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Hsu Y, Chen W, Hsieh P, Chu Y. Functional assessments of Psidium guajava L. and Morus alba L. leaf extracts on postprandial glucose control. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:5250-5266. [PMID: 39055216 PMCID: PMC11266929 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a leading cause of death, according to statistics published by the Department of Health, Executive Yuan of Taiwan. In modern medicine, diabetes can be controlled using various medications; however, some drugs often have undesirable side effects. It therefore became a goal to find plant-based material that can reduce glucose concentration in the blood while reducing the incidence of complications and not causing side effects. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are effective glucose-lowering medicines and are enzymes essential to carbohydrate digestion. Inhibition of α-glucosidase leads to a delayed and reduced rise in postprandial blood glucose levels. This study evaluates the inhibitory effect of mixed extracts of Psidium guajava L. and Morus alba L. leaves on α-glucosidase activity and postprandial hyperglycemia in normal and diabetic rats. The inhibition of α-glucosidase activity was assayed in vitro. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of Psidium guajava L. and Morus alba L. were 2.25 and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 value of a commercial anti-hyperglycemic agent (Glucobay) is 6.41 mg/mL. The IC50 value of a mixture of extracts of Psidium guajava L. and Morus alba L. was 0.07 mg/mL. In cytotoxicity tests, survival percentages and shape did not significantly affect the murine embryonic liver cell line (BNL CL.2) when treated with varying concentrations of mixture extracts for varying periods of time. In summary, Psidium guajava L. and Morus alba L. showed positive anti-diabetes activity and suggested promising potential for alternative functional foods for diabetes mellitus (DM) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen‐Ping Hsu
- Department of Food Science, College of AgricultureNational Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyNeipuPingtungTaiwan
| | - Wu‐Yuan Chen
- PD Biotech Co., LtdNeipuPingtungTaiwan
- Pingtung Christian HospitalPingtung CityPingtungTaiwan
| | - Pao‐Chuan Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, College of AgricultureNational Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyNeipuPingtungTaiwan
| | - Yung‐Lin Chu
- Department of Food Science, College of AgricultureNational Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyNeipuPingtungTaiwan
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Zhang Y, Miao R, Ma K, Zhang Y, Fang X, Wei J, Yin R, Zhao J, Tian J. Effects and Mechanistic Role of Mulberry Leaves in Treating Diabetes and its Complications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2023; 51:1711-1749. [PMID: 37646143 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a surge burden worldwide owing to its high prevalence and range of associated complications such as coronary artery disease, blindness, stroke, and renal failure. Accordingly, the treatment and management of DM have become a research hotspot. Mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for a long time, with the first record of its use published in Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica). Mulberry leaves (MLs) are considered highly valuable medicinal food homologs that contain polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other bioactive substances. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that MLs have multiple bioactive effects, including hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidation, and anti-inflammatory properties, with the ability to protect islet [Formula: see text]-cells, alleviate insulin resistance, and regulate intestinal flora. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of MLs in DM have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize the botanical characterization, traditional use, chemical constituents, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of MLs, and highlight the mechanisms involved in treating DM and its complications. This review can provide a valuable reference for the further development and utilization of MLs in the prevention and treatment of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Runyu Miao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Kaile Ma
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Fang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiahua Wei
- Graduate College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyang Yin
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Jingxue Zhao
- Development Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Tian
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
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Xv ZC, He GL, Wang XL, Shun H, Chen YJ, Lin SM. Mulberry leaf powder ameliorate high starch-induced hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in fish model. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Momeni H, Salehi A, Absalan A, Akbari M. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Morus nigra reduces fasting blood glucose and HbA1c% in diabetic patients, probably via competitive and allosteric interaction with alpha-glucosidase enzyme; a clinical trial and in silico analysis. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 19:763-769. [PMID: 33946137 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 1-Deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), the main active component found in Morus nigra (black mulberry) is reported to be effective in controlling diabetes. We have evaluated the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of M. nigra leaves on the fasting blood glucose (FBS) and hemoglobin A1c% (HbA1c%) in diabetic patients. Furthermore, we compared the interaction of 1-DNJ and glucose molecules with the alpha-glucosidase enzyme, which has a critical role in the lysis of glucose-based polymers in human cells. METHODS 4% hydro-alcoholic extract was prepared from black mulberry leaves. Patients in treatment (n=50) and control (n=50) groups received 3 mL extract or placebo in water, respectively, and three times a day. Fasting blood glucose and HbA1c% were evaluated before and after three months of evaluation. Potential binding sites of 1-DNJ or glucose on the enzyme glucosidase found by docking study. Docking scores were obtained using an energy minimization method by Molegro Virtual Docker software. The Mean ± SD of each variable was compared between groups at the 95% significant level. RESULTS Age mean ± SD was equal to 54.79 ± 9.203 (38-69) years. There was no significant difference between intervention and placebo groups considering FBS (p=0.633) but was for HbA1c% (p=0.0011), before treatment. After three months, both FBS and HbA1c% were significantly reduced in patients under mulberry leaves extract-treatment. FBS changed was from 182.23 ± 38.65 to 161.23 ± 22.14 mg/dL in treatment group (p<0.001) and from 178.45 ± 39.46 to 166.23 ± 29.64 mg/dL in control group (p<0.001). HbA1c was changed from 7.23 ± 0.25 to 6.13 ± 0.61% in treatment group (p<0.001) and from 7.65 ± 0.85 to 7.12 ± 0.33% in control group (p=0.854). Docking results showed that 1-DNJ binds more efficiently, and with a significant score than glucose, to human alpha-glucosidase. CONCLUSIONS This clinical trial and virtual analysis showed that a hydro-alcoholic extract of black mulberry (M. nigra) leaf may be efficient in reducing the blood glucose and HbA1c% in diabetic patients. Furthermore, docking studies propose a competitive and allosteric regulation for herbal ingredients. Drug-development could be based on the presented idea in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Momeni
- Department of Nursing, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Ashraf Salehi
- Department of Nursing, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Abdorrahim Absalan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Mehran Akbari
- Department of Nursing, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
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Boro H, Das S, Middha SK. The therapeutic potential and the health benefits of Morus indica Linn.: a mini review. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tam DNH, Nam NH, Elhady MT, Tran L, Hassan OG, Sadik M, Tien PTM, Elshafei GA, Huy NT. Effects of Mulberry on The Central Nervous System: A Literature Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:193-219. [PMID: 32379591 PMCID: PMC8033976 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200507081531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mulberry, including several species belonging to genus Morus, has been widely used as a traditional medicine for a long time. Extracts and active components of mulberry have many positive neurological and biological effects and can become potential candidates in the search for new drugs for neurological disorders. Objectives We aimed to systematically review the medical literature for evidence of mulberry effects on the central nervous system. Methods We conducted a systematic search in nine databases. We included all in vivo studies investigating the effect of mulberry on the central nervous system with no restrictions. Results We finally included 47 articles for quality synthesis. Our findings showed that mulberry and its components possessed an antioxidant effect, showed a reduction in the cerebral infarct volume after stroke. They also improved the cognitive function, learning process, and reduced memory impairment in many animal models. M. alba and its extracts ameliorated Parkinson's disease-like behaviors, limited the complications of diabetes mellitus on the central nervous system, possessed anti-convulsant, anti-depressive, and anxiolytic effects. Conclusion Mulberry species proved beneficial to many neurological functions in animal models. The active ingredients of each species, especially M. alba, should be deeper studied for screening potential candidates for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen Hai Nam
- Department of General Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Linh Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | | | - Mohamed Sadik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
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Deng S, Li D, Liu X, Cai Z, Wei W, Chen J, Zhang L. Serum metabolomic investigations of mulberry leaf powder supplementation in Chinese Erhualian pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/124043/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Huh HW, Na YG, Bang KH, Kim SJ, Kim M, Kim KT, Kang JS, Kim YH, Baek JS, Lee HK, Cho CW. Extended Intake of Mulberry Leaf Extract Delayed Metformin Elimination via Inhibiting the Organic Cation Transporter 2. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010049. [PMID: 31936070 PMCID: PMC7022228 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a major health problem in most countries of the world. DM causes many complications, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and death. In Asia, mulberry has been used widely in the treatment of DM. Combination of drugs with herbal medicine may reduce the unwanted side effects caused by drugs. In this study, the influence of extended mulberry leaves extract (MLE) intake on metformin (Met) was evaluated in terms of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in DM-induced rats. Three week-treatment of MLE alone produced the anti-hyperglycemic effect (around 24%) if compared to the control. Interestingly, Met administration after MLE treatment for 3 weeks enhanced about 49% of the anti-hyperglycemic effect of Met. In addition, the extended intake of MLE potentiated the anti-hyperglycemic effect of Met on various concentrations. This potentiated anti-hyperglycemic effect of Met appears to be due to the pharmacokinetic change of Met. In this study, 3 week-treatment of MLE reduced the elimination of Met in DM-induced rats. In addition, MLE reduced the human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, these findings suggest that MLE lowered the elimination of Met via inhibiting the hOCT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Wook Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (Y.-G.N.); (K.-H.B.); (S.-J.K.); (M.K.); (J.-S.K.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Young-Guk Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (Y.-G.N.); (K.-H.B.); (S.-J.K.); (M.K.); (J.-S.K.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Ki-Hyun Bang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (Y.-G.N.); (K.-H.B.); (S.-J.K.); (M.K.); (J.-S.K.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (Y.-G.N.); (K.-H.B.); (S.-J.K.); (M.K.); (J.-S.K.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Minki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (Y.-G.N.); (K.-H.B.); (S.-J.K.); (M.K.); (J.-S.K.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Food Science and Technology Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Jong-Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (Y.-G.N.); (K.-H.B.); (S.-J.K.); (M.K.); (J.-S.K.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (Y.-G.N.); (K.-H.B.); (S.-J.K.); (M.K.); (J.-S.K.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Jong-Suep Baek
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Korea;
| | - Hong-Ki Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (Y.-G.N.); (K.-H.B.); (S.-J.K.); (M.K.); (J.-S.K.); (Y.-H.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-K.L.); (C.-W.C.); Tel.: +82-42-821-7301 (H.-K.L.); +82-42-821-5934 (C.-W.C.); Fax: +82-42-823-6566 (H.-K.L. & C.-W.C.)
| | - Cheong-Weon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (Y.-G.N.); (K.-H.B.); (S.-J.K.); (M.K.); (J.-S.K.); (Y.-H.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-K.L.); (C.-W.C.); Tel.: +82-42-821-7301 (H.-K.L.); +82-42-821-5934 (C.-W.C.); Fax: +82-42-823-6566 (H.-K.L. & C.-W.C.)
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Yimam M, Jiao P, Hong M, Brownell L, Lee YC, Kim HJ, Nam JB, Kim MR, Jia Q. Morus alba, a Medicinal Plant for Appetite Suppression and Weight Loss. J Med Food 2019; 22:741-751. [PMID: 31120370 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is expanding rapidly worldwide, making the disease a global burden with limited treatment options. The current obesity drug development trends suggest the possibility of reducing weight and reverse metabolic disturbances of obesity by controlling appetite. In this study, we screened more than 8000 plants from our plant library for the cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonists and identified Morus alba as a lead medicinal plant. Kuwanon G and Albanin G were isolated and identified from root-barks of Morus alba with 92% and 96% CB1 receptor ligand binding inhibitory activity, respectively. The bioflavonoid standardized extract was tested in the acute food intake study in rats at oral doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg for its appetite suppression activity. Diet-induced obesity in the C57BL/6J mice was used to evaluate the long-term food intake reduction activity and effect on the weight loss administered orally at 250 and 500 mg/kg for 7 weeks. Statistically significant and dose-dependent reduction in food intake was observed in both acute and long-term studies for the extract. Food intake reductions of 58.6% and 44.8% at 250 mg/kg and 50.1% and 44.3% at 500 mg/kg were observed at 1 and 2 h postfood provision, respectively. A 20% reduction in daily calorie intake was observed in the long-term study. Obese mice treated with the high dose of Morus root-bark extract showed 10.4 g (22.5%) and 7.1 g (16.5%) loss in body weight compared with the vehicle-treated obese animals (at week 7) and baseline, respectively. Statistically significant reductions in biochemical markers and visceral fat deposit were also observed. These results demonstrated that Morus alba extracts enriched in Kuwanon G, and Albanin G could be used alone to control appetite, manage body weight, and improve metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Jiao
- 1 Unigen, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- 1 Unigen, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Jia
- 1 Unigen, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
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Survival of probiotics in soyoghurt plus mulberry (c.v. Chiang Mai 60) leaf extract during refrigerated storage and their ability to tolerate gastrointestinal transit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yang HJ, Kim MJ, Kang ES, Kim DS, Park S. Red mulberry fruit aqueous extract and silk proteins accelerate acute ethanol metabolism and promote the anti‑oxidant enzyme systems in rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1197-1205. [PMID: 29767238 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Red mulberry (Morus alba) fruit is rich in anthocyanins, and mulberry leaves are used by silk worms to make silk protein. We determined that the water and ethanol extract of mulberry fruit and silk amino acids accelerated ethanol degradation and suppressed temporal cognitive dysfunction in acute alcohol administered rats. The mechanism was explored in rats with acute oral administration of silk protein and mulberry fruit extracts. Rats were given 0.3 g of dextrin (control) and water extract (WMB) and ethanol extract of mulberry (EMB), silk protein hydrolysates (SKA), and a commercial product (positive‑control) based on body weight. After 30 min, rats were administered 3 g ethanol/kg body weight and serum ethanol and acetaldehyde levels were measured. After 3 h movements were measured with a video tracking system and at 5 h cognitive function was measured by Y maze test. WMB contain much higher rutin, luteolin and quercetins than EMB. In SKA rats, serum alcohol concentrations slowly increased until 60 min, but were markedly elevated until 120 min. However, WMB rats exhibited rapidly increased serum alcohol levels until 60 min and showed the lowest peak of serum alcohol levels, indicating the highest degradation of alcohol. The patterns of serum acetaldehyde levels were similar to those of serum ethanol levels but WMB was more effective for reducing serum acetaldehyde levels than serum ethanol levels. WMB was most effective for increasing mRNA expression of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. WMB and SKA decreased lipid peroxides by increasing activities of SOD and GSH‑Px in the liver and they also reduced pro‑inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑6. WMB and SKA exerted better anti‑oxidant effects than the positive‑control. WMB containing higher flavonoids reduced pro‑inflammatory cytokines better than SKA. In conclusions, both WMB and SKA might reduce acute alcohol‑induced hangover and liver and brain damage by lowering serum alcohol and acetaldehyde levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Yang
- Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Wanju, Jeollabuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Wanju, Jeollabuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Chungcheong 336‑795, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Sol Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Chungcheong 336‑795, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Chungcheong 336‑795, Republic of Korea
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Chatterji S, Fogel D. Study of the effect of the herbal composition SR2004 on hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, and lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:248-256. [PMID: 30271713 PMCID: PMC6160498 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by raised blood glucose levels and peripheral insulin resistance. It is an increasingly prevalent global healthcare concern. Conventional treatment options are limited and in this context, there is renewed interest in evaluating the clinical and biological effects of traditional therapies. We assess the effect of a new herbal composition SR2004 on the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles of patients with T2DM. Methods This is a single center, unblinded, prospective interventional study conducted in Israel. The composition SR2004 includes Morus alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Urtica dioica, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Taraxacum officinale. One hundred and nineteen patients with diagnosed T2DM were enrolled and received SR2004 in addition to their usual medications. HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles at 12 weeks were compared with baseline. In addition, the tolerability and side effects of SR2004 were recorded. Results One hundred and three patients completed 12 weeks of follow-up (87%) and were included in the results. At 12 weeks, HbA1c reduced from 9.0% to 7.1% (22%; p < 0.0001), mean blood glucose decreased from 211 mg/dL to 133 mg/dL (37% reduction; p < 0.0001), mean total cholesterol to 185 mg/dL (13% reduction; p < 0.01) and mean serum triglycerides to160 mg/dL (a reduction of 40% from baseline; p < 0.001). Twelve patients (12%) had no response with SR2004 supplementation. In addition, of thirteen patients who took insulin at baseline, five required only oral hypoglycemics and another five reduced their daily insulin requirements by 30% at 12 weeks. Clinical observations included improvements in vasculopathy, including reversal of established retinopathic changes in two patients. No major adverse effects were observed, with minor abdominal symptoms reported in sixteen patients (16%). Conclusion SR2004 supplementation significantly reduced HbA1c, blood glucose, and lipids with good tolerability and no observed adverse interactions with conventional medications. Some interesting findings relating to the reversal of microvascular phenomena warrant further research to elucidate the mechanisms of action of this novel composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dov Fogel
- D.S. Polyclinic, Givat Shmuel, Israel
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Mohamed NE, Ashour SE. Role of ethanolic extract of Morus alba leaves on some biochemical and hematological alterations in irradiated male rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:374-384. [PMID: 29393711 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1433888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to evaluate the protective role of "Morus alba Linn (Family: Moraceae) commonly known as mulberry" leaves extract against hazardous effects of gamma rays in male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty six male albino rats were divided into six groups (six rats/group); (1) control group received 1 ml distilled water, (2) low dose of extract (100 mg/kg) group treated daily with low oral dose of ethanolic extract of mulberry leaves (100 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.)) for 21 consecutive days, (3) high dose of extract (200 mg/kg) group treated daily with high oral dose of ethanolic extract of mulberry leaves (200 mg/kg b.wt.) for the same period, (4) irradiated group rats were subjected to whole body gamma irradiation at a shot dose of 7 Gy, (5) low dose of extract + irradiated group treated daily with low oral dose of ethanolic extract of mulberry leaves (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for 21 consecutive days then rats were exposed to gamma irradiation at a single dose of 7 Gy, (6) high dose of extract + irradiation group treated daily with high oral dose of ethanolic extract of mulberry leaves (200 mg/kg b.wt.) for 21 consecutive days then rats were exposed to gamma irradiation at a single dose of 7 Gy. Rats were sacrificed 1, 7, 15 days post gamma irradiation in all groups. Blood samples were taken at three intervals time in the six groups. RESULTS The results showed that whole body irradiation of rats induced significant decrease (p < 0.05) in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit percentage (HCT%), platelet, white blood cells (WBCs), lymphocytes, neutrophils, serum glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and insulin. The data also showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and plasma glucose. Administration of mulberry leaves extract, either low or high concentrations to rats prior to irradiation caused significant improvement in the studied parameters. CONCLUSIONS Mulberry leaves extract prior to exposure to gamma irradiation has radio protector against hazardous effect of irradiation in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Elshahat Mohamed
- a Department of Biological Applications , Nuclear Research Center , Abou Zaabel , Qalyubia , Egypt
| | - Saleh E Ashour
- b Hot Labs Centre , Atomic Energy Authority , Abou Zaabel , Qalyubia , Egypt
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Yimam M, Jiao P, Hong M, Brownell L, Lee YC, Kim HJ, Nam JB, Kim MR, Jia Q. A Botanical Composition from Morus alba, Ilex paraguariensis, and Rosmarinus officinalis for Body Weight Management. J Med Food 2017; 20:1100-1112. [PMID: 28708468 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the largest and fastest growing public health catastrophe in the world affecting both adults and children with a prevalence impacting more than one-third of United States (US) adult population. Although the long-term solution lies in lifestyle changes in the form of dieting and exercise, intervention is required for those who are already obese. Unfortunately, treatment options remain quite limited due to associated side effects of conventional therapeutics. As a natural alternative, in this study we describe the beneficial effect of a standardized composition (UP603) comprised of extracts from Morus alba, Ilex paraguariensis, and Rosmarinus officinalis in improving metabolic disorders in high fat diet (HFD) and high fat & high fructose diet (HFFD) induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Mice treated with UP603 showed dose-correlated decrease in body weight gains compared to vehicle treated HFFD group. Following 7 weeks of treatment, the changes in body weight gains from baseline were found as 6.4%, 27.3%, 2.0%, 3.1%, 0.4%, and -2.9% for normal control diet, HFFD, Orlistat, 450, 650, and 850 mg/kg UP603 treated animals, respectively. Reductions of 7.9-21.1% in total cholesterol, 25.4-44.6% in triglyceride, and 22.5-38.2% in low-density lipoprotein were observed for mice treated with 450-850 mg/kg of UP603. In a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, percentage body fat of 18.9%, 47.8%, 46.1%, and 40.4% were found for mice treated with normal control, HFD, Orlistat, and UP603, respectively. Reductions of 65.5% and 16.4% in insulin and leptin, respectively, and 2.1-fold increase in ghrelin level were also observed for the UP603 group. Statistically significant improvements in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis scores were also observed from liver histology for mice treated with UP603. Hence, UP603, a standardized botanical composition from M. alba, I. paraguariensis, and R. officinalis could potentially be considered as a natural alternative to maintain healthy body weight and to manage metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Jiao
- 1 Unigen, Inc. , Seattle, Washington
| | - Mei Hong
- 1 Unigen, Inc. , Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Jia
- 1 Unigen, Inc. , Seattle, Washington
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Lee JY, Aravinthan A, Park YS, Hwang KY, Seong SI, Hwang K. Supplementation of a Fermented Soybean Extract Reduces Body Mass and Prevents Obesity in High Fat Diet-Induced C57BL/6J Obese Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2016; 21:187-196. [PMID: 27752494 PMCID: PMC5063203 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.3.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing health problem that many countries face, mostly due to the consumption of a Westernized diet. In this present study we observed the effects of a soybean extract fermented by Bacillus subtilis MORI (BTD-1) containing 1-deoxynojirimycin against high fat diet-induced obesity. The results obtained from this study indicated that BTD-1 reduced body weight, regulated hepatic lipid content and adipose tissue, and also affected liver antioxidant enzymes and glucose metabolism. These results suggest that administration of BTD-1 affects obesity by inhibiting hyperglycemia and free radical-mediated stress; it also reduces lipid accumulation. Therefore, BTD-1 may be potentially useful for the prevention of obesity and its related secondary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Lee
- R&D Center for Life Science, Biotopia Co., Ltd., Gangwon 24398, Korea
| | - Adithan Aravinthan
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54596, Korea
| | - Young Shik Park
- R&D Center for Life Science, Biotopia Co., Ltd., Gangwon 24398, Korea
| | - Kyo Yeol Hwang
- R&D Center for Life Science, Biotopia Co., Ltd., Gangwon 24398, Korea
| | - Su-Il Seong
- R&D Center for Life Science, Biotopia Co., Ltd., Gangwon 24398, Korea
| | - Kwontack Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Nambu University, Gwangju 62271, Korea
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16
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Liu Y, Li X, Xie C, Luo X, Bao Y, Wu B, Hu Y, Zhong Z, Liu C, Li M. Prevention Effects and Possible Molecular Mechanism of Mulberry Leaf Extract and its Formulation on Rats with Insulin-Insensitivity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152728. [PMID: 27054886 PMCID: PMC4824359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, mulberry leaf has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diabetes. This study aims to test the prevention effects of a proprietary mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and a formula consisting of MLE, fenugreek seed extract, and cinnamon cassia extract (MLEF) on insulin resistance development in animals. MLE was refined to contain 5% 1-deoxynojirimycin by weight. MLEF was formulated by mixing MLE with cinnamon cassia extract and fenugreek seed extract at a 6:5:3 ratio (by weight). First, the acute toxicity effects of MLE on ICR mice were examined at 5 g/kg BW dose. Second, two groups of normal rats were administrated with water or 150 mg/kg BW MLE per day for 29 days to evaluate MLE’s effect on normal animals. Third, to examine the effects of MLE and MLEF on model animals, sixty SD rats were divided into five groups, namely, (1) normal, (2) model, (3) high-dose MLE (75 mg/kg BW) treatment; (4) low-dose MLE (15 mg/kg BW) treatment; and (5) MLEF (35 mg/kg BW) treatment. On the second week, rats in groups (2)-(5) were switched to high-energy diet for three weeks. Afterward, the rats were injected (ip) with a single dose of 105 mg/kg BW alloxan. After four more days, fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured. Last, liver lysates from animals were screened with 650 antibodies for changes in the expression or phosphorylation levels of signaling proteins. The results were further validated by Western blot analysis. We found that the maximum tolerance dose of MLE was greater than 5 g/kg in mice. The MLE at a 150 mg/kg BW dose showed no effect on fast blood glucose levels in normal rats. The MLE at a 75 mg/kg BW dose and MLEF at a 35 mg/kg BW dose, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced fast blood glucose levels in rats with impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. In total, 34 proteins with significant changes in expression and phosphorylation levels were identified. The changes of JNK, IRS1, and PDK1 were confirmed by western blot analysis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential protective effects of MLE and MLEF against hyperglycemia induced by high-energy diet and toxic chemicals in rats for the first time. The most likely mechanism is the promotion of IRS1 phosphorylation, which leads to insulin sensitivity restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Research and Development Center of Amway (China), Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control (Beijing Center For Health Food And Cosmetics Control), Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiuzhen Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuchi Hu
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control (Beijing Center For Health Food And Cosmetics Control), Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Zhong
- Botanic Century (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- * E-mail: (CL); (MJL)
| | - MinJie Li
- Research and Development Center of Amway (China), Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CL); (MJL)
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17
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Zhang DY, Wan Y, Xu JY, Wu GH, Li L, Yao XH. Ultrasound extraction of polysaccharides from mulberry leaves and their effect on enhancing antioxidant activity. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:473-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Current anti-diabetes mechanisms and clinical trials using Morus alba L. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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19
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Yimam M, Jiao P, Hong M, Brownell L, Lee YC, Hyun EJ, Kim HJ, Kim TW, Nam JB, Kim MR, Jia Q. Appetite Suppression and Antiobesity Effect of a Botanical Composition Composed of Morus alba, Yerba mate, and Magnolia officinalis. J Obes 2016; 2016:4670818. [PMID: 27699065 PMCID: PMC5028828 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4670818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Obesity and its comorbidities continue to challenge the world at an alarming rate. Although the long term solution lies on lifestyle changes in the form of dieting and exercising, drug, medical food, or dietary supplement interventions are required for those who are already obese. Here we describe a standardized blend composed of extracts from three medicinal plants: Morus alba, Yerba mate, and Magnolia officinalis for appetite suppression and metabolic disorders management. Method. Extracts were standardized to yield a composition designated as UP601. Appetite suppression activity was tested in acute feed intake rat model. Efficacy was evaluated in C57BL/6J mouse models treated with oral doses of 1.3 g/kg/day for 7 weeks. Orlistat at 40 mg/kg/day was used as a positive control. Body compositions of mice were assessed using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). ELISA was done for insulin, leptin, and ghrelin level quantitation. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) scoring was conducted. Results. Marked acute hypophagia with 81.8, 75.3, 43.9, and 30.9% reductions in food intake at 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours were observed for UP601. Decreases in body weight gain (21.5% compared to the HFD at weeks 7 and 8.2% compared to baseline) and calorie intake (40.5% for the first week) were observed. 75.9% and 46.8% reductions in insulin and leptin, respectively, 4.2-fold increase in ghrelin level, and reductions of 18.6% in cholesterol and 59% in low-density lipoprotein were documented. A percentage body fat of 18.9%, 47.8%, 46.1%, and 30.4% was found for mice treated with normal control, HFD, Orlistat, and UP601, respectively. 59.3% less mesenteric fat pad and improved NASH scores were observed for UP601. Conclusion. UP601, a standardized botanical composition from Morus alba, Yerba mate, and Magnolia officinalis could be used as a natural alternative for appetite suppression, maintaining healthy body weight and metabolism management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Yimam
- Unigen Inc., 3005 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 98121, USA
- *Mesfin Yimam:
| | - Ping Jiao
- Unigen Inc., 3005 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- Unigen Inc., 3005 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | | | - Young-Chul Lee
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu-Jin Hyun
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Kim
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Bum Nam
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Kim
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen Inc., 3005 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 98121, USA
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20
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Araujo CM, Lúcio KDP, Silva ME, Isoldi MC, de Souza GHB, Brandão GC, Schulz R, Costa DC. Morus nigra leaf extract improves glycemic response and redox profile in the liver of diabetic rats. Food Funct 2015; 6:3490-9. [PMID: 26294257 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00474h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and alterations in the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. DM is associated with increased oxidative stress and pancreatic beta cell damage, which impair the production of insulin and the maintenance of normoglycemia. Inhibiting oxidative damage and controlling hyperglycemia are two important strategies for the prevention of diabetes. The pulp and leaf extracts of mulberry (Morus nigra L.) have abundant total phenolics and flavonoids, and its antioxidant potential may be an important factor for modulating oxidative stress induced by diabetes. In this study, DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (135 mg kg(-1)). Female Fischer rats were divided into four groups: control, diabetic, diabetic pulp, and diabetic leaf extract. Animals in the diabetic pulp and diabetic leaf extract groups were treated for 30 days with M. nigra L. pulp or leaf extracts, respectively. At the end of treatment, animals were euthanized and, liver and blood samples were collected for analysis of biochemical and metabolic parameters. Our study demonstrated that treatment of diabetic rats with leaf extracts decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase (CAT) ratio and carbonylated protein levels by reducing oxidative stress. Moreover, the leaf extract of M. nigra L. decreased the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity, increased insulinemia, and alleviated hyperglycemia-induced diabetes. In conclusion, our study found that the leaf extract of M. nigra L. improved oxidative stress and complications in diabetic rats, suggesting the utility of this herbal remedy in the prevention and treatment of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Morais Araujo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas - NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35.400-000, Brazil.
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21
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Purification, characterization and anti-diabetic activity of a polysaccharide from mulberry leaf. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:687-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Zhang Y, Ren C, Lu G, Mu Z, Cui W, Gao H, Wang Y. Anti-diabetic effect of mulberry leaf polysaccharide by inhibiting pancreatic islet cell apoptosis and ameliorating insulin secretory capacity in diabetic rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:248-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Lim HH, Yang SJ, Kim Y, Lee M, Lim Y. Combined treatment of mulberry leaf and fruit extract ameliorates obesity-related inflammation and oxidative stress in high fat diet-induced obese mice. J Med Food 2014; 16:673-80. [PMID: 23957352 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether a combined treatment of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and mulberry fruit extract (MFE) was effective for improving obesity and obesity-related inflammation and oxidative stress in high fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice. After obesity was induced by HF diet for 9 weeks, the mice were divided into eight groups: (1) lean control, (2) HF diet-induced obese control, (3) 1:1 ratio of MLE and MFE at doses of 200 (L1:1), (4) 500 (M1:1), and (5) 1000 (H1:1) mg/kg per day, and (6) 2:1 ratio of MLE and MFE at doses of 200 (L2:1), (7) 500 (M2:1), and (8) 1000 (H2:1) mg/kg per day. All six combined treatments significantly lowered body weight gain, plasma triglycerides, and lipid peroxidation levels after the 12-week treatment period. Additionally, all combined treatments suppressed hepatic fat accumulation and reduced epididymal adipocyte size. These improvements were accompanied by decreases in protein levels of proinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, interleukin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and phospho-nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor alpha) and oxidative stress markers (heme oxygenase-1 and manganese superoxide dismutase). M2:1 was the most effective ratio and dose for the improvements in obesity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that a combined MLE and MFE treatment ameliorated obesity and obesity-related metabolic stressors and suggest that it can be used as a means to prevent and/or treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hwa Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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24
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In vitro free radical scavenging and in vivo antioxidant potential of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves. J Herb Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Influence of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves on antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in STZ-diabetic rats. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-013-0139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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26
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Andallu B, Kumar AV, Varadacharyulu NC. Oxidative stress in streptozocin-diabetic rats: Amelioration by mulberry (Morus Indica L.) leaves. Chin J Integr Med 2012. [PMID: 23292544 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate amelioration of oxidative stress by mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves in streptozocin (STZ)-diabetic rats, as the leaves of mulberry (Morus indica L.) of Moraceae, are reported to be rich in a number of bioactive principles, i.e. antioxidant vitamins, flavonoids and moracins that can fight against oxidative stress in diabetes. METHOD: Normal wistar albino rats and STZ-diabetic rats were treated with dried mulberry leaf powder at 25% in the diet for a period of 8 weeks. The antioxidant role of mulberry was assessed by determining the effect of the leaves on hepatic lipid peroxidation, a marker of oxidative stress and the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes and serum antioxidant vitamins in comparison with untreated normal and diabetic rats. RESULTS: Increased oxidative stress as shown by increased lipid peroxidation and increased activity of catalase (CAT) in hepatic tissue, decreased serum ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and tocopherol (vitamin E) in diabetic rats were countered by mulberry leaves. In addition, decreased activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, i.e. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathinone-S-tranferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased by 34%, 61%, 19% and 53% respectively in mulberry leaves-treated diabetic rats as compared with diabetic control rats. CONCLUSION: Treatment with mulberry leaves protected STZ-diabetic rats from lipid peroxidation and elevated the activities of defense enzymes. This study reveals ameliorating effect of mulberry leaves on oxidative stress in diabetic rats by the synergistic action of a number of bioactive compounds present in mulberry leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bondada Andallu
- Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Anantapur, A.P., India,
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27
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Ramkumar KM, Vanitha P, Uma C, Suganya N, Bhakkiyalakshmi E, Sujatha J. Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic stem extract of Gymnema montanum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3390-4. [PMID: 21978819 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of alcoholic stem extract of Gymnema montanum (GMSt) on blood glucose, plasma insulin, and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes were studied in experimental diabetes. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg bw). Five days after STZ induction, diabetic rats received GMSt orally at the doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg daily for 3 weeks. Graded doses of stem extract showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and improvement in plasma insulin levels. The effect was more pronounced in 100 and 200mg/kg than 50mg/kg. GMSt showed significant increase in hexokinase, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycogen content in liver of diabetic rats while there was significant reduction in the levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. The present study clearly indicated significant antidiabetic effect with the stem extract of G. montanum and lends support for its traditional usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunga Mohan Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamilnadu, India.
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28
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Gupta S, Sharma SB, Singh UR, Bansal SK, Prabhu KM. Elucidation of Mechanism of Action of Cassia auriculata Leaf Extract for Its Antidiabetic Activity in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Med Food 2010; 13:528-34. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suman B. Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Usha R. Singh
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Surendra K. Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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29
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Sharma SB, Gupta S, Ac R, Singh UR, Rajpoot R, Shukla SK. Antidiabetogenic action of
Morus rubra
L. leaf extract in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.02.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Bala Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shipra Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rini Ac
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Usha Rani Singh
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Reenu Rajpoot
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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30
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Park JM, Bong HY, Jeong HI, Kim YK, Kim JY, Kwon O. Postprandial hypoglycemic effect of mulberry leaf in Goto-Kakizaki rats and counterpart control Wistar rats. Nutr Res Pract 2009; 3:272-8. [PMID: 20098579 PMCID: PMC2809233 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.4.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hypoglycemic effect of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) was compared in two animal models: Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a spontaneous non-obese animal model for type II diabetes, and their counterpart control Wistar rats. First, the effect of a single oral administration of mulberry leaf aqueous extract (MLE) on postprandial glucose responses was determined using maltose or glucose as substrate. With maltose-loading, MLE reduced peak responses of blood glucose significantly in both GK and Wistar rats (P < 0.05), supporting the inhibition of α-glucosidase by MLE in the small intestine. With glucose-loading, MLE also significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations, measured at 30 min, in both animal models (P < 0.01), proposing the inhibition of glucose transport by MLE. Next, dried mulberry leaf powder (MLP) was administered for 8 weeks by inclusion in the diet. By MLP administration, fasting blood glucose was significantly reduced at weeks 4 and 5 (P < 0.05), but then returned to values that were similar to those of the control at the end of experimental period in GK rats. Insulin, HOMA-IR, C-reactive protein, and triglycerides tended to be decreased by MLP treatment in GK rats. All other biochemical parameters were not changed by MLP administration in GK rats. Collectively, these findings support that MLE has significant postprandial hypoglycemic effect in both non-obese diabetic and healthy animals, which may be beneficial as food supplement to manage postprandial blood glucose. Inhibitions of glucose transport as well as α-glucosidase in the small intestine were suggested as possible mechanisms related with the postprandial hypoglycemic effect of MLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Woman's University, 11-1 Daehyeon-dong, Seodeamun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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