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Routh D, Simmons R, Sanders J, Gero A, Tanner HA, Turok DK. Building an implementation framework to address unmet contraceptive care needs in a carceral setting: a systematic review. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2023; 11:43. [PMID: 37861888 PMCID: PMC10588068 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The provision of contraceptive care for incarcerated individuals has been largely inconsistent and has contributed to, at best, inadequate care, and at worst reproductive abuses, violence, and coercion. While previous research has identified strategies to remedy known issues, to date, very few recommendations have been implemented across the carceral system. To address this, we conducted a systematic review of policy and practice recommendations to improve contraceptive care to reproductive-aged, incarcerated individuals in the United States. METHODS We conducted this systematic review utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and framed it within the National Implementation Research Network's (NIRN) Exploration stage. We searched PubMed, PSYCInfo, SCOPUS, ProQuest, Web of Science, MedLine, Social Science Citation Index and reference sections of included materials. Basic study information, explicitly stated policy and practice recommendations, and discussions and conclusions that subtly provide recommendations were extracted in full text. We utilized a thematic analysis approach to analyze the extracted text. RESULTS A total of 45 materials met the inclusion criteria. Seven overarching themes were identified: 1) policy changes needed to implement care; 2) need for contraceptive care in carceral systems; 3) justice agency barriers regarding contraceptive care provision; 4) policy barriers to contraceptive access; 5) funding strategies to improve care; 6) patient preferences for contraceptive care delivery; and 7) healthcare provider knowledge regarding contraceptive care. The seven themes identified shed light on the need for, gaps, barriers, and facilitators of current contraceptive care provision to incarcerated individuals. CONCLUSION This systematic review accomplished two goals of NIRN's Exploration stage. First, the compiled evidence identified a clear need for change regarding policies and practices pertaining to contraceptive care provision to incarcerated individuals in the United States. Second, our findings identified several evidence-based solutions supported both by research and professional healthcare organizations to address the identified need for change. This study provides an initial blueprint for correctional agencies to implement the necessary changes for improving contraceptive care provision to incarcerated populations. The correctional system is in a unique position to deliver much-needed care, which would result in many potential benefits to the individuals, correctional system, and community at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Routh
- Division of Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 2B200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Rebecca Simmons
- Division of Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 2B200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jessica Sanders
- Division of Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 2B200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Alexandra Gero
- Division of Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 2B200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Hannah Aanderud Tanner
- Division of Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 2B200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - David K Turok
- Division of Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 2B200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
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Farhoudi B, Shahmohamadi E, SeyedAlinaghi S, Rostam Afshar Z, Mirzapour P, Nadji S, Golsoorat Pahlaviani F, Tashakorian M, Hackett D. Sexual and reproductive history of female prisoners in Iran: a health care needs analysis. Int J Prison Health 2023; 19:591-598. [PMID: 37143342 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-12-2022-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE According to estimates, there are approximately 714,000 female prisoners in the world. A considerable proportion are pregnant, of childbearing age at the time of incarceration and may experience numerous reproductive health concerns. The purpose of this study is to examine the demographics and sexual and reproductive history of female prisoners in Iran. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Four hundred and thirty-four female prisoners (mean age: 39.0 ± 9.9) serving sentences at Qarchak prison, Iran, completed a questionnaire. The participants were recruited between October 2017 and September 2018 using a convenient sampling method. The questionnaire captured sociodemographic characteristics and sexual and reproductive history. FINDINGS Most respondents had 7-12 years of formal education, were housewives (69.9%), were either married (41.6%) or divorced (41.8%) and were literate (91.3%). History of drug use among the respondents was 34.7%. Most respondents had regular menstruation (63.5%) and were pre-menopausal (86.1%). Natural birth control was preferred (39.7%) compared to other methods, such as condoms (18%) and oral contraceptive pills (8.4%). Spontaneous and induced abortions were reported by 17.8% and 16.4% of respondents, respectively. There was 5.9% of respondents that reported having a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) before incarceration, with HPV the most common (12.7%). RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS This study has limitations, including the problem of following up with prisoners to shorten the average length of their imprisonment, which can leave many issues in the field of women's health and their follow-up incomplete. Prison health care workers should also follow up on women's health and pregnancy hygiene after their release because there is usually a high prevalence of STIs in prisoners. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The findings highlight the importance of improving the quality of women's health care and pregnancy-related care in prisons. Additionally, the importance of having a health protocol for incarcerated women in Iran. Other programs should also be implemented for women prisoners to eliminate the discrimination they may face in prison. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The international community has attempted to develop care guidelines for pregnant prisoners, particularly for prenatal and mental health services. However, currently in Iran no such guidelines have been developed. To date no research has explored the sexual health among female prisoners of this country. The aim of the present study was to examine the demographics and sexual and reproductive history of female prisoners in Iran. A secondary aim was to identify the health care needs of female prisoners in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Farhoudi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Shahmohamadi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rostam Afshar
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAlireza Nadji
- Virology Research Center, National Institutes of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Golsoorat Pahlaviani
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Tashakorian
- Health and Treatment Directorate of Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Hall B, Atrio J, Moore S, Lorvick J, Cropsey K, Ramaswamy M. Perceived healthcare quality and contraception utilization among persons recently incarcerated. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2022; 83:101974. [PMID: 37663234 PMCID: PMC10473011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Previously incarcerated women have specific gender and physiologic needs that are poorly addressed on community re-entry. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between contraception use and perceived healthcare quality post-incarceration. Additionally, we examine the association between social determinants of health and contraception use post-incarceration. Methods A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study of reproductive-aged women with a history of criminal-justice involvement in three cities (n = 383) was performed. Questions related to demographics, social determinants of health, sexual and reproductive health practices, health services use, and healthcare quality were analyzed. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression examined associations between these variables and contraception utilization among persons recently incarcerated. Results 35% of the participants used a method to prevent pregnancy. There were no significant differences noted between contraceptive users and non-users in perceived healthcare quality. Participants who were not using a contraceptive method were more likely to lack health insurance and experience food insecurity when compared to contraceptive users. Conclusions Although there was no difference in perceived healthcare quality between contraceptive users and non-users, significant barriers to contraceptive access on community re-entry exist. More studies are warranted to explore the sexual and reproductive health of previously incarcerated women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Hall
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/ Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Atrio
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/ Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shawana Moore
- College of Nursing, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lorvick
- RTI International Community Health and Implementation Research Program, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen Cropsey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Lipnicky A, Kelly P, Ramaswamy M. Social Resources, Abortion, and Contraceptive Use Among Women With Criminal Justice Histories. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2022; 28:172-178. [PMID: 35349349 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.20.06.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Women in the criminal legal system face structural barriers to social resources such as education, employment, and benefits. Little is known how these resources intersect with their reproductive lives, specifically with obtaining abortions. We explored the relationship between social resources and abortion history among women incarcerated in a county jail through a secondary analysis of survey data from a 2014 to 2016 jail-based sexual health intervention. Regression analyses determined correlates of having an abortion history. Thirty percent of participants had an abortion and were more likely to have at least a high school education (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25-8.77) and a history of sexually transmitted infections (aOR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.25-8.06). Appropriate systems-level efforts should be expanded to support women with criminal legal histories in their reproductive lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Lipnicky
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Patricia Kelly
- School of Nursing, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Gibson B, Hoff E, Haas A, Adams ZM, Price CR, Goddard-Eckrich D, Sheth SS, Dasgupta A, Meyer JP. Overlapping needs for sexual and reproductive health and HIV prevention in women with substance use disorders. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 18:17455065211070543. [PMID: 35023410 PMCID: PMC8771433 DOI: 10.1177/17455065211070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Women with substance use disorders have high unmet needs for HIV prevention and drug treatment and face challenges accessing care for other unique health issues, including their sexual and reproductive health. METHODS We did a cross-sectional evaluation of sexual and reproductive health behaviors and outcomes among women with substance use disorders, who were enrolled in one of two concurrent clinical trials of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. Descriptive analyses and bivariate logistic regression were used to assess factors driving contraceptive use, and other essential sexual and reproductive health services utilization and outcomes. RESULTS Among 226 women, 173 (76.5%) were of reproductive age. Most women had histories of unintended pregnancy (79.2%) or miscarriage (45.1%) and high HIV risk behaviors (53.5%). Most (61%) participants did not use any form of contraception at the time of assessment, although few (15%) reported pregnancy intentions. In bivariate models, ongoing criminal justice involvement was associated with 2.22 higher odds of not using contraception (95% confidence interval = 1.09-4.53; p = 0.03) and hazardous drinking was protective against not using contraception (odds ratio = 0.33, 95% confidence interval = 0.13-0.81; p = 0.02). Contraception use was not significantly associated with any other individual characteristics or need factors. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that identifies the unmet sexual and reproductive health needs of women with substance use disorders who are engaging with pre-exposure prophylaxis. We found that women accessed some health services but not in a way that holistically addresses the full scope of their needs. Integrated sexual and reproductive care should align women's expressed sexual and reproductive health intentions with their behaviors and outcomes, by addressing social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton Gibson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Emily Hoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alissa Haas
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Dawn Goddard-Eckrich
- Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sangini S Sheth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anindita Dasgupta
- Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaimie P Meyer
- AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Hemberg J, Lorvick J, Lipnicky A, Wickliffe J, Comfort M, Faust A, Cropsey K, Ramaswamy M. Differences in abortion-related knowledge among women involved in the criminal legal system in three US cities. Contraception 2021; 104:606-611. [PMID: 34461135 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined if abortion-related knowledge among women with criminal legal system involvement differed in three U.S. cities in states with varying abortion policies. STUDY DESIGN Respondents were self-identified women with criminal legal system involvement. Data come from a cross-sectional baseline survey of 381 women in three U.S. cities: Oakland, California, Kansas City, Kansas/Missouri, and Birmingham, Alabama. The primary outcome, high abortion-related knowledge, was based on a 10-item scale dichotomized into low vs high abortion-related knowledge. We used descriptive statistics, bivariable associations, and logistic regression to assess the association between high abortion-related knowledge, city of residence, and other possible related factors. RESULTS Respondents in Kansas City, KS/MO and Birmingham, AL had lower odds of high abortion-related knowledge compared to respondents in Oakland, CA (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.10-0.38 and OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.11-0.28, respectively). In adjusted analysis, the association remained after controlling for race/ethnicity, insurance status, and community supervision past year. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the need for communicating clear and accurate information about abortion care, especially in states where laws and ongoing political challenges make it difficult to access both reliable information and services. IMPLICATIONS Efforts to disseminate accurate information regarding abortion care, particularly among marginalized people, should utilize multiple venues in addition to traditional healthcare information sources. Reproductive justice advocates should connect with jails and probation offices to reach people with criminal legal system involvement and foster increased knowledge of reproductive rights and services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashlyn Lipnicky
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Joi Wickliffe
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | | | - Alexandra Faust
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Karen Cropsey
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Thompson K, Kirschner JH, Irwin S, Lee A, Dineen RS, Choo S, Sufrin C. Perceptions of long-acting reversible contraception among women in an urban U.S. jail. Contraception 2021; 104:612-617. [PMID: 34400156 PMCID: PMC8753181 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given incarcerated women's lack of access to contraception prior to, during, and post-incarceration and concerns of potential reproductive coercion in correctional settings, the objective was to explore incarcerated women's perspective of making provider-controlled methods of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) available in an U.S. urban jail. STUDY DESIGN Using a concurrent mixed-methods approach, we explored contraceptive use and method choice prior to and after incarceration among women detained in a U.S. urban jail. Focus group discussions primarily focused on incarcerated women's perceptions of LARC. RESULTS In the 30 days prior to arrest, 28 of 116 women (24%) were using a non-barrier contraceptive method. Methods of LARC were used the least, and the majority (n = 74, 64%) were not interested in initiating LARC in jail. Concern about the potential side effects of LARC was the main reason for disinterest followed by distrust in correctional health care staffs' qualifications. Study participants did not reference coercion as a concern. CONCLUSIONS Apprehension about the training of health care providers and cleanliness of the detention facility outweighed participants' concerns regarding autonomy restrictions associated with provider-controlled methods of LARC. Despite limited interest in initiating LARC use while incarcerated, participants supported making all forms of contraception more accessible in jail settings. IMPLICATIONS Understanding incarcerated women's reproductive and contraceptive desires, including their perceptions of LARC, will help improve the provision of equitable reproductive health care in correctional settings. Our findings highlight the importance of contextual factors in determining women's willingness to access contraceptive care in carceral settings, if available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitra Thompson
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Jennifer H Kirschner
- Bureau of Maternal & Child Health, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie Irwin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Angela Lee
- Bureau of Maternal & Child Health, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca S Dineen
- Bureau of Maternal & Child Health, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shelly Choo
- Bureau of Maternal & Child Health, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carolyn Sufrin
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Salyer C, Lee J, Lorvick J, Comfort M, Cropsey K, Smith S, Emerson A, Ramaswamy M. Cervical Cancer Prevention Behaviors Among Criminal-Legal Involved Women from Three U.S. Cities. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 31:533-545. [PMID: 34652231 PMCID: PMC9063145 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to understand how criminal-legal involved women from three U.S. cities navigate different health resource environments to obtain cervical cancer screening and follow-up care. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of women with criminal-legal histories from Kansas City KS/MO; Oakland, CA; and Birmingham, AL. Participants completed a survey that explored influences on cervical cancer prevention. Responses from all women with/without up-to-date cervical cancer screening and women with abnormal Pap testing who did/did not obtain follow-up care were compared. Proportions and associations were tested with chi-square or analysis of variance tests. Multivariable regression was performed to identify variables independently associated with up-to-date cervical cancer screening and reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: There were n = 510 participants, including n = 164 Birmingham, n = 108 Kansas City, and n = 238 Oakland women. Criminal-legal involved women in Birmingham (71.3%) and Kansas City (68.9%) were less likely to have up-to-date cervical cancer screening than women in Oakland (84.5%, p = 0.01). More women in Birmingham (14.6%) and Kansas City (16.7%) needed follow-up for abnormal Pap than women in Oakland (6.7%, p = 0.003), but there were no differences in follow-up rates. Predictors for up-to-date cervical cancer screening included access to a primary care provider (OR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.4-7.7), health literacy (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2-0.7), and health behaviors, including avoiding tobacco (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.1-0.9) and HPV vaccination (OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.0-10.9). Conclusions: Cervical cancer screening and follow-up varied by study site. The results suggest that patient level factors coupled with the complexity of accessing care in different health resource environments impact criminal-legal involved women's cervical cancer prevention behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Salyer
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer Lorvick
- Community Health and Implementation Research Program, RTI International, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Megan Comfort
- Applied Justice Research Program, RTI International, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Karen Cropsey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sharla Smith
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Amanda Emerson
- School of Nursing, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Myers K, Dalessandro C, Geist C, Sufrin C. Jail as a Point of Contraceptive Care Access: Needs and Preferences Among Women in an Urban Jail. J Midwifery Womens Health 2021; 66:787-794. [PMID: 34463421 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals who are incarcerated in the United States often struggle to access family planning care because of the common practice of jails not providing contraceptives on site. However, less is known about the contraceptive needs and preferences, including the desirability of intrauterine devices and implants, among those who are incarcerated. METHODS Cross-sectional, in-person surveys were administered to 148 reproductive-age women (aged 18-48) incarcerated at an urban jail in Utah to identify women's contraceptive needs and preferences while incarcerated. We used summary statistics and logistic regression to investigate relationships between demographic characteristics, the desire to access contraceptive services while incarcerated, and interest in specific contraceptive methods. RESULTS Surveys indicate a high interest in accessing contraceptives while in jail (73%). Participants who were more likely to prefer access to contraceptive services in jail were also more likely to be interested in the injectable (odds ratio [OR], 4.75; 95% CI, 1.03-21.94), the implant (OR, 8.44; 95% CI, 1.70-41.99), and intrauterine devices (OR, 10.04; 95% CI, 3.46-29.20) than participants indicating no desire to access contraceptive services while in jail. DISCUSSION Jails could be an access point for contraceptive methods requiring health care provider intervention in the state of Utah. However, care must be taken due to broader historical legacies of reproductive coercion in carceral settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyl Myers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Cristen Dalessandro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Claudia Geist
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Carolyn Sufrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cheedalla A, Sufrin CB. Contraception Policies in U.S. Jails, Prisons, and Juvenile Detention Systems: A National Survey. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2021; 27:226-231. [PMID: 34388036 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.19.07.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Contraception is an important health care service for incarcerated women, yet its availability in U.S. prisons, jails, and juvenile detention systems is unknown. We surveyed 6 jails, 22 state prisons, and 3 juvenile detention systems (N = 31 sites) on their contraception policies in 2016. Twenty (65%) sites had formal written contraception policies. All sites allowed people to continue a preincarceration contraceptive method with restrictions on the type of contraception and reason for use. Two sites (6%) did not allow continuation of oral contraceptive pills, 3 sites (10%) did not allow continuation of contraceptive injection, 21 sites (68%) did not allow continuation of contraceptive ring, and 23 sites (74%) did not allow continuation of contraceptive patch. Twenty-eight (90%) sites allowed people to initiate a contraceptive method in custody. Contraception policies in incarceration settings in the United States are varied and may restrict women's ability to continue or initiate the contraception of their choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesha Cheedalla
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn B Sufrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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Salyer C, Lipnicky A, Bagwell-Gray M, Lorvick J, Cropsey K, Ramaswamy M. Abnormal Pap Follow-Up among Criminal-Legal Involved Women in Three U.S. Cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126556. [PMID: 34207093 PMCID: PMC8296431 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Criminal-legal involved women experience significant barriers to preventive cervical care, and consequently there is a higher incidence of cervical cancer in this population. The purpose of this study is to identify variables that may facilitate abnormal Pap follow-up among criminal-legal involved women living in community settings. The study included n = 510 women with criminal-legal histories, from three U.S. cities-Birmingham, AL; Kansas City, KS/MO; Oakland, CA. Participants completed a 288-item survey, with questions related to demographics, social advantages, provider communication, and reasons for missing follow-up care. There were n = 58 women who reported abnormal Pap testing, and n = 40 (69%) received follow-up care. Most women received either repeat Pap/HPV testing (n = 15, 38%), or colposcopy and/or biopsy (n = 14, 35%). Women who did not follow-up (n = 15, 26%) cited that they forgot (n = 8, 53%), were uninsured (n = 3, 20%), or were reincarcerated (n = 3, 20%). In a multivariate analysis, both having a primary care provider (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.3-16.0) and receiving specific provider communication about follow-up (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.1-13.2) were independent predictors for abnormal Pap follow-up. Interventions that offer linkages to providers in the community or ensure abnormal Pap care plans are communicated effectively may mitigate the disparate incidence of cervical cancer among criminal-legal involved women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Salyer
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Ashlyn Lipnicky
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | | | - Jennifer Lorvick
- RTI International Community Health and Implementation Research Program, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA;
| | - Karen Cropsey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Liauw J, Jurgutis J, Nouvet E, Dineley B, Kearney H, Reaka N, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Peirson L, Kouyoumdjian F. Reproductive healthcare in prison: A qualitative study of women's experiences and perspectives in Ontario, Canada. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251853. [PMID: 34003876 PMCID: PMC8130921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore women's experiences and perspectives of reproductive healthcare in prison. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured focus groups in 2018 with women in a provincial prison in Ontario, Canada. We asked participants about their experiences and perspectives of pregnancy and contraception related to healthcare in prison. We used a combination of deductive and inductive content analysis to categorize data. A concept map was generated using a reproductive justice framework. RESULTS The data reflected three components of a reproductive justice framework: 1) women have limited access to healthcare in prison, 2) reproductive safety and dignity influence attitudes toward pregnancy and contraception, and 3) women in prison want better reproductive healthcare. Discrimination and stigma were commonly invoked throughout women's experiences in seeking reproductive healthcare. CONCLUSIONS Improving reproductive healthcare for women in prison is crucial to promoting reproductive justice in this population. Efforts to increase access to comprehensive, responsive, and timely reproductive healthcare should be informed by the needs and desires of women in prison and should actively seek to reduce their experience of discrimination and stigma in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Liauw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Jurgutis
- Department of Indigenous Learning, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Women’s Studies, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elysée Nouvet
- School of Health Studies, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigid Dineley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hannah Kearney
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi Reaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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Hoff E, Adams ZM, Grimshaw A, Goddard-Eckrich DA, Dasgupta A, Sheth SS, Meyer JP. Reproductive Life Goals: A Systematic Review of Pregnancy Planning Intentions, Needs, and Interventions Among Women Involved in U.S. Criminal Justice Systems. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:412-428. [PMID: 32589492 PMCID: PMC7957381 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Women involved in criminal justice systems (WICJ) are affected by multilevel biological and sociocultural factors that result in adverse health outcomes and health disparities. Criminal justice systems (CJS) must be appropriately resourced to address these issues. Materials and Methods: We developed a systematic review to understand the intentions and needs for pregnancy prevention and planning among WICJ to inform future reproductive health services. We conducted a systematic literature review of epidemiologic and interventional studies that addressed the pregnancy prevention and planning needs of U.S. WICJ (2000-2019). An initial screen identified 7061 articles and 3 independent reviewers determined that 28 articles (16 descriptive studies in adults, 7 descriptive studies in adolescents, and 5 interventional studies) met inclusion criteria. Results: The literature review identified high rates of contraception underutilization and negative attitudes toward pregnancy among WICJ in a wide variety of settings. WICJ described minimal access to reproductive health services, including evidence-based contraception, and experienced high rates of unplanned and undesired pregnancies. Results were interpreted in the context of the reproductive justice (RJ) framework. Conclusions: The CJS, although not designed to provide health care, should dedicate resources to address the multilevel barriers to care experienced by women. WICJ require targeted, gender-responsive, trauma-informed pregnancy prevention and planning interventions that acknowledge the history of reproductive coercion in this population and address key aspects of RJ, including the right to and to not have a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hoff
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zoe M. Adams
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alyssa Grimshaw
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dawn A. Goddard-Eckrich
- Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anindita Dasgupta
- Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sangini S. Sheth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jaimie P. Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Greenwald RC, Keele R, Huttlinger K. Contraception among women on probation and parole on the United States-Mexico border. Public Health Nurs 2021; 38:374-381. [PMID: 33554376 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effective contraception prevents unintended pregnancy which disproportionately affects women in the criminal justice system. This study examined selected variables associated with contraceptive use by women on probation and parole living on the United States-Mexico border. DESIGN This quantitative correlational study examined individual and interpersonal variables-age, parity, ethnicity, prior contraception, self-efficacy, pregnancy attitudes, and reproductive autonomy-that may influence contraception among 52 women under community supervision. MEASURES Variable were examined with bivariate, multivariate analyses, and hierarchical logistic regression. Data were collected from a demographic and contraceptive use survey, and validated scales measuring reproductive autonomy and pregnancy attitudes. RESULTS Contraceptive methods were used by 89% of the women; 65% used effective methods, but this decreased to 35% among those released within the past year. Reproductive autonomy was associated with effective contraceptive use. Prior contraception and contraceptive self-efficacy were significant, but wide confidence intervals suggested instability. The remaining variables were insignificant. CONCLUSION No known studies have examined contraception use among women on probation and parole on the border. More women used some form of contraception than might be predicted. Collaborative efforts between correctional facilities and the community are needed to expand access to contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Keele
- College of Nursing, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
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Cannon R, Madrigal JM, Feldman E, Stempinski-Metoyer K, Holloway L, Patel A. Contraceptive needs among newly incarcerated women in a county jail in the United States. Int J Prison Health 2019; 14:244-253. [PMID: 30468113 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-08-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to examine the risk of unintended pregnancy among women during Cook County Jail intake by assessing basic contraceptive history, the need for emergency contraception (EC) at intake, and contraception at release. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This is a cross-sectional study of women 18-50 years old at Cook County Jail in Chicago, Illinois from June 2011 through August 2012. The authors administered the survey at the time of intake on 33 convenient evenings. Surveys consisted of multiple-choice close-ended questions administered via interview. Topics included contraceptive use, pregnancy risk and pregnancy desire. The authors computed frequencies to describe the distribution of question responses and used logistic regression modeling to identify factors significantly related to the use of contraception at intake and to the acceptance of contraception at release. FINDINGS Overall, 194 women participated. Excluding women not at risk for pregnancy (4.6 percent currently pregnant, 17.5 percent surgically sterilized/postmenopausal and 4.6 percent using long-acting reversible contraceptives), 73.2 percent of women were at risk for pregnancy ( n = 142) and, therefore, had a potential need for contraception. Among these women at risk for unintended pregnancy, 68 (47.9 percent) had unprotected intercourse within five days prior to survey administration. When asked about EC, most women (81.4 percent) would be interested if available. Additionally, 141 (72.7 percent) of women would be interested in contraceptive supplies if provided free at release. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Newly incarcerated women are at high risk for unintended pregnancy. Knowledge about EC and ability to access birth control services are both significantly limited. These conclusions support providing an intake screening in jails to identify women at risk for unintended pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cannon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Family Planning, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica M Madrigal
- Division of Family Planning Services, John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,School of Public Health, University of Illinois , Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth Feldman
- Department of Correctional Health, Cermak Health Services of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly Stempinski-Metoyer
- Division of Family Planning Services, John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lillian Holloway
- Department of Correctional Health, Cermak Health Services of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashlesha Patel
- Division of Family Planning Services, John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Morse DS, Wilson JL, Driffill NJ, Lauture J, Khan A, King-Turner SO. Outcomes among pregnant recently incarcerated women attending a reentry transitions clinic. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:679-697. [PMID: 30556132 PMCID: PMC7523434 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This mixed methods retrospective case series and qualitative descriptive study describes pregnancy outcomes during the postincarceration period. A retrospective case series via electronic medical record chart review from a subset of women attending a postincarceration primary care clinic with a condition of interest (pregnancy) described demographics, substance use, diagnoses, and pregnancy outcomes. We compared 27 pregnant to 79 nonpregnant women and contextualized quantitative data with qualitative descriptive vignettes. Twenty-seven women completed 29 pregnancies (2 women with 2 deliveries each), all of which were unplanned; there were 11 live births, 8 pregnant at study closure, 7 miscarriages, and 3 terminations. Although substance use history was high, rates were higher among nonpregnant women (92% vs 74%). Among the 5 births, 4 tested positive for substance use during pregnancy. All 11 infants had pregnancy or delivery complications. Although 7 of the 10 pregnant women with live births had prior pregnancy complications, only 4 were placed in a special care obstetrics clinic. Although unplanned pregnancies were common, most births did not demonstrate maternal substance use. All live births had pregnancy or delivery complications, but few were accepted to specialist prenatal care, suggesting potential considerations for recently incarcerated women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ali Khan
- University of Rochester School of Medicine
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Emerson AM, Carroll HF, Ramaswamy M. Education level as a predictor of condom use in jail-incarcerated women, with fundamental cause analysis. Public Health Nurs 2018; 35:273-280. [PMID: 29806134 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To model condom usage by jail-incarcerated women incarcerated in US local jails and understand results in terms of fundamental cause theory. DESIGN, SAMPLE, MEASUREMENTS We surveyed 102 women in an urban jail in the Midwest United States. Chi-square tests and generalized linear modeling were used to identify factors of significance for women who used condoms during last sex compared with women who did not. Stepwise multiple logistic regression was conducted to estimate the relation between the outcome variable and variables linked to condom use in the literature. RESULTS Logistic regression showed that for women who completed high school odds of reporting condom use during last sex were 2.78 times higher (p = .043) than the odds for women with less than a high school education. Among women who responded no to ever having had a sexually transmitted infection, odds of using a condom during last sex were 2.597 times (p = .03) higher than odds for women who responded that they had had a sexually transmitted infection. CONCLUSIONS Education is a fundamental cause of reproductive health risk among incarcerated women. We recommend interventions that creatively target distal over proximal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Emerson
- School of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Hsiang-Feng Carroll
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
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Ramaswamy M, Unruh E, Comfort M. Navigating Social Networks, Resources, and Neighborhoods: Facilitators of Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Use among Women Released From Jail. WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2018; 5:44-58. [PMID: 30320152 PMCID: PMC6181442 DOI: 10.1080/23293691.2018.1429373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to understand factors that support or undermine sexual and reproductive health care use among women released from jail. We conducted semistructured interviews with 28 women (ages 20-53) on average 6 months after their release from a city jail. Social support networks were the most common factor that supported women's sexual and reproductive health care use; having a medical home, reliable transportation, financial resources, and neighborhood dynamics were other factors mentioned by health care users. Community-based public health efforts should address the social context in which women on the margins of society perceive sexual health risk and use sexual and reproductive health care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Ramaswamy
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Erik Unruh
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Megan Comfort
- RTI International, San Francisco, California, United States
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