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Kurysheva NI. [Neuroprotective properties of latanoprost]. Vestn Oftalmol 2022; 138:126-134. [PMID: 36004601 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2022138041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Latanoprost - an ester prodrug of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) - was the first prostaglandin analogue used to treat glaucoma. The review shows that latanoprost possesses direct neuroprotective properties such as blocking the entry of calcium ions into neurons and inhibiting the action of caspase-3, inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase and activation of polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) and Klotho protein. It is emphasized that when the drug is instilled into the eye, the concentration of the drug inside the vitreous body is twice as high as what is required to ensure the survival of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- Medical and Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
- Ophthalmological Center of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Huang M, Chen S. DJ-1 in neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and clinical application. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102114. [PMID: 34174373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the major health threats to human characterized by selective and progressive neuronal loss. The mechanisms of NDs are still not fully understood. The study of genetic defects and disease-related proteins offers us a window into the mystery of it, and the extension of knowledge indicates that different NDs share similar features, mechanisms, and even genetic or protein abnormalities. Among these findings, PARK7 and its production DJ-1 protein, which was initially found implicated in PD, have also been found altered in other NDs. PARK7 mutations, altered expression and posttranslational modification (PTM) cause DJ-1 abnormalities, which in turn lead to downstream mechanisms shared by most NDs, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, autophagy defects, and so on. The knowledge of DJ-1 derived from PD researches might apply to other NDs in both basic research and clinical application, and might yield novel insights into and alternative approaches for dealing with NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxin Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China; Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Immunochemistry, Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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Xin M, Feng J, Hao Y, You J, Wang X, Yin X, Shang P, Ma D. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate in acute ischemic stroke: some to update, more to explore. J Neurol Sci 2020; 413:116775. [PMID: 32197118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective treatment for ischemic stroke, which is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, remains an unmet goal because the current first-line treatment management interventional therapy has a strict time window and serious complications. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has shown that the elevation of intracellular and extracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) alleviates brain damage after ischemic stroke by attenuating neuroinflammation in the central nervous system and peripheral immune system. In the central nervous system, upregulated intracellular cAMP signaling can alleviate immune-mediated damage by restoring neuronal morphology and function, inhibiting microglia migration and activation, stabilizing the membrane potential of astrocytes and improving the cellular functions of endothelial cells and oligodendrocytes. Enhancement of the extracellular cAMP signaling pathway can improve neurological function by activating the cAMP-adenosine pathway to reduce immune-mediated damage. In the peripheral immune system, cAMP can act on various immune cells to suppress peripheral immune function, which can alleviate the inflammatory response in the central nervous system and improve the prognosis of acute cerebral ischemic injury. Therefore, cAMP may play key roles in reducing post-stroke neuroinflammatory damage. The protective roles of the cAMP indicate that the cAMP enhancing drugs such as cAMP supplements, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, adenylate cyclase agonists, which are currently used in the treatment of heart and lung diseases. They are potentially able to be applied as a new therapeutic strategy in ischemic stroke. This review focuses on the immune-regulating roles and the clinical implication of cAMP in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Xin
- Department of Neurology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiulin You
- Department of Neurology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Neurology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Pei Shang
- Department of Neurology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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4
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Catlin J, Leclerc JL, Shukla K, Marini SM, Doré S. Role of the PGE 2 receptor subtypes EP1, EP2, and EP3 in repetitive traumatic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:628-635. [PMID: 31617678 PMCID: PMC7248542 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The goal was to explore the signaling pathways of PGE2 to investigate therapeutic effects against secondary injuries following TBI. Methods Young (4.9 ± 1.0 months) and aged (20.4 ± 1.4 months) male wild type (WT) C57BL/6 and PGE2 EP1, 2, and 3 receptor knockout mice were selected to either receive sham or repetitive concussive head injury. Immunohistochemistry protocols with Iba1 and GFAP were performed to evaluate microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus, two critical components of neuroinflammation. Passive avoidance test measured memory function associated with the hippocampus. Results No differences in hippocampal microgliosis were found when aged EP2−/− and EP3−/− mice were compared with aged WT mice. However, the aged EP1−/− mice had 69.2 ± 7.5% less hippocampal microgliosis in the contralateral hemisphere compared with WT aged mice. Compared with aged EP2−/− and EP3−/−, EP1−/− aged mice had 78.9 ± 5.1% and 74.7 ± 6.2% less hippocampal microgliosis in the contralateral hemisphere. Within the EP1−/− mice, aged mice had 90.7 ± 2.7% and 81.1 ± 5.6% less hippocampal microgliosis compared with EP1−/− young mice in the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres, respectively. No differences were noted in all groups for astrogliosis. There was a significant difference in latency time within EP1−/−, EP2−/−, and EP3−/− on day 1 and day 2 in aged and young mice. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that the PGE2 EP receptors may be potential therapeutic targets to treat repetitive concussions and other acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Catlin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Krunal Shukla
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah M Marini
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Stamer WD, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Krauss AHP, Toris CB. Antiglaucoma EP 2 Agonists: A Long Road That Led Somewhere. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:469-474. [PMID: 31329508 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For >2 decades, EP2 agonists have been the subject of antiglaucoma research and development by scientists in industry and academia around the world. The road has led to the recent approval of the first drug of this class. This article reviews the development of EP2 agonists from conception to clinical approval, discussing pharmacology, structure, biodistribution, therapeutics, and drug delivery. An extensive list of source references is provided for the reader's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,JeniVision, Inc., Irvine, California
| | | | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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6
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Qasem H, Al-Ayadhi L, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, El-Ansary A. Impaired lipid metabolism markers to assess the risk of neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1141-1153. [PMID: 29569150 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial disorder caused by an interaction between environmental risk factors and a genetic background. It is characterized by impairment in communication, social interaction, repetitive behavior, and sensory processing. The etiology of ASD is still not fully understood, and the role of neuroinflammation in autism behaviors needs to be further investigated. The aim of the present study was to test the possible association between prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), prostaglandin PGE2 EP2 receptors and nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) and the severity of cognitive disorders, social impairment, and sensory dysfunction. PGE2, COX-2, mPGES-1, PGE2-EP2 receptors and NF-κB as biochemical parameters related to neuroinflammation were determined in the plasma of 47 Saudi male patients with ASD, categorized as mild to moderate and severe as indicated by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) or the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) or the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and compared to 46 neurotypical controls. The data indicated that ASD patients have remarkably higher levels of the measured parameters compared to neurotypical controls, except for EP2 receptors that showed an opposite trend. While the measured parameter did not correlate with the severity of social and cognitive dysfunction, PGE2, COX-2, and mPGES-1 were remarkably associated with the dysfunction in sensory processing. NF-κB was significantly increased in relation to age. Based on the discussed data, the positive correlation between PGE2, COX-2, and mPGES-1 confirm the role of PGE2 pathway and neuroinflammation in the etiology of ASD, and the possibility of using PGE2, COX-2 and mPGES-1 as biomarkers of autism severity. NF-κB as inflammatory inducer showed an elevated level in plasma of ASD individuals. Receiver operating characteristic analysis together with predictiveness diagrams proved that the measured parameters could be used as predictive biomarkers of biochemical correlates to ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Qasem
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Guiza, Egypt.
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Jiang J, Van TM, Ganesh T, Dingledine R. Discovery of 2-Piperidinyl Phenyl Benzamides and Trisubstituted Pyrimidines as Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Prostaglandin Receptor EP2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:699-707. [PMID: 29292987 PMCID: PMC6318807 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via its Gαs-coupled EP2 receptor protects cerebral cortical neurons from excitotoxic and anoxic injury, though EP2 receptor activation can also cause secondary neurotoxicity in chronic inflammation. We performed a high-throughput screen of a library of 292 000 small molecules and identified several compounds that have a 2-piperidinyl phenyl benzamide or trisubstituted pyrimidine core as positive modulators for human EP2 receptor. The most active compounds increased the potency of PGE2 on EP2 receptor 4-5-fold at 20 μM without altering efficacy, indicative of an allosteric mechanism. These compounds did not augment the activity of the other Gαs-coupled PGE2 receptor subtype EP4 and showed neuroprotection against N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity. These newly developed compounds represent second-generation allosteric potentiators for EP2 receptor and shed light on a promising neuroprotective strategy. They should prove valuable as molecular tools to achieve a better understanding of the dichotomous action of brain EP2 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Tri Minh Van
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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8
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Kang X, Qiu J, Li Q, Bell KA, Du Y, Jung DW, Lee JY, Hao J, Jiang J. Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to oxidopamine-mediated neuronal inflammation and injury via the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9459. [PMID: 28842681 PMCID: PMC5573328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) triggers pro-inflammatory processes that can aggravate neuronal degeneration and functional impairments in many neurological conditions, mainly via producing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that activates four membrane receptors, EP1-EP4. However, which EP receptor is the culprit of COX-2/PGE2-mediated neuronal inflammation and degeneration remains largely unclear and presumably depends on the insult types and responding components. Herein, we demonstrated that COX-2 was induced and showed nuclear translocation in two neuronal cell lines – mouse Neuro-2a and human SH-SY5Y – after treatment with neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), leading to the biosynthesis of PGE2 and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Inhibiting COX-2 or microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 suppressed the 6-OHDA-triggered PGE2 production in these cells. Treatment with PGE2 or EP2 selective agonist butaprost, but not EP4 agonist CAY10598, increased cAMP response in both cell lines. PGE2-initiated cAMP production in these cells was blocked by our recently developed novel selective EP2 antagonists – TG4-155 and TG6-10-1, but not by EP4 selective antagonist GW627368X. The 6-OHDA-promoted cytotoxicity was largely blocked by TG4-155, TG6-10-1 or COX-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib, but not by GW627368X. Our results suggest that PGE2 receptor EP2 is a key mediator of COX-2 activity-initiated cAMP signaling in Neuro-2a and SH-SY5Y cells following 6-OHDA treatment, and contributes to oxidopamine-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jiange Qiu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA
| | - Katherine A Bell
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA
| | - Yifeng Du
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA
| | - Da Woon Jung
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA.
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Stucky EC, Erndt-Marino J, Schloss RS, Yarmush ML, Shreiber DI. Prostaglandin E 2 Produced by Alginate-Encapsulated Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Modulates the Astrocyte Inflammatory Response. NANO LIFE 2017; 7:1750005. [PMID: 29682085 PMCID: PMC5903452 DOI: 10.1142/s1793984417500052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia are well known for their role in propagating secondary injury following brain trauma. Modulation of this injury cascade, including inflammation, is essential to repair and recovery. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated as trophic mediators in several models of secondary CNS injury, however, there has been varied success with the use of direct implantation due to a failure to persist at the injury site. To achieve sustained therapeutic benefit, we have encapsulated MSCs in alginate microspheres and evaluated the ability of these encapsulated MSCs to attenuate neuro-inflammation. In this study, astroglial cultures were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation and immediately co-cultured with encapsulated or monolayer human MSCs. Cultures were assayed for the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) produced by astroglia, MSC-produced prostaglandin E2, and expression of neurotrophin-associated genes. We found that encapsulated MSCs significantly reduced TNF-α produced by LPS-stimulated astrocytes, more effectively than monolayer MSCs, and this enhanced benefit commences earlier than that of monolayer MSCs. Furthermore, in support of previous findings, encapsulated MSCs constitutively produced high levels of PGE2, while monolayer MSCs required the presence of inflammatory stimuli to induce PGE2 production. The early, constitutive presence of PGE2 significantly reduced astrocyte-produced TNF-α, while delayed administration had no effect. Finally, MSC-produced PGE2 was not only capable of modulating inflammation, but appears to have an additional role in stimulating astrocyte neurotrophin production. Overall, these results support the enhanced benefit of encapsulated MSC treatment, both in modulating the inflammatory response and providing neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Stucky
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Joshua Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, USA
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - David I Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Polymorphisms in the prostaglandin receptor EP2 gene confers susceptibility to tuberculosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:23-27. [PMID: 27780787 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important lipid mediator of the inflammatory immune response during acute and chronic infections. PGE2 modulates a variety of immune functions via four receptors (EP1-EP4), which mediate distinct PGE2 effects. Mice lacking EP2 are more susceptible to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), have a higher bacterial load, and increase size and number of granulomatous lesions. Our aim was to assess whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EP2 increase the risk of tuberculosis. METHODS DNA re-sequencing revealed five common EP2 variants in the Chinese Han population. We sequenced the EP2 gene from 600 patients and 572 healthy controls to measure SNP frequencies in association with tuberculosis infections (TB) within the population. RESULTS The rs937337 polymorphism is associated with increased risk to tuberculosis (p=0.0044, odds ratio [OR], 1.67; 95% confidential interval,1.22-2.27). The rs937337 AA genotype and the rs1042618 CC genotype were significantly associated with TB. An estimation of the frequencies of haplotypes revealed a single protective haplotype GACGC for tuberculosis (p=0.00096, odds ratio [OR], 0.56; 95% confidential interval, 0.41-0.77). Furthermore, we determined that the remaining SNPs of EP2 were nominally associated with clinical patterns of disease. CONCLUSIONS We identified genetic polymorphisms in EP2 associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis within a Chinese population. Our data support that EP2 SNPs are genetic predispositions of increased susceptibility to TB and to different clinical patterns of disease.
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11
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Echeverria V, Yarkov A, Aliev G. Positive modulators of the α7 nicotinic receptor against neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:142-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Ahmad AS, Shah ZA, Doré S. Protective Role of Arginase II in Cerebral Ischemia and Excitotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27308186 DOI: 10.21767/2171-6625.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginase (Arg), one of the enzymes involved in the urea cycle, provides an essential route for the disposal of excess nitrogen resulting from amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. Two reported subtypes of Arg (ArgI and II) compete with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to use L-arginine as a substrate, and subsequently regulate NOS activity. It has been reported that Arg has significant effects on circulation that suggest the potential role of this enzyme in regulating vascular function. However, the role of Arg following brain damage has not been elucidated. In this study, we hypothesize that the deletion of ArgII will lead to aggravated brain injury following cerebral ischemia and excitotoxicity. METHODS AND FINDINGS To test our hypothesis, male C57BL/6 wildtype (WT) and ArgII-/- mice were subjected to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and survived for 7 d. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) data revealed a statistically non-significant decrease in CBF in ArgII-/- mice. However, ArgII-/- mice had significantly higher neurologic deficit scores and brain infarctions. The hypothesis was further tested in a more specific N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced acute excitotoxic model. WT and ArgII-/- mice were given a single intrastriatal injection of 15 nmol NMDA. Forty-eight hours later, the excitotoxic brain damage was significantly worse in ArgII-/- mice. The data from both models confirm the neuroprotective effect of ArgII. CONCLUSION Targeting ArgII could be considered an integrative part of a multi-modal approach to fight acute brain damage excitotoxicity, ischemic brain injury, and other forms of brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo 43614, OH, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, Pharmaceutics, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610 FL, USA
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Du Y, Kemper T, Qiu J, Jiang J. Defining the therapeutic time window for suppressing the inflammatory prostaglandin E2 signaling after status epilepticus. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:123-30. [PMID: 26689339 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1134322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature in nearly all neurological and some psychiatric disorders. Resembling its extraneural counterpart, neuroinflammation can be both beneficial and detrimental depending on the responding molecules. The overall effect of inflammation on disease progression is highly dependent on the extent of inflammatory mediator production and the duration of inflammatory induction. The time-dependent aspect of inflammatory responses suggests that the therapeutic time window for quelling neuroinflammation might vary with molecular targets and injury types. Therefore, it is important to define the therapeutic time window for anti-inflammatory therapeutics, as contradicting or negative results might arise when different treatment regimens are utilized even in similar animal models. Herein, we discuss a few critical factors that can help define the therapeutic time window and optimize treatment paradigm for suppressing the cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin-mediated inflammation after status epilepticus. These determinants should also be relevant to other anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies for the CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Du
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , United States
| | - Timothy Kemper
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , United States
| | - Jiange Qiu
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , United States
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , United States
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Ashley AK, Hinds AI, Hanneman WH, Tjalkens RB, Legare ME. DJ-1 mutation decreases astroglial release of inflammatory mediators. Neurotoxicology 2015; 52:198-203. [PMID: 26691871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in DJ-1, reactive gliosis and concomitant inflammatory processes are implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). To study the physiological consequences of DJ-1 mutation in the context of neuroinflammatory insult, primary cortical astrocytes were isolated from DJ-1 knockout mice. Astrocytes were exposed to 1μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24h following 2h pre-exposure to inhibitors of MEK (U0126), JNK (JNK inhibitor II) or p38 (SB203580). Real-time PCR was used to assess the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthetase (NOS2), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). LPS-induced expression of COX2 decreased similarly in DJ-1(+/+) and DJ-1(-/-) astrocytes in response to inhibition of p38, but was unaffected by inhibition of MEK or JNK. No significant alterations in NOS2 expression were observed in any inhibitor-treated cells. The inhibitors did not affect expression of TNFα; however, DJ-1(-/-) astrocytes had consistently lower expression compared to DJ-1(+/+) counterparts. Secretion of TNFα and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into the culture medium was significantly decreased in DJ-1(-/-) astrocytes, and inhibition of p38 decreased this secretion in both genotypes. In conclusion, DJ-1(-/-) astrocytes may provide decreased neuroprotection to surrounding neurons due to alterations in pro-inflammatory mediator expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ashley
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States
| | - A I Hinds
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States
| | - W H Hanneman
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States
| | - R B Tjalkens
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States
| | - M E Legare
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States.
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15
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Anglada-Huguet M, Vidal-Sancho L, Giralt A, García-Díaz Barriga G, Xifró X, Alberch J. Prostaglandin E2 EP2 activation reduces memory decline in R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease by the induction of BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 95:22-34. [PMID: 26369879 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) patients and mouse models show learning and memory impairment even before the onset of motor symptoms. Deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity have been involved in the HD memory impairment. Several studies show that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP2 receptor stimulates synaptic plasticity and memory formation. However, this role was not explored in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated the capacity of PGE2 EP2 receptor to promote synaptic plasticity and memory improvements in a model of HD, the R6/1 mice, by administration of the agonist misoprostol. We found that misoprostol increases dendritic branching in cultured hippocampal neurons in a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-dependent manner. Then, we implanted an osmotic mini-pump system to chronically administrate misoprostol to R6/1 mice from 14 to 18weeks of age. We observed that misoprostol treatment ameliorates the R6/1 long-term memory deficits as analyzed by the T-maze spontaneous alternation task and the novel object recognition test. Importantly, administration of misoprostol promoted the expression of hippocampal BDNF. Moreover, the treatment with misoprostol in R6/1 mice blocked the reduction in the number of PSD-95 and VGluT-1 positive particles observed in hippocampus of vehicle-R6/1 mice. In addition, we observed an increase of cAMP levels in the dentate ` of WT and R6/1 mice treated with misoprostol. Accordingly, we showed a reduction in the number of mutant huntingtin nuclear inclusions in the dentate gyrus of R6/1 mice. Altogether, these results suggest a putative therapeutic effect of PGE2 EP2 receptor in reducing cognitive deficits in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anglada-Huguet
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Vidal-Sancho
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Girona, c/ Emili Grahit, 77, 17071 Girona, Spain.
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gerardo García-Díaz Barriga
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Xifró
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Girona, c/ Emili Grahit, 77, 17071 Girona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Carlson NG, Bellamkonda S, Schmidt L, Redd J, Huecksteadt T, Weber LM, Davis E, Wood B, Maruyama T, Rose JW. The role of the prostaglandin E2 receptors in vulnerability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to death. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:101. [PMID: 25997851 PMCID: PMC4449524 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activity of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) modulates vulnerability to excitotoxic challenge. The mechanism by which COX-2 renders OPCs more sensitive to excitotoxicity is not known. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that OPC excitotoxic death is augmented by COX-2-generated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) acting on specific prostanoid receptors which could contribute to OPC death. Methods Dispersed OPC cultures prepared from mice brains were examined for expression of PGE2 receptors and the ability to generate PGE2 following activation of glutamate receptors with kainic acid (KA). OPC death in cultures was induced by either KA, 3′-O-(Benzoyl) benzoyl ATP (BzATP) (which stimulates the purinergic receptor P2X7), or TNFα, and the effects of EP3 receptor agonists and antagonists on OPC viability were examined. Results Stimulation of OPC cultures with KA resulted in nearly a twofold increase in PGE2. OPCs expressed all four PGE receptors (EP1–EP4) as indicated by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses; however, EP3 was the most abundantly expressed. The EP3 receptor was identified as a candidate contributing to OPC excitotoxic death based on pharmacological evidence. Treatment of OPCs with an EP1/EP3 agonist 17 phenyl-trinor PGE2 reversed protection from a COX-2 inhibitor while inhibition of EP3 receptor protected OPCs from excitotoxicity. Inhibition with an EP1 antagonist had no effect on OPC excitotoxic death. Moreover, inhibition of EP3 was protective against toxic stimulation with KA, BzATP, or TNFα. Conclusion Therefore, inhibitors of the EP3 receptor appear to enhance survival of OPCs following toxic challenge and may help facilitate remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G Carlson
- Geriatric Research, Education Clinical Center (GRECC), Salt Lake City, USA. .,Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Center on Aging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Departments of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology Division, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Neurovirology Research Laboratory, (151B), VA SLCHCS, 500 Foothill Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA.
| | | | - Linda Schmidt
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jonathan Redd
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | | | | | - Ethan Davis
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Blair Wood
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | | | - John W Rose
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology Division, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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17
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Leclerc JL, Lampert AS, Diller MA, Immergluck JB, Doré S. Prostaglandin E2 EP2 receptor deletion attenuates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury and improves functional recovery. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/2/1759091415578713. [PMID: 25873308 PMCID: PMC4720177 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415578713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke characterized by bleeding into the brain parenchyma and secondary brain injury resulting from strong neuroinflammatory responses to blood components. Production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is significantly upregulated following ICH and contributes to this inflammatory response in part through its E prostanoid receptor subtype 2 (EP2). Signaling through the EP2 receptor has been shown to affect outcomes of many acute and chronic neurological disorders; although, not yet explored in the context of ICH. Wildtype (WT) and EP2 receptor knockout (EP2−/−) mice were subjected to ICH, and various anatomical and functional outcomes were assessed by histology and neurobehavioral testing, respectively. When compared with age-matched WT controls, EP2−/− mice had 41.9 ± 4.7% smaller ICH-induced brain lesions and displayed significantly less ipsilateral hemispheric enlargement and incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage. Anatomical outcomes correlated with improved functional recovery as identified by neurological deficit scoring. Histological staining was performed to begin investigating the mechanisms involved in EP2-mediated neurotoxicity after ICH. EP2−/− mice exhibited 45.5 ± 5.8% and 41.4 ± 8.1% less blood and ferric iron accumulation, respectively. Furthermore, significantly less striatal and cortical microgliosis, striatal and cortical astrogliosis, blood–brain barrier breakdown, and peripheral neutrophil infiltration were seen in EP2−/− mice. This study is the first to suggest a deleterious role for the PGE2-EP2 signaling axis in modulating brain injury, inflammation, and functional recovery following ICH. Targeting the EP2 G protein-coupled receptor may represent a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew S Lampert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew A Diller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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18
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Mohan S, Narumiya S, Doré S. Neuroprotective role of prostaglandin PGE2 EP2 receptor in hemin-mediated toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2015; 46:53-9. [PMID: 25451967 PMCID: PMC4681391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heme (Fe(2+) protoporphyrin IX) and hemin (Fe(3+)), the prosthetic group of hemoprotein, are cytotoxic due to their ability to contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species, increased intracellular calcium levels, and stimulate glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Previous work by our group showed that blockade of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP1 receptor reduced hemin-induced cytotoxicity in primary cortical neuronal cultures. However, the role of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP2 receptor in hemin neurotoxicity remains unclear. Activation of the EP2 receptor in neurons results in increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) and protein kinase A signaling; therefore, we hypothesized that the activation of the EP2 receptor decreases hemin neurotoxicity. Using postnatal primary cortical neurons cultured from wildtype-control (WT) and EP2(-/-) mice, we investigated the role of the EP2 receptor in hemin neurotoxicity by monitoring cell survival with the Calcein-AM live-cell and lactate dehydrogenase assays. MitoTracker staining was also performed to determine how mitochondria were affected by hemin. Hemin neurotoxicity in EP2(-/-) neurons was 37.2 ± 17.0% greater compared to WT neurons. Of interest, cotreatment with the EP2 receptor agonist, butaprost (1 and 10 μM), significantly attenuated hemin neurotoxicity by 55.7 ± 21.1% and 60.1 ± 14.8%, respectively. To further investigate signaling mechanisms related to EP2 receptor mediating cytoprotection, neurons were cotreated with hemin and activators/inhibitors of both the cAMP-protein kinase A/exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) pathways. Forskolin, a cAMP activator, and 8-pCPT-cAMP, an Epac activator, both attenuated hemin neurotoxicity by 78.8 ± 22.2% and 58.4 ± 9.8%, respectively, as measured using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Together, the results reveal that activation of the EP2 receptor is protective against hemin neurotoxicity in vitro and these findings suggest that neuroprotection occurs through the cAMP-Epac pathway in neuronal cultures. Therefore, activation of the EP2 receptor could be used to minimize neuronal damage following exposure to supraphysiological levels of hemin.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology
- Glutamic Acid/pharmacology
- Hemin/toxicity
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Thionucleotides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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19
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Role of the prostaglandin E2 EP1 receptor in traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113689. [PMID: 25426930 PMCID: PMC4245217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries promote upregulation of so-called proinflammatory prostaglandins, notably prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leading to overactivation of a class of its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors, including EP1, which is considered a promising target for treatment of ischemic stroke. However, the role of the EP1 receptor is complex and depends on the type of brain injury. This study is focused on the investigation of the role of the EP1 receptor in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model, a preclinical model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The therapeutic effects of post-treatments with a widely studied EP1 receptor antagonist, SC-51089, were examined in wildtype and EP1 receptor knockout C57BL/6 mice. Neurological deficit scores (NDS) were assessed 24 and 48 h following CCI or sham surgery, and brain immunohistochemical pathology was assessed 48 h after surgery. In wildtype mice, CCI resulted in an obvious cortical lesion and localized hippocampal edema with an associated significant increase in NDS compared to sham-operated animals. Post-treatments with the selective EP1 receptor antagonist SC-51089 or genetic knockout of EP1 receptor had no significant effects on cortical lesions and hippocampal swelling or on the NDS 24 and 48 h after CCI. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed CCI-induced gliosis and microglial activation in selected ipsilateral brain regions that were not affected by SC-51089 or in the EP1 receptor-deleted mice. This study provides further clarification on the respective contribution of the EP1 receptor in TBI and suggests that, under this experimental paradigm, the EP1 receptor would have limited effects in modulating acute neurological and anatomical pathologies following contusive brain trauma. Findings from this protocol, in combination with previous studies demonstrating differential roles of EP1 receptor in ischemic, neurotoxic, and hemorrhagic conditions, provide scientific background and further clarification of potential therapeutic application of prospective prostaglandin G-protein-coupled receptor drugs in the clinic for treatment of TBI and other acute brain injuries.
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20
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Fattahi MJ, Mirshafiey A. Positive and negative effects of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:50-60. [PMID: 23992456 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to clarify the role of prostaglandins and prostaglandin receptors in the immunopathology of Alzheimer's disease. A PubMed search was done using the key word, 'Alzheimer's disease' in combination with the term 'prostaglandins'. Articles from the past 10 years were preferentially selected but important ones from the past 20 years were also included according to the authors' judgment. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathological hallmarks such as extracellular deposition of the amyloid β-peptide, the appearance of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extensive neuronal loss and synaptic changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These processes induce inflammatory pathways by activating microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating leukocytes that produce inflammatory mediators including cytokines and prostaglandins.Prostaglandins are small lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid by multi-enzymatic pathways in which cyclooxygenases and phospholipases are the rate-limiting enzymes. In the central nervous system, prostaglandins exhibit either neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects by acting on specific G-protein-coupled receptors that have different subfamilies and differences in their selective agonists, tissue distribution and signal transduction cascades. Further studies on the role of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease may contribute to clarification of their neuroprotective actions, which may lead to the development of successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Fattahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Abstract
Reperfusion of ischemic brain can reduce injury and improve outcome, but secondary injury due to inflammatory mechanisms limits the efficacy and time window of such treatments for stroke. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular basis of inflammation in ischemic injury as well as possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Ahmad
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (00-GR-H), V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Abstract
Cycoloxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction is prevalent in a variety of (brain and peripheral) injury models where COX-2 levels correlate with disease progression. Thus, COX-2 has been widely explored for anti-inflammatory therapy with COX-2 inhibitors, which proved to be effective in reducing the pain and inflammation in patients with arthritis and menstrual cramps, but they have not provided any benefit to patients with chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Recently, two COX-2 drugs, rofecoxib and valdecoxib, were withdrawn from the United States market due to cardiovascular side effects. Thus, future anti-inflammatory therapy could be targeted through a specific prostanoid receptor downstream of COX-2. The PGE2 receptor EP2 is emerging as a pro-inflammatory target in a variety of CNS and peripheral diseases. Here we highlight the latest developments on the role of EP2 in diseases, mechanism of activation, and small molecule discovery targeted either to enhance or to block the function of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine , 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
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23
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Glushakov AV, Robbins SW, Bracy CL, Narumiya S, Doré S. Prostaglandin F2α FP receptor antagonist improves outcomes after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:132. [PMID: 24172576 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries to the brain promote upregulation of prostaglandins, notably the proinflammatory PGF2α, and overactivation of their cognate G-protein-coupled FP receptor, which could exacerbate neuronal damage. Our study is focused on investigation of the FP receptor as a target for novel neuroprotective drugs in a preclinical animal traumatic brain injury (TBI) model. METHODS Accordingly, the effects of acute intraperitoneal post-treatment with selective FP antagonist AL-8810 were studied in wildtype (WT) and FP receptor knockout (FP-/-) mice after controlled cortical impact (CCI). Neurological impairments were evaluated using neurological deficit scores (NDS) and the grip strength test. Cortical lesions and overall brain pathology were assessed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Morphological analyses of cerebral vasculature and anastomoses revealed no differences between WT and FP-/- mice. CCI produced cortical lesions characterized by cavitation, neuronal loss, and hematoma with a volume of 20.0 ± 1.0 mm(3) and significant hippocampal swelling (146.5 ± 7.4% of contralateral) compared with sham (P < 0.05). Post-treatment with AL-8810 (1 to 10 mg/kg) had no significant effect on cortical lesions, which suggests the irreversible effect of primary CCI injury, but significantly reduced hippocampal swelling to a size not significantly different from the sham group. Post-treatment with AL-8810 at a dose of 10 mg/kg significantly improved NDS at 24 and 48 hours after CCI (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). In the AL-8810 group, CCI-induced decrease in grip strength was three-fold (2.93 ± 1.71) less and significantly different than in the saline-treated group. The FP-/- mice had significantly less hippocampal swelling, but not NDS, compared with WT mice. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed that pharmacologic blockade and genetic deletion of FP receptor led to attenuation of CCI-induced gliosis and microglial activation in selected brain regions. CONCLUSION This study provides, for the first time, demonstration of the unique role of the FP receptor as a potential target for disease-modifying CNS drugs for treatment of acute traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Glushakov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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24
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Mohan S, Glushakov AV, Decurnou A, Narumiya S, Doré S. Contribution of PGE2 EP1 receptor in hemin-induced neurotoxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:31. [PMID: 24109429 PMCID: PMC3791386 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hemin-mediated neurotoxicity has been linked to the production of free radicals and glutamate excitotoxicity, the role of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP1 receptor remains unclear. Activation of the EP1 receptor in neurons results in increased intracellular calcium levels; therefore, we hypothesize that the blockade of the EP1 receptor reduces hemin neurotoxicity. Using postnatal primary cortical neurons cultured from wild-type (WT) and EP1−/− mice, we investigated the EP1 receptor role in hemin neurotoxicity measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cell survival assay. Hemin (75 μM) induced greater release of LDH in WT (34.7 ± 4.5%) than in EP1−/− (27.6 ± 3.3%) neurons. In the presence of the EP1 receptor antagonist SC-51089, the hemin-induced release of LDH decreased. To further investigate potential mechanisms of action, we measured changes in the intracellular calcium level [Ca2+]i following treatment with 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 (17-pt-PGE2) a selective EP1 agonist. In the WT neurons, 17-pt-PGE2 dose-dependently increased [Ca2+]i. However, in EP1−/− neurons, [Ca2+]i was significantly attenuated. We also revealed that hemin dose-dependently increased [Ca2+]i in WT neurons, with a significant decrease in EP1−/− neurons. Both 17-pt-PGE2 and hemin-induced [Ca2+]i were abolished by N-methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA) acid receptor and ryanodine receptor blockers. These results suggest that blockade of the EP1 receptor may be protective against hemin neurotoxicity in vitro. We speculate that the mechanism of hemin neuronal death involves [Ca2+]i mediated by NMDA acid receptor-mediated extracellular Ca2+ influx and EP1 receptor-mediated intracellular release from ryanodine receptor-operated Ca2+ stores. Therefore, blockade of the EP1 receptor could be used to minimize neuronal damage following exposure to supraphysiological levels of hemin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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25
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Jiang J, Dingledine R. Prostaglandin receptor EP2 in the crosshairs of anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and neuroprotection. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:413-23. [PMID: 23796953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of a specific prostanoid synthase or receptor provides therapeutic alternatives to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating pathological conditions governed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 or PTGS2). Among the COX-2 downstream signaling pathways, the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor EP2 subtype (PTGER2) is emerging as a crucial mediator of many physiological and pathological events. Genetic ablation strategies and recent advances in chemical biology provide tools for a better understanding of EP2 signaling. In the brain, the EP2 receptor modulates some beneficial effects, including neuroprotection, in acute models of excitotoxicity, neuroplasticity, and spatial learning via cAMP-PKA signaling. Conversely, EP2 activation accentuates chronic inflammation mainly through the cAMP-Epac pathway, likely contributing to delayed neurotoxicity. EP2 receptor activation also engages β-arrestin in a G-protein-independent pathway that promotes tumor cell growth and migration. Understanding the conditions under which multiple EP2 signaling pathways are engaged might suggest novel therapeutic strategies to target this key inflammatory prostaglandin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Mohan S, Ahmad AS, Glushakov AV, Chambers C, Doré S. Putative role of prostaglandin receptor in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2012; 3:145. [PMID: 23097645 PMCID: PMC3477820 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, approximately 795,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke. Of all strokes, 84% are ischemic, 13% are intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) strokes, and 3% are subarachnoid hemorrhage strokes. Despite the decreased incidence of ischemic stroke, there has been no change in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in the last decade. ICH is a devastating disease 37–38% of patients between the ages of 45 and 64 die within 30 days. In an effort to prevent ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes we and others have been studying the role of prostaglandins and their receptors. Prostaglandins are bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid. They sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. Most prostaglandins are produced from specific enzymes and act upon cells via distinct G-protein coupled receptors. The presence of multiple prostaglandin receptors cross-reactivity and coupling to different signal transduction pathways allow differentiated cells to respond to prostaglandins in a unique manner. Due to the number of prostaglandin receptors, prostaglandin-dependent signaling can function either to promote neuronal survival or injury following acute excitotoxicity, hypoxia, and stress induced by ICH. To better understand the mechanisms of neuronal survival and neurotoxicity mediated by prostaglandin receptors, it is essential to understand downstream signaling. Several groups including ours have discovered unique roles for prostaglandin receptors in rodent models of ischemic stroke, excitotoxicity, and Alzheimer disease, highlighting the emerging role of prostaglandin receptor signaling in hemorrhagic stroke with a focus on cyclic-adenosine monophosphate and calcium (Ca2+) signaling. We review current ICH data and discuss future directions notably on prostaglandin receptors, which may lead to the development of unique therapeutic targets against hemorrhagic stroke and brain injuries alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Takei S, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Uekawa A, Chiba Y, Umegaki H, Hosokawa M, Woodward DF, Watanabe K, Shimada A. Immunohistochemical demonstration of increased prostaglandin F₂α levels in the rat hippocampus following kainic acid-induced seizures. Neuroscience 2012; 218:295-304. [PMID: 22609937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) F(2α) is one of the major prostanoids biosynthesized by cyclooxygenases (COXs) from arachidonic acid. Although it has been reported that there is a selective surge in PGF(2α) production in the hippocampus during kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure activity, the precise intra-hippocampal distribution of PGF(2α) has not been elucidated due to the paucity of effective histological techniques for detecting PGs in tissues. We investigated the tissue distribution of PGF(2α) in the rat hippocampus 30 min after KA injection by developing fixation and immunohistological-staining methods. To detect PGF(2α) directly on histological sections, we used systemic perfusion fixation with water-soluble carbodiimide fixative, followed by immersion of the brains in Zamboni's fixative. We then performed immunofluorescence staining with anti-PGF(2α) antibody, with negative control experiments used to confirm the staining specificity. Definitive immunolabeling for PGF(2α) was evident most markedly in pyramidal cells of the hippocampal cornu Ammonis (CA) 3 sector and neurons of the hilus in KA-treated rats. Immunolabeling for PGF(2α) was also evident in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Double immunfluorescence staining revealed that PGF(2α)-immunopositive neurons expressed cytosolic phospholipases A(2), COX-2, and FP receptor. These results suggest that the major source of PGF(2α) production immediately after KA injection was neurons of the hippocampal CA3 sector, hilus and dentate gyrus. These neurons exert PGF(2α)-mediated functions via FP receptors in an autocrine/paracrine manner and may play pathophysiological roles in the acute phase (30 min) of excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takei
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
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Anrather J, Gallo EF, Kawano T, Orio M, Abe T, Gooden C, Zhou P, Iadecola C. Purinergic signaling induces cyclooxygenase-1-dependent prostanoid synthesis in microglia: roles in the outcome of excitotoxic brain injury. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25916. [PMID: 22022466 PMCID: PMC3195085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX) are prostanoid synthesizing enzymes constitutively expressed in the brain that contribute to excitotoxic neuronal cell death. While the neurotoxic role of COX-2 is well established and has been linked to prostaglandin E(2) synthesis, the role of COX-1 is not clearly understood. In a model of N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) induced excitotoxicity in the mouse cerebral cortex we found a distinctive temporal profile of COX-1 and COX-2 activation where COX-1, located in microglia, is responsible for the early phase of prostaglandin E(2) synthesis (10 minutes after NMDA), while both COX-1 and COX-2 contribute to the second phase (3-24 hours after NMDA). Microglial COX-1 is strongly activated by ATP but not excitatory neurotransmitters or the Toll-like receptor 4 ligand bacterial lipopolysaccharide. ATP induced microglial COX-1 dependent prostaglandin E(2) synthesis is dependent on P2X7 receptors, extracellular Ca(2+) and cytoplasmic phospholipase A2. NMDA receptor activation induces ATP release from cultured neurons leading to microglial P2X7 receptor activation and COX-1 dependent prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in mixed microglial-neuronal cultures. Pharmacological inhibition of COX-1 has no effect on the cortical lesion produced by NMDA, but counteracts the neuroprotection exerted by inhibition of COX-2 or observed in mice lacking the prostaglandin E(2) receptor type 1. Similarly, the neuroprotection exerted by the prostaglandin E(2) receptor type 2 agonist butaprost is not observed after COX-1 inhibition. P2X7 receptors contribute to NMDA induced prostaglandin E(2) production in vivo and blockage of P2X7 receptors reverses the neuroprotection offered by COX-2 inhibition. These findings suggest that purinergic signaling in microglia triggered by neuronal ATP modulates excitotoxic cortical lesion by regulating COX-1 dependent prostanoid production and unveil a previously unrecognized protective role of microglial COX-1 in excitotoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Anrather
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cognitive function: are prostaglandins at the heart of cognitive impairment in dementia and delirium? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 7:60-73. [PMID: 21932048 PMCID: PMC3280386 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in rheumatoid arthritis imply that inflammation is important in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, these drugs have not alleviated the symptoms of AD in those who have already developed dementia. This suggests that the primary mediator targeted by these drugs, PGE2, is not actively suppressing memory function in AD. Amyloid-β oligomers appear to be important for the mild cognitive changes seen in AD transgenic mice, yet amyloid immunotherapy has also proven unsuccessful in clinical trials. Collectively, these findings indicate that NSAIDs may target a prodromal process in mice that has already passed in those diagnosed with AD, and that synaptic and neuronal loss are key determinants of cognitive dysfunction in AD. While the role of inflammation has not yet become clear, inflammatory processes definitely have a negative impact on cognitive function during episodes of delirium during dementia. Delirium is an acute and profound impairment of cognitive function frequently occurring in aged and demented patients exposed to systemic inflammatory insults, which is now recognised to contribute to long-term cognitive decline. Recent work in animal models is beginning to shed light on the interactions between systemic inflammation and CNS pathology in these acute exacerbations of dementia. This review will assess the role of prostaglandin synthesis in the memory impairments observed in dementia and delirium and will examine the relative contribution of amyloid, synaptic and neuronal loss. We will also discuss how understanding the role of inflammatory mediators in delirious episodes will have major implications for ameliorating the rate of decline in the demented population.
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Yamagishi R, Aihara M, Araie M. Neuroprotective effects of prostaglandin analogues on retinal ganglion cell death independent of intraocular pressure reduction. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Milatovic D, Montine TJ, Aschner M. Prostanoid signaling: dual role for prostaglandin E2 in neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:312-9. [PMID: 21376752 PMCID: PMC3090136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The prostanoids, a naturally occurring subclass of eicosanoids, are lipid mediators generated through oxidative pathways from arachidonic acid. These cyclooxygenase metabolites, consisting of the prostaglandins (PG), prostacyclin and tromboxane, are released in response to a variety of physiological and pathological stimuli in almost all organs, including the brain. They are produced by various cell types and act upon targeted cells via specific G protein-coupled receptors. The existence of multiple receptors, cross-reactivity and coupling to different signal transduction pathways for each prostanoid, collectively establish their diverse effects. Notably, these effects can occur in functionally opposing directions within the same cell or organ. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is the most versatile prostanoid because of its receptors, E Prostanoid (EP) receptor subtypes 1 through 4, its biological heterogeneity and its differential expression on neuronal and glial cells throughout the central nervous system. Since PGE(2) plays an important role in processes associated with various neurological diseases, this review focuses on its dual neuroprotective and neurotoxic role in EP receptor subtype signaling pathways in different models of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and/or enhancement of functional recovery following traumatic brain injury. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 98:85-131. [PMID: 21199771 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385506-0.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern. The number of injuries that occur each year, the cost of care, and the disabilities that can lower the victim's quality of life are all driving factors for the development of therapy. However, in spite of a wealth of promising preclinical results, clinicians are still lacking a therapy. The use of preclinical models of the primary mechanical trauma have greatly advanced our knowledge of the complex biochemical sequela that follow. This cascade of molecular, cellular, and systemwide changes involves plasticity in many different neurochemical systems, which represent putative targets for remediation or attenuation of neuronal injury. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight some of the promising molecular and cellular targets that have been identified and to provide an up-to-date summary of the development of therapeutic compounds for those targets.
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Litteljohn D, Mangano E, Clarke M, Bobyn J, Moloney K, Hayley S. Inflammatory mechanisms of neurodegeneration in toxin-based models of Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2010; 2011:713517. [PMID: 21234362 PMCID: PMC3018622 DOI: 10.4061/2011/713517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with exposure to a variety of environmental agents, including pesticides, heavy metals, and organic pollutants; and inflammatory processes appear to constitute a common mechanistic link among these insults. Indeed, toxin exposure has been repeatedly demonstrated to induce the release of oxidative and inflammatory factors from immunocompetent microglia, leading to damage and death of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In particular, proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, which are produced locally within the brain by microglia, have been implicated in the loss of DA neurons in toxin-based models of PD; and mounting evidence suggests a contributory role of the inflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2. Likewise, immune-activating bacterial and viral agents were reported to have neurodegenerative effects themselves and to augment the deleterious impact of chemical toxins upon DA neurons. The present paper will focus upon the evidence linking microglia and their inflammatory processes to the death of DA neurons following toxin exposure. Particular attention will be devoted to the possibility that environmental toxins can activate microglia, resulting in these cells adopting a “sensitized” state that favors the production of proinflammatory cytokines and damaging oxidative radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Litteljohn
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
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Ahmad AS, Ahmad M, Maruyama T, Narumiya S, Doré S. Prostaglandin D2 DP1 receptor is beneficial in ischemic stroke and in acute exicitotoxicity in young and old mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:271-282. [PMID: 20640551 PMCID: PMC2926852 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular complications reported to be associated with cyclooxygenase inhibitor use have shifted our focus toward prostaglandins and their respective receptors. Prostaglandin D(2) and its DP1 receptor have been implicated in various normal and pathologic conditions, but their role in stroke is still poorly defined. Here, we tested whether DP1 deletion aggravates N-methyl-D: -aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced acute toxicity and whether DP1 pharmacologic activation protects mice from acute excitotoxicity and transient cerebral ischemia. Moreover, since the elderly are more vulnerable to stroke-related damage than are younger patients, we tested the susceptibility of aged DP1 knockout (DP1(-/-)) mice to brain damage. We found that intrastriatal injection of 15 nmol NMDA caused significantly larger lesion volumes (27.2 +/- 6.4%) in young adult DP1(-/-) mice than in their wild-type counterparts. Additionally, intracerebroventricular pretreatment of wild-type mice with 10, 25, and 50 nmol of the DP1-selective agonist BW245C significantly attenuated the NMDA-induced lesion size by 19.5 +/- 5.0%, 39.6 +/- 7.7%, and 28.9 +/- 7.0%, respectively. The lowest tested dose of BW245C also was able to reduce middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced brain infarction size significantly (21.0 +/- 5.7%). Interestingly, the aggravated NMDA-induced brain damage was persistent in older DP1(-/-) mice as well. We conclude that the DP1 receptor plays an important role in attenuating brain damage and that selective targeting of this receptor could be considered as an adjunct therapeutic tool to minimize stroke damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Ross 364, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Muzamil Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Ross 364, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Takayuki Maruyama
- Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Mishima-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Ross 364, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Ahmad M, Saleem S, Shah Z, Maruyama T, Narumiya S, Doré S. The PGE2 EP2 receptor and its selective activation are beneficial against ischemic stroke. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2010; 2:12. [PMID: 20615245 PMCID: PMC2912268 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostaglandin E2 EP2 receptor has been shown to be important in dictating outcomes in various neuroinflammatory disorders. Here, we investigated the importance of the EP2 receptor in short- and long-term ischemic outcomes by subjecting wildtype (WT) and EP2 knockout (EP2-/-) mice to two distinct and complementary stroke models [transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO and pMCAO)] and by using the EP2 receptor agonist ONO-AE1-259-01. METHODS First, WT and EP2-/- mice were subjected to 90-min tMCAO with a monofilament followed by 4-day reperfusion. Second, WT mice were infused intracerebroventricularly with vehicle or ONO-AE1-259-01 45-50 min before being subjected to tMCAO. Finally, WT and EP2-/- mice were subjected to pMCAO and allowed to survive for an extended period of 7 days. RESULTS Infarct volumes in EP2-/- mice were 55.0 +/- 9.1% larger after tMCAO and 33.3 +/- 8.6% larger after pMCAO than those in WT mice. Neurobehavioral deficits also were significantly greater in the EP2-/- mice. These results suggest that EP2 is beneficial and that activation is sustained for days after the stroke. We also found that pharmacologic activation of EP2 with 1.0- and 2.0-nmol doses of ONO-AE1-259-01 was sufficient to significantly reduce the infarct volume in WT mice compared with that in vehicle-treated controls (20.1 +/- 3.9% vs. 37.1 +/- 4.6%). This reduction correlated with improved neurologic scores. No significant effect on physiologic parameters was observed. CONCLUSION Together, our results reveal that pharmacologic stimulation of the EP2 receptor has an important beneficial role in cerebral ischemia and might be considered as an adjunct therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Sofiyan Saleem
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Zahoor Shah
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Takayuki Maruyama
- Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Mishima-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
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Moore AH, Bigbee MJ, Boynton GE, Wakeham CM, Rosenheim HM, Staral CJ, Morrissey JL, Hund AK. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: Reconsidering the Role of Neuroinflammation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1812-1841. [PMID: 27713331 PMCID: PMC4033954 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases with age as the greatest risk factor. As the general population experiences extended life span, preparation for the prevention and treatment of these and other age-associated neurological diseases are warranted. Since epidemiological studies suggested that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use decreased risk for AD and PD, increasing attention has been devoted to understanding the costs and benefits of the innate neuroinflammatory response to functional recovery following pathology onset. This review will provide a general overview on the role of neuroinflammation in these neurodegenerative diseases and an update on NSAID treatment in recent experimental animal models, epidemiological analyses, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Moore
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, one north college street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
| | - Matthew J Bigbee
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, one north college street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Grace E Boynton
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, one north college street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Colin M Wakeham
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, one north college street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Hilary M Rosenheim
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, one north college street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Christopher J Staral
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, one north college street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - James L Morrissey
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, one north college street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Amanda K Hund
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, one north college street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
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Shi J, Johansson J, Woodling NS, Wang Q, Montine TJ, Andreasson K. The prostaglandin E2 E-prostanoid 4 receptor exerts anti-inflammatory effects in brain innate immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:7207-18. [PMID: 20483760 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation leads to immune responses in brain characterized by microglial activation, elaboration of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and secondary neuronal injury. The inducible cyclooxygenase (COX), COX-2, mediates a significant component of this response in brain via downstream proinflammatory PG signaling. In this study, we investigated the function of the PGE2 E-prostanoid (EP) 4 receptor in the CNS innate immune response to the bacterial endotoxin LPS. We report that PGE2 EP4 signaling mediates an anti-inflammatory effect in brain by blocking LPS-induced proinflammatory gene expression in mice. This was associated in cultured murine microglial cells with decreased Akt and I-kappaB kinase phosphorylation and decreased nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 NF-kappaB subunits. In vivo, conditional deletion of EP4 in macrophages and microglia increased lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory gene expression in brain and in isolated adult microglia following peripheral LPS administration. Conversely, EP4 selective agonist decreased LPS-induced proinflammatory gene expression in hippocampus and in isolated adult microglia. In plasma, EP4 agonist significantly reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, indicating that peripheral EP4 activation protects the brain from systemic inflammation. The innate immune response is an important component of disease progression in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition, recent studies demonstrated adverse vascular effects with chronic administration of COX-2 inhibitors, indicating that specific PG signaling pathways may be protective in vascular function. This study supports an analogous and beneficial effect of PGE2 EP4 receptor signaling in suppressing brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Shi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Carlson NG, Rojas MA, Redd JW, Tang P, Wood B, Hill KE, Rose JW. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in oligodendrocytes increases sensitivity to excitotoxic death. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:25. [PMID: 20388219 PMCID: PMC2873241 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found that cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) was expressed in dying oligodendrocytes at the onset of demyelination in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) model of multiple sclerosis (MS) (Carlson et al. J.Neuroimmunology 2006, 149:40). This suggests that COX-2 may contribute to death of oligodendrocytes. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to examine whether COX-2 contributes to excitotoxic death of oligodendrocytes and potentially contributes to demyelination. METHODS The potential link between COX-2 and oligodendrocyte death was approached using histopathology of MS lesions to examine whether COX-2 was expressed in dying oligodendrocytes. COX-2 inhibitors were examined for their ability to limit demyelination in the TMEV-IDD model of MS and to limit excitotoxic death of oligodendrocytes in vitro. Genetic manipulation of COX-2 expression was used to determine whether COX-2 contributes to excitotoxic death of oligodendrocytes. A transgenic mouse line was generated that overexpressed COX-2 in oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocyte cultures derived from these transgenic mice were used to examine whether increased expression of COX-2 enhanced the vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to excitotoxic death. Oligodendrocytes derived from COX-2 knockout mice were evaluated to determine if decreased COX-2 expression promotes a greater resistance to excitotoxic death. RESULTS COX-2 was expressed in dying oligodendrocytes in MS lesions. COX-2 inhibitors limited demyelination in the TMEV-IDD model of MS and protected oligodendrocytes against excitotoxic death in vitro. COX-2 expression was increased in wild-type oligodendrocytes following treatment with Kainic acid (KA). Overexpression of COX-2 in oligodendrocytes increased the sensitivity of oligodendrocytes to KA-induced excitotoxic death eight-fold compared to wild-type. Conversely, oligodendrocytes prepared from COX-2 knockout mice showed a significant decrease in sensitivity to KA induced death. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 expression was associated with dying oligodendrocytes in MS lesions and appeared to increase excitotoxic death of oligodendrocytes in culture. An understanding of how COX-2 expression influences oligodendrocyte death leading to demyelination may have important ramifications for future treatments for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G Carlson
- Geriatric Research, Education Clinical Center (GRECC) VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a key player in multiple cell death signaling pathways. We report that DAPK is regulated by DANGER, a partial MAB-21 domain-containing protein. DANGER binds directly to DAPK and inhibits DAPK catalytic activity. DANGER-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts and neurons exhibit greater DAPK activity and increased sensitivity to cell death stimuli than do wild-type control cells. In addition, DANGER-deficient mice manifest more severe brain damage after acute excitotoxicity and transient cerebral ischemia than do control mice. Accordingly, DANGER may physiologically regulate the viability of neurons and represent a potential therapeutic target for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Sen N, Hara MR, Ahmad AS, Cascio MB, Kamiya A, Ehmsen JT, Agrawal N, Aggrawal N, Hester L, Doré S, Snyder SH, Sawa A. GOSPEL: a neuroprotective protein that binds to GAPDH upon S-nitrosylation. Neuron 2009; 63:81-91. [PMID: 19607794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported a cell death cascade whereby cellular stressors activate nitric oxide formation leading to S-nitrosylation of GAPDH that binds to Siah and translocates to the nucleus. The nuclear GAPDH/Siah complex augments p300/CBP-associated acetylation of nuclear proteins, including p53, which mediate cell death. We report a 52 kDa cytosolic protein, GOSPEL, which physiologically binds GAPDH, in competition with Siah, retaining GAPDH in the cytosol and preventing its nuclear translocation. GOSPEL is neuroprotective, as its overexpression prevents NMDA-glutamate excitotoxicity while its depletion enhances death in primary neuron cultures. S-nitrosylation of GOSPEL at cysteine 47 enhances GAPDH-GOSPEL binding and the neuroprotective actions of GOSPEL. In intact mice, virally delivered GOSPEL selectively diminishes NMDA neurotoxicity. Thus, GOSPEL may physiologically regulate the viability of neurons and other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilkantha Sen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Chaudhry U, Zhuang H, Doré S. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2: cellular distribution and expression in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:359-65. [PMID: 19664621 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, have been unsuccessful in slowing or reversing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, understanding the expression patterns of the downstream effectors for the regulation of prostaglandin synthesis may be important for understanding the pathological processes involved in AD and formulating more effective pharmacotherapeutics for this disease. In this study, we used immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis to compare patterns of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)-2 expression in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) of AD patients and age-matched controls. In control human brain sections, mPGES-2 immunoreactivity was observed in neurons, activated microglia, and endothelium, but not in resting microglia, astrocytes, or smooth muscle cells. Microsomal PGES-2 immunoreactivity was particularly elevated in the pyramidal neurons of brains from three of five sporadic and four of five familial AD patients compared with four of five age-matched control brains that showed minimal immunoreactivity. In contrast, Western blot analysis revealed no difference in mPGES-2 levels between end-stage AD brain tissue and control brain tissue. These results suggest that in human cortex, mPGES-2 is constitutive in neurons and endothelium and induced in activated microglia. Furthermore, the high immunoreactivity of mPGES-2 in pyramidal neurons of AD brains indicates that it might have a potential role in the functional replacement of cytosolic PGES or inactive mPGES-1 in later stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Chaudhry
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mori A, Ishii T, Kuroki T, Shigeta N, Sakamoto K, Nakahara T, Ishii K. The prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist ONO-AE1-259-01 protects against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rat retina. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616:64-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jonakait GM, Ni L. Prostaglandins compromise basal forebrain cholinergic neuron differentiation and survival: action at EP1/3 receptors results in AIF-induced death. Brain Res 2009; 1285:30-41. [PMID: 19555672 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Activated microglia produce a factor or cocktail of factors that promotes cholinergic neuronal differentiation of undifferentiated precursors in the embryonic basal forebrain (BF) in vitro. To determine whether microglial prostaglandins mediate this action, microglia were stimulated in the presence of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen, and microglial conditioned medium (CM) was used to culture rat BF precursors at embryonic day 15. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity served as a measure of cholinergic differentiation. While inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis did not affect the ability of microglial CM to promote ChAT activity, treatment of microglia with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibited it. Agonists of E prostanoid receptors EP2 (butaprost) and EP1/3 (sulprostone) mimicked PGE2, while misoprostol (E1-4) actually enhanced the action of CM. PGE2 added directly to BF cultures together with microglial CM also inhibited ChAT activity. While BF cultures expressed all four prostanoid receptors, direct addition of sulprostone but not butaprost mimicked PGE2, suggesting that PGE2 engaged EP1/3 receptors in the BF. Neither PKA inhibition by H89 nor cAMP induction by forskolin or dibutyrl-cAMP altered the action of sulprostone. Sulprostone severely compromised ChAT activity, dendrite number, axonal length and axonal branching, but caspase inhibition did not restore these. However, sulprostone resulted in increased staining intensity and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) suggesting caspase-independent cell death. We have found that PGE2 action at microglial EP2 receptors inhibits the microglial production of the cholinergic differentiating cocktail, while action at neuronal EP3 receptors has a deleterious effect on cholinergic neurons causing neurite retraction and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Miller Jonakait
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Andreasson K. Emerging roles of PGE2 receptors in models of neurological disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 91:104-12. [PMID: 19808012 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the emerging field of prostaglandin signaling in neurological diseases, focusing on PGE(2) signaling through its four E-prostanoid (EP) receptors. A large number of studies have demonstrated a neurotoxic function of the inducible cyclooxygenase COX-2 in a broad spectrum of neurological disease models in the central nervous system (CNS), from models of cerebral ischemia to models of neurodegeneration and inflammation. Since COX-1 and COX-2 catalyze the first committed step in prostaglandin synthesis, an effort is underway to identify the downstream prostaglandin signaling pathways that mediate the toxic effect of COX-2. Recent epidemiologic studies demonstrate that chronic COX-2 inhibition can produce adverse cerebrovascular and cardiovascular effects, indicating that some prostaglandin signaling pathways are beneficial. Consistent with this concept, recent studies demonstrate that in the CNS, specific prostaglandin receptor signaling pathways mediate toxic effects in brain but a larger number appear to mediate paradoxically protective effects. Further complexity is emerging, as exemplified by the PGE(2) EP2 receptor, where cerebroprotective or toxic effects of a particular prostaglandin signaling pathway can differ depending on the context of cerebral injury, for example, in excitotoxicity/hypoxia paradigms versus inflammatory-mediated secondary neurotoxicity. The divergent effects of prostaglandin receptor signaling will likely depend on distinct patterns and dynamics of receptor expression in neurons, endothelial cells, and glia and the specific ways in which these cell types participate in particular models of neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Selective blockade of PGE2 EP1 receptor protects brain against experimental ischemia and excitotoxicity, and hippocampal slice cultures against oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neurotox Res 2009; 14:343-51. [PMID: 19073437 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme increases abnormally during excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia and promotes neurotoxicity. Although COX-2 inhibitors could be beneficial, they have significant side effects. We and others have shown that the EP1 receptor is important in mediating PGE2 toxicity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with a highly selectiveEP1 receptor antagonist, ONO-8713, would improve stroke outcome and that post-treatment would attenuate NMDA-induced acute excitotoxicity and protect organotypic brain slices from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced toxicity. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with ONO-8713 before being subjected to 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 96-h reperfusion.Significant reduction in infarct size was observed in groups given 0.1 (25.9 +/- 4.7%) and 1.0 nmol(27.7 +/- 2.8%) ONO-8713 as compared with the vehicle-treated control group. To determine the effects of ONO-8713 post-treatment on NMDA induced excitotoxicity, mice were given a unilateral intrastriatal NMDA injection followed by one intraperitoneal injection of 10 microg/kg ONO-8713, 1 and 6 h later. Significant attenuation of brain damage (26.6 +/-4.9%) was observed at 48 hin the ONO-8713-treated group. Finally, brain slice cultures were protected (25.5 +/- 2.9%) by the addition of ONO-8713 to the medium after OGD.These findings support the notion that the EP1receptor propagates neurotoxicity and that selective blockade could be considered as a potential preventive and/or therapeutic tool against ischemic/hypoxic neurological conditions.
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Carlson NG, Rojas MA, Black JD, Redd JW, Hille J, Hill KE, Rose JW. Microglial inhibition of neuroprotection by antagonists of the EP1 prostaglandin E2 receptor. J Neuroinflammation 2009; 6:5. [PMID: 19222857 PMCID: PMC2649915 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The EP1 receptor for the prostanoid PGE2 is a G-protein coupled receptor that has been shown to contribute to excitotoxic neuronal death. In this study we examined the influence of non-neuronal cells on neuroprotective properties of EP1 receptor antagonists (Ono 8711 and SC 51089). Methods Primary neuronal cultures systems with or without non-neuronal cells were used to examine how the neuroprotective properties of EP1 antagonists were influenced by non-neuronal cells. The influence of astrocytes or microglia were individually tested in excitotoxicity assays using a co-culture system with these cells grown on permeable transwell inserts above the neuronal-enriched cultures. The influence of microglia on PGE2 synthesis and EP1 receptor expression was examined. Results EP1 antagonists were neuroprotective in neuronal-enriched cultures (> 90% neurons) but not in mixed cultures (30% neurons plus other non-neuronal cells). Co-cultures of microglia on permeable transwell inserts above neuronal-enriched cultures blocked neuroprotection by EP1 antagonists. Incubation of microglia with neuronal-enriched cultures for 48 hours prior to NMDA challenge was sufficient to block neuroprotection by EP1 antagonists. The loss of neuroprotection by EP1 antagonists was accompanied by a decrease of neuronal EP1 expression in the nucleus in cultures with microglia present. Conclusion These findings demonstrate microglial modulation of neuronal excitotoxicity through interaction with the EP1 receptor and may have important implications in vivo where microglia are associated with neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G Carlson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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Saleem S, Ahmad AS, Maruyama T, Narumiya S, Doré S. PGF(2alpha) FP receptor contributes to brain damage following transient focal brain ischemia. Neurotox Res 2009; 15:62-70. [PMID: 19384589 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although some of the COX-2 metabolites and prostaglandins have been implicated in stroke and excitotoxicity, the role of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) and its FP receptor have not been elucidated in the pathogenesis of ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) brain injury. Here we investigated the FP receptor's contribution in a unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model of focal cerebral ischemia in mice. The MCA in wild type (WT) and FP knockout (FP(-/-)) C57BL/6 male mice was transiently occluded with a monofilament for 90 min. After 96 h of reperfusion, the FP(-/-) mice had 25.3% less neurological deficit (P < 0.05) and 34.4% smaller infarct volumes (P < 0.05) than those of the WT mice. In a separate cohort, physiological parameters were monitored before, during, and after ischemia, and the results revealed no differences between the groups. Because excitotoxicity is an acute mediator of stroke outcome, the effect of acute NMDA-induced neurotoxicity was also tested. Forty-eight hours after unilateral intrastriatal NMDA injection, excitotoxic brain damage was 20.8% less extensive in the FP(-/-) mice (P < 0.05) than in the WT counterparts, further supporting the toxic contribution of the FP receptor in I/R injury. Additionally, we investigated the effect of post-treatment with the FP agonist latanoprost in mice subjected to MCA occlusion; such treatment resulted in an increase in neurological deficit and infarct size in WT mice (P < 0.05), though no effects were observed in the latanoprost-treated FP(-/-) mice. Together, the results suggest that the PGF(2alpha) FP receptor significantly enhances cerebral ischemic and excitotoxic brain injury and that these results are of importance when planning for potential development of therapeutic drugs to treat stroke and its acute and/or long term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiyan Saleem
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Ross 365, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Hutchinson AJ, Chou CL, Israel DD, Xu W, Regan JW. Activation of EP2 prostanoid receptors in human glial cell lines stimulates the secretion of BDNF. Neurochem Int 2009; 54:439-46. [PMID: 19428786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is produced at high levels in the injured central nervous system, where it is generally considered a cytotoxic mediator of inflammation. The cellular actions of PGE(2) are mediated by G-protein signaling activated by prostanoid receptors termed EP(1), EP(2), EP(3) and EP(4). Recent studies have implicated the EP(2) prostanoid receptor to be in apparently conflicting roles promoting neuronal death in some model systems and the survival of neurons in others. Here we show that treatment of immortalized human microglia and CCF-STTG1 astrocytes with either PGE(2) or the EP(2) selective agonist butaprost stimulates the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Both cell lines express mRNA for the EP(2) receptor, whereas transcripts for the other subtypes are not detected. Pharmacological studies using PGE(2) and modulators of cyclic AMP signaling implicate this pathway in PGE(2)-stimulated BDNF release. These results indicate that EP(2) prostanoid receptor activation induces BDNF secretion through stimulation of cyclic AMP dependent signaling. Our findings provide a mechanism by which endogenous PGE(2) might contribute to either neurotoxicity or neuroprotection in the injured brain via the induction of BDNF release from microglial cells and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hutchinson
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Gould-Simpson 611, PO Box 210077, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Oliveira MS, Furian AF, Rambo LM, Ribeiro LR, Royes LFF, Ferreira J, Calixto JB, Otalora LFP, Garrido-Sanabria ER, Mello CF. Prostaglandin E2 modulates Na+,K+-ATPase activity in rat hippocampus: implications for neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2009; 109:416-26. [PMID: 19200345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is quantitatively one of the major prostaglandins synthesized in mammalian brain, and there is evidence that it facilitates seizures and neuronal death. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in such excitatory effects. Na(+),K(+)-ATPase is a membrane protein which plays a key role in electrolyte homeostasis maintenance and, therefore, regulates neuronal excitability. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PGE(2) decreases Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity, in order to shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the excitatory action of PGE(2). Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was determined by assessing ouabain-sensitive ATP hydrolysis. We found that incubation of adult rat hippocampal slices with PGE(2) (0.1-10 microM) for 30 min decreased Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. However, PGE(2) did not alter Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity if added to hippocampal homogenates. The inhibitory effect of PGE(2) on Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was not related to a decrease in the total or plasma membrane immunocontent of the catalytic alpha subunit of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. We found that the inhibitory effect of PGE(2) (1 microM) on Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was receptor-mediated, as incubation with selective antagonists for EP1 (SC-19220, 10 microM), EP3 (L-826266, 1 microM) or EP4 (L-161982, 1 microM) receptors prevented the PGE(2)-induced decrease of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. On the other hand, incubation with the selective EP2 agonist (butaprost, 0.1-10 microM) increased enzyme activity per se in a concentration-dependent manner, but did not prevent the inhibitory effect of PGE(2). Incubation with a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (H-89, 1 microM) and a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (GF-109203X, 300 nM) also prevented PGE(2)-induced decrease of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. Accordingly, PGE(2) increased phosphorylation of Ser943 at the alpha subunit, a critical residue for regulation of enzyme activity. Importantly, we also found that PGE(2) decreases Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in vivo. The results presented here imply Na(+),K(+)-ATPase as a target for PGE(2)-mediated signaling, which may underlie PGE(2)-induced increase of brain excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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