in tumor cells showing NF-κB signaling as an important aspect, which should be taken into consideration when targeting tumor cells by OVs.
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24
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Phan M, Watson MF, Alain T, Diallo JS. Oncolytic Viruses on Drugs: Achieving Higher Therapeutic Efficacy. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1448-1467. [PMID: 30152676 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years there has been a dramatic expansion in the testing of oncolytic viruses (OVs) for the treatment of cancer. OVs are unique biotherapeutics that induce multimodal responses toward tumors, from direct cytopathic effects on cancer cells, to tumor associated blood vessel disruption, and ultimately potent stimulation of anti-tumor immune activation. These agents are highly targeted and can be efficacious as cancer treatments resulting in some patients experiencing complete tumor regression and even cures from OV monotherapy. However, most patients have limited responses with viral replication in tumors often found to be modest and transient. To augment OV replication, increase bystander killing of cancer cells, and/or stimulate stronger targeted anti-cancer immune responses, drug combination approaches have taken center stage for translation to the clinic. Here we comprehensively review drugs that have been combined with OVs to increase therapeutic efficacy, examining the proposed mechanisms of action, and we discuss trends in pharmaco-viral immunotherapeutic approaches currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phan
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Margaret F. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road Research Building 2, Second Floor, Room 2119, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road Research Building 2, Second Floor, Room 2119, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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25
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Twumasi-Boateng K, Pettigrew JL, Kwok YYE, Bell JC, Nelson BH. Oncolytic viruses as engineering platforms for combination immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:419-432. [PMID: 29695749 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To effectively build on the recent successes of immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive T cell therapy and cancer vaccines, it is critical to rationally design combination strategies that will increase and extend efficacy to a larger proportion of patients. For example, the combination of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) immune checkpoint inhibitors essentially doubles the response rate in certain patients with metastatic melanoma. However, given the heterogeneity of cancer, it seems likely that even more complex combinations of immunomodulatory agents may be required to obtain consistent, durable therapeutic responses against a broad spectrum of cancers. This carries serious implications in terms of toxicities for patients, feasibility for care providers and costs for health-care systems. A compelling solution is offered by oncolytic viruses (OVs), which can be engineered to selectively replicate within and destroy tumour tissue while simultaneously augmenting antitumour immunity. In this Opinion article, we argue that the future of immunotherapy will include OVs that function as multiplexed immune-modulating platforms expressing factors such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumour antigens, cytokines and T cell engagers. We illustrate this concept by following the trials and tribulations of tumour-reactive T cells from their initial priming through to the execution of cytotoxic effector function in the tumour bed. We highlight the myriad opportunities for OVs to help overcome critical barriers in the T cell journey, leading to new synergistic mechanisms in the battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Twumasi-Boateng
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica L Pettigrew
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Y Y Eunice Kwok
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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26
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Achard C, Surendran A, Wedge ME, Ungerechts G, Bell J, Ilkow CS. Lighting a Fire in the Tumor Microenvironment Using Oncolytic Immunotherapy. EBioMedicine 2018; 31:17-24. [PMID: 29724655 PMCID: PMC6013846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is potentially a game-changing cancer treatment that has garnered significant interest due to its versatility and multi-modal approaches towards tumor eradication. In the field of cancer immunotherapy, the immunological phenotype of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important determinant of disease prognosis and therapeutic success. There is accumulating data that OVs are capable of dramatically altering the TME immune landscape, leading to improved antitumor activity alone or in combination with assorted immune modulators. Herein, we review how OVs disrupt the immunosuppressive TME and can be used strategically to create a "pro-immune" microenvironment that enables and promotes potent, long-lasting host antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Achard
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Abera Surendran
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Wedge
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Guy Ungerechts
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology and Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada.
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27
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Maxwell R, Luksik AS, Garzon-Muvdi T, Lim M. The Potential of Cellular- and Viral-Based Immunotherapies for Malignant Glioma-Dendritic Cell Vaccines, Adoptive Cell Transfer, and Oncolytic Viruses. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:50. [PMID: 28488122 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma, are the most frequent primary brain tumors and present with many treatment challenges. In this review, we discuss the potential of cellular- and viral-based immunotherapies in the treatment of malignant glioma, specifically focusing on dendritic cell vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and oncolytic viruses. RECENT FINDINGS Diverse cellular- and viral-based strategies have been engineered and optimized to generate either a specific or broad antitumor immune response in malignant glioma. Due to their successes in the preclinical arena, many of these therapies have undergone phase I and II clinical testing. These early clinical trials have demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of these immunotherapies. Dendritic cell vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, and oncolytic viruses may have a potential role in the treatment of malignant glioma. However, these modalities must be investigated in well-designed phase III trials to prove their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Maxwell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Neurosurgery - Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Andrew S Luksik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Neurosurgery - Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Tomas Garzon-Muvdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Neurosurgery - Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Neurosurgery - Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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28
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Angelova AL, Barf M, Geletneky K, Unterberg A, Rommelaere J. Immunotherapeutic Potential of Oncolytic H-1 Parvovirus: Hints of Glioblastoma Microenvironment Conversion towards Immunogenicity. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120382. [PMID: 29244745 PMCID: PMC5744156 DOI: 10.3390/v9120382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, one of the most aggressive primary brain tumors, is characterized by highly immunosuppressive microenvironment. This contributes to glioblastoma resistance to standard treatment modalities and allows tumor growth and recurrence. Several immune-targeted approaches have been recently developed and are currently under preclinical and clinical investigation. Oncolytic viruses, including the autonomous protoparvovirus H-1 (H-1PV), show great promise as novel immunotherapeutic tools. In a first phase I/IIa clinical trial (ParvOryx01), H-1PV was safe and well tolerated when locally or systemically administered to recurrent glioblastoma patients. The virus was able to cross the blood-brain (tumor) barrier after intravenous infusion. Importantly, H-1PV treatment of glioblastoma patients was associated with immunogenic changes in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor infiltration with activated cytotoxic T cells, induction of cathepsin B and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) expression in tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAM), and accumulation of activated TAM in cluster of differentiation (CD) 40 ligand (CD40L)-positive glioblastoma regions was detected. These are the first-in-human observations of H-1PV capacity to switch the immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment towards immunogenicity. Based on this pilot study, we present a tentative model of H-1PV-mediated modulation of glioblastoma microenvironment and propose a combinatorial therapeutic approach taking advantage of H-1PV-induced microglia/macrophage activation for further (pre)clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia L Angelova
- Department of Tumor Virology (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Milena Barf
- Department of Tumor Virology (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Karsten Geletneky
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Department of Tumor Virology (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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Fountzilas C, Patel S, Mahalingam D. Review: Oncolytic virotherapy, updates and future directions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102617-102639. [PMID: 29254276 PMCID: PMC5731986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are viral strains that can infect and kill malignant cells while spare their normal counterparts. OVs can access cells through binding to receptors on their surface or through fusion with the plasma membrane and establish a lytic cycle in tumors, while leaving normal tissue essentially unharmed. Multiple viruses have been investigated in humans for the past century. IMLYGIC™ (T-VEC/Talimogene Laherparepvec), a genetically engineered Herpes Simplex Virus, is the first OV approved for use in the United States and the European Union for patients with locally advanced or non-resectable melanoma. Although OVs have a favorable toxicity profile and are impressively active anticancer agents in vitro and in vivo the majority of OVs have limited clinical efficacy as a single agent. While a virus-induced antitumor immune response can enhance oncolysis, when OVs are used systemically, the antiviral immune response can prevent the virus reaching the tumor tissue and having a therapeutic effect. Intratumoral administration can provide direct access to tumor tissue and be beneficial in reducing side effects. Immune checkpoint stimulation in tumor tissue has been noted after OV therapy and can be a natural response to viral-induced oncolysis. Also for immune checkpoint inhibition to be effective in treating cancer, an immune response to tumor neoantigens and an inflamed tumor microenvironment are required, both of which treatment with an OV may provide. Therefore, direct and indirect mechanisms of tumor killing provide rationale for clinical trials investigating the combination of OVs other forms of cancer therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Fountzilas
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sukeshi Patel
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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30
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Fend L, Yamazaki T, Remy C, Fahrner C, Gantzer M, Nourtier V, Préville X, Quéméneur E, Kepp O, Adam J, Marabelle A, Pitt JM, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Immune Checkpoint Blockade, Immunogenic Chemotherapy or IFN-α Blockade Boost the Local and Abscopal Effects of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4146-4157. [PMID: 28536278 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Athough the clinical efficacy of oncolytic viruses has been demonstrated for local treatment, the ability to induce immune-mediated regression of distant metastases is still poorly documented. We report here that the engineered oncolytic vaccinia virus VVWR-TK-RR--Fcu1 can induce immunogenic cell death and generate a systemic immune response. Effects on tumor growth and survival was largely driven by CD8+ T cells, and immune cell infiltrate in the tumor could be reprogrammed toward a higher ratio of effector T cells to regulatory CD4+ T cells. The key role of type 1 IFN pathway in oncolytic virotherapy was also highlighted, as we observed a strong abscopal response in Ifnar-/- tumors. In this model, single administration of virus directly into the tumors on one flank led to regression in the contralateral flank. Moreover, these effects were further enhanced when oncolytic treatment was combined with immunogenic chemotherapy or with immune checkpoint blockade. Taken together, our results suggest how to safely improve the efficacy of local oncolytic virotherapy in patients whose tumors are characterized by dysregulated IFNα signaling. Cancer Res; 77(15); 4146-57. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Fend
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France.,INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Préville
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Amoneta Diagnostics, Huningue, France
| | | | - Oliver Kepp
- INSERM, U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Adam
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France.,Department of Pathology, GRCC, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- DITEP (Département d'Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces), Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Jonathan M Pitt
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France.,INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France. .,INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Department of Pathology, GRCC, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
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31
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Guo ZS, Liu Z, Kowalsky S, Feist M, Kalinski P, Lu B, Storkus WJ, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic Immunotherapy: Conceptual Evolution, Current Strategies, and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2017; 8:555. [PMID: 28555136 PMCID: PMC5430078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of oncolytic virus (OV)-mediated cancer therapy has been shifted from an operational virotherapy paradigm to an immunotherapy. OVs often induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells, and they may interact directly with immune cells as well to prime antitumor immunity. We and others have developed a number of strategies to further stimulate antitumor immunity and to productively modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) for potent and sustained antitumor immune cell activity. First, OVs have been engineered or combined with other ICD inducers to promote more effective T cell cross-priming, and in many cases, the breaking of functional immune tolerance. Second, OVs may be armed to express Th1-stimulatory cytokines/chemokines or costimulators to recruit and sustain the potent antitumor immunity into the TME to focus their therapeutic activity within the sites of disease. Third, combinations of OV with immunomodulatory drugs or antibodies that recondition the TME have proven to be highly promising in early studies. Fourth, combinations of OVs with other immunotherapeutic regimens (such as prime-boost cancer vaccines, CAR T cells; armed with bispecific T-cell engagers) have also yielded promising preliminary findings. Finally, OVs have been combined with immune checkpoint blockade, with robust antitumor efficacy being observed in pilot evaluations. Despite some expected hurdles for the rapid translation of OV-based state-of-the-art protocols, we believe that a cohort of these novel approaches will join the repertoire of standard cancer treatment options in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Sheng Guo
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy Kowalsky
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mathilde Feist
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, CCM/CVK, Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Walter J. Storkus
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L. Bartlett
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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32
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Heinrich B, Klein J, Delic M, Goepfert K, Engel V, Geberzahn L, Lusky M, Erbs P, Preville X, Moehler M. Immunogenicity of oncolytic vaccinia viruses JX-GFP and TG6002 in a human melanoma in vitro model: studying immunogenic cell death, dendritic cell maturation and interaction with cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:2389-2401. [PMID: 28496337 PMCID: PMC5422459 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s126320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging immunotherapeutic modality for cancer treatment. Oncolytic viruses with genetic modifications can further enhance the oncolytic effects on tumor cells and stimulate antitumor immunity. The oncolytic vaccinia viruses JX-594-GFP+/hGM-CSF (JX-GFP) and TG6002 are genetically modified by secreting granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or transforming 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We compared their properties to kill tumor cells and induce an immunogenic type of cell death in a human melanoma cell model using SK29-MEL melanoma cells. Their influence on human immune cells, specifically regarding the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and the interaction with the autologous cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone, was investigated. Melanoma cells were infected with either JX-GFP or TG6002 alone or in combination with 5-FC and 5-FU. The influence of viral infection on cell viability followed a time- and multiplicity of infection dependent manner. Combination of virus treatment with 5-FU resulted in stronger reduction of cell viability. TG6002 in combination with 5-FC did not significantly strengthen the reduction of cell viability in this setting. Expression of calreticulin and high mobility group 1 protein (HMGB1), markers of immunogenic cell death (ICD), could be detected after viral infection. Accordingly, DC maturation was noted after viral oncolysis. DCs presented stronger expression of activation and maturation markers. The autologous CTL clone IVSB expressed the activation marker CD69, but viral treatment failed to enhance cytotoxicity marker. In summary, vaccinia viruses JX-GFP and TG6002 lyse melanoma cells and induce additional immunostimulatory effects to promote antitumor immune response. Further investigation in vivo is needed to consolidate the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Heinrich
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Klein
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Delic
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - K Goepfert
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - V Engel
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - L Geberzahn
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Lusky
- Transgene SA, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
| | - P Erbs
- Transgene SA, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
| | | | - M Moehler
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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33
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Maroun J, Muñoz-Alía M, Ammayappan A, Schulze A, Peng KW, Russell S. Designing and building oncolytic viruses. Future Virol 2017; 12:193-213. [PMID: 29387140 PMCID: PMC5779534 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are engineered and/or evolved to propagate selectively in cancerous tissues. They have a dual mechanism of action; direct killing of infected cancer cells cross-primes anticancer immunity to boost the killing of uninfected cancer cells. The goal of the field is to develop OVs that are easily manufactured, efficiently delivered to disseminated sites of cancer growth, undergo rapid intratumoral spread, selectively kill tumor cells, cause no collateral damage and pose no risk of transmission in the population. Here we discuss the many virus engineering strategies that are being pursued to optimize delivery, intratumoral spread and safety of OVs derived from different virus families. With continued progress, OVs have the potential to transform the paradigm of cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Maroun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Alía
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Arun Ammayappan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Autumn Schulze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ellerhoff TP, Berchtold S, Venturelli S, Burkard M, Smirnow I, Wulff T, Lauer UM. Novel epi-virotherapeutic treatment of pancreatic cancer combining the oral histone deacetylase inhibitor resminostat with oncolytic measles vaccine virus. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1931-1944. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Capitalizing on Cancer Specific Replication: Oncolytic Viruses as a Versatile Platform for the Enhancement of Cancer Immunotherapy Strategies. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4030021. [PMID: 28536388 PMCID: PMC5344262 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen considerable excitement in the use of biological therapies in treating neoplastic disease. In particular, cancer immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy have emerged as two frontrunners in this regard with the first FDA approvals for agents in both categories being obtained in the last 5 years. It is becoming increasingly apparent that these two approaches are not mutually exclusive and that much of the therapeutic benefit obtained from the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) is in fact the result of their immunotherapeutic function. Indeed, OVs have been shown to recruit and activate an antitumor immune response and much of the current work in this field centers around increasing this activity through strategies such as engineering genes for immunomodulators into OV backbones. Because of their broad immunostimulatory functions, OVs can also be rationally combined with a variety of other immunotherapeutic approaches including cancer vaccination strategies, adoptive cell transfer and checkpoint blockade. Therefore, while they are important therapeutics in their own right, the true power of OVs may lie in their ability to enhance the effectiveness of a wide range of immunotherapies.
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Poly (I:C) enhances the anti-tumor activity of canine parvovirus NS1 protein by inducing a potent anti-tumor immune response. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12089-12102. [PMID: 27209409 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine parvovirus NS1 (CPV2.NS1) protein selectively induces apoptosis in the malignant cells. However, for an effective in vivo tumor treatment strategy, an oncolytic agent also needs to induce a potent anti-tumor immune response. In the present study, we used poly (I:C), a TLR3 ligand, as an adjuvant along with CPV2.NS1 to find out if the combination can enhance the oncolytic activity by inducing a potent anti-tumor immune response. The 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells were used to induce mammary tumor in Balb/c mice. The results suggested that poly (I:C), when given along with CPV2.NS1, not only significantly reduced the tumor growth but also augmented the immune response against tumor antigen(s) as indicated by the increase in blood CD4+ and CD8+ counts and infiltration of immune cells in the tumor tissue. Further, blood serum analysis of the cytokines revealed that Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) were significantly upregulated in the treatment group indicating activation of cell-mediated immune response. The present study reports the efficacy of CPV2.NS1 along with poly (I:C) not only in inhibiting the mammary tumor growth but also in generating an active anti-tumor immune response without any visible toxicity. The results of our study may help in developing CPV2.NS1 and poly (I: C) combination as a cancer therapeutic regime to treat various malignancies.
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Moehler M, Delic M, Goepfert K, Aust D, Grabsch HI, Halama N, Heinrich B, Julie C, Lordick F, Lutz MP, Mauer M, Alsina Maqueda M, Schild H, Schimanski CC, Wagner AD, Roth A, Ducreux M. Immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer: Recent results, current studies and future perspectives. Eur J Cancer 2016; 59:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gupta SK, Tiwari AK, Gandham RK, Sahoo AP. Combined administration of the apoptin gene and poly (I:C) induces potent anti-tumor immune response and inhibits growth of mouse mammary tumors. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:163-173. [PMID: 27064544 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many viral proteins exhibit selective cytotoxicity for tumor cells without affecting the normal diploid cells. The apoptin protein of chicken infectious anemia virus is one of such proteins, which has been shown to kill tumor cells specifically. However, an effective cancer treatment strategy also requires assistance from the immune system. Recently, poly (I:C) has been shown to be an effective cancer vaccine adjuvant. AIM In this study, we assessed the anti-tumor potential of apoptin gene transfer alone and in combination with poly (I:C) in a 4T1 mouse mammary tumor model. METHODS 4T1 cells were used to induce mammary tumor in Balb/c mice. Mice bearing tumors were divided into 6 groups, and each group received six intratumoral injections during a period of one month. After the last immunization, the animals were sacrificed, and peripheral blood, spleen, lungs, liver, heart, kidney and tumor tissues were collected for immunological, molecular and pathological analysis. RESULTS We report that intratumoral administration of apoptin plasmid along with poly (I:C) not only significantly inhibited the growth of mammary tumor, but also induced a potent anti-tumor immune response as indicated by the increase in blood CD4+, CD8+ cells and infiltration of immune cells in the tumor tissue. Further, blood serum analysis of the cytokines revealed increased secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrate that the inclusion of poly (I:C) significantly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of apoptin mainly by inducing a potent anti-tumor immune response. Therefore, we report the use of apoptin and poly (I:C) combination as a novel and powerful strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP, India.
| | - Ashok K Tiwari
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP, India.
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP, India
| | - A P Sahoo
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP, India
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Akladios C, Aprahamian M. Virotherapy of digestive tumors with rodent parvovirus: overview and perspectives. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:645-53. [PMID: 26855087 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1151492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toolan's H-1 parvovirus (H-1PV) exerts a cytotoxic/oncolytic effect, predominantly mediated by its non-structural protein (NS1). This rat parvovirus is harmless, unlike other parvoviruses, and its antitumor potential may be useful to clinicians as its oncolytic action appears to be true in numerous non-digestive and digestive cancers. AREAS COVERED After a brief review of parvovirus genus and biology, we summarize the proposed mechanisms to explain the cytotoxicity of H-1PV to tumors which results in dysregulation of cell transcription, cell-cycle arrest, termination of cell replication, activation of cellular stress response and induction of cell death. Viral oncolysis induces a strong tumor-specific immune response leading to the recognition and elimination of minimal residual disease. As the action of H-1PV is not limited to the digestive tract, we initially analyse studies performed in non-digestive cancers such as glioma (as the virus is able to cross the blood brain barrier), and then focused more particularly on the results in digestive cancers. EXPERT OPINION Based on the results of studies showing little H-1PV toxicity to living bodies, we advocate for the use of the parvovirus in cancers such as melanoma, glioma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in addition to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherif Akladios
- a Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers Digestifs , 1 place de l'hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Marc Aprahamian
- a Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers Digestifs , 1 place de l'hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg , France
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Ibrahim AM, Wang YH. Viro-immune therapy: A new strategy for treatment of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:748-763. [PMID: 26811622 PMCID: PMC4716074 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an almost uniformly lethal disease with less than 5% survival at five years. This is largely due to metastatic disease, which is already present in the majority of patients when diagnosed. Even when the primary cancer can be removed by radical surgery, local recurrence occurs within one year in 50%-80% of cases. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new approaches for the treatment of advanced cancer and the prevention of recurrence after surgery. Tumour-targeted oncolytic viruses (TOVs) have become an attractive therapeutic agent as TOVs can kill cancer cells through multiple mechanisms of action, especially via virus-induced engagement of the immune response specifically against tumour cells. To attack tumour cells effectively, tumour-specific T cells need to overcome negative regulatory signals that suppress their activation or that induce tolerance programmes such as anergy or exhaustion in the tumour microenvironment. In this regard, the recent breakthrough in immunotherapy achieved with immune checkpoint blockade agents, such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associate protein 4, programmed death 1 (PD-1) or PD-L1 antibodies, has demonstrated the possibility of relieving immune suppression in PDAC. Therefore, the combination of oncolytic virotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade agents may synergistically function to enhance the antitumour response, lending the opportunity to be the future for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Ruf B, Lauer UM. Assessment of current virotherapeutic application schemes: "hit hard and early" versus "killing softly"? Mol Ther Oncolytics 2015; 2:15018. [PMID: 27119110 PMCID: PMC4782955 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a considerable amount of oncolytic vector families has entered numerous clinical trials. However, to this date, the field has not yet been able to come to a common understanding regarding the best possible ways to administer oncolytic viruses to cancer patients. This is mainly due to the fact that so far clinical trials being designed for head-to-head comparisons (such as using two different virotherapeutics originating from two distinct virus families being applied via identical routes in the same types of cancer) are still missing. Hence, there is no consent (i) on the best route of virotherapeutics administration (e.g., systemic versus intratumoral), (ii) on the virus dosages to be applied, (iii) on dosing intervals, and (iv) on the numbers of repetitive courses of virus administration. As the detailed comparison of clinical virotherapy trial regimens is time-consuming and complex, we here present an overview of current state-of-the-art virotherapeutic application schemes. Notably, our comprehensive assessment culminates in raising two rough classifications of virotherapeutic strategies, i.e., "hit hard and early" versus "killing softly". In order to find out which one of these two gross alternatives might be most successful for each and every tumor entity, we here suggest the implementation of phase 1/2 studies, which primarily aim at a repetitive sampling and analysis of tumor samples in cancer patients treated with oncolytic viruses reading out (i) virus-specific, (ii) tumor-specific as well as (iii) immunotherapeutic parameters. On this basis, a rational design of significantly improved virotherapeutic application schemes should be possible in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ruf
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Singh M, Overwijk WW. Intratumoral immunotherapy for melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:911-21. [PMID: 26050024 PMCID: PMC11028428 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selection of suitable tumor-associated antigens is a major challenge in the development of effective cancer vaccines. Intratumoral (i.t.) immunotherapy empowers the immune system to mount T cell responses against tumor-associated antigens which are most immunogenic. To mediate systemic tumor regression, i.t. immunotherapy must generate systemic T cell responses that can target distant metastases beyond the initially treated tumor mass. Now that promising preclinical results and some initial success in clinical trials have been obtained, we here review i.t. immunotherapy-related preclinical and clinical studies, their mechanisms of action and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin St., Unit 0904, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Willem W. Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin St., Unit 0904, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX USA
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Gupta SK, Gandham RK, Sahoo AP, Tiwari AK. Viral genes as oncolytic agents for cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1073-94. [PMID: 25408521 PMCID: PMC11113997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses have the ability to modulate the apoptosis, and to accomplish it; viruses encode proteins which specifically interact with the cellular signaling pathways. While some viruses encode proteins, which inhibit the apoptosis or death of the infected cells, there are viruses whose encoded proteins can kill the infected cells by multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis. A particular class of these viruses has specific gene(s) in their genomes which, upon ectopic expression, can kill the tumor cells selectively without affecting the normal cells. These genes and their encoded products have demonstrated great potential to be developed as novel anticancer therapeutic agents which can specifically target and kill the cancer cells leaving the normal cells unharmed. In this review, we will discuss about the viral genes having specific cancer cell killing properties, what is known about their functioning, signaling pathways and their therapeutic applications as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - A. P. Sahoo
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - A. K. Tiwari
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
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Marchini A, Bonifati S, Scott EM, Angelova AL, Rommelaere J. Oncolytic parvoviruses: from basic virology to clinical applications. Virol J 2015; 12:6. [PMID: 25630937 PMCID: PMC4323056 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence gathered over recent decades demonstrated that some members of the Parvoviridae family, in particular the rodent protoparvoviruses H-1PV, the minute virus of mice and LuIII have natural anticancer activity while being nonpathogenic to humans. These studies have laid the foundations for the launch of a first phase I/IIa clinical trial, in which the rat H-1 parvovirus is presently undergoing evaluation for its safety and first signs of efficacy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. After a brief overview of the biology of parvoviruses, this review focuses on the studies which unraveled the antineoplastic properties of these agents and supported their clinical use as anticancer therapeutics. Furthermore, the development of novel parvovirus-based anticancer strategies with enhanced specificity and efficacy is discussed, in particular the development of second and third generation vectors and the combination of parvoviruses with other anticancer agents. Lastly, we address the key challenges that remain towards a more rational and efficient use of oncolytic parvoviruses in clinical settings, and discuss how a better understanding of the virus life-cycle and of the cellular factors involved in virus infection, replication and cytotoxicity may promote the further development of parvovirus-based anticancer therapies, open new prospects for treatment and hopefully improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchini
- Infection and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Serena Bonifati
- Infection and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eleanor M Scott
- Infection and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Assia L Angelova
- Infection and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Infection and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Saha D, Ahmed SS, Rabkin SD. EXPLORING THE ANTITUMOR EFFECT OF VIRUS IN MALIGNANT GLIOMA. DRUG FUTURE 2015; 40:739-749. [PMID: 26855472 DOI: 10.1358/dof.2015.040.11.2383070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor with no effective treatments. Current conventional therapies (surgical resection, radiation therapy, temozolomide (TMZ), and bevacizumab administration) typically fail to eradicate the tumors resulting in the recurrence of treatment-resistant tumors. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to improve therapeutic outcomes. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are excellent candidates as a more effective therapeutic strategy for aggressive cancers like malignant gliomas since OVs have a natural preference or have been genetically engineered to selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells. OVs have been used in numerous preclinical studies in malignant glioma, and a large number of clinical trials using OVs have been completed or are underway that have demonstrated safety, as well as provided indications of effective antiglioma activity. In this review, we will focus on those OVs that have been used in clinical trials for the treatment of malignant gliomas (herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, parvovirus, reovirus, poliovirus, Newcastle disease virus, measles virus, and retrovirus) and OVs examined preclinically (vesicular stomatitis virus and myxoma virus), and describe how these agents are being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipongkor Saha
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seemin S Ahmed
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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46
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Non-Structural protein 1 (NS1) gene of Canine Parvovirus-2 regresses chemically induced skin tumors in Wistar rats. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:292-6. [PMID: 25135490 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Non-Structural protein 1 of Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV2.NS1) plays a major role in viral cytotoxicity and pathogenicity. CPV2.NS1 has been proven to cause apoptosis in HeLa cells in vitro in our laboratory. Here we report that CPV2.NS1 has no toxic side effects on healthy cells but regresses skin tumors in Wistar rats. Histopathological examination of tumor tissue from CPV2.NS1 treated group revealed infiltration of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells with increased extra cellular matrix, indicating signs of regression. Tumor regression was also evidenced by significant decrease in mitotic index, AgNOR count and PCNA index, and increase in TUNEL positive apoptotic cells in CPV2.NS1 treated group. Further, CPV2.NS1 induced anti-tumor immune response through significant increase in CD8(+) and NK cell population in CPV2.NS1 treated group. These findings suggest that CPV2.NS1 can be a possible therapeutic candidate as an alternative to chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
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Abstract
Recent clinical data have emphatically shown the capacity of our immune systems to eradicate even advanced cancers. Although oncolytic viruses (OVs) were originally designed to function as tumour-lysing therapeutics, they have now been clinically shown to initiate systemic antitumour immune responses. Cell signalling pathways that are activated and promote the growth of tumour cells also favour the growth and replication of viruses within the cancer. The ability to engineer OVs that express immune-stimulating 'cargo', the induction of immunogenic tumour cell death by OVs and the selective targeting of OVs to tumour beds suggests that they are the ideal reagents to enhance antitumour immune responses. Coupling of OV therapy with tumour antigen vaccination, immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy seems to be ready to converge towards a new generation of multimodal therapeutics to improve outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1, Canada
| | | | - David F Stojdl
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; and the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Gentschev I, Patil SS, Petrov I, Cappello J, Adelfinger M, Szalay AA. Oncolytic virotherapy of canine and feline cancer. Viruses 2014; 6:2122-37. [PMID: 24841386 PMCID: PMC4036544 DOI: 10.3390/v6052122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of disease-related death in companion animals such as dogs and cats. Despite recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of advanced canine and feline cancer, overall patient treatment outcome has not been substantially improved. Virotherapy using oncolytic viruses is one promising new strategy for cancer therapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) preferentially infect and lyse cancer cells, without causing excessive damage to surrounding healthy tissue, and initiate tumor-specific immunity. The current review describes the use of different oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy and their application to canine and feline cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo Gentschev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
| | - Sandeep S Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
| | - Ivan Petrov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
| | - Joseph Cappello
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
| | - Marion Adelfinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
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Moehler M, Goepfert K, Heinrich B, Breitbach CJ, Delic M, Galle PR, Rommelaere J. Oncolytic virotherapy as emerging immunotherapeutic modality: potential of parvovirus h-1. Front Oncol 2014; 4:92. [PMID: 24822170 PMCID: PMC4013456 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tumors develop multiple strategies to evade recognition and efficient suppression by the immune system. Therefore, a variety of immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed to reactivate and reorganize the human immune system. The recent development of new antibodies against immune check points may help to overcome the immune silencing induced by human tumors. Some of these antibodies have already been approved for treatment of various solid tumor entities. Interestingly, targeting antibodies may be combined with standard chemotherapy or radiation protocols. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that intratumoral or intravenous injections of replicative oncolytic viruses such as herpes simplex-, pox-, parvo-, or adenoviruses may also reactivate the human immune system. By generating tumor cell lysates in situ, oncolytic viruses overcome cellular tumor resistance mechanisms and induce immunogenic tumor cell death resulting in the recognition of newly released tumor antigens. This is in particular the case of the oncolytic parvovirus H-1 (H-1PV), which is able to kill human tumor cells and stimulate an anti-tumor immune response through increased presentation of tumor-associated antigens, maturation of dendritic cells, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Current research and clinical studies aim to assess the potential of oncolytic virotherapy and its combination with immunotherapeutic agents or conventional treatments to further induce effective antitumoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Moehler
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Katrin Goepfert
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Bernd Heinrich
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Maike Delic
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Peter Robert Galle
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Division of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
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50
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Complementary induction of immunogenic cell death by oncolytic parvovirus H-1PV and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. J Virol 2014; 88:5263-76. [PMID: 24574398 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03688-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Novel therapies employing oncolytic viruses have emerged as promising anticancer modalities. The cure of particularly aggressive malignancies requires induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), coupling oncolysis with immune responses via calreticulin, ATP, and high-mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1) release from dying tumor cells. The present study shows that in human pancreatic cancer cells (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [PDAC] cells n=4), oncolytic parvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) activated multiple interconnected death pathways but failed to induce calreticulin exposure or ATP release. In contrast, H-1PV elevated extracellular HMGB1 levels by 4.0±0.5 times (58%±9% of total content; up to 100 ng/ml) in all infected cultures, whether nondying, necrotic, or apoptotic. An alternative secretory route allowed H-1PV to overcome the failure of gemcitabine to trigger HMGB1 release, without impeding cytotoxicity or other ICD activities of the standard PDAC medication. Such broad resistance of H-1PV-induced HMGB1 release to apoptotic blockage coincided with but was uncoupled from an autocrine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) loop. That and the pattern of viral determinants maintained in gemcitabine-treated cells suggested the activation of an inflammasome/caspase 1 (CASP1) platform alongside DNA detachment and/or nuclear exclusion of HMGB1 during early stages of the viral life cycle. We concluded that H-1PV infection of PDAC cells is signaled through secretion of the alarmin HMGB1 and, besides its own oncolytic effect, might convert drug-induced apoptosis into an ICD process. A transient arrest of cells in the cyclin A1-rich S phase would suffice to support compatibility of proliferation-dependent H-1PV with cytotoxic regimens. These properties warrant incorporation of the oncolytic virus H-1PV, which is not pathogenic in humans, into multimodal anticancer treatments. IMPORTANCE The current therapeutic concepts targeting aggressive malignancies require an induction of immunogenic cell death characterized by exposure of calreticulin (CRT) as well as release of ATP and HMGB1 from dying cells. In pancreatic tumor cells (PDAC cells) infected with the oncolytic parvovirus H-1PV, only HMGB1 was released by all infected cells, whether nondying, necrotic, or succumbing to one of the programmed death pathways, including contraproductive apoptosis. Our data suggest that active secretion of HMGB1 from PDAC cells is a sentinel reaction emerging during early stages of the viral life cycle, irrespective of cell death, that is compatible with and complements cytotoxic regimens. Consistent induction of HMGB1 secretion raised the possibility that this reaction might be a general "alarming" phenomenon characteristic of H-1PV's interaction with the host cell; release of IL-1β points to the possible involvement of a danger-sensing inflammasome platform. Both provide a basis for further virus-oriented studies.
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