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Hazra R, Chattopadhyay S, Mallick A, Gayen S, Roy S. Revealing the therapeutic properties of gut microbiota: transforming cancer immunotherapy from basic to clinical approaches. Med Oncol 2024; 41:175. [PMID: 38874788 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The immune system plays a pivotal role in the battle against cancer, serving as a formidable guardian in the ongoing fight against malignant cells. To combat these malignant cells, immunotherapy has emerged as a prevalent approach leveraging antibodies and peptides such as anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA-4 to inhibit immune checkpoints and activate T lymphocytes. The optimization of gut microbiota plays a significant role in modulating the defense system in the body. This study explores the potential of certain gut-resident bacteria to amplify the impact of immunotherapy. Contemporary antibiotic treatments, which can impair gut flora, may diminish the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers. Conversely, probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation can help re-establish intestinal microflora equilibrium. Additionally, the gut microbiome has been implicated in various strategies to counteract immune resistance, thereby enhancing the success of cancer immunotherapy. This paper also acknowledges cutting-edge technologies such as nanotechnology, CAR-T therapy, ACT therapy, and oncolytic viruses in modulating gut microbiota. Thus, an exhaustive review of literature was performed to uncover the elusive link that could potentiate the gut microbiome's role in augmenting the success of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudradeep Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, NSHM Knowledge Campus, 124, B. L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India
| | - Soumyadeep Chattopadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, NSHM Knowledge Campus, 124, B. L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India
| | - Arijit Mallick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, NSHM Knowledge Campus, 124, B. L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India
| | - Sakuntala Gayen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, NSHM Knowledge Campus, 124, B. L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, NSHM Knowledge Campus, 124, B. L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India.
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Ryapolova A, Minskaia E, Gasanov N, Moroz V, Krapivin B, Egorov AD, Laktyushkin V, Zhuravleva S, Nagornych M, Subcheva E, Malogolovkin A, Ivanov R, Karabelsky A. Development of Recombinant Oncolytic rVSV-mIL12-mGMCSF for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:211. [PMID: 38203382 PMCID: PMC10779112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer therapy based on oncolytic viruses (OVs) is a targeted approach that takes advantage of OVs' ability to selectively infect and replicate in tumor cells, activate the host immune response, and destroy malignant cells over healthy ones. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is known for its wide range of advantages: a lack of pre-existing immunity, a genome that is easily amenable to manipulation, and rapid growth to high titers in a broad range of cell lines, to name a few. VSV-induced tumor immunity can be enhanced by the delivery of immunostimulatory cytokines. The targeted cytokine delivery to tumors avoids the significant toxicity associated with systemic delivery while also boosting the immune response. To demonstrate this enhanced effect on both tumor growth and survival, a novel recombinant VSV (rVSV)-mIL12-mGMCSF, co-expressing mouse IL-12 (interleukin-12) and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), was tested alongside rVSV-dM51-GFP (rVSV-GFP) that was injected intratumorally in a syngeneic in vivo C57BL/6 mouse model infused subcutaneously with B16-F10 melanoma cells. The pilot study tested the effect of two viral injections 4 days apart and demonstrated that treatment with the two rVSVs resulted in partial inhibition of tumor growth (TGII of around 40%) and an increased survival rate in animals from the treatment groups. The effect of the two VSVs on immune cell populations will be investigated in future in vivo studies with an optimized experimental design with multiple higher viral doses, as a lack of this information presents a limitation of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Ryapolova
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Minskaia
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Nizami Gasanov
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Vasiliy Moroz
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Bogdan Krapivin
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander D. Egorov
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Victor Laktyushkin
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Sofia Zhuravleva
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Maksim Nagornych
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Elena Subcheva
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Malogolovkin
- Department of Molecular Virology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 20 Pirogovskaya, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Roman Ivanov
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Karabelsky
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
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3
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Pakola S, Quixabeira DCA, Kudling TV, Clubb JHA, Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela S, Basnet S, Jirovec E, Arias V, Haybout L, Heiniö C, Santos JM, Cervera-Carrascon V, Havunen R, Anttila M, Hemminki A. An oncolytic adenovirus coding for a variant interleukin 2 cytokine improves response to chemotherapy through enhancement of effector lymphocyte cytotoxicity, fibroblast compartment modulation and mitotic slippage. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1171083. [PMID: 37475863 PMCID: PMC10354511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1171083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly treatment-resistant cancer. Currently, the only curative treatment for PDAC is surgery, but most patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease and thus outside the scope of surgery. The majority of metastatic patients receive chemotherapy, but responses are limited. New therapeutics are thus urgently needed for PDAC. One major limitation in treating PDAC has been the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) which inhibits anti-cancer immune responses. We have constructed an oncolytic adenovirus coding for a variant the interleukin 2 molecule, Ad5/3-E2F-d24-vIL2 (also known as TILT-452, and "vIL-2 virus"), with preferential binding to IL-2 receptors on the surface of effector lymphocytes over T regulatory cells (T regs). In the present study this virus was evaluated in combination with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine chemotherapy in Panc02 mouse model. Ad5/3-E2F-d24-vIL2 showed marked PDAC cell killing in vitro, alongside induction of mitotic slippage and immunogenic cell death in PDAC cell lines, when combined with chemotherapy. Increased survival was seen in vivo with 80% of animals surviving long term, when compared to chemotherapy alone. Moreover, combination therapy mediated enhanced tumor growth control, without observable toxicities in internal organs or external features. Survival and tumor control benefits were associated with activation of tumor infiltrating immune cells, downregulation of inhibitory signals, change in fibroblast populations in the tumors and changes in intratumoral cytokines, with increased chemokine amounts (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4) and anti-tumor cytokines (IFN-γ and TNFα). Furthermore, vIL-2 virus in combination with chemotherapy efficiently induced tumor protection upon rechallenge, that was extended to a previously non-encountered cancer cell line. In conclusion, Ad5/3-E2F-d24-vIL2 is a promising immunotherapy candidate when combined with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santeri Pakola
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dafne C. A. Quixabeira
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatiana V. Kudling
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James H. A. Clubb
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saru Basnet
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elise Jirovec
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Arias
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lyna Haybout
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Heiniö
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joao M. Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
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Shakiba Y, Vorobyev PO, Naumenko VA, Kochetkov DV, Zajtseva KV, Valikhov MP, Yusubalieva GM, Gumennaya YD, Emelyanov EA, Semkina AS, Baklaushev VP, Chumakov PM, Lipatova AV. Oncolytic Efficacy of a Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Strain Expressing Bacterial Flagellin in Solid Tumor Models. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040828. [PMID: 37112810 PMCID: PMC10142208 DOI: 10.3390/v15040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising novel approach to cancer treatment. Oncolytic viruses cause tumor regression through direct cytolysis on the one hand and recruiting and activating immune cells on the other. In this study, to enhance the antitumor efficacy of the thymidine kinase-deficient vaccinia virus (VV, Lister strain), recombinant variants encoding bacterial flagellin (subunit B) of Vibrio vulnificus (LIVP-FlaB-RFP), firefly luciferase (LIVP-Fluc-RFP) or red fluorescent protein (LIVP-RFP) were developed. The LIVP-FLuc-RFP strain demonstrated exceptional onco-specificity in tumor-bearing mice, detected by the in vivo imaging system (IVIS). The antitumor efficacy of these variants was explored in syngeneic murine tumor models (B16 melanoma, CT26 colon cancer and 4T1 breast cancer). After intravenous treatment with LIVP-FlaB-RFP or LIVP-RFP, all mice tumor models exhibited tumor regression, with a prolonged survival rate in comparison with the control mice. However, superior oncolytic activity was observed in the B16 melanoma models treated with LIVP-FlaB-RFP. Tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes and the cytokine analysis of the serum and tumor samples from the melanoma-xenografted mice treated with these virus variants demonstrated activation of the host's immune response. Thus, the expression of bacterial flagellin by VV can enhance its oncolytic efficacy against immunosuppressive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Shakiba
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel O Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor A Naumenko
- Department of Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia V Zajtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marat P Valikhov
- Department of Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119034 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gaukhar M Yusubalieva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana D Gumennaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A Emelyanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alevtina S Semkina
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Baklaushev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Li SJ, Sun ZJ. Fueling immune checkpoint blockade with oncolytic viruses: Current paradigms and challenges ahead. Cancer Lett 2022; 550:215937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lu SC, Barry MA. Locked and loaded: engineering and arming oncolytic adenoviruses to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1359-1378. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2139601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Immunology
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Engineered Oncolytic Adenoviruses: An Emerging Approach for Cancer Therapy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101146. [PMID: 36297203 PMCID: PMC9608483 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the major leading causes of mortality globally, and chemotherapy is currently one of the most effective cancer therapies. Unfortunately, chemotherapy is invariably accompanied by dose-dependent cytotoxic side effects. Recently, genetically engineered adenoviruses emerged as an alternative gene therapy approach targeting cancers. This review focuses on the characteristics of genetically modified adenovirus and oncology clinical studies using adenovirus-mediated gene therapy strategies. In addition, modulation of the tumor biology and the tumor microenvironment as well as the immunological responses associated with adenovirus-mediate cancer therapy are discussed.
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Wang J, Zuo S, Zhang Y, Li S, Shi Y, Du T, Han J, Jin N, Li Y, Li X. Recombinant Oncolytic Adenovirus Combined with Cyclophosphamide Induces Synergy in the Treatment of Breast Cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:2749-2761. [PMID: 36133740 PMCID: PMC9484773 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s373271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oncolytic virus therapy has gradually become an integral approach in cancer treatment. We explored the therapeutic effects of the combination of a dual cancer-selective anti-tumor recombinant adenovirus (Ad-Apoptin-hTERTp-E1a) and cyclophosphamide on breast cancer cells. Methods The inhibition of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by Ad-Apoptin-hTERTp-E1a (Ad-VT), cyclophosphamide, and Ad-VT + Cyclophosphamide was investigated using the CCK-8 assay. The combination index (CI) was calculated using CalcuSyn software to determine the best combination based on the inhibition rates of the different treatment combinations. The CCK-8 assay and crystal violet staining were used to detect the cytotoxicity of the combined Ad-VT and cyclophosphamide in breast cancer cells and breast epithelial cells. Subsequently, Hoechst staining, annexin V flow cytometry, and JC-1 staining were used to analyze the inhibitory pathway of Ad-VT plus cyclophosphamide on breast cancer cells. Cell migration and invasion of breast cancer cells were assessed using the cell-scratch and Transwell assays. The anti-tumor effects of different treatment groups in a tumor-bearing nude mouse model also were analyzed. Results The treatment combination of Ad-VT (40 MOI) and cyclophosphamide (400 µM) significantly inhibited MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and reduced the toxicity of cyclophosphamide in normal cells. Ad-VT primarily induced breast cancer cell apoptosis through the endogenous apoptotic pathway. Apoptosis was significantly increased after treatment with Ad-VT plus cyclophosphamide. The combination significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that exposure to Ad-VT plus cyclophosphamide significantly inhibited tumor growth and extended the survival time of the nude mice. Conclusion Ad-VT plus cyclophosphamide reduced toxicity and exhibited increased efficacy in treating breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Zuo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonghua Du
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
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Ji Q, Wu Y, Albers A, Fang M, Qian X. Strategies for Advanced Oncolytic Virotherapy: Current Technology Innovations and Clinical Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1811. [PMID: 36145559 PMCID: PMC9504140 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a type of nanomedicine with a dual antitumor mechanism. Viruses are engineered to selectively infect and lyse cancer cells directly, leading to the release of soluble antigens which induce systemic antitumor immunity. Representative drug Talimogene laherparepvec has showed promising therapeutic effects in advanced melanoma, especially when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors with moderate adverse effects. Diverse viruses like herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, vaccina virus, and so on could be engineered as vectors to express different transgenic payloads, vastly expanding the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy. A number of related clinical trials are under way which are mainly focusing on solid tumors. Studies about further optimizing the genome of oncolytic viruses or improving the delivering system are in the hotspot, indicating the future development of oncolytic virotherapy in the clinic. This review introduces the latest progress in clinical trials and pre-clinical studies as well as technology innovations directed at oncolytic viruses. The challenges and perspectives of oncolytic virotherapy towards clinical application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ji
- Department of Rare and Head & Neck Oncology, Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Andreas Albers
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meiyu Fang
- Department of Rare and Head & Neck Oncology, Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
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10
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Huang L, Zhao H, Shan M, Chen H, Xu B, He Y, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Chen J, Xu Q. Oncolytic adenovirus H101 ameliorate the efficacy of anti-PD-1 monotherapy in colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4575-4587. [PMID: 35762456 PMCID: PMC9741988 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint blockade therapy with anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1 antibodies provides therapeutic effect for many patients of various cancers but remains inadequate in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The present study aims to assess the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus (OncoAd ) in enhancing the anti-PD-1 treatment of CRC. METHODS The estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts algorithm was used for estimating the infiltrated immune cells in melanoma and CRC tissues. The efficacy of OncoAd with anti-PD-1 monotherapy was performed in a CT26 CRC mouse model in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood and tumor tissues determined the difference anti-tumor immune efficacy of OncoAd with anti-PD-1 monotherapy. RESULTS The Cancer Genome Atlas database indicated that CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells were significantly elevated in melanoma compared to CRC cohorts. Moreover, intratumor injection of oncolytic adenovirus enhanced T cell infiltration and decreased Treg percentages in the CT26 CRC colorectal cancer mouse model. Combinatorial OncoAd with anti-PD-1 antibody treatment markedly enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 by significantly decreasing the tumor volume and reducing tumor growth in a CRC mouse model. To the end, OncoAd treatment increased the CD8/Treg ratio, indicating that OncoAd intratumor injection ameliorate the anti-tumor immune response of anti-PD-1 therapy. CONCLUSION The present study elucidates that OncoAd promotes intratumor T cell infiltration and improves anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, thereby providing a potent combinatorial therapeutic strategy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Huaxin Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | | | - Hong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryFujian Provincial HospitalFuzhouChina
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShangaiChina
| | - Yang He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghaiChina,Anhui Medical UniversityHeFeiChina
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11
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Firoz A, Ali HM, Rehman S, Rather IA. Gastric Cancer and Viruses: A Fine Line between Friend or Foe. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040600. [PMID: 35455349 PMCID: PMC9025827 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a significant health concern worldwide, with a GLOBOCAN estimate of 1.08 million novel cases in 2020. It is the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years lost to cancer, with the fourth most common cancer in males and the fifth most common cancer in females. Strategies are pursued across the globe to prevent gastric cancer progression as a significant fraction of gastric cancers have been linked to various pathogenic (bacterial and viral) infections. Early diagnosis (in Asian countries), and non-invasive and surgical treatments have helped manage this disease with 5-year survival for stage IA and IB tumors ranging between 60% and 80%. However, the most prevalent aggressive stage III gastric tumors undergoing surgery have a lower 5-year survival rate between 18% and 50%. These figures point to a need for more efficient diagnostic and treatment strategies, for which the oncolytic viruses (OVs) appear to have some promise. OVs form a new therapeutic agent class that induces anti-tumor immune responses by selectively killing tumor cells and inducing systemic anti-tumor immunity. On the contrary, several oncogenic viruses have been shown to play significant roles in malignancy progression in the case of gastric cancer. Therefore, this review evaluates the current state of research and advances in understanding the dual role of viruses in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Firoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.); (H.M.A.)
- Princess Dr Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Mohammed Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.); (H.M.A.)
- Princess Dr Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.); (H.M.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.A.R.)
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12
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Cristi F, Gutiérrez T, Hitt MM, Shmulevitz M. Genetic Modifications That Expand Oncolytic Virus Potency. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:831091. [PMID: 35155581 PMCID: PMC8826539 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.831091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a promising type of cancer therapy since they selectively replicate in tumor cells without damaging healthy cells. Many oncolytic viruses have progressed to human clinical trials, however, their performance as monotherapy has not been as successful as expected. Importantly, recent literature suggests that the oncolytic potential of these viruses can be further increased by genetically modifying the viruses. In this review, we describe genetic modifications to OVs that improve their ability to kill tumor cells directly, to dismantle the tumor microenvironment, or to alter tumor cell signaling and enhance anti-tumor immunity. These advances are particularly important to increase virus spread and reduce metastasis, as demonstrated in animal models. Since metastasis is the principal cause of mortality in cancer patients, having OVs designed to target metastases could transform cancer therapy. The genetic alterations reported to date are only the beginning of all possible improvements to OVs. Modifications described here could be combined together, targeting multiple processes, or with other non-viral therapies with potential to provide a strong and lasting anti-tumor response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Cristi
- Shmulevitz Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tomás Gutiérrez
- Goping Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mary M. Hitt
- Hitt Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Mary M. Hitt, ; Maya Shmulevitz,
| | - Maya Shmulevitz
- Shmulevitz Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Mary M. Hitt, ; Maya Shmulevitz,
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13
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Li T, Fang J, Chu J, Liu X, Li Y, Zhu Y, Li S, Xiu Z, Li Y, Jin N, Zhu G, Sun L, Li X. In vivo and in vitro inhibition of SCLC by combining dual cancer-specific recombinant adenovirus with Etoposide. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:1073-1085. [PMID: 35038020 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as an important modality in cancer treatment. In a previous study, we designed and constructed Ad-Apoptin-hTERTp-E1a (Ad-VT), a dual cancer-selective anti-tumor recombinant adenovirus. METHODS To explore the therapeutic effect of recombinant adenovirus Ad-VT together with Etoposide on small cell lung cancer, the ability of Ad-VT alone, Etoposide alone, and a combination of Ad-VT + Etoposide to inhibit proliferation of NCI-H446 and BEAS-2B cells was investigated using the WST-1 method. According to the inhibitory action of different combinations, a combination index (CI) was estimated by CalcuSyn software to select the best combination. The inhibitory effect of Ad-VT combined with Etoposide on NCI-H446 and BEAS-2B cells was detected by crystal violet staining and the CFST method. Hoechst, Annexin V and JC-1 staining were used to explore the inhibitory pathway of Ad-VT combined with Etoposide on NCI-H446 cells. The migratory and invasive abilities of treated NCI-H446 cells were assessed by Transwell and BioCat methods. Tumor volume, body weight and survival rate were measured to analyze the anti-tumor and toxic effects of different treatments in tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Ad-VT (20 MOI) combined with Etoposide (400 nM) significantly inhibited NCI-H446 cell proliferation with reduced toxicity of Etoposide to normal cells. Ad-VT induced apoptosis of NCI-H446 cells mainly through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, an effect significantly increased by the combined treatment. Ad-VT together with Etoposide significantly inhibited migration and invasion of NCI-H446 cells, inhibited tumor growth in vivo and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS The above results indicate that when combined with Etoposide, Ad-VT may have an important role in synergistically inhibiting tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Fang
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihao Chu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiru Xiu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhe Zhu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lili Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jingyue Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1035, Boshuo Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China. .,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Feola S, Russo S, Ylösmäki E, Cerullo V. Oncolytic ImmunoViroTherapy: A long history of crosstalk between viruses and immune system for cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 236:108103. [PMID: 34954301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer Immunotherapy relies on harnessing a patient's immune system to fine-tune specific anti-tumor responses and ultimately eradicate cancer. Among diverse therapeutic approaches, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a novel form of cancer immunotherapy. OVs are a naturally occurring or genetically modified class of viruses able to selectively kill cancer cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed; in the last two decades, the role of OVs has been redefined to act beyond their oncolytic activity. Indeed, the immunogenic cancer cell death mediated by OVs induces the release of tumor antigens that in turn induces anti-tumor immunity, allowing OVs to act as in situ therapeutic cancer vaccines. Additionally, OVs can be engineered for intratumoral delivery of immunostimulatory molecules such as tumor antigens or cytokines to further enhance anti-tumor response. Moreover, OVs can be used in combination with other cancer immunotherapeutic approaches such as Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and CAR-T cells. The current review first defines the three main mechanisms of action (MOA) of OVs currently used in cancer therapy that are: i) Oncolysis, ii) OV-induced cancer-specific immune activation, and iii) Exploiting pre-existing anti-viral immunity to enhance cancer therapy. Secondly, we focus on how OVs can induce and/or improve anti-cancer immunity in a specific or unspecific fashion, highlighting the importance of these approaches. Finally, the last part of the review analyses OVs combined with other cancer immunotherapies, revising present and future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Feola
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Russo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Ylösmäki
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology and CEINGE, Naples University Federico II, S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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15
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Yang L, Gu X, Yu J, Ge S, Fan X. Oncolytic Virotherapy: From Bench to Bedside. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:790150. [PMID: 34901031 PMCID: PMC8662562 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are naturally occurring or genetically engineered viruses that can replicate preferentially in tumor cells and inhibit tumor growth. These viruses have been considered an effective anticancer strategy in recent years. They mainly function by direct oncolysis, inducing an anticancer immune response and expressing exogenous effector genes. Their multifunctional characteristics indicate good application prospects as cancer therapeutics, especially in combination with other therapies, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively understand the utility of oncolytic viruses in cancer therapeutics. Here, we review the characteristics, antitumor mechanisms, clinical applications, deficiencies and associated solutions, and future prospects of oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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16
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Zhao Y, Liu Z, Li L, Wu J, Zhang H, Zhang H, Lei T, Xu B. Oncolytic Adenovirus: Prospects for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707290. [PMID: 34367111 PMCID: PMC8334181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has moved to the forefront of modern oncologic treatment in the past few decades. Various forms of immunotherapy currently are emerging, including oncolytic viruses. In this therapy, viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor cells and reduce toxicity for non-neoplastic tissues. Adenovirus is one of the most frequently employed oncolytic viruses because of its capacity in tumor cell lysis and immune response stimulation. Upregulation of immunostimulatory signals induced by oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) might significantly remove local immune suppression and amplify antitumor immune responses. Existing genetic engineering technology allows us to design OAds with increasingly better tumor tropism, selectivity, and antitumor efficacy. Several promising strategies to modify the genome of OAds have been applied: capsid modifications, small deletions in the pivotal viral genes, insertion of tumor-specific promoters, and addition of immunostimulatory transgenes. OAds armed with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) transgenes as cancer vaccines provide additional therapeutic strategies to trigger tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, the combination of OAds and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) increases clinical benefit as evidence shown in completed and ongoing clinical trials, especially in the combination of OAds with antiprogrammed death 1/programed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy. Despite remarkable antitumor potency, oncolytic adenovirus immunotherapy is confronted with tough challenges such as antiviral immune response and obstruction of tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we focus on genomic modification strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses and applications of OAds in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Lei
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Kamynina M, Tskhovrebova S, Fares J, Timashev P, Laevskaya A, Ulasov I. Oncolytic Virus-Induced Autophagy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143482. [PMID: 34298694 PMCID: PMC8304501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with an incidence rate of nearly 3.19/100,000. Current therapeutic options fall short in improving the survival of patients with GBM. Various genetic and microenvironmental factors contribute to GBM progression and resistance to therapy. The development of gene therapies using self-replicating oncolytic viruses can advance GBM treatment. Due to GBM heterogeneity, oncolytic viruses have been genetically modified to improve the antiglioma effect in vitro and in vivo. Oncolytic viruses can activate autophagy signaling in GBM upon tumoral infection. Autophagy can be cytoprotective, whereby the GBM cells catabolize damaged organelles to accommodate to virus-induced stress, or cytotoxic, whereby it leads to the destruction of GBM cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that control oncolytic virus-induced autophagic signaling in GBM can fuel further development of novel and more effective genetic vectors. Abstract Autophagy is a catabolic process that allows cells to scavenge damaged organelles and produces energy to maintain cellular homeostasis. It is also an effective defense method for cells, which allows them to identify an internalized pathogen and destroy it through the fusion of the autophagosome and lysosomes. Recent reports have demonstrated that various chemotherapeutic agents and viral gene therapeutic vehicles provide therapeutic advantages for patients with glioblastoma as monotherapy or in combination with standards of care. Despite nonstop efforts to develop effective antiglioma therapeutics, tumor-induced autophagy in some studies manifests tumor resistance and glioma progression. Here, we explore the functional link between autophagy regulation mediated by oncolytic viruses and discuss how intracellular interactions control autophagic signaling in glioblastoma. Autophagy induced by oncolytic viruses plays a dual role in cell death and survival. On the one hand, autophagy stimulation has mostly led to an increase in cytotoxicity mediated by the oncolytic virus, but, on the other hand, autophagy is also activated as a cell defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens and modulates antiviral activity through the induction of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. Despite the fact that the moment of switch between autophagic prosurvival and prodeath modes remains to be known, in the context of oncolytic virotherapy, cytotoxic autophagy is a crucial mechanism of cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Kamynina
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Salome Tskhovrebova
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Laevskaya
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Santagostino SF, Assenmacher CA, Tarrant JC, Adedeji AO, Radaelli E. Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death: Current Perspectives. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:596-623. [PMID: 34039100 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211005537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Balancing cell survival and cell death is fundamental to development and homeostasis. Cell death is regulated by multiple interconnected signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. Regulated cell death (RCD) is implicated in fundamental processes such as organogenesis and tissue remodeling, removal of unnecessary structures or cells, and regulation of cell numbers. RCD can also be triggered by exogenous perturbations of the intracellular or extracellular microenvironment when the adaptive processes that respond to stress fail. During the past few years, many novel forms of non-apoptotic RCD have been identified, and the characterization of RCD mechanisms at a molecular level has deepened our understanding of diseases encountered in human and veterinary medicine. Given the complexity of these processes, it has become clear that the identification of RCD cannot be based simply on morphologic characteristics and that descriptive and diagnostic terms presently used by pathologists-such as individual cell apoptosis or necrosis-appear inadequate and possibly misleading. In this review, the current understanding of the molecular machinery of each type of non-apoptotic RCD mechanisms is outlined. Due to the continuous discovery of new mechanisms or nuances of previously described processes, the limitations of the terms apoptosis and necrosis to indicate microscopic findings are also reported. In addition, the need for a standard panel of biomarkers and functional tests to adequately characterize the underlying RCD and its role as a mechanism of disease is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C Tarrant
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Oncolytic Adenovirus in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113354. [PMID: 33202717 PMCID: PMC7697649 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-selective replicating "oncolytic" viruses are novel and promising tools for immunotherapy of cancer. However, despite their first success in clinical trials, previous experience suggests that currently used oncolytic virus monotherapies will not be effective enough to achieve complete tumor responses and long-term cure in a broad spectrum of cancers. Nevertheless, there are reasonable arguments that suggest advanced oncolytic viruses will play an essential role as enablers of multi-stage immunotherapies including established systemic immunotherapies. Oncolytic adenoviruses (oAds) display several features to meet this therapeutic need. oAds potently lyse infected tumor cells and induce a strong immunogenic cell death associated with tumor inflammation and induction of antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, established and versatile platforms of oAds exist, which are well suited for the incorporation of heterologous genes to optimally exploit and amplify the immunostimulatory effect of viral oncolysis. A considerable spectrum of functional genes has already been integrated in oAds to optimize particular aspects of immune stimulation including antigen presentation, T cell priming, engagement of additional effector functions, and interference with immunosuppression. These advanced concepts have the potential to play a promising future role as enablers of multi-stage immunotherapies involving adoptive cell transfer and systemic immunotherapies.
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20
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Abstract
Tumors represent a hostile environment for the effector cells of cancer immunosurveillance. Immunosuppressive receptors and soluble or membrane-bound ligands are abundantly exposed and released by malignant entities and their stromal accomplices. As a consequence, executioners of antitumor immunity inefficiently navigate across cancer tissues and fail to eliminate malignant targets. By inducing immunogenic cancer cell death, oncolytic viruses profoundly reshape the tumor microenvironment. They trigger the local spread of danger signals and tumor-associated (as well as viral) antigens, thus attracting antigen-presenting cells, promoting the activation and expansion of lymphocytic populations, facilitating their infiltration in the tumor bed, and reinvigorating cytotoxic immune activity. The present review recapitulates key chemokines, growth factors and other cytokines that orchestrate this ballet of antitumoral leukocytes upon oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France.
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Berry JTL, Muñoz LE, Rodríguez Stewart RM, Selvaraj P, Mainou BA. Doxorubicin Conjugation to Reovirus Improves Oncolytic Efficacy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:556-572. [PMID: 32995480 PMCID: PMC7493048 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the United States. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype associates with higher rates of relapse, shorter overall survival, and aggressive metastatic disease. Hormone therapy is ineffective against TNBC, leaving patients with limited therapeutic options. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) preferentially infects and kills transformed cells, and a genetically engineered reassortant reovirus infects and kills TNBC cells more efficiently than prototypical strains. Reovirus oncolytic efficacy is further augmented by combination with topoisomerase inhibitors, including the frontline chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. However, long-term doxorubicin use correlates with toxicity to healthy tissues. Here, we conjugated doxorubicin to reovirus (reo-dox) to control drug delivery and enhance reovirus-mediated oncolysis. Our data indicate that conjugation does not impair viral biology and enhances reovirus oncolytic capacity in TNBC cells. Reo-dox infection promotes innate immune activation, and crosslinked doxorubicin retains DNA-damaging properties within infected cells. Importantly, reovirus and reo-dox significantly reduce primary TNBC tumor burden in vivo, with greater reduction in metastatic burden after reo-dox inoculation. Together, these data demonstrate that crosslinking chemotherapeutic agents to oncolytic viruses facilitates functional drug delivery to cells targeted by the virus, making it a viable approach for combination therapy against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson T L Berry
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Roxana M Rodríguez Stewart
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Periasamy Selvaraj
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Bernardo A Mainou
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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22
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Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Warren S, Adjemian S, Agostinis P, Martinez AB, Chan TA, Coukos G, Demaria S, Deutsch E, Draganov D, Edelson RL, Formenti SC, Fucikova J, Gabriele L, Gaipl US, Gameiro SR, Garg AD, Golden E, Han J, Harrington KJ, Hemminki A, Hodge JW, Hossain DMS, Illidge T, Karin M, Kaufman HL, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Lasarte JJ, Loi S, Lotze MT, Manic G, Merghoub T, Melcher AA, Mossman KL, Prosper F, Rekdal Ø, Rescigno M, Riganti C, Sistigu A, Smyth MJ, Spisek R, Stagg J, Strauss BE, Tang D, Tatsuno K, van Gool SW, Vandenabeele P, Yamazaki T, Zamarin D, Zitvogel L, Cesano A, Marincola FM. Consensus guidelines for the definition, detection and interpretation of immunogenic cell death. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000337. [PMID: 32209603 PMCID: PMC7064135 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells succumbing to stress via regulated cell death (RCD) can initiate an adaptive immune response associated with immunological memory, provided they display sufficient antigenicity and adjuvanticity. Moreover, multiple intracellular and microenvironmental features determine the propensity of RCD to drive adaptive immunity. Here, we provide an updated operational definition of immunogenic cell death (ICD), discuss the key factors that dictate the ability of dying cells to drive an adaptive immune response, summarize experimental assays that are currently available for the assessment of ICD in vitro and in vivo, and formulate guidelines for their interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Sarah Warren
- NanoString Technologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandy Adjemian
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuevn, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aitziber Buqué Martinez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
- Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- INSERM "Molecular Radiotherapy and therapeutic innovation", U1030 Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- SIRIC SOCRATES, DHU Torino, Faculté de Medecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Richard L Edelson
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Encouse Golden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jian Han
- iRepertoire, Inc, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital/Institute of Cancer Research National Institute for Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tim Illidge
- University of Manchester, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California at San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Replimune, Inc, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Jose Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Research and Clinical Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gwenola Manic
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, MSKCC, New York City, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, MSKCC, New York City, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Felipe Prosper
- Hematology and Cell Therapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Øystein Rekdal
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- UOSD Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec City, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec City, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kazuki Tatsuno
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud/Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
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23
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Shui L, Yang X, Li J, Yi C, Sun Q, Zhu H. Gut Microbiome as a Potential Factor for Modulating Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2989. [PMID: 32010123 PMCID: PMC6978681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota refers to the diverse community of more than 100 trillion microorganisms residing in our intestines. It is now known that any shift in the composition of gut microbiota from that present during the healthy state in an individual is associated with predisposition to multiple pathological conditions, such as diabetes, autoimmunity, and even cancer. Currently, therapies targeting programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 are the focus of cancer immunotherapy and are widely applied in clinical treatment of various tumors. Owing to relatively low overall response rate, however, it has been an ongoing research endeavor to identify the mechanisms or factors for improving the therapeutic efficacy of these immunotherapies. Other than causing mutations that affect gene expression, some gut bacteria may also activate or repress the host's response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we have described recent advancements made in understanding the regulatory relationship between gut microbiome and cancer immunotherapy. We have also summarized the potential molecular mechanisms behind this interaction, which can serve as a basis for utilizing different kinds of gut bacteria as promising tools for reversing immunotherapy resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Sun
- Drug Research Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Ajina A, Maher J. Synergistic combination of oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:217-292. [PMID: 31383406 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For patients with advanced hematological malignancies the therapeutic landscape has been transformed by the emergence of adoptive cell transfer utilizing autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells. However, solid tumors have proved far more resistant to this approach. Here, we summarize the numerous challenges faced by CAR T-cells designed to target solid tumors, highlighting, in particular, issues related to impaired trafficking, expansion, and persistence. In parallel, we draw attention to exciting developments in the burgeoning field of oncolytic virotherapy and posit strategies for the synergistic combination of oncolytic viruses with CAR T-cells to improve outcomes for patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, United Kingdom
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25
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Yang HG, Kang MC, Kim TY, Hwang I, Jin HT, Sung YC, Eom KS, Kim SW. Discovery of a novel natural killer cell line with distinct immunostimulatory and proliferative potential as an alternative platform for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:138. [PMID: 31126350 PMCID: PMC6534912 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human natural killer (NK) cell lines serve as an attractive source for adoptive immunotherapy, but NK-92 remains the only cell line being assessed in the clinic. Here, we established a novel NK cell line, NK101, from a patient with extra-nodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and examined its phenotypic, genomic and functional characteristics. METHODS Single cell suspensions from lymphoma tissue were expanded with anti-NKp46/anti-CD2-coated beads in the presence of IL-2. A continuously growing CD56+ cell clone was selected and designated as NK101. Flow cytometry and RNA sequencing were used to characterize phenotypic and genomic features of NK101. In vitro cytotoxicity and IFN-γ/TNF-α secretion were measured by flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, after direct co-culture with tumor cells. Immunomodulatory potential of NK101 was assessed in an indirect co-culture system using conditioned medium. Finally, in vivo antitumor efficacy was evaluated in an immunocompetent, syngeneic 4T1 mammary tumor model. RESULTS NK101 displayed features of CD56dimCD62L+ intermediate stage NK subset with the potential to simultaneously act as a cytokine producer and a cytotoxic effector. Comparative analysis of NK101 and NK-92 revealed that NK101 expressed lower levels of perforin and granzyme B that correlated with weaker cytotoxicity, but produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ and TNF-α. Contrarily, NK-92 produced greater amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-10. Genome-wide analysis revealed that genes associated with positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation were overexpressed in NK101, while those with opposite function were highly enriched in NK-92. The consequence of such expressional and functional discrepancies was well-represented in (i) indirect co-culture system where conditioned medium derived from NK101 induced greater proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and (ii) immunocompetent 4T1 tumor model where peritumoral injections of NK101 displayed stronger anti-tumor activities by inducing higher tumor-specific immune responses. In a manufacturing context, NK101 not only required shorter recovery time after thawing, but also exhibited faster growth profile than NK-92, yielding more than 200-fold higher cell numbers after 20-day culture. CONCLUSION NK101 is a unique NK cell line bearing strong immunostimulatory potential and substantial scalability, providing an attractive source for adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gul Yang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Cheol Kang
- SL-BIGEN Inc., 700 Daewangpanyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Kim
- SL-BIGEN Inc., 700 Daewangpanyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Injung Hwang
- SL-BIGEN Inc., 700 Daewangpanyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Tak Jin
- SL-BIGEN Inc., 700 Daewangpanyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Sung
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Seong Eom
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sae Won Kim
- SL-BIGEN Inc., 700 Daewangpanyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13488, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Cervera-Carrascon V, Havunen R, Hemminki A. Oncolytic adenoviruses: a game changer approach in the battle between cancer and the immune system. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:443-455. [PMID: 30905206 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1595582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic adenoviruses are among the most studied oncolytic viruses because of their tumor selectivity, safety, and transgene-delivery capability. With a growing number of different immunotherapies against cancer, the extraordinary immunogenicity of the adenovirus has emerged as a differentiating strength. Enabling T-cell related therapies with oncolytic adenoviruses appears a promising approach due to its inherent ability to elicit responses from the adaptive immune compartment. AREAS COVERED These viruses have successfully enhanced both adoptive T-cell therapies and immune-checkpoint therapies. Oncolytic viruses induce several effects at the tumor and on the systemic level that help to circumvent current limitations of T-cells and related therapies, such as T-cell trafficking, tumor immune suppressivity and antigen spreading EXPERT OPINION Taking into account the multitude of possibilities of treating cancer with immunotherapies, learning to optimize the combinations and administration strategies of these drugs, could lead to durable responses in patients with currently incurable cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland.,c Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center , Helsinki University , Helsinki , Finland
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27
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Goradel NH, Mohajel N, Malekshahi ZV, Jahangiri S, Najafi M, Farhood B, Mortezaee K, Negahdari B, Arashkia A. Oncolytic adenovirus: A tool for cancer therapy in combination with other therapeutic approaches. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8636-8646. [PMID: 30515798 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy using oncolytic viruses is an emerging area, in which viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor tissues without affecting healthy cells. Because of the advantages that adenoviruses (Ads) have over other viruses, they are more considered. To achieve tumor selectivity, two main modifications on Ads genome have been applied: small deletions and insertion of tissue- or tumor-specific promoters. Despite oncolytic adenoviruses ability in tumor cell lysis and immune responses stimulation, to further increase their antitumor effects, genomic modifications have been carried out including insertion of checkpoint inhibitors and antigenic or immunostimulatory molecules into the adenovirus genome and combination with dendritic cells and chemotherapeutic agents. This study reviews oncolytic adenoviruses structures, their antitumor efficacy in combination with other therapeutic strategies, and finally challenges around this treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasir Mohajel
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Jahangiri
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Combination of IAP Antagonists and TNF-α-Armed Oncolytic Viruses Induce Tumor Vascular Shutdown and Tumor Regression. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 10:28-39. [PMID: 30101187 PMCID: PMC6076221 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Smac mimetic compounds (SMCs) are anti-cancer drugs that antagonize Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins, which consequently sensitize cancer cells to death in the presence of proinflammatory ligands such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). SMCs synergize with the attenuated oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔ51) by eliciting an innate immune response, which is dependent on the endogenous production of TNF-α and type I interferon. To improve on this SMC-mediated synergistic response, we generated TNF-α-armed VSVΔ51 to produce elevated levels of this death ligand. Due to ectopic expression of TNF-α from infected cells, a lower viral dose of TNF-α-armed VSVΔ51 combined with treatment of the SMC LCL161 was sufficient to improve the survival rate compared to LCL161 and unarmed VSVΔ51 co-therapy. This improved response is attributed to a bystander effect whereby the spread of TNF-α from infected cells leads to the death of uninfected cells in the presence of LCL161. In addition, the treatments induced vascular collapse in solid tumors with a concomitant increase of tumor cell death, revealing another mechanism by which cytokine-armed VSVΔ51 in combination with LCL161 can kill tumor cells. Our studies demonstrate the potential for cytokine-engineered oncolytic virus and SMCs as a new combination immunotherapy for cancer treatment.
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Ajina A, Maher J. Prospects for combined use of oncolytic viruses and CAR T-cells. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:90. [PMID: 29157300 PMCID: PMC5696728 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for inoperable locally advanced or metastatic malignant melanoma in the USA and Europe, oncolytic virotherapy is now emerging as a viable therapeutic option for cancer patients. In parallel, following the favourable results of several clinical trials, adoptive cell transfer using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells is anticipated to enter routine clinical practice for the management of chemotherapy-refractory B-cell malignancies. However, CAR T-cell therapy for patients with advanced solid tumours has proved far less successful. This Review draws upon recent advances in the design of novel oncolytic viruses and CAR T-cells and provides a comprehensive overview of the synergistic potential of combination oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell adoptive cell transfer for the management of solid tumours, drawing particular attention to the methods by which recombinant oncolytic viruses may augment CAR T-cell trafficking into the tumour microenvironment, mitigate or reverse local immunosuppression and enhance CAR T-cell effector function and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Maher
- King’s College London, CAR Mechanics Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, UK
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30
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Jhawar SR, Thandoni A, Bommareddy PK, Hassan S, Kohlhapp FJ, Goyal S, Schenkel JM, Silk AW, Zloza A. Oncolytic Viruses-Natural and Genetically Engineered Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Oncol 2017; 7:202. [PMID: 28955655 PMCID: PMC5600978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There has long been interest in innovating an approach by which tumor cells can be selectively and specifically targeted and destroyed. The discovery of viruses that lyse tumor cells, termed oncolytic viruses (OVs), has led to a revolution in the treatment of cancer. The potential of OVs to improve the therapeutic ratio is derived from their ability to preferentially infect and replicate in cancer cells while avoiding destruction of normal cells surrounding the tumor. Two main mechanisms exist through which these viruses are reported to improve outcomes: direct lysis of tumor cells and indirect augmentation of host anti-tumor immunity. With these factors in mind, viruses are chosen or modified to selectively target tumor cells, decrease pathogenicity to normal cells, decrease the antiviral immune response (to prevent viral clearance), and increase the antitumor immune response. While only one OV has been approved for the treatment of cancer in the United States, and only two other OVs have been approved worldwide, a wide spectrum of OVs are in various stages of preclinical development and in clinical trials. These viruses are being studied as alternatives and adjuncts to more traditional cancer therapies including surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal therapies, targeted therapies, and other immunotherapies. Here, we review the natural characteristics and genetically engineered modifications that enhance the effectiveness of OVs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin R Jhawar
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Aditya Thandoni
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | | | - Suemair Hassan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | | | - Sharad Goyal
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ann W Silk
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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31
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Pease DF, Kratzke RA. Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Mesothelioma. Front Oncol 2017; 7:179. [PMID: 28884088 PMCID: PMC5573749 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited effectiveness of conventional therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma demands innovative approaches to this difficult disease. Even with aggressive multimodality treatment of surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy, the median survival is only 1–2 years depending on stage and histology. Oncolytic viral therapy has emerged in the last several decades as a rapidly advancing field of immunotherapy studied in a wide spectrum of malignancies. Mesothelioma makes an ideal candidate for studying oncolysis given the frequently localized pattern of growth and pleural location providing access to direct intratumoral injection of virus. Therefore, despite being a relatively uncommon disease, the multitude of viral studies for mesothelioma can provide insight for applying such therapy to other malignancies. This article will begin with a review of the general principles of oncolytic therapy focusing on antitumor efficacy, tumor selectivity, and immune system activation. The second half of this review will detail results of preclinical models and human studies for oncolytic virotherapy in mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Pease
- Hematology-Oncology-Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Robert A Kratzke
- Hematology-Oncology-Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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32
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O’Cathail SM, Pokrovska TD, Maughan TS, Fisher KD, Seymour LW, Hawkins MA. Combining Oncolytic Adenovirus with Radiation-A Paradigm for the Future of Radiosensitization. Front Oncol 2017; 7:153. [PMID: 28791251 PMCID: PMC5523729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses and radiotherapy represent two diverse areas of cancer therapy, utilizing quite different treatment modalities and with non-overlapping cytotoxicity profiles. It is, therefore, an intriguing possibility to consider that oncolytic ("cancer-killing") viruses may act as cancer-selective radiosensitizers, enhancing the therapeutic consequences of radiation treatment on tumors while exerting minimal effects on normal tissue. There is a solid mechanistic basis for this potential synergy, with many viruses having developed strategies to inhibit cellular DNA repair pathways in order to protect themselves, during genome replication, from unwanted interference by cell processes that are normally triggered by DNA damage. Exploiting these abilities to inhibit cellular DNA repair following damage by therapeutic irradiation may well augment the anticancer potency of the approach. In this review, we focus on oncolytic adenovirus, the most widely developed and best understood oncolytic virus, and explore its various mechanisms for modulating cellular DNA repair pathways. The most obvious effects of the various adenovirus serotypes are to interfere with activity of the MRE11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex, temporally one of the first sensors of double-stranded DNA damage, and inhibition of DNA ligase IV, a central repair enzyme for healing double-stranded breaks by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). There have been several preclinical and clinical studies of this approach and we assess the current state of progress. In addition, oncolytic viruses provide the option to promote a localized proinflammatory response, both by mediating immunogenic death of cancer cells by oncosis and also by encoding and expressing proinflammatory biologics within the tumor microenvironment. Both of these approaches provide exciting potential to augment the known immunological consequences of radiotherapy, aiming to develop systems capable of creating a systemic anticancer immune response following localized tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. O’Cathail
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy S. Maughan
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry D. Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria A. Hawkins
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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33
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Havunen R, Siurala M, Sorsa S, Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela S, Behr M, Tähtinen S, Santos JM, Karell P, Rusanen J, Nettelbeck DM, Ehrhardt A, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Oncolytic Adenoviruses Armed with Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin-2 Enable Successful Adoptive Cell Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 4:77-86. [PMID: 28345026 PMCID: PMC5363700 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy holds much promise in the treatment of cancer but results in solid tumors have been modest. The notable exception is tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy of melanoma, but this approach only works with high-dose preconditioning chemotherapy and systemic interleukin (IL)-2 postconditioning, both of which are associated with toxicities. To improve and broaden the applicability of adoptive cell transfer, we constructed oncolytic adenoviruses coding for human IL-2 (hIL2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), or both. The viruses showed potent antitumor efficacy against human tumors in immunocompromised severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. In immunocompetent Syrian hamsters, we combined the viruses with TIL transfer and were able to cure 100% of the animals. Cured animals were protected against tumor re-challenge, indicating a memory response. Arming with IL-2 and TNF-α increased the frequency of both CD4+ and CD8+ TILs in vivo and augmented splenocyte proliferation ex vivo, suggesting that the cytokines were important for T cell persistence and proliferation. Cytokine expression was limited to tumors and treatment-related signs of systemic toxicity were absent, suggesting safety. To conclude, cytokine-armed oncolytic adenoviruses enhanced adoptive cell therapy by favorable alteration of the tumor microenvironment. A clinical trial is in progress to study the utility of Ad5/3-E2F-d24-hTNFa-IRES-hIL2 (TILT-123) in human patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Siurala
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics, Ltd., 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Sorsa
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics, Ltd., 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Michael Behr
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siri Tähtinen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - João Manuel Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics, Ltd., 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Karell
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juuso Rusanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Virology and Microbiology, University Witten/Herdecke, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00610 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics, Ltd., 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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34
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Choi AH, O'Leary MP, Fong Y, Chen NG. From Benchtop to Bedside: A Review of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4030018. [PMID: 28536385 PMCID: PMC5344257 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) demonstrate the ability to replicate selectively in cancer cells, resulting in antitumor effects by a variety of mechanisms, including direct cell lysis and indirect cell death through immune-mediate host responses. Although the mechanisms of action of OVs are still not fully understood, major advances have been made in our understanding of how OVs function and interact with the host immune system, resulting in the recent FDA approval of the first OV for cancer therapy in the USA. This review provides an overview of the history of OVs, their selectivity for cancer cells, and their multifaceted mechanism of antitumor action, as well as strategies employed to augment selectivity and efficacy of OVs. OVs in combination with standard cancer therapies are also discussed, as well as a review of ongoing human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H Choi
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Michael P O'Leary
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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35
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Rosewell Shaw A, Suzuki M. Recent advances in oncolytic adenovirus therapies for cancer. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 21:9-15. [PMID: 27379906 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Onc.Ads) selectively replicate in and lyse cancer cells and are therefore commonly used vectors in clinical trials for cancer gene therapy. Building upon the well-characterized adenoviral natural tropism, genetic modification of Onc.Ad can enhance/regulate their transduction and replication within specific cancer cell types. However, Onc.Ad-mediated tumor cell lysis cannot fully eliminate tumors. The hostile tumor microenvironment provides many barriers to efficient oncolytic virotherapy, as tumors develop structure and immune-evasion mechanisms in order to grow and ultimately spread. For these reasons, Onc.Ads modified to deliver structural or immune modulatory molecules (Armed Onc.Ads) have been developed to overcome the physical and immunological barriers of solid tumors. The combination of oncolysis with tumor microenvironment modulation/destruction may provide a promising platform for Ad-based cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rosewell Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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36
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Adenoviral Delivery of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-2 Enables Successful Adoptive Cell Therapy of Immunosuppressive Melanoma. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1435-43. [PMID: 27357626 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell transfer is a promising treatment approach for metastatic cancer, but efficacy in solid tumors has only been achieved with toxic pre- and postconditioning regimens. Thus, adoptive T-cell therapies would benefit from complementary modalities that enable their full potential without excessive toxicity. We aimed to improve the efficacy and safety of adoptive T-cell transfer by using adenoviral vectors for direct delivery of immunomodulatory murine cytokines into B16.OVA melanoma tumors with concomitant T-cell receptor transgenic OT-I T-cell transfer. Armed adenoviruses expressed high local and low systemic levels of cytokine when injected into B16.OVA tumors, suggesting safety of virus-mediated cytokine delivery. Antitumor efficacy was significantly enhanced with adenoviruses coding for murine interleukin-2 (mIL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (mTNFα) when compared with T-cell transfer alone or viruses alone. Further improvement in efficacy was achieved with a triple combination of mIL-2, mTNFα, and OT-I T-cells. Mechanistic studies suggest that mIL-2 has an important role in activating T-cells at the tumor, while mTNFα induces chemokine expression. Furthermore, adenovirus treatments enhanced tumor-infiltration of OT-I T-cells as demonstrated by SPECT/CT imaging of (111)In-labeled cells. Our results suggest the utility of cytokine-coding adenoviruses for improving the efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapies.
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37
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Villanueva E, Martí-Solano M, Fillat C. Codon optimization of the adenoviral fiber negatively impacts structural protein expression and viral fitness. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27546. [PMID: 27278133 PMCID: PMC4899721 DOI: 10.1038/srep27546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Codon usage adaptation of lytic viruses to their hosts is determinant for viral fitness. In this work, we analyzed the codon usage of adenoviral proteins by principal component analysis and assessed their codon adaptation to the host. We observed a general clustering of adenoviral proteins according to their function. However, there was a significant variation in the codon preference between the host-interacting fiber protein and the rest of structural late phase proteins, with a non-optimal codon usage of the fiber. To understand the impact of codon bias in the fiber, we optimized the Adenovirus-5 fiber to the codon usage of the hexon structural protein. The optimized fiber displayed increased expression in a non-viral context. However, infection with adenoviruses containing the optimized fiber resulted in decreased expression of the fiber and of wild-type structural proteins. Consequently, this led to a drastic reduction in viral release. The insertion of an exogenous optimized protein as a late gene in the adenovirus with the optimized fiber further interfered with viral fitness. These results highlight the importance of balancing codon usage in viral proteins to adequately exploit cellular resources for efficient infection and open new opportunities to regulate viral fitness for virotherapy and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Villanueva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Martí-Solano
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fillat
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Aurelian L, Bollino D, Colunga A. The oncolytic virus ΔPK has multimodal anti-tumor activity. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw050. [PMID: 27242376 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging cancer therapeutic, with a near complete absence of serious adverse effects. However, clinical efficacy is relatively modest, related to poor tumor penetration, failure to lyse cancer stem cells (CSCs) and blockade of immunogenic cell death by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To overcome such limitations, we developed an OV (known as ΔPK) with multimodal anti-tumor activity. ΔPK has potent anti-tumor activity both in melanoma cell lines and xenograft animal models, associated with virus replication and the induction of multiple independent programmed cell death pathways. It lyses CSCs through autophagy modulation and it reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by altering the balance of cytokines secreted by the tumor cells. This includes decreased tumor cell secretion of the immunosuppressive and procancerous cytokines IL-10 and IL-18 and concomitant increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-6 and IL-1β. ΔPK also upregulates the NKG2D ligand, MICA expressed by cytotoxic NK and T cells, and downregulates the negative immune checkpoint regulator cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). ΔPK is well tolerated in human patients in whom it also alters the Th1/Th2 balance. Further studies are designed to elucidate the role of these contributions in different tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Aurelian
- Department of Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dominique Bollino
- Department of Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aric Colunga
- Department of Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Bollino D, Colunga A, Li B, Aurelian L. ΔPK oncolytic activity includes modulation of the tumour cell milieu. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:496-508. [PMID: 26602205 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a unique cancer therapeutic that encompasses tumour cell lysis through both virus replication and programmed cell death (PCD) pathways. Nonetheless, clinical efficacy is relatively modest, likely related to the immunosuppressive tumour milieu. Our studies use the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-based oncolytic virus ΔPK that has documented anti-tumour activity associated with virus replication, PCD and cancer stem cell lysis. They are designed to examine whether ΔPK-mediated oncolysis includes the ability to reverse the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment by altering the balance of cytokines directly secreted by the melanoma cells and to define its mechanism. Here, we show that melanoma cells secreted the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, and that secretion was inhibited by ΔPK through virus replication and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/c-Jun activation. ΔPK-induced IL-10 inhibition upregulated surface expression of MHC class I chain-related protein A, the ligand for the activating NKG2D receptor expressed on NK- and cytotoxic T-cells. Concomitantly, ΔPK also upregulated the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-1β through autophagy-mediated activation of Toll-like receptor 2 pathways and pyroptosis, and it inhibited the expression of the negative immune checkpoint regulator cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4. Pharmacologic inhibition of these processes significantly reduces the oncolytic activity of ΔPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bollino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aric Colunga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Baiquan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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40
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Capasso C, Hirvinen M, Garofalo M, Romaniuk D, Kuryk L, Sarvela T, Vitale A, Antopolsky M, Magarkar A, Viitala T, Suutari T, Bunker A, Yliperttula M, Urtti A, Cerullo V. Oncolytic adenoviruses coated with MHC-I tumor epitopes increase the antitumor immunity and efficacy against melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1105429. [PMID: 27141389 PMCID: PMC4839367 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimulation of the immune system using oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) has attracted significant interest and several studies suggested that OAds immunogenicity might be important for their efficacy. Therefore, we developed a versatile and rapid system to adsorb tumor-specific major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) peptides onto the viral surface to drive the immune response toward the tumor epitopes. By studying the model epitope SIINFEKL, we demonstrated that the peptide-coated OAd (PeptiCRAd) retains its infectivity and the cross presentation of the modified-exogenous epitope on MHC-I is not hindered. We then showed that the SIINFEKL-targeting PeptiCRAd achieves a superior antitumor efficacy and increases the percentage of antitumor CD8+ T cells and mature epitope-specific dendritic cells in vivo. PeptiCRAds loaded with clinically relevant tumor epitopes derived from tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) and human gp100 could reduce the growth of primary-treated tumors and secondary-untreated melanomas, promoting the expansion of antigen-specific T-cell populations. Finally, we tested PeptiCRAd in humanized mice bearing human melanomas. In this model, a PeptiCRAd targeting the human melanoma-associated antigen A1 (MAGE-A1) and expressing granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was able to eradicate established tumors and increased the human MAGE-A1-specific CD8+ T cell population. Herein, we show that the immunogenicity of OAds plays a key role in their efficacy and it can be exploited to direct the immune response system toward exogenous tumor epitopes. This versatile and rapid system overcomes the immunodominance of the virus and elicits a tumor-specific immune response, making PeptiCRAd a promising approach for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Capasso
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Hirvinen
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariangela Garofalo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, Naples, Italy
| | - Dmitrii Romaniuk
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lukasz Kuryk
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teea Sarvela
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Vitale
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness (DiSMEB), University of Naples Parthenope, Via Medina 40, Naples, Italy, CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate , Via G. Salvatore 486 , Naples, Italy
| | - Maxim Antopolsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aniket Magarkar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Suutari
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex Bunker
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses represent a new class of therapeutic agents that promote anti-tumour responses through a dual mechanism of action that is dependent on selective tumour cell killing and the induction of systemic anti-tumour immunity. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated but are likely to depend on viral replication within transformed cells, induction of primary cell death, interaction with tumour cell antiviral elements and initiation of innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. A variety of native and genetically modified viruses have been developed as oncolytic agents, and the approval of the first oncolytic virus by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is anticipated in the near future. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic biology supporting oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutic agents, describes oncolytic viruses in advanced clinical trials and discusses the unique challenges in the development of oncolytic viruses as a new class of drugs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L. Kaufman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 2004, New Brunswick, 08901 New Jersey USA
| | - Frederick J. Kohlhapp
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 2004, New Brunswick, 08901 New Jersey USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 2004, New Brunswick, 08901 New Jersey USA
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