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Fernández-Friera L, Peñalvo JL, Fernández-Ortiz A, Ibañez B, López-Melgar B, Laclaustra M, Oliva B, Mocoroa A, Mendiguren J, Martínez de Vega V, García L, Molina J, Sánchez-González J, Guzmán G, Alonso-Farto JC, Guallar E, Civeira F, Sillesen H, Pocock S, Ordovás JM, Sanz G, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Fuster V. Prevalence, Vascular Distribution, and Multiterritorial Extent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a Middle-Aged Cohort: The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) Study. Circulation 2015; 131:2104-13. [PMID: 25882487 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.014310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data are limited on the presence, distribution, and extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged populations. METHODS AND RESULTS The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) study prospectively enrolled 4184 asymptomatic participants 40 to 54 years of age (mean age, 45.8 years; 63% male) to evaluate the systemic extent of atherosclerosis in the carotid, abdominal aortic, and iliofemoral territories by 2-/3-dimensional ultrasound and coronary artery calcification by computed tomography. The extent of subclinical atherosclerosis, defined as presence of plaque or coronary artery calcification ≥1, was classified as focal (1 site affected), intermediate (2-3 sites), or generalized (4-6 sites) after exploration of each vascular site (right/left carotids, aorta, right/left iliofemorals, and coronary arteries). Subclinical atherosclerosis was present in 63% of participants (71% of men, 48% of women). Intermediate and generalized atherosclerosis was identified in 41%. Plaques were most common in the iliofemorals (44%), followed by the carotids (31%) and aorta (25%), whereas coronary artery calcification was present in 18%. Among participants with low Framingham Heart Study (FHS) 10-year risk, subclinical disease was detected in 58%, with intermediate or generalized disease in 36%. When longer-term risk was assessed (30-year FHS), 83% of participants at high risk had atherosclerosis, with 66% classified as intermediate or generalized. CONCLUSIONS Subclinical atherosclerosis was highly prevalent in this middle-aged cohort, with nearly half of the participants classified as having intermediate or generalized disease. Most participants at high FHS risk had subclinical disease; however, extensive atherosclerosis was also present in a substantial number of low-risk individuals, suggesting added value of imaging for diagnosis and prevention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01410318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Fernández-Friera
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - José L Peñalvo
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ortiz
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Borja Ibañez
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Beatriz López-Melgar
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Martín Laclaustra
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Belén Oliva
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Agustín Mocoroa
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - José Mendiguren
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Vicente Martínez de Vega
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Laura García
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Jesús Molina
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Javier Sánchez-González
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Gabriela Guzmán
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Juan C Alonso-Farto
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Fernando Civeira
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Henrik Sillesen
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Stuart Pocock
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - José M Ordovás
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Ginés Sanz
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Luis Jesús Jiménez-Borreguero
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.)
| | - Valentín Fuster
- From Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., J.L.P., A.F.-O., B.I., B.L.-M., M.L., B.O., L.G., J. Molina, G.G., H.S., S.P., J.M.O., G.S., L.J.J.-B., V.F.); Hospital Universitario Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain (L.F.-F., B.L.-M.); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (M.L.); St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO (M.L.); Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O., B.I.); Banco de Santander, Madrid, Spain (A.M., J. Mendiguren); Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain (V.M.d.V.); Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain (J.S.-G.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain (J.C.A.-F.); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (E.G.); Lipids Unit and Molecular Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de Salud, Zaragoza, Spain (F.C.); Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.S.); London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (S.P.); US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.); Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (V.F.).
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