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Anthelminthic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities and FTIR Analyses of Vernonia camporum Stem-Bark. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/3328073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vernonia camporum is used ethnomedicinally to treat diseases such as malaria, fever, hypertension, mouth sores, pains, inflammation, and skin rashes in Africa. This study aims at investigating the biological activities (anthelminthic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial) and separating some of the biologically active components in the methanol crude extract of the stem-bark of Vernonia camporum. Phytochemical screening, anthelminthic (Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm)), anti-inflammatory (egg albumin denaturation), antioxidant (DPPH and H2O2 scavenging and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)), and antimicrobial (agar and broth dilution method) assays were performed on the extracts. Column chromatography and FTIR spectroscopic analysis were employed to separate and analyze the least polar constituents of the methanol extract. The preliminary phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, phytosterols, proteins and amino acids, phlobatannins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, and anthocyanins. The extracts (methanol and hexane) showed a higher concentration-dependent anthelminthic activity. The extracts exhibited high concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 values of 35.83 ± 3.984 and 53.91 ± 5.8413 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values for methanol and hexane extracts in the DPPH assay were 17.70 ± 3.430 and 29.54 ± 1.5437 µg/mL, and those of the H2O2 assay were 243.20 ± 0.1528 and 352.20 ± 12.64 µg/mL, respectively. TAC results for methanol and hexane extracts were recorded as 31.592 ± 1.682 and 30.232 ± 0.445 gAAE/100 g, respectively. The extracts were observed to exhibit antimicrobial activity against test organisms with MICs ranging from 0.1953 to 25.00 mg/mL. Chromatographic separations gave four fractions. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of various functional groups in purified fractions of the methanol extract that confirms the presence of the phytochemicals identified in the screening test. The results indicate that both extracts of V. camporum possess anthelminthic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities supporting the traditional usage of this plant.
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Erukainure OL, Islam MS. Vernonia amygdalina stimulates muscle glucose uptake and modulates redox activities and functional chemistry in oxidative hepatic injury. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13794. [PMID: 34057221 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts sequentially obtained from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were investigated for their antidiabetic and antioxidant protective effect in oxidative hepatic injury. The extracts showed significant (p < .05) free radical scavenging and reducing power activities. They significantly (p < .05) elevated reduced glutathione level, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities, with concomitant depletion of malondialdehyde level. The ethanol and aqueous extracts caused a removal of oxidative-included chemical functional group at 1,500-1,200 (amide II)/cm region, with the inclusion of a functional group at 3,000-2,800 (carboxylic acid)/cm region. The extracts significantly (p < .05) inhibited the activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase and stimulated glucose uptake in rat muscles. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis revealed phytol as the predominant compound, with ethanol having the highest concentration. Based on the IC50 values, the ethanol extract exhibited the best activities, followed by the ethyl acetate extract, while the aqueous extract was the least. These results suggest the antioxidative and antidiabetic properties of V. amygdalina as evident by their modulation of antioxidant biomarkers and oxidative-induced chemistry changes and stimulate muscle glucose uptake. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) is amongst the common leafy vegetables in West Africa reported for its various medicinal and nutritional properties. It is utilized as a food ingredient as well as supplement for the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes. The ability of its extracts to stimulate glucose uptake and protect against diabetic-induced changes in the chemical functional groups of the liver gives more credence to its reported antidiabetic properties. Being a common leafy vegetable, V. amygdalina can be a cheap source of nutraceutical for the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extracts of Thirteen Cameroonian Antibacterial Dietary Plants. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8886762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study falls within the search for alternative solutions to problems related to diseases associated with oxidative stress. It involved the evaluation of antioxidant activities extracts from thirteen antibacterial Cameroonian food plants, namely, P. nigrum, A. cruentus, L. sativa, S. edule, S. nigrum, V. amygdalina, A. hybridus, V. hymenolepis, L. capensis, M. esculenta, C. melo, T. occidentalis, and T. triangulare. The thirteen plant extracts with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity all showed total reducing powers ranging between 2.41 and 27.81 AAE (mg ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of dried extract) and total phenol contents between 2.65 and 35.03 GAE (mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried extract) of dry extract. Except for extracts of L. capensis, the other 12 extracts showed flavonoid contents ranging between 0.29 and 5.99 RE (rutin equivalents per gram of dried extract). All 13 plant extracts also showed free radical scavenging activity against DPPH· with IC50 ranging between 1.65 and 310.52 μg/ml, while 12 of these extracts exhibited inhibitory activity against NO· radical (IC50 ranging from 19.77 to 157.72 μg/ml). Statistically insignificant positive correlations (
) were found between antibacterial activities of these plants and their antioxidant activities. The different results of this study provide scientific evidence for the use of these antibacterial food plants in the control of different conditions associated with oxidative stress.
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IfedibaluChukwu EI, Aparoop D, Kamaruz Z. Antidiabetic, anthelmintic and antioxidation properties of novel and new phytocompounds isolated from the methanolic stem-bark of Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae). SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Analysis of Amygdalin in Various Matrices Using Electrospray Ionization and Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101459. [PMID: 33086630 PMCID: PMC7603377 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amygdalin is a natural cyanogenic compound that plants produce in the fight against insects and herbivores. Excessive amounts of amygdalin by animals and humans can potentially lead to fatal intoxication. However, studies confirm that amygdalin has antitumor properties, including the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and to induce their apoptosis. The analysis of amygdalin in various matrices is an important analytical problem today. The publication presents the methodology of direct determination of amygdalin in water, sewage, and biological materials using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and a new analytical method using flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow mass spectrometry (FAPA-MS). The methods of analyte pre-concentration using a magnetic, molecularly imprinted polymer (mag-MIP) and the influence of interferents on the recorded spectra were discussed. Analytical parameters in ESI-MS and FAPA-MS methods were established. The linearity range was 4.5 µg L−1–45 mg L−1 in positive mode ESI-MS and FAPA-MS. The limit of detection (LOD) for ESI-MS was 0.101 ± 0.003 µg L−1 and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.303 ± 0.009 µg L−1. In FAPA-MS, the LOD was 0.050 ± 0.002 µg L−1 and the LOQ was 0.150 ± 0.006 µg L−1. The content of amygdalin in various matrices was determined.
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In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Caesalpinia volkensii Harms., Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffm., and Acacia hockii De Wild. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3586268. [PMID: 33062006 PMCID: PMC7537683 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3586268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the result of the disparity between pro-oxidants and antioxidants in an organism, and it is important in the pathogenesis of several degenerative disorders, such as arthritis, Alzheimer's, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Free radicals can damage biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and carbohydrates, and the DNA leading to mutations. The use of antioxidants is effective in delaying the oxidation of biomolecules. Antioxidants are complexes found in the food that can retard or deter oxidation by preventing the initiation and propagation of oxidizing chain reactions. Medicinal plants have been used for centuries by man to manage diseases and have a host of antioxidant complexes. Traditionally, Caesalpinia volkensii, Vernonia lasiopus, and Acacia hockii have folkloric remedies against associated oxidative stress-mediated complications. However, the upsurge in its use has not been accompanied by scientific validations to support these claims. In this study, in vitro antioxidant activity of Caesalpinia volkensii, Vernonia lasiopus, and Acacia hockii collected from Embu County (Kenya) were determined by radical scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical in addition to ferric reducing antioxidant power analyzed against that of L-ascorbic acid as the standard. The obtained results revealed remarkable antioxidant activities of the studied plant extracts as evidenced by the low IC50 and EC50 values. These antioxidant activities could be due to the presence of antioxidants phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and saponins among others. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of this plant could be due to their antioxidant properties. This study recommends bioassay of the extracts against oxidative stress-related disorders for development of phytomedicine with antioxidant properties.
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Ullah H, Khan A, Rehman NU, Halim SA, Khan H, Khan I, Csuk R, Al-Rawahi A, Al-Hatmi S, Al-Harrasi A. Lophenol and lathosterol from resin of Commiphora kua possess hepatoprotective effects in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112558. [PMID: 31926985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Drug induced liver damage remains a prevalent concern in healthcare and may reduce the effectiveness of therapy by compromising therapeutic regimens. Many Commiphora species are known for their medicinal properties, and some of them are used traditionally for hepatoprotective effect. In the course of our drugs discovery from natural sources, phytosterols (lophenol (Lop) and lathosterol (Lat)), isolated from Commiphora kua were studied to evaluate their hepatoprotective effects in acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of phytosterols isolated from C. kua using in vivo experimental model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice of either sex were divided into 7 groups: Vehicle, silymarin (SLY), acetaminophen (APAP), Lop 25, Lop 50, Lat 25, Lat 50 (n = 5). Vehicle group received only vehicle (0.1% DMSO solution) for 7 days, APAP group received single dose of acetaminophen on day 7 and SLY group received silymarin for 7 days. Lop 25 and Lop 50 received low and high doses of Lop (25 μg/kg BW and 50 μg/kg BW), respectively, for 7 days, while Lat 25 and Lat 50 received low and high doses of Lat (25 μg/kg BW and 50 μg/kg BW) for 7 days. On day 7, all animals except Vehicle group kept fasted for 18 h and received APAP i. p. 400 mg/kg BW. After 20 h of APAP administration, the animals anesthetized with light chloroform and scarified by cervical decapitation. The blood serum and liver tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Liver function tests (LFTs) including lactate deydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and direct bilirubin) were used as biochemical parameters. While catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were taken as anti-oxidant enzymes. RESULTS Significant increase in levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and direct bilirubin, and significant decrease in concentration of anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH) was observed in APAP-treated group. Similarly, histological slides showed obvious signs of damage to liver cells, reflecting acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity. Treatment of test animals with phytosterols resulted in significant recovery of LFTs profile and concentration of anti-oxidant enzymes. Similarly, significant improvement of liver tissues was noted in histological analysis. CONCLUSIONS Both phytosterols possessed hepatoprotective potential and should be further evaluated for acute toxicity studies and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, 23430, Pakistan
| | - Rene Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Saif Al-Hatmi
- Oman Botanic Garden, Diwan of Royal Court, P.O. Box 808, PC 122, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
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Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Baillonella toxisperma Stem Bark on Dexamethasone-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2019; 2019:8075163. [PMID: 31534451 PMCID: PMC6732611 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8075163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the aqueous extract of Baillonella toxisperma stem bark on dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in rats. A quantitative phytochemical study was done on the aqueous extract of Baillonella toxisperma for the total phenol, flavonoid, and flavonol determination. Insulin resistance was induced by intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) for 8 days, one hour before oral administration of different treatments (extract at doses of 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg and metformin at 40 mg/kg). During the test, body weight and blood glucose level were evaluated on days 1 and 8. At the last day of treatment, the glucose tolerance test was performed in rats; after that, blood samples were collected for triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterols, transaminases (ALT and AST), and total protein level determination. Organs (heart, liver, pancreas, and kidneys) were also collected for the relative organ weight determination. The results showed that the aqueous extract of B. toxisperma is rich in total phenols, flavonoids, and flavonols. This extract significantly reversed the metabolic alterations (lipid profile, protein level, and transaminase activity) induced by dexamethasone in rats. At doses of 120 and 60 mg/kg, Baillonella toxisperma also significantly decreases (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) postprandial hyperglycemia in insulin resistance rats. The results suggest that Baillonella toxisperma can manage insulin resistance and may be useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Thongnest S, Chawengrum P, Keeratichamroen S, Lirdprapamongkol K, Eurtivong C, Boonsombat J, Kittakoop P, Svasti J, Ruchirawat S. Vernodalidimer L, a sesquiterpene lactone dimer from Vernonia extensa and anti-tumor effects of vernodalin, vernolepin, and vernolide on HepG2 liver cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103197. [PMID: 31445193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vernonia extensa, known as "Phim Phai Lin" in Thai, is distributed in most regions of Thailand. The plant has been used in Ayurveda and traditionally used to treat malaria and cancer, and possesses several sesquiterpene lactones. This study aimed to investigate and identify the active constituents by bioactivity-based analysis, as well as to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of V. extensa by MTT or XTT assays in ten cancer cell lines (Liver HepG2 and S102; Bile duct HuCCA-1; Leukemia HL-60 and MOLT-3; Lung A549 and H69AR; Breast MDA-MB-231 and T47D; Cervical HeLa). Bioactivity-guided fractionation and semi-preparative HPLC purification were used to separate the bioactive constituents. Apoptosis-inducing activity and cell cycle inhibitory effect of selected active compounds were determined on HepG2 cells by flow cytometric analysis. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the CH2Cl2 extract and chemical investigation of the cytotoxic fractions led to the isolation of a new sesquiterpenoid pseudo-dimer named vernodalidimer L, together with eight known sesquiterpenoids from the aerial part of V. extensa. The structures of the isolates were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS. Vernolide has potent broad-spectrum cytotoxicity with IC50 values in the range of 0.91-13.84 μM, against all ten cancer cell lines. The annexin-V flow cytometric analysis showed that vernodalin, vernolepin, and vernolide induced apoptosis on HepG2 cells in a dose dependent manner and these effects correlated with G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Our results indicated that vernodalin, vernolepin, and vernolide have potential to be used as lead compounds in the development of a therapeutic natural product for treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanit Thongnest
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Pornsuda Chawengrum
- Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | | | - Chatchakorn Eurtivong
- Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jutatip Boonsombat
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; The Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Erukainure OL, Oyebode OA, Ibeji CU, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Vernonia Amygdalina Del. stimulated glucose uptake in brain tissues enhances antioxidative activities; and modulates functional chemistry and dysregulated metabolic pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:721-732. [PMID: 30607820 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain glucose uptake is usually reduced in type 2 diabetes owing to downregulation of brain glucose transporters. The ability of Vernonia amygdalina to stimulate glucose uptake as well as ameliorate glucose-induced oxidative stress and proinflammation were investigated in rat brain. Hot infusion of V. amygdalina leaves was incubated with rat brain tissues for 2 h in the presence of glucose. Another incubation with glucose only, served as negative control while metformin served as positive control. Incubation of brain tissues with V. amygdalina led to significant (p < 0.05) increase in glucose uptake, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide and non-thiol proteins levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase and ATPase activities, while concomitantly decrease in myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde level compared to the negative control. Incubation with glucose only, led to the development of nitrate, amide II and amide I functional groups which were removed on incubation with the infusion. LC-MS analysis revealed depletion of oxidative stress-induced 2-keto-glutaramic acid and cysteinyl-tyrosine metabolites in brain tissues, with concomitant generation of S-formylglutathione and adenosine tetraphosphate by the infusion. Pathway analysis of the metabolites revealed an activation of pyruvate metabolism pathway in the negative control, with the infusion reducing the intensity fold. LC-MS analysis of the infusion revealed the presence of l-serine, l-cysteine, l-proline, nicotinic acid, cumidine, salicylic acid, isoquinoline, 3-methyl-, and γ-octalactone. Except for l-serine, l-cysteine and l-proline, the other compounds were predicted to be permeable across the blood brain barrier. These results indicate the brain glucose uptake stimulatory and neuroprotective effect of V. amygdalina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olajumoke A Oyebode
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Collins U Ibeji
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Neil A Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Achuba F. Role of bitter leaf ( Vernonia amygdalina) extract in prevention of renal toxicity induced by crude petroleum contaminated diets in rats. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:172-177. [PMID: 30564592 PMCID: PMC6286397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Vernonia amygdalina against chemical toxicity has attracted attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective potentials of Vernonia amygdalina methanol extract (BLME) against petroleum toxicity. Thirty six male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were redistributed randomly into six groups of six rats each and fed with growers feed for a period of 30 days according to the following description: Group A = Feed; Group B = Feed + 100 mg kg−1 body weight of BLME; Group C = Feed + 200 mg kg−1 body weight of BLME; Group D = Feed (100 g Feed + 4 mL crude petroleum); Group E = Feed (100 g Feed + 4 mL crude petroleum) + 100 mg kg−1 body weight of BLME; Group F = Feed (100 g Feed + 4 mL crude petroleum) + 200 mg kg−1 body weight of BLME. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period and the serum and kidney were harvested for biochemical and histological analysis following standard procedures. The data generated were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study revealed that crude petroleum stimulated alterations in kidney dysfunction makers: urea, creatinine and serum electrolytes which were significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated by BLME administration relative to control. Oxidative stress markers, lipid peroxidation and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant profiles (MDA levels, GSH, Vitamin C. FRAP, CAT, SOD, GPx, GSTs) as well as oxidase enzymes (AO, SO, MO and XO) induced changes by crude petroleum were positively modulated by BLME administration. The study concluded that crude petroleum contaminated diets are injurious to animal health and BLME is able to prevent the renal dysfunction induced by crude petroleum contaminated diets.
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Mallhi TH, Qadir MI, Khan YH. Determination of phytoconstituents of n-hexane extract of leaves of Morus nigra and evaluation of their effects on biochemical and histopathological parameters in paracetamol intoxicated mice liver. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000318101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Silva JBD, Mendes RDF, Tomasco V, Pinto NDCC, de Oliveira LG, Rodrigues MN, Aragão DMDO, Aguiar JAKD, Alves MS, Castañon MCNM, Ribeiro A, Scio E. New aspects on the hepatoprotective potential associated with the antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and anti-inflammatory activities of Vernonia condensata Baker. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:399-406. [PMID: 28115286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Vernonia condensata Baker (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in South American Countries as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hepatoprotective. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the in vivo hepatoprotective and antioxidant, and the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate partition (EAP) from the ethanolic extract of this medicinal plant leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the in vivo hepatoprotective activity, rats were pretreated orally for seven days with vehicle, silymarin 100mg/kg or EAP 50, 100 and 200mg/kg. Then, acetaminophen 3g/kg was also orally administrated. Animals were euthanatized 24h after the damage inducement. The levels of the serum enzymes ALT, AST and ALP were determined, as well as the triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by TBARS assay and by the measurement of glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the rats liver tissue. The in vitro anti-inflammatory assay using Raw 264.7 cell line induced by lipopolysaccharide was conducted to verify EAP ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS EAP was able to inhibit all the acute biochemical alterations caused by acetaminophen overdose. EAP inhibited malondialdehyde formation, maintained the catalase and increased the glutathione reductase activities. Also, EAP decreased NO, IL-6 and TNF-α levels at concentrations from 10 to 20µg/mL. 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid was isolated and identified as the major compound in EAP. Apigenin, luteolin, chlorogenic acid were also identified. EAP anti-inflammatory action may be due to its antioxidant activity or its capacity to inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggested that V. condensata may be useful as a possible therapy against liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jucélia Barbosa da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Renata de Freitas Mendes
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Vívian Tomasco
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Nícolas de Castro Campos Pinto
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Oliveira
- Glycoconjugate Analysis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nehrer Rodrigues
- óDepartment of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Danielle Maria de Oliveira Aragão
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Jair Adriano Kopke de Aguiar
- Glycoconjugate Analysis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Silvana Alves
- Molecular and Cellular Bioactivity Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036 900, Brazil
| | | | - Antônia Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Elita Scio
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil.
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Irondi EA, Oboh G, Akindahunsi AA. Antidiabetic effects of Mangifera indica Kernel Flour-supplemented diet in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Food Sci Nutr 2016; 4:828-839. [PMID: 27826432 PMCID: PMC5090646 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous report showed that Mangifera indica kernel flour (MIKF) is a rich source of pharmacologically important flavonoids and phenolic acids; and that its methanolic extract inhibits some key enzymes linked to the pathology and complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in vitro. Hence, this study evaluated the antidiabetic effects of 10% and 20% MIKF-supplemented diets in T2D in rats. T2D was induced in rats using a high-fat diet (HFD), low-dose streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) model, by feeding the rats with HFD for 2 weeks followed by single dose administration of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally). The diabetic rats were later fed the MIKF-supplemented diets, or administered with metformin (25 mg/kg b.w.) for 21 days; the control rats were fed basal diet during this period. Intake of the MIKF-supplemented diets resulted in significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the fasting blood glucose, hepatic glycogen, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile, plasma electrolytes, hepatic and pancreatic malonaldehyde, and the liver function markers of the diabetic rats, compared with the diabetic control rats. The ameliorative effect of 20% MIKF-supplemented was comparable (P > 0.05) with that of metformin administration in the diabetic rats. It is concluded that M. indica kernel flour has antidiabetic effects in T2D rats, and could therefore be a promising nutraceutical therapy for the management of T2D and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Irondi
- Department of Biochemistry Federal University of Technology P.M.B. 704 Akure 340001 Nigeria; Biochemistry Unit Departments of Biosciences and Biotechnology Kwara State University Malete P.M.B. 1530 Ilorin Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry Federal University of Technology P.M.B. 704 Akure 340001 Nigeria
| | - Afolabi A Akindahunsi
- Department of Biochemistry Federal University of Technology P.M.B. 704 Akure 340001 Nigeria
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Howard CB, Johnson WK, Pervin S, Izevbigie EB. Recent perspectives on the anticancer properties of aqueous extracts of Nigerian Vernonia amygdalina. BOTANICS : TARGETS AND THERAPY 2015; 5:65-76. [PMID: 27226742 PMCID: PMC4876981 DOI: 10.2147/btat.s62984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Innovative developments are necessary for treating and defeating cancer, an oftentimes deadly group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths of women in the USA, and prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths of American men. Although some efficacious BC drugs are pharmaceutically marketed, they affect the quality of life for some patients because they are toxic in that their usages have been accompanied by side effects such as stroke, thrombosis, slow heart rate, seizure, increased blood pressure, nausea, emesis, and more. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the discovery of molecular markers for early detection of this disease and discovery of targets for the development of novel, less toxic therapeutics. A botanical plant Vernonia amygdalina has been widely used in Nigerian and other Central and West African cultures for centuries as an herbal medicine. Mounting evidence suggests that treatment with low concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts of the edible Nigerian V. amygdalina plant (Niger-VA) arrests the proliferative activities and induces apoptosis in estrogen receptor-positive, estrogen receptor-negative, and triple-negative human breast cancerous cells and in androgen-independent human PC-3. Also, in athymic mice, Niger-VA potentiates increased efficacies and optimizes treatment outcomes when given as a cotreatment with conventional chemotherapy drugs. Evidence of its noticeable cytostatic activities ranging from changes in DNA synthesis to growth inhibition, mechanisms of inducing apoptosis in different cancer cell lines, and in vivo antitumorigenic activities and chemopreventive efficacy reinforce the idea that Niger-VA deserves increased attention for further development as a phytoceutical, anticancer drug entity. Hence, the present review article highlights impactful published literature on the anticancer effects of Niger-VA in multiple cancerous cell lines and in a nude mouse model, supporting its potential usefulness as a natural product, chemotherapeutic medicine for treatment of both BC and PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Bingham Howard
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Research Centers in Minority Institutions, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - William K Johnson
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Shehla Pervin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Momoh MA, Muhamed U, Agboke AA, Akpabio EI, Osonwa UE. Immunological effect of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina and a known immune booster called immunace(®) and their admixtures on HIV/AIDS clients: a comparative study. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:181-4. [PMID: 23569894 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the immunological effect of Vernonia amygdalina (V. amygdalina) leaf extract and immunace(®) on HIV infected patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Fresh V. amygdalina leaves were collected within Nsukka area in Enugu State. The leaves were rinsed with distilled water. Two handful of cleaned fresh leaves were soaked in 200 mL water and squeezed gently by hand to a mixture. Clients were divided into four groups and each group was given different combination. They took the medication for four weeks. The immune effect was tested against marketed immune booster in some retroviral clients. RESULTS The mean absolute CD4 count was increased in the client who took the extract or supplement. And the clients who took both the extract and supplement had a greater increase in the CD4 count. The increased CD4 was significant as compared with the control group (P<0.05). The skin rashes were also improved in the entire groups. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of V. amygdalina and immunace or both have immunological effect on HIV infected patients. Therefore, we suggest that the V. amygdalina extract or immunace or both could be used as adjuvant in the management of HIV/AIDS clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Momoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State
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Adedapo AA, Aremu OJ, Oyagbemi AA. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the acetone leaf extract of vernonia amygdalina in some laboratory animals. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:591-8. [PMID: 25671194 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vernonia amygdalina is a medicinal plant of great importance that has its fresh leaves rich in vitamins and salt hence, it is valuable in human diet. The anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of its acetone leaf extract were evaluated in this study to validate its folkloric use. METHODS The acetone extract is prepared by dissolving ground plant materials (200g) in 1 L of acetone for 48 h, filtered, and then dried using rotary evaporator before it is used for the pharmacological investigations. Standard phytochemical methods were used to test for the presence of phytoactive compounds in the plant. Acute toxicity was carried out in mice to determine safe doses for use. The anti-inflammatory activities were conducted using carrageenan and histamine to induce oedema in rats while analgesic activities were embarked upon using acetic acid- induced writhing test and formalin-induced paw lick test. The anti-oxidant activities were assessed in vitro using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and total polyphenolics. RESULTS The results from this study showed that the 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of the acetone extract caused significant reduction in oedema induced by both carrageenan and histamine. Similar effect was observed in analgesic tests which were comparable to that of indomethacin, the reference drug used in the study. CONCLUSION The anti-oxidant effects were also good and the pharmacological activities may be due to the presence of polyphenols and other phytochemicals contained in the plant. The study may have thus validated the folkloric use of this plant as a medicinal and nutritional agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olujoke Janet Aremu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Iweala EEJ, Liu FF, Cheng RR, Li Y, Omonhinmin CA, Zhang YJ. Anti-Cancer and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Some Nigerian Food Plants in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2015.41.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Harisa GI, Mariee AD, Abo-Salem OM, Attiaa SM. Erythrocyte nitric oxide synthase as a surrogate marker for mercury-induced vascular damage: the modulatory effects of naringin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1314-1322. [PMID: 23650045 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and nitric oxide (NO) production by human erythrocytes in the presence and absence of mercuric chloride (HgCl2 ), L-arginine (L-ARG), N ω- nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and naringin (NAR) were investigated. In addition, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and related enzymes were estimated in erythrocytes hemolysate. The protein carbonyl content (PCC) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels were also determined. The results of this study revealed that the treatment of erythrocytes with either HgCl2 or L-NAME induced a significant decrease in NOS activity and nitrite levels compared with control cells. Furthermore, mercury exposure significantly increased the levels of PCC and TBARS but reduced the GSH level. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were inhibited. The exposure of erythrocytes to HgCl2 in combination with L-ARG, NAR, or both ameliorated the investigated parameters compared with erythrocytes incubated with HgCl2 alone. These results indicate that mercury exposure decreased both erythrocyte NOS activity and nitrite production, and that these parameters might be indicative of mercury exposure. The data also suggest that concomitant treatment with NAR can restore NO bioavailability through either its metal-chelating properties or its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University (Boys), Cairo, Egypt
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Tiwari P, Ahirwae D, Chandy A, Ahirwar B. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Selaginella lepidophylla. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Adesanoye OA, Adekunle AE, Adewale OB, Mbagwu AE, Delima AA, Adefegha SA, Molehin OR, Farombi EO. Chemoprotective effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Astereacea) against 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:47-58. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713498436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural products possessing antioxidant properties play a very crucial role in ameliorating deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species. This study investigated the chemoprotective properties of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina (MEVA) in an experimental model of hepatic oxidative damage induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). Rats were divided into six groups. Groups 1 and 2 received saline and dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively, and served as controls. Group 3 received MEVA at a dose of 250 mg/kg, while groups 5 and 6 were pretreated for 14 days with MEVA at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses before coadministration with 2-AAF at 100 mg/kg for another 7 days. 2-AAF was administered to group 4 for the last 7 days. Animals were killed 24 h after the last administration of 2-AAF. 2-AAF significantly ( p < 0.05) induced marked hepatic damage as revealed by increased activities of serum enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transferase and bilirubin concentration. 2-AAF also elicited decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione- S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase, depletion of reduced glutathione, and increase in malondialdehyde levels. The activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and 5′-nucleotidase were also depleted. MEVA at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly ( p < 0.05) ameliorated the oxidative damage, functional impairments, and histopathological changes associated with 2-AAF toxicity by reducing the activities of serum enzymes, upregulating the antioxidant defense enzymes and glutathione with decrease in malondialdehyde level. In this study, the revealed ameliorative and hepatoprotective effects of MEVA against 2-AAF-induced toxicity may be due to its antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities, thus suggesting its usefulness as a possible chemoprophylactic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolola A Adesanoye
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun E Adekunle
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusola B Adewale
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abraham E Mbagwu
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adetutu A Delima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Stephen A Adefegha
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olorunfemi R Molehin
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Chukwujekwu JC, Amoo SO, Van Staden J. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of Distephanus angulifolius and Ormocarpum trichocarpum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:975-979. [PMID: 23751394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves of Distephanus angulifolius and Ormocarpum trichocarpum are used for treating stomach-related ailments in traditional medicine. AIMS OF THE STUDY The present study evaluated the antibacterial, antioxidant, mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of extracts obtained from the leaves of Distephanus angulifolius and Ormocarpum trichocarpum. MATERIALS AND METHODS The microtitre bioassay was used to determine the antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. Antioxidant activity was determined using the free-radical scavenging and β-carotene-linoleic acid model assays. The safety and possible protective properties of the extracts were investigated using Ames test. RESULTS Dichloromethane fractions of both plants displayed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 0.63 mg/ml. A dose-dependent antioxidant activity was recorded in both plant species. All the evaluated samples showed no mutagenic as well as weak or no antimutagenic properties in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the leaves obtained from the two plant species. Furthermore, the data provides a rationale for the use of the plant species in treating stomach-related ailments in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Chukwujekwu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Toyang NJ, Verpoorte R. A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:681-723. [PMID: 23395623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Vernonia genus has about one thousand species and members of the genus are widely used as food and medicine. The aim of this review is to analyze published data on the ethnomedicinal, ethnoveterinary and zoopharmacognostic uses of plants of the Vernonia genus. This will help to identify the state of ethnopharmacological knowledge in regard to this genus and to propose future research priorities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major scientific databases including SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline and Google Scholar were queried for information on Vernonia genus using various keyword combinations. The International Plant Name Index was also used to verify the names of species and authors. RESULTS A total of 109 Vernonia species were reported in the literature to have medicinal properties. One hundred and five (105) plants were linked to the treatment or management of 44 human diseases or health conditions. Plants of the genus also feature in ethnoveterinary and zoopharmacognostic practices. A total of 12 vernonia species were identified to be used in ethnoveterinary medicine while 2 species are used in self medication practices by chimpanzees and gorillas. In vitro and in vivo research studies reporting the validation of the medicinal properties of some species were also reviewed. One hundred and three bioactive compounds isolated from various Vernonia species were also identified. Vernonia amygdalina was identified as the most frequently used member of the Vernonia genus. The Vernolides, a class of sesquiterpene lactone were identified as the most studied compounds from the genus and show interesting bioactivity in antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, antischistosomial, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory assays. CONCLUSION On the basis of results from a combination of in vitro and in vivo efficacy and toxicity studies reported, Vernonia amygdalina holds the most promise for development into a nutraceutical against diabetes and malaria while Vernonia cinerea has potential against cancer and inflammatory conditions. Vernolide A is so far the most promising single agent from a Vernonia species that has potential for development into an anticancer agent. The other Vernonia species and isolated compounds require further studies to ascertain their medicinal potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngeh J Toyang
- Virgin Botanicals & Biotech Inc. Columbia, MD, USA; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Sharma RK, Sharma N, Samant SS, Nandi SK, Palni LMS. Antioxidant Activities in Methanolic Extracts of Olea Ferruginea Royle Fruits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7763/ijbbb.2013.v3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Dhiman A, Nanda A, Ahmad S. A recent update in research on the antihepatotoxic potential of medicinal plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 10:117-27. [PMID: 22313878 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20120201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic damage is a global metabolic and epidemic disease, affecting essential biochemical activities in almost every age group. Conventional drugs used in the treatment of liver disorders are often inadequate. Also, the spectrum of liver abnormalities caused by allopathic drugs is found to be broad. In view of severely undesirable side effects of synthetic agents, it is necessary to search for alternative drugs for the treatment of liver diseases to replace the currently used drugs, which are of doubtful efficacy and safety. Therefore, there is growing focus to follow systematic research methodology and to evaluate scientific basis for the traditional herbal medicines that are claimed to possess hepatoprotective activities. Use of herbal drugs in the treatment of liver diseases has a long tradition, especially in Eastern medicine and can be traced back as far as 2100 B.C. in ancient China (Xia Dynasty) and India (Vedic period), but evidence for efficacy is sparse. The current study is aimed at providing an overview of clinical and experimental studies carried out on the most effective and commonly used hepatoprotective plants and their beneficial aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
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Adesanoye OA, Molehin OR, Delima AA, Adefegha AS, Farombi EO. Modulatory effect of methanolic extract ofVernonia amygdalina(MEVA) on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced erythrocyte haemolysis. Cell Biochem Funct 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omolola A. Adesanoye
- Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan; Nigeria
| | - Olorunfemi R. Molehin
- Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan; Nigeria
| | - Adetutu A. Delima
- Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan; Nigeria
| | - Adeniyi S. Adefegha
- Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan; Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer O. Farombi
- Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan; Nigeria
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Auerbach BJ, Reynolds SJ, Lamorde M, Merry C, Kukunda-Byobona C, Ocama P, Semeere AS, Ndyanabo A, Boaz I, Kiggundu V, Nalugoda F, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Thomas DL, Kirk GD, Quinn TC, Stabinski L. Traditional herbal medicine use associated with liver fibrosis in rural Rakai, Uganda. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41737. [PMID: 23209545 PMCID: PMC3507824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional herbal medicines are commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa and some herbs are known to be hepatotoxic. However little is known about the effect of herbal medicines on liver disease in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS 500 HIV-infected participants in a rural HIV care program in Rakai, Uganda, were frequency matched to 500 HIV-uninfected participants. Participants were asked about traditional herbal medicine use and assessed for other potential risk factors for liver disease. All participants underwent transient elastography (FibroScan®) to quantify liver fibrosis. The association between herb use and significant liver fibrosis was measured with adjusted prevalence risk ratios (adjPRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using modified Poisson multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS 19 unique herbs from 13 plant families were used by 42/1000 of all participants, including 9/500 HIV-infected participants. The three most-used plant families were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae. Among all participants, use of any herb (adjPRR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.5, p = 0.002), herbs from the Asteraceae family (adjPRR = 5.0, 95% CI 2.9-8.7, p<0.001), and herbs from the Lamiaceae family (adjPRR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.2-9.2, p = 0.017) were associated with significant liver fibrosis. Among HIV infected participants, use of any herb (adjPRR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.0, p = 0.044) and use of herbs from the Asteraceae family (adjPRR = 5.0, 95% CI 1.7-14.7, p = 0.004) were associated with increased liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Traditional herbal medicine use was independently associated with a substantial increase in significant liver fibrosis in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected study participants. Pharmacokinetic and prospective clinical studies are needed to inform herb safety recommendations in sub-Saharan Africa. Counseling about herb use should be part of routine health counseling and counseling of HIV-infected persons in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Auerbach
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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Fakurazi S, Sharifudin SA, Arulselvan P. Moringa oleifera hydroethanolic extracts effectively alleviate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats through their antioxidant nature. Molecules 2012; 17:8334-50. [PMID: 22781444 PMCID: PMC6268890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant properties Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) extracts and its curative role in acetaminophen (APAP)- induced toxic liver injury in rats caused by oxidative damage. The total phenolic content and antioxidant properties of hydroethanolic extracts of different MO edible parts were investigated by employing an established in vitro biological assay. In the antihepatotoxic study, either flowers or leaves extract (200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg, i.p) were administered an hour after APAP administration, respectively. N-Acetylcysteine was used as the positive control against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The levels of liver markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the levels of oxidative damage markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) protein adduct, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were analysed and compared between experimental groups. Among MO edible parts the flower extracts contain the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, followed by leaves extract. The oxidative marker MDA, as well as 4-HNE protein adduct levels were elevated and GSH, SOD and CAT were significantly decreased in groups treated with hepatotoxin. The biochemical liver tissue oxidative markers measured in the rats treated with MO flowers and leaves hydroethanolic extracts showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the severity of the liver damage. The results of this study strongly indicate the therapeutic properties of MO hydroethanolic extracts against acute liver injury and thereby scientifically support its traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharida Fakurazi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +603-8947-2331; Fax: +603-8942-2341
| | - Syazana Akmal Sharifudin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Nithianantham K, Shyamala M, Chen Y, Latha LY, Jothy SL, Sasidharan S. Hepatoprotective potential of Clitoria ternatea leaf extract against paracetamol induced damage in mice. Molecules 2011; 16:10134-45. [PMID: 22146374 PMCID: PMC6264671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules161210134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Clitoria ternatea, a medicinal herb native to tropical equatorial Asia, is commonly used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of C. ternatea against experimentally induced liver injury. Methods: The antioxidant property of methanolic extract (ME) of C. ternatea leaf was investigated by employing an established in vitro antioxidant assay. The hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in mice of ME of C. ternatea leaf was also studied. Activity was measured by monitoring the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and billirubin along with histopathological analysis. Results: The amount of total phenolics and flavonoids were estimated to be 358.99 ± 6.21 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 123.75 ± 2.84 mg/g catechin equivalent, respectively. The antioxidant activity of C. ternatea leaf extract was 67.85% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and was also concentration dependant, with an IC50 value of 420.00 µg/mL. The results of the paracetamol-induced liver toxicity experiments showed that mice treated with the ME of C. ternatea leaf (200 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels, which were all elevated in the paracetamol group (p < 0.01). C. ternatea leaf extract therapy also protective effects against histopathological alterations. Histological studies supported the biochemical findings and a maximum improvement in the histoarchitecture was seen. Conclusions: The current study confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of C. ternatea leaf extract against the model hepatotoxicant paracetamol. The hepatoprotective action is likely related to its potent antioxidative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppan Nithianantham
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Jalan Bedong-Semeling, Batu 3½, Bukit Air Nasi, Bedong, 08100 Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Murugesan Shyamala
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Jalan Bedong-Semeling, Batu 3½, Bukit Air Nasi, Bedong, 08100 Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +60-37-967-4800
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (L.Y.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Subramanion L. Jothy
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (L.Y.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (L.Y.L.); (S.S.)
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Mukazayire MJ, Minani V, Ruffo CK, Bizuru E, Stévigny C, Duez P. Traditional phytotherapy remedies used in Southern Rwanda for the treatment of liver diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:415-431. [PMID: 21963560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Liver diseases represent a major health problem due to their complications and limited treatment possibilities. In Rwanda, given low accessibility to modern treatments, most people still rely on traditional medicinal plants. The symptomatology of many hepatic troubles (icterus) is evident for traditional healers who have a high probability of selecting efficient herbal medicines. OBJECTIVES To document medicines used in the treatment of "hepatitis" in Southern Rwanda with the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to liver disorder recognition, control and treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS 56 traditional health practitioners, each a legal representative of an official association, were interviewed and participated in plant collection for the preparation of botanically identified herbarium specimens. RESULTS 68 multi-component and 65 single-component herbal recipes were identified for the treatment of liver diseases with a total of 86 different herbs from 34 families identified. The most represented were the Asteraceae and the Lamiaceae. Crassocephalum vitellinum, Hypoestes triflora and Erythrina abyssinica were the most widely used plants. The principle of polymedication for complex (i.e. multifactorial) diseases ("Ifumbi" in Rwanda), is a constant in every traditional practice. It is striking that the Rwandese therapy of liver diseases proposes so many single-herb preparations (49% of all herbal preparations). Some of the recorded plants or other species from the same genus have previously been documented for liver protection using various in vivo and in vitro models. CONCLUSION Herbal remedies for hepatitis are widely used and highly diverse in Southern Rwanda; further chemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies are clearly required to rationally develop the most important remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jeanne Mukazayire
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Bromatology and Human Nutrition, CP 205-9, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Johnkennedy N, Adamma E, Nnedimma NC. Hypolipidemic effects of aqueous extract ofAcalypha capitata leaves in rats fed on high cholesterol diet. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Oyedemi S, Bradley G, Afolayan A. Beneficial Effect of Aqueous Stem Bark Extracts of Strychnos henningsii Gilg in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2011.773.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abshenas J, Derakhshanfar A, Ferdosi MH, Hasanzadeh S. Protective effect of kombucha tea against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice: a biochemical and histopathological study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-011-1273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Farombi EO, Owoeye O. Antioxidative and chemopreventive properties of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia biflavonoid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2533-55. [PMID: 21776245 PMCID: PMC3138040 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8062533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, considerable attention has been focused on dietary and medicinal phytochemicals that inhibit, reverse or retard diseases caused by oxidative and inflammatory processes. Vernonia amygdalina is a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. Extracts of the plant have been used in various folk medicines as remedies against helminthic, protozoal and bacterial infections with scientific support for these claims. Phytochemicals such as saponins and alkaloids, terpenes, steroids, coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, xanthones, anthraquinones, edotides and sesquiterpenes have been extracted and isolated from Vernonia amygdalina. These compounds elicit various biological effects including cancer chemoprevention. Garcinia kola (Guttiferae) seed, known as "bitter kola", plays an important role in African ethnomedicine and traditional hospitality. It is used locally to treat illnesses like colds, bronchitis, bacterial and viral infections and liver diseases. A number of useful phytochemicals have been isolated from the seed and the most prominent of them is the Garcinia bioflavonoids mixture called kolaviron. It has well-defined structure and an array of biological activities including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antigenotoxic and hepatoprotective properties. The chemopreventive properties of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia biflavonoids have been attributed to their abilities to scavenge free radicals, induce detoxification, inhibit stress response proteins and interfere with DNA binding activities of some transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer O. Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Owoeye
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; E-Mail:
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Luo X, Jiang Y, Fronczek FR, Lin C, Izevbigie EB, Lee KS. Isolation and structure determination of a sesquiterpene lactone (vernodalinol) from Vernonia amygdalina extracts. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:464-70. [PMID: 21281250 PMCID: PMC3204929 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.523429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vernonia amygdalina Del. (VA; Asteraceae or Compositae) is a small tree growing throughout tropical Africa. It is widely used for food and medicinal purposes by local people. It was reported that it had several qualities, including anticancer activity. OBJECTIVE A sesquiterpene lactone, vernodalinol, was isolated from VA leaves. The first reported source of vernodalinol was in 2009 from a different plant, only (1)H NMR spectrum and no detailed structural analysis were carried out. No whole spectroscopic data were provided. MATERIALS AND METHODS VA dried leaves were extracted with 85% ethanol followed by further separation into four fractions by liquid-liquid extraction technique using various solvents: hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol. Vernodalinol was separated from the n-butanol fraction by column chromatography. The biological activity of vernodalinol was evaluated in estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) in vitro. RESULTS Results indicated that vernodalinol (25 and 50 μg/mL) inhibited breast cancerous cell growth (DNA synthesis) by 34% (P < 0.025) and 40% (P < 0.025), respectively. It is reasonable to expect an LC(50) of 70-75 μg/mL for vernodalinol in MCF-7 cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Vernodalinol structure was confirmed using a battery of spectroscopic methods, 1D and 2D NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), UV, IR, and X-ray. These results suggest that vernodalinol, although it has some biological activity, is likely to work in concert with other ingredients responsible for the anticancer activity exhibited of VA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Cuiwu Lin
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ernest B. Izevbigie
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ken S. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Luo X, Oyugi DA, Lin C, Izevbigie EB, Lee KS. Isolation and characterization of the antibreast carcinoma cell growth components of Vernonia amygdalina extracts. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1472-8. [PMID: 20962014 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is widely used for medicinal and food purposes in tropical Africa. Many health benefits (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer activities and more) of VA extracts have been reported. The mechanisms of actions have also been described. We have previously reported that VA extracts elicited growth inhibitory activities in human estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) cells (MCF-7 cells) and ductal carcinoma cells (BT-549) in vitro. The active components in the organic solvent (chloroform)-extracted VA have been previously determined. However, the active components in the ethanolic extracts of VA have not been previously studied. Hence, the objectives of this study are to isolate and characterize the active components of the ethanolic extracts of VA using liquid-liquid extraction, thin layer chromatography and column techniques. Fractionation of the ethanolic extracts of VA yielded three fractions named A1, A2 and A3, and A2 retained the DNA synthesis-inhibitory activity of the extracts. Subsequent fractionation of A2 yielded fraction A2B whose activity was 16 and three times more potent than the ethanolic fraction and fraction A2, respectively. The treatment of cells with 100 μg/mL of either the ethanolic VA extracts, fraction A2 or fraction A2B resulted in a 23% (P < 0.01), 86% (P < 0.0001) and 97% (P < 0.0001) inhibition of DNA synthesis compared with vehicle-treated controls, respectively. Further purification of A2B by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and confirmed by spectroscopic analysis revealed that the major active components of A2B (65% by weight) were steroid glucosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Gresham LJ, Ross J, Izevbigie EB. Vernonia amygdalina: anticancer activity, authentication, and adulteration detection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 5:342-8. [PMID: 19151428 PMCID: PMC3699993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph5050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that most chemotherapeutic agents are less effective as treatment in patients with estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast carcinomas compared to those with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast carcinomas. Moreover, African American Women (AAW) is disproportionately diagnosed with ER- breast cancer compared to their white counterparts. Novel therapies effective against ER- breast carcinomas are urgently needed to ameliorate the health disparity. Previous reports show that low concentrations (microgram/ml) of water-soluble leaf extracts of a Nigerian edible plant, V. amygdalina (VA), potently retards the proliferative activities of ER+ human breast cancerous cells (MCF-7) in vitro in a concentration-dependent fashion. However, the anti-proliferative activities of VA in either ductal or ER- carcinoma cells have not been characterized. The exposure of BT-549 to increasing concentrations of VA (10, 100, and 1000 microg/mL) inhibited cell growth by approximately 14 % (P<0.05), 22 % (p<0.05), and 50 % (p<0.005) respectively. The cell count studies were corroborated by DNA synthesis studies. Treatments of BT-549 with 10, 100, and 1000 microg/mL VA inhibited DNA synthesis in a concentration dependent fashion by 22 %, 76 % (P<0.05), and 86 % (p<0.01) respectively. BT-549 cells were insensitive to 10 and 100 nM paclitaxel (TAX) treatments. Isolation of DNA from dried VA leaves yielded approximately 12.2 and 1 kbp genomic DNA that were Eco RI-insensitive but Hind III and Bam HI-sensitive. These pieces of information may be used to enhance the safety of medicinal botanical VA through authentication, and adulteration detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lecia J. Gresham
- The Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Phytoceuticals, and Cancer Prevention and Therapies
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217,
USA
| | - Jetaime Ross
- The Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Phytoceuticals, and Cancer Prevention and Therapies
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217,
USA
| | - Ernest B. Izevbigie
- The Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Phytoceuticals, and Cancer Prevention and Therapies
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217,
USA
- NIHRCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217,
USA
- Correspondence to Dr. Ernest B. Izevbigie. E-mail:
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Oyugi DA, Luo X, Lee KS, Hill B, Izevbigie EB. Activity markers of the anti-breast carcinoma cell growth fractions of Vernonia amygdalina extracts. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:410-7. [PMID: 19176872 DOI: 10.3181/0811-rm-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is an edible plant of the Asteraceae family used in many herbal formulations prescribed by herbalists for many diseases. We have previously reported that aqueous VA extracts inhibit the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancerous cells in vitro. Activity markers of the VA extracts have not been previously identified or characterized. Hence, the objective of this study was to identify activity markers of the VA extracts associated with cell growth inhibition. Extraction of VA with multiple solvents of various polarity indexes yielded three fractions (A-1-2, B-1-3) that significantly inhibited cell growth (P < 0.05) at 0.1 mg/ml concentration. At a higher concentration of 1 mg/ml, six fractions of hexane, chloroform, butanol, and ethyl acetate (A-1-3, B-1-4) inhibited DNA synthesis by 76%, 98%, 94%, 98%, 98%, and 96%, respectively. These fractions were UV-detected from 250-730 nm; and all showed three distinct peaks around 410, 431, and 664 nm. Furthermore, HPLC analysis of the fractions revealed similar retention times of 2.213, 2.167, and 2.151 min, respectively. Bioactivity assays showed that HPLC retention of approximately 2 min is required for cell growth-inhibitory activity of VA fractions. Interestingly, all active fractions exhibited HPLC peaks at approximately 2 min. Therefore, the UV and HPLC peaks may be used as predictive tools to determine VA extracts activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Oyugi
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Okigbo RN, Mmeka EC. Antimicrobial effects of three tropical plant extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2008; 5:226-9. [PMID: 20161941 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v5i3.31277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citatrus (lemongrass) and Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) and the seed extracts of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) were carried out. G. kola had effect only on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with no inhibition on Candida albicans. Ethanol, cold water and hot water extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Cymbopogon citratus showed inhibition on the three organism but G. kola ethanol, cold water and hot water extracts only inhibited S. aureus and E. coli with no inhibition on Candida albicans. The organism's susceptibility varied with more inhibition to S. aureus and least to Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Okigbo
- Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
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Adaramoye OA, Akintayo O, Achem J, Fafunso MA. Lipid-lowering effects of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in rats fed on high cholesterol diet. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008; 4:235-41. [PMID: 18629374 PMCID: PMC2464769 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2008.04.01.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the lipid-lowering effects of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaves in rats fed an high cholesterol diet, and compared with a standard hypolipidemic drug, Questran (Qu). The effects of VA on the lipid profile were assessed by measuring the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, lipid peroxidation (LPO), phospholipid, and glutathione (GSH) in the plasma and liver of the rats. Administration of cholesterol at a dose of 30 mg/0.3 ml, five times in a week for nine consecutive weeks resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in plasma and post mitochondrial fraction (PMF) cholesterol levels by 33% and 55%, respectively. However, treatment with extract of VA at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg caused a dose dependent reduction in the plasma and PMF cholesterol by 20%, 23% and 23%, 29%, respectively. Similar reduction in cholesterol levels was obtained in Qu-treated rats. Furthermore, VA at 200 mg/kg decreased the plasma and PMF LDL-cholesterol levels by 23% and 49%, and also decreased plasma and PMF triglyceride levels by 29% and 28%, respectively. Also, VA at 100 and 200 mg/kg caused a dose-dependent increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol levels by 41% and 59%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the PMF HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid levels of the treated rats when compared to hypercholesterolemic rats. There were significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the LPO levels of extract-treated rats. Precisely, VA at 100 and 200 mg/kg decreased the levels of plasma and PMF LPO by 38%, 42% and 35%, 45%, respectively. In addition, VA augmented the cholesterol-induced decrease in PMF glutathione levels of the rats. Taken together, these results suggest the lipid-lowering effects of VA and, probably serve as a new potential natural product for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin A Adaramoye
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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