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Karimi Z, Zarifkar A, Mirzaei E, Dianatpour M, Dara M, Aligholi H. Therapeutic effects of nanosilibinin in valproic acid-zebrafish model of autism spectrum disorder: Focusing on Wnt signaling pathway and autism spectrum disorder-related cytokines. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024; 84:454-468. [PMID: 38961588 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we delved into the intricate world of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its connection to the disturbance in the Wnt signaling pathway and immunological abnormalities. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of silibinin, a remarkable modulator of both the Wnt signaling pathway and the immune system, on the neurobehavioral and molecular patterns observed in a zebrafish model of ASD induced by valproic acid (VPA). Because silibinin is a hydrophobic molecule and highly insoluble in water, it was used in the form of silibinin nanoparticles (nanosilibinin, NS). After assessing survival, hatching rate, and morphology of zebrafish larvae exposed to different concentrations of NS, the appropriate concentrations were chosen. Then, zebrafish embryos were exposed to VPA (1 μM) and NS (100 and 200 μM) at the same time for 120 h. Next, anxiety and inattentive behaviors and the expression of CHD8, CTNNB, GSK3beta, LRP6, TNFalpha, IL1beta, and BDNF genes were assessed 7 days post fertilization. The results indicated that higher concentrations of NS had adverse effects on survival, hatching, and morphological development. The concentrations of 100 and 200 μM of NS could ameliorate the anxiety-like behavior and learning deficit and decrease ASD-related cytokines (IL1beta and TNFalpha) in VPA-treated larvae. In addition, only 100 μM of NS prevented raising the gene expression of Wnt signaling-related factors (CHD8, CTNNB, GSK3beta, and LRP6). In conclusion, NS treatment for the first 120 h showed therapeutic effect on an autism-like phenotype probably via reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines genes and changing the expression of Wnt signaling components genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karimi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahintaj Dara
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Surai PF, Surai A, Earle-Payne K. Silymarin and Inflammation: Food for Thoughts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:98. [PMID: 38247522 PMCID: PMC10812610 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a vital defense mechanism, creating hostile conditions for pathogens, preventing the spread of tissue infection and repairing damaged tissues in humans and animals. However, when inflammation resolution is delayed or compromised as a result of its misregulation, the process proceeds from the acute phase to chronic inflammation, leading to the development of various chronic illnesses. It is proven that redox balance disturbances and oxidative stress are among major factors inducing NF-κB and leading to over-inflammation. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory properties of various natural antioxidants have been widely tested in various in vitro and in vivo systems. Accumulating evidence indicates that silymarin (SM) and its main constituent silibinin/silybin (SB) have great potential as an anti-inflammation agent. The main anti-inflammatory mechanism of SM/SB action is attributed to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways and the downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, CCL4, CXCL10, etc. Of note, in the same model systems, SM/SB was able to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, etc.) and lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation. The inflammatory properties of SM/SB were clearly demonstrated in model systems based on immune (macrophages and monocytes) and non-immune (epithelial, skin, bone, connective tissue and cancer) cells. At the same time, the anti-inflammatory action of SM/SB was confirmed in a number of in vivo models, including toxicity models, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, ischemia/reperfusion models, stress-induced injuries, ageing and exercising models, wound healing and many other relevant model systems. It seems likely that the anti-inflammatory activities of SM/SB are key elements on the health-promoting properties of these phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Surai
- Vitagene and Health Research Centre, Bristol BS4 2RS, UK
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istvan University, H-2103 Gödöllo, Hungary
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, 196084 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, 40021 Sumy, Ukraine
- Faculty of Technology of Grain and Grain Business, Odessa National Technological University, 65039 Odessa, Ukraine
| | | | - Katie Earle-Payne
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Renfrewshire Health and Social Care Centre, 10 Ferry Road, Renfrew PA4 8RU, UK
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Gandhi GR, Hillary VE, Athesh K, da Cruz Ramos MLC, de Oliveira Krauss GP, Jothi G, Sridharan G, Sivasubramanian R, Hariharan G, Vasconcelos ABS, Montalvão MM, Ceasar SA, da Silva Calisto VK, Gurgel RQ. The Use of Nanocarriers to Enhance the Anti-neuroinflammatory Potential of Dietary Flavonoids in Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1293-1305. [PMID: 37691188 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230907093441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have become a common and growing cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially in older adults. The natural flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables have been shown to have therapeutic effects against many diseases, including NDs; however, in general, flavonoids have limited bioavailability to the target cells. One promising strategy to increase bioavailability is to entrap them in nanocarriers. OBJECTIVE This article aims to review the potential role of nanocarriers in enhancing the antineuroinflammatory efficacy of flavonoids in experimentally induced ND. METHODS A literature search was conducted in the scientific databases using the keywords "neurodegenerative", "anti-neuroinflammatory", "dietary flavonoids," "nanoparticles", and "therapeutic mechanisms". RESULTS A total of 289 articles were initially identified, of which 45 articles reported on flavonoids. After completion of the selection process, five articles that met the criteria of the review were selected for analysis. Preclinical studies identified in this review showed that nanoencapsulated flavonoids attenuated cognitive impairment and seizure, improved behavioral patterns, and reduced levels of astrocytes. Importantly, they exhibited strong antioxidant properties, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers. Moreover, nanocarrier-complexed flavonoids decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation (NLRP3). They also had remarkable effects on important ND-related neurotransmitters, improved cognitive function via cholinergic neurotransmission, and increased prefrontal cortical and hippocampal norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). CONCLUSION Nanoencapsulated flavonoids should, therefore, be considered a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Phytochemistry and Drug-Design, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Kochi, 683104, India
| | - Varghese Edwin Hillary
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Phytochemistry and Drug-Design, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Kochi, 683104, India
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi 683104, India
| | - Kumaraswamy Athesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, 6200005, India
| | | | | | - Gnanasekaran Jothi
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, 6200005, India
| | - Gurunagarajan Sridharan
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, 6200005, India
| | - Rengaraju Sivasubramanian
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, 6200005, India
| | - Govindasamy Hariharan
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, 6200005, India
| | | | - Monalisa Martins Montalvão
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49060108, Brazil
| | - Stanislaus Antony Ceasar
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi 683104, India
| | - Valdete Kaliane da Silva Calisto
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49060108, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Queiroz Gurgel
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49060108, Brazil
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Ramírez-Carreto RJ, Zaldívar-Machorro VJ, Pérez-Ramírez DJ, Rodríguez-López BE, Meza C, García E, Santamaría A, Chavarría A. Oral Administration of Silybin Protects Against MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity by Reducing Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Preserving BDNF Levels in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6774-6788. [PMID: 37480498 PMCID: PMC10657796 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease associated with motor dysfunction secondary to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal axis. Actual therapy consists mainly of levodopa; however, its long-term use promotes secondary effects. Consequently, finding new therapeutic alternatives, such as neuroprotective molecules, is necessary. Among these alternatives is silybin (Sb), the major bioactive flavonolignan in silymarin. Both exert neuroprotective effects, preserving dopamine levels and dopaminergic neurons when administered in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse PD model, being probably Sb the potential therapeutic molecule behind this effect. To elucidate the role of Sb in the PD model, we determined the dose-dependent conservation of striatal dopamine content following Sb oral administration. Then, we evaluated motor deficit tests using the best dopamine conservative dose of Sb and determined a cytokine-dependent inflammatory profile status, malondialdehyde as an oxidative stress product, and neurotrophic factors content in the MPTP-induced mouse PD model. Our results show that oral Sb at 100 mg/kg dose conserved about 60% dopamine levels. Also, Sb improved motor deficits, preserved neurotrophic factors content and mitochondrial function, reduced lipid peroxidation, diminished proinflammatory cytokines to basal levels, enhanced fractalkine production in the striatum and substantia nigra, and increased IL-10 and IL-4 levels in the substantia nigra in the MPTP mice. Thus, oral Sb may be a potential pharmacological PD treatment alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Ramírez-Carreto
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Víctor J Zaldívar-Machorro
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Dafne J Pérez-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Blanca E Rodríguez-López
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Meza
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esperanza García
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S, Ciudad de México, 14269, México
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, S.S, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México.
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Arslan ME, Türkez H, Sevim Y, Selvitopi H, Kadi A, Öner S, Mardinoğlu A. Costunolide and Parthenolide Ameliorate MPP+ Induced Apoptosis in the Cellular Parkinson's Disease Model. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070992. [PMID: 37048065 PMCID: PMC10093699 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is an enzyme that metabolizes several chemicals, including dopamine. MAO-B inhibitors are used in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease (PD), and the inhibition of this enzyme reduces dopamine turnover and oxidative stress. The absence of dopamine results in PD pathogenesis originating from decreased Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and elevated oxidative stress. Here, we performed a molecular docking analysis for the potential use of costunolide and parthenolide terpenoids as potential MAO-B inhibitors in the treatment of PD. Neuroprotective properties of plant-originated costunolide and parthenolide terpenoids were investigated in a cellular PD model that was developed by using MPP+ toxicity. We investigated neuroprotection mechanisms through the analysis of oxidative stress parameters, acetylcholinesterase activity and apoptotic cell death ratios. Our results showed that 100 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL of costunolide, and 50 µg/mL of parthenolide applied to the cellular disease model ameliorated the cytotoxicity caused by MPP+ exposure. We found that acetylcholinesterase activity assays exhibited that terpenoids could ameliorate and restore the enzyme activity as in negative control levels. The oxidative stress parameter analyses revealed that terpenoid application could enhance antioxidant levels and decrease oxidative stress in the cultures. In conclusion, we reported that these two terpenoid molecules could be used in the development of efficient treatment strategies for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Enes Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Türkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Sevim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Harun Selvitopi
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahim Kadi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sena Öner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Adil Mardinoğlu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE-17121 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Meng-zhen S, Ju L, Lan-chun Z, Cai-feng D, Shu-da Y, Hao-fei Y, Wei-yan H. Potential therapeutic use of plant flavonoids in AD and PD. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Zahedipour F, Hosseini SA, Henney NC, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Phytochemicals as inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha and neuroinflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1675-1684. [PMID: 35017414 PMCID: PMC8820712 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and proinflammatory cytokines have a key role in the cellular processes of neurodegenerative diseases and are linked to the pathogenesis of functional and mental health disorders. Tumor necrosis factor alpha has been reported to play a major role in the central nervous system in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and many other neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, a potent proinflammatory/proapoptotic tumor necrosis factor alpha could be a strong candidate for targeted therapy. Plant derivatives have now become promising candidates as therapeutic agents because of their antioxidant and chemical characteristics, and anti-inflammatory features. Recently, phytochemicals including flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and lignans have generated interest as tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor candidates for a number of diseases involving inflammation within the nervous system. In this review, we discuss how phytochemicals as tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors are a therapeutic strategy targeting neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zahedipour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyede Atefe Hosseini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Neil C Henney
- Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Impact of Silibinin A on Bioenergetics in PC12APP sw Cells and Mitochondrial Membrane Properties in Murine Brain Mitochondria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101520. [PMID: 34679655 PMCID: PMC8533090 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related multifactorial diseases, such as the neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease (AD), still remain a challenge to today’s society. One mechanism associated with AD and aging in general is mitochondrial dysfunction (MD). Increasing MD is suggested to trigger other pathological processes commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Silibinin A (SIL) is the main bioactive compound of the Silymarin extract from the Mediterranean plant Silybum marianum (L.) (GAERTN/Compositae). It is readily available as a herbal drug and well established in the treatment of liver diseases as a potent radical scavenger reducing lipid peroxidation and stabilize membrane properties. Recent data suggest that SIL might also act on neurological changes related to MD. PC12APPsw cells produce low levels of human Aβ and thus act as a cellular model of early AD showing changed mitochondrial function. We investigated whether SIL could affect mitochondrial function by measuring ATP, MMP, as well as respiration, mitochondrial mass, cellular ROS and lactate/pyruvate concentrations. Furthermore, we investigated its effects on the mitochondrial membrane parameters of swelling and fluidity in mitochondria isolated from the brains of mice. In PC12APPsw cells, SIL exhibits strong protective effects by rescuing MMP and ATP levels from SNP-induced mitochondrial damage and improving basal ATP levels. However, SIL did not affect mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial content. SIL significantly reduced cellular ROS and pyruvate concentrations. Incubation of murine brain mitochondria with SIL significantly reduces Ca2+ induced swelling and improves membrane fluidity. Although OXPHOS activity was unaffected at this early stage of a developing mitochondrial dysfunction, SIL showed protective effects on MMP, ATP- after SNP-insult and ROS-levels in APPsw-transfected PC12 cells. Results from experiments with isolated mitochondria imply that positive effects possibly result from an interaction of SIL with mitochondrial membranes and/or its antioxidant activity. Thus, SIL might be a promising compound to improve cellular health when changes to mitochondrial function occur.
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Pan Q, Ban Y, Xu L. Silibinin-Albumin Nanoparticles: Characterization and Biological Evaluation Against Oxidative Stress-Stimulated Neurotoxicity Associated with Alzheimer's Disease. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1123-1130. [PMID: 34167626 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is strongly associated with oxidative stress which can damage neural cells. Silibinin has shown potential antioxidative effects. However, due to its low solubility in water, silibinin provides low biological activity and bioavailability. Therefore, to increase its pharmacological effects, silibilin was encapsulated into human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles and well-characterized by DLS and TEM techniques. The antioxidant activity of silibinin-HSA nanoparticles was evaluated on LPS-induced oxidative stress in neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y) through MTT, antioxidant activity and apoptotic assay. It was shown that the mean diameter of HSA and silibinin-HSA nanoparticles were 88 and 105 nm, respectively with a drug loading of 24.08%, drug encapsulation rate of 94.72%, and the yield of silibinin-HSA nanoparticles of around 83.41% and the HSA nano-formulation released silibinin for 15 h. The results displayed that cell viability was reduced by LPS (10 μg/mL), who's also determined to stimulate oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, co-incubation of cells with silibinin (50 μg/mL) or silibinin-HSA nanoparticles led to the recovery of cell viability, activation of SOD and CAT, increase of GSH content, and reduction of ROS level, Caspase-3 activity and fragmentation of DNA. It was also indicated that the neuroprotective and antioxidant activities of silibinin-HAS nanoparticles was greater than free silibinin, indicating that using albumin can be a potential formulation approach for improving the antioxidant efficacy of silibinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yunchao Ban
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
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Haddadi R, Shahidi Z, Eyvari-Brooshghalan S. Silymarin and neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic potential and basic molecular mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153320. [PMID: 32920285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are primarily characterized by selective neuronal loss in the brain. Alzheimer's disease as the most common NDDs and the most prevalent cause of dementia is characterized by Amyloid-beta deposition, which leads to cognitive and memory impairment. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the dramatic death of dopaminergic neuronal cells, especially in the SNc and caused alpha-synuclein accumulation in the neurons. Silymarin, an extract from seeds of Silybum marianum, administered mostly for liver disorders and also had anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. PURPOSE The present comprehensive review summarizes the beneficial effects of Silymarin in-vivo and in-vitro and even in animal models for these NDDs. METHODS A diagram model for systematic review is utilized for this search. The research is conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. RESULTS Based on the inclusion criteria, 83 studies were selected and discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Lastly, we review the latest experimental evidences supporting the potential effects of Silymarin, as a neuroprotective agent in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal plant and natural products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shahidi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahla Eyvari-Brooshghalan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Kim TY, Leem E, Lee JM, Kim SR. Control of Reactive Oxygen Species for the Prevention of Parkinson's Disease: The Possible Application of Flavonoids. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070583. [PMID: 32635299 PMCID: PMC7402123 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems, and it can be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, and Parkinson's disease (PD). The application of antioxidants, which can defend against oxidative stress, is able to detoxify the reactive intermediates and prevent neurodegeneration resulting from excessive ROS production. There are many reports showing that numerous flavonoids, a large group of natural phenolic compounds, can act as antioxidants and the application of flavonoids has beneficial effects in the adult brain. For instance, it is well known that the long-term consumption of the green tea-derived flavonoids catechin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) can attenuate the onset of PD. Also, flavonoids such as ampelopsin and pinocembrin can inhibit mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death through the regulation of gene expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Additionally, it is well established that many flavonoids exhibit anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects through cellular signaling pathways, such as those involving (ERK), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and (Akt), resulting in neuroprotection. In this review article, we have described the oxidative stress involved in PD and explained the therapeutic potential of flavonoids to protect the nigrostriatal DA system, which may be useful to prevent PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (T.Y.K.); (E.L.)
| | - Eunju Leem
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (T.Y.K.); (E.L.)
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (T.Y.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-7362
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da S. Hage-Melim LI, Ferreira JV, de Oliveira NK, Correia LC, Almeida MR, Poiani JG, Taft CA, de Paula da Silva CH. The Impact of Natural Compounds on the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190327100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by a progressive deterioration of the motor and/or cognitive function, that are often accompanied by psychiatric disorders, caused by a selective loss of neurons in the central nervous system. Among the NDDs we can mention Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). AD and HD are characterized mainly by massive neuronal loss. PD, ALS, SCA3 and SBMA are agerelated diseases which have characteristic motor symptoms. CJD is an NDD caused by prion proteins. With increasing life expectancy, elderly populations tend to have more health problems, such as chronic diseases related to age and disability. Therefore, the development of therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent multiple pathophysiological conditions in the elderly can improve the expectation and quality of life. The attention of researchers has been focused on bioactive natural compounds that represent important resources in the discovery and development of drug candidates against NDDs. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis, symptoms, potential targets, treatment and natural compounds effective in the treatment of AD, PD, HD, ALS, SCA3, SBMA and CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorane I. da S. Hage-Melim
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Jaderson V. Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Nayana K.S. de Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Lenir C. Correia
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Marcos R.S. Almeida
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - João G.C. Poiani
- Laboratorio Computacional de Química Farmaceutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlton A. Taft
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos H.T. de Paula da Silva
- Laboratorio Computacional de Química Farmaceutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Ashraf A, Mahmoud PA, Reda H, Mansour S, Helal MH, Michel HE, Nasr M. Silymarin and silymarin nanoparticles guard against chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depressive-like behavior in mice: involvement of neurogenesis and NLRP3 inflammasome. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:615-631. [PMID: 30896354 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119836221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropathology of depression is quite complex. Thus, treatment failures are frequent with current antidepressants, raising the need for more effective ones. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the influence of silymarin on depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Silymarin was formulated as nanostructured lipid carriers (a lipid-based type of nanoparticle with the advantages of physical stability, good release profile, and targeted delivery). Mice were subjected to CUMS paradigm during 14 days. During this period, mice received silymarin (200 mg/kg, p.o.) per se or in its nanoparticle form or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o.). On the 15th day behavioral and biochemical parameters were analyzed. RESULTS Oral administration of silymarin (200 mg/kg), particularly in its nanoparticulate form, exerted an antidepressant-like effect, comparable with fluoxetine in mice, as demonstrated in the behavioral despair tests. Silymarin also reversed prefrontal cortical and hippocampal CUMS-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, silymarin augmented neurotransmitter levels, enhanced neurogenesis and inhibited nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation. Silymarin nanoparticles were superior to silymarin in certain parameters probably due to significantly higher brain silybinin (the major active component of silymarin) concentration by 12.46 fold in the group administered silymarin nanoparticles compared with the mice which were administered silymarin per se. CONCLUSIONS The antidepressant-like effect of silymarin can be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as increased neurogenesis in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which delineates silymarin, especially in nanoparticle form, as a promising strategy for treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ashraf
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Haidy Reda
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salma Mansour
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mehad H Helal
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy E Michel
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Leem E, Oh YS, Shin WH, Jin BK, Jeong JY, Shin M, Kim DW, Jang JH, Kim HJ, Ha CM, Jung UJ, Moon GJ, Kim SR. Effects of Silibinin Against Prothrombin Kringle-2-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System In Vivo. J Med Food 2019; 22:277-285. [PMID: 30632945 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease exhibit common features of neurodegenerative diseases and can be caused by numerous factors. A common feature of these diseases is neurotoxic inflammation by activated microglia, indicating that regulation of microglial activation is a potential mechanism for preserving neurons in the adult brain. Recently, we reported that upregulation of prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2), one of the domains that make up prothrombin and which is cleaved and generated by active thrombin, induces nigral dopaminergic (DA) neuronal death through neurotoxic microglial activation in the adult brain. In this study, we show that silibinin, a flavonoid found in milk thistle, can suppress the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neurotoxic inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, after pKr-2 treatment by downregulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in the mouse substantia nigra. Moreover, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining, measurements of the dopamine and metabolite levels, and open-field behavioral tests, silibinin treatment protected the nigrostriatal DA system resulting from the occurrence of pKr-2-triggered neurotoxic inflammation in vivo. Thus, we conclude that silibinin may be beneficial as a natural compound with anti-inflammatory effects against pKr-2-triggered neurotoxicity to protect the nigrostriatal DA pathway and its properties, and thus, may be applicable for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Leem
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- 2 Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- 3 Department of Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- 4 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Jeong
- 3 Department of Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,4 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- 5 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- 6 Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeok Jang
- 2 Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- 7 Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Man Ha
- 7 Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- 8 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,9 Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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15
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de Freitas CM, Krum BN, Chiapinotto Ceretta AP, Schaffer LF, de Moraes Reis E, Schwerz JP, Barbosa CP, Soares FAA, Fachinetto R. Silymarin recovers 6-hydroxydopamine-induced motor deficits in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:549-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Kujawska M, Jodynis-Liebert J. Polyphenols in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050642. [PMID: 29783725 PMCID: PMC5986521 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. However, therapeutic options treating only its symptoms are very disappointing. Therefore there is an ongoing search for compounds capable of tackling the multi-dimensional features of PD. Recently natural polyphenols have gained great interest as potential therapeutic agents. Herein, we have attempted to summarize results obtained in different animal models demonstrating their neuroprotective effects. The in vivo findings presented below are supported by human subject data and reports regarding the ability of polyphenols to cross the blood-brain barrier. The beneficial effects of polyphenols are demonstrated by the results of behavioral examinations, mainly related to motor and cognitive capabilities, histopathological and immunohistochemical examination concerning the protection of dopaminergic neurons, analyses of dopamine and the concentration of its metabolites, as well as mechanistic studies regarding the modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, cellular iron management, proteinopathy, and additionally the regulation of signaling pathways. Importantly, data about brain distribution of the metabolic derivatives of the reviewed polyphenols are crucial for the justification of their nutritional intake in neuroprotective intervention, as well as for the identification of potential targets for a novel therapeutic approach to Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Str., 60-631 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Str., 60-631 Poznań, Poland.
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17
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Naringenin ameliorates kainic acid-induced morphological alterations in the dentate gyrus in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroreport 2018; 27:1182-9. [PMID: 27584687 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Granule cell dispersion (GCD) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is a morphological alteration characteristic of temporal lobe epilepsy. Recently, we reported that treatment with naringin, a flavonoid found in grapefruit and citrus fruits, reduced spontaneous recurrent seizures by inhibiting kainic acid (KA)-induced GCD and neuronal cell death in mouse hippocampus, suggesting that naringin might have beneficial effects for preventing epileptic events in the adult brain. However, it is still unclear whether the beneficial effects of naringin treatment are mediated by the metabolism of naringin into naringenin in the KA-treated hippocampus. To investigate this possibility, we evaluated whether intraperitoneal injections of naringenin could mimic naringin-induced effects against GCD caused by intrahippocampal KA injections in mice. Our results showed that treatment with naringenin delayed the onset of KA-induced seizures and attenuated KA-induced GCD by inhibiting activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 in both neurons and reactive astrocytes in the DG. In addition, its administration attenuated the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from microglial activation in the DG following KA treatment. These results suggest that naringenin may be an active metabolite of naringin and help prevent the progression of epileptic insults in the hippocampus in vivo; therefore, naringenin may be a beneficial metabolite of naringin for the treatment of epilepsy.
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18
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Chen JF, Wang M, Zhuang YH, Behnisch T. Intracerebroventricularly-administered 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion and brain-derived neurotrophic factor affect catecholaminergic nerve terminals and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, striatum and substantia nigra. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:717-726. [PMID: 29722326 PMCID: PMC5950684 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disease characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. A highly similar pattern of neurodegeneration can be induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), which cause the death of dopaminergic neurons. Administration of MPTP or MPP+ results in Parkinson's disease-like symptoms in rodents. However, it remains unclear whether intracerebroventricular MPP+ administration affects neurogenesis in the substantia nigra and subgranular zone or whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor alters the effects of MPP+. In this study, MPP+ (100 nmol) was intracerebroventricularly injected into mice to model Parkinson's disease. At 7 days after administration, the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus increased, indicating enhanced neurogenesis. In contrast, a reduction in BrdU-positive cells was detected in the substantia nigra. Administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (100 ng) 1 day after MPP+ administration attenuated the effect of MPP+ in the subgranular zone and the substantia nigra. These findings reveal the complex interaction between neurotrophic factors and neurotoxins in the Parkinsonian model that result in distinct effects on the catecholaminergic system and on neurogenesis in different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fang Chen
- The Institutes of Brain Science, the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Wang
- The Institutes of Brain Science, the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Han Zhuang
- The Institutes of Brain Science, the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas Behnisch
- The Institutes of Brain Science, the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Kim S, Jung UJ, Oh YS, Jeon MT, Kim HJ, Shin WH, Hong J, Kim SR. Beneficial Effects of Silibinin Against Kainic Acid-induced Neurotoxicity in the Hippocampus in vivo. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:266-277. [PMID: 29093635 PMCID: PMC5661059 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.5.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin, an active constituent of silymarin extracted from milk thistle, has been previously reported to confer protection to the adult brain against neurodegeneration. However, its effects against epileptic seizures have not been examined yet. In order to investigate the effects of silibinin against epileptic seizures, we used a relevant mouse model in which seizures are manifested as status epilepticus, induced by kainic acid (KA) treatment. Silibinin was injected intraperitoneally, starting 1 day before an intrahippocampal KA injection and continued daily until analysis of each experiment. Our results indicated that silibinin-treatment could reduce seizure susceptibility and frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) induced by KA administration, and attenuate granule cell dispersion (GCD), a morphological alteration characteristic of the dentate gyrus (DG) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Moreover, its treatment significantly reduced the aberrant levels of apoptotic, autophagic and pro-inflammatory molecules induced by KA administration, resulting in neuroprotection in the hippocampus. Thus, these results suggest that silibinin may be a beneficial natural compound for preventing epileptic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Min-Tae Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Department of Structure & Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Jungwan Hong
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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20
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Novel tactics for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: Role of antibiotics, polyphenols and neuropeptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:120-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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21
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YARIM GF, ÇENESİZ M, YARIM M, KAZAK F. Nöroprotektif Etkili Bir Flavonoid: Nobiletin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.31196/huvfd.325789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Kim SR. Naringin as a beneficial natural product against degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection in the adult brain. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1375-1376. [PMID: 28966655 PMCID: PMC5607835 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences; BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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23
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Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:178-216. [PMID: 28043897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe, chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with memory and cognition impairment ultimately leading to death. It is the commonest reason of dementia in elderly populations mostly affecting beyond the age of 65. The pathogenesis is indicated by accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in brain tissues and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in neurons. The main cause is considered to be the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress. The current treatment provides only symptomatic relief by offering temporary palliative therapy which declines the rate of cognitive impairment associated with AD. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is considered as one of the major therapeutic strategies offering only symptomatic relief and moderate disease-modifying effect. Other non-cholinergic therapeutic approaches include antioxidant and vitamin therapy, stem cell therapy, hormonal therapy, use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications and selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, inhibition of β-secretase and γ-secretase and Aβ aggregation, inhibition of tau hyperphosphorylation and intracellular NFT, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), transition metal chelators, insulin resistance drugs, etanercept, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) etc. Medicinal plants have been reported for possible anti-AD activity in a number of preclinical and clinical trials. Ethnobotany, being popular in China and in the Far East and possibly less emphasized in Europe, plays a substantial role in the discovery of anti-AD agents from botanicals. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) involving Chinese medicinal plants has been used traditionally in China in the treatment of AD. Ayurveda has already provided numerous lead compounds in drug discovery and many of these are also undergoing clinical investigations. A number of medicinal plants either in their crude forms or as isolated compounds have exhibited to reduce the pathological features associated with AD. In this present review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the molecular mode of action of various plant extracts, phytochemicals and traditional herbal formulations investigated against AD as reported in various preclinical and clinical tests. Herbal synergism often found in polyherbal formulations were found effective to combat disease heterogeneity as found in complex pathogenesis of AD. Finally a note has been added to describe biotechnological improvement, genetic and genomic resources and mathematical and statistical techniques for empirical model building associated with anti-AD plant secondary metabolites and their source botanicals.
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Uçmak F, Ekin N, İbiloğlu İ, Arslan S, Kaplan İ, Şenateş E. Prophylactic Administration of Silybin Ameliorates L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3641-3646. [PMID: 27725627 PMCID: PMC5070635 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effect of silybin, a potent antioxidant, on L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in an experimental rat model. Material/Methods Forty female Wistar Albino rats were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group 1 (C): control group (n=8), Group 2 (SL): silybin group (n=8), Group 3 (LA): acute pancreatitis group (n=8), Group 4 (SLLA): prophylaxis group (n=8), and Group 5 (LASL): treatment group (n=8). Group C (control) received 2 intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of physiological saline at an interval of 1 h. Group SL received only a single i.p. injection of silybin. The SLLA group received a single i.p. injection of silybin before the induction of acute pancreatitis with L-arginine, whereas the LASL group received the same injection after the induction of acute pancreatitis with L-arginine. Pancreatic tissues were histopathologically examined. Levels of amylase and oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status and total anti-oxidant status) were determined in the blood samples. Oxidative stress index was calculated. Results In comparison to the LA, the prophylaxis and treatment groups showed significant improvements in serum oxidative stress parameters (p=0.001 and p=0.005, respectively). Histopathological analysis showed that the treatment group had significant improvements in edema scores only (p=0.006), whereas the prophylaxis group had the same improvements in inflammation and necrosis scores as well as in total scores (p=0.004, 0.006, and 0.004, respectively). Conclusions When used for prophylactic rather than therapeutic purposes, silybin ameliorates serum oxidative stress parameters and improves histopathological results via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyzullah Uçmak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dicle University, School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Nazım Ekin
- Gastroenterology Clinic, Gazi Yasargil Education and Research Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim İbiloğlu
- Department of Pathology, Dicle University, School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Arslan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dicle University, School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dicle University, School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ebubekir Şenateş
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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25
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Kim SR. Control of Granule Cell Dispersion by Natural Materials Such as Eugenol and Naringin: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy Against Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Med Food 2016; 19:730-6. [PMID: 27404051 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is an important brain area where abnormal morphological characteristics are often observed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), typically showing the loss of the principal neurons in the CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. TLE is frequently associated with widening of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus (DG), termed granule cell dispersion (GCD), in the hippocampus, suggesting that the control of GCD with protection of hippocampal neurons may be useful for preventing and inhibiting epileptic seizures. We previously reported that eugenol (EUG), which is an essential component of medicinal herbs and has anticonvulsant activity, is beneficial for treating epilepsy through its ability to inhibit GCD via suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation in the hippocampal DG in a kainic acid (KA)-treated mouse model of epilepsy in vivo. In addition, we reported that naringin, a bioflavonoid in citrus fruits, could exert beneficial effects, such as antiautophagic stress and antineuroinflammation, in the KA mouse model of epilepsy, even though it was unclear whether naringin might also attenuate the seizure-induced morphological changes of GCD in the DG. Similar to the effects of EUG, we recently observed that naringin treatment significantly reduced KA-induced GCD and mTORC1 activation, which are both involved in epileptic seizures, in the hippocampus of mouse brain. Therefore, these observations suggest that the utilization of natural materials, which have beneficial properties such as inhibition of GCD formation and protection of hippocampal neurons, may be useful in developing a novel therapeutic agent against TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ryong Kim
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea.,2 BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea.,3 Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea
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Kim HD, Jeong KH, Jung UJ, Kim SR. Myricitrin Ameliorates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss in the Substantia Nigra of Mouse Brain. J Med Food 2016; 19:374-82. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heung Deok Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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27
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Impact of Plant-Derived Flavonoids on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:41-52. [PMID: 26951456 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have a common characteristic that is the involvement of different cell types, typically the reactivity of astrocytes and microglia, characterizing gliosis, which in turn contributes to the neuronal dysfunction and or death. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites of plant origin widely investigated at present and represent one of the most important and diversified among natural products phenolic groups. Several biological activities are attributed to this class of polyphenols, such as antitumor activity, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, among others, which give significant pharmacological importance. Our group have observed that flavonoids derived from Brazilian plants Dimorphandra mollis Bent., Croton betulaster Müll. Arg., e Poincianella pyramidalis Tul., botanical synonymous Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. also elicit a broad spectrum of responses in astrocytes and neurons in culture as activation of astrocytes and microglia, astrocyte associated protection of neuronal progenitor cells, neuronal differentiation and neuritogenesis. It was observed the flavonoids also induced neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and human pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, with the objective of seeking preclinical pharmacological evidence of these molecules, in order to assess its future use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, we have evaluated the effects of flavonoids in preclinical in vitro models of neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease and glutamate toxicity associated with ischemia. In particular, our efforts have been directed to identify mechanisms involved in the changes in viability, morphology, and glial cell function induced by flavonoids in cultures of glial cells and neuronal cells alone or in interactions and clarify the relation with their neuroprotective and morphogetic effects.
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28
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Kim HD, Jeong KH, Jung UJ, Kim SR. Naringin treatment induces neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease in vivo, but not enough to restore the lesioned dopaminergic system. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 28:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sengupta T, Vinayagam J, Singh R, Jaisankar P, Mohanakumar KP. Plant-Derived Natural Products for Parkinson's Disease Therapy. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 12:415-96. [PMID: 27651267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28383-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have made their own niche in the treatment of neurological diseases since time immemorial. Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has no cure and the treatment available currently is symptomatic. This chapter thoughtfully and objectively assesses the scientific basis that supports the increasing use of these plant-derived natural products for the treatment of this chronic and progressive disorder. Proper considerations are made on the chemical nature, sources, preclinical tests and their validity, and mechanisms of behavioural or biochemical recovery observed following treatment with various plants derived natural products relevant to PD therapy. The scientific basis underlying the neuroprotective effect of 6 Ayurvedic herbs/formulations, 12 Chinese medicinal herbs/formulations, 33 other plants, and 5 plant-derived molecules have been judiciously examined emphasizing behavioral, cellular, or biochemical aspects of neuroprotection observed in the cellular or animal models of the disease. The molecular mechanisms triggered by these natural products to promote cell survivability and to reduce the risk of cellular degeneration have also been brought to light in this study. The study helped to reveal certain limitations in the scenario: lack of preclinical studies in all cases barring two; heavy dependence on in vitro test systems; singular animal or cellular model to establish any therapeutic potential of drugs. This strongly warrants further studies so as to reproduce and confirm these reported effects. However, the current literature offers scientific credence to traditionally used plant-derived natural products for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sengupta
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - J Vinayagam
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - P Jaisankar
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - K P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India. .,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686009, Kerala, India.
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30
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Olson KE, Gendelman HE. Immunomodulation as a neuroprotective and therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 26:87-95. [PMID: 26571205 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While immune control is associated with nigrostriatal neuroprotection for Parkinson's disease, direct cause and effect relationships have not yet been realized, and modulating the immune system for therapeutic gain has been openly debated. Here, we review how innate and adaptive immunity affect disease pathobiology, and how each could be harnessed for treatment. The overarching idea is to employ immunopharmacologics as neuroprotective strategies for disease. The aim of the current work is to review disease-modifying treatments that are currently being developed as neuroprotective strategies for PD in experimental animal models and for human disease translation. The long-term goal of this research is to effectively harness the immune system to slow or prevent PD pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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31
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Ganesan P, Ko HM, Kim IS, Choi DK. Recent trends in the development of nanophytobioactive compounds and delivery systems for their possible role in reducing oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease models. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6757-72. [PMID: 26604750 PMCID: PMC4631432 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s93918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a very critical role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative disease among elderly people worldwide. Increasing evidence has suggested that phytobioactive compounds show enhanced benefits in cell and animal models of PD. Curcumin, resveratrol, ginsenosides, quercetin, and catechin are phyto-derived bioactive compounds with important roles in the prevention and treatment of PD. However, in vivo studies suggest that their concentrations are very low to cross blood-brain barrier thereby it limits bioavailability, stability, and dissolution at target sites in the brain. To overcome these problems, nanophytomedicine with the controlled size of 1-100 nm is used to maximize efficiency in the treatment of PD. Nanosizing of phytobioactive compounds enhances the permeability into the brain with maximized efficiency and stability. Several nanodelivery techniques, including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoliposomes, and nanoniosomes can be used for controlled delivery of nanobioactive compounds to brain. Nanocompounds, such as ginsenosides (19.9 nm) synthesized using a nanoemulsion technique, showed enhanced bioavailability in the rat brain. Here, we discuss the most recent trends and applications in PD, including 1) the role of phytobioactive compounds in reducing oxidative stress and their bioavailability; 2) the role of nanotechnology in reducing oxidative stress during PD; 3) nanodelivery systems; and 4) various nanophytobioactive compounds and their role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Ganesan
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Myung Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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Chen H, Wang X, Wang M, Yang L, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Behavioral and Neurochemical Deficits in Aging Rats with Increased Neonatal Iron Intake: Silibinin's Neuroprotection by Maintaining Redox Balance. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:206. [PMID: 26578951 PMCID: PMC4623400 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a critical risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Silibinin, a major flavonoid in Silybum marianum, has been suggested to display neuroprotective properties against various neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we observed that neonatal iron (120 μg/g body weight) supplementation resulted in significant abnormality of behavior and depletion of striatal dopamine (DA) in the aging male and female rats while it did not do so in the young male and female rats. No significant change in striatal serotonin content was observed in the aging male and female rats with neonatal supplementation of the same dose of iron. Furthermore, we found that the neonatal iron supplementation resulted in significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease in glutathione (GSH) in the substantia nigra (SN) of the aging male and female rats. No significant change in content of MDA and GSH was observed in the cerebellum of the aging male and female rats with the neonatal iron supplementation. Interestingly, silibinin (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) treatment significantly and dose-dependently attenuated depletion of striatal DA and improved abnormality of behavior in the aging male and female rats with the neonatal iron supplementation. Moreover, silibinin significantly reduced MDA content and increased GSH content in the SN of the aging male and female rats. Taken together, our results indicate that elevated neonatal iron supplementation may result in neurochemical and behavioral deficits in the male and female rats with aging and silibinin may exert dopaminergic neuroprotection by maintaining redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China ; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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33
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Kim SR. Inhibition of microglial activation and induction of neurotrophic factors by flavonoids: a potential therapeutic strategy against Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:363-4. [PMID: 25878577 PMCID: PMC4396091 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.153678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-842, Korea
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34
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Jeong KH, Jeon MT, Kim HD, Jung UJ, Jang MC, Chu JW, Yang SJ, Choi IY, Choi MS, Kim SR. Nobiletin protects dopaminergic neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-treated rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Med Food 2014; 18:409-14. [PMID: 25325362 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of nobiletin, a flavonoid found in citrus fruits, on the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in a neurotoxin model of Parkinson's disease (PD). 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) was unilaterally injected into the median forebrain bundle of rat brains (to generate a neurotoxin model of PD) with or without daily intraperitoneal injection of nobiletin. Our results showed that nobiletin treatment at 10 mg/kg bw, but not at 1 or 20 mg/kg bw, significantly protected DA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of MPP(+)-treated rats. In parallel to the neuroprotection, nobiletin treatment at 10 mg/kg inhibited microglial activation and preserved the expression of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, which is a therapeutic agent against PD, in the SN. These results suggest that the proper supplementation with nobiletin may protect against the neurodegeneration involved in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea
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