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Chang CL, Lin TK, Pan CY, Wang TC, Tseng YT, Chien CY, Tsai CL. Distinct effects of long-term Tai Chi Chuan and aerobic exercise interventions on motor and neurocognitive performance in early-stage Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2024; 60:621-633. [PMID: 38888734 PMCID: PMC11403633 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.24.08166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by movement disorders and probable cognitive impairment. Exercise plays an important role in PD management, and recent studies have reported improvement in motor symptoms and cognitive function following aerobic and Tai Chi Chuan exercise. AIM To explore the different effects of Tai Chi Chuan and aerobic exercise on the clinical motor status and neurocognitive performance of patients with early-stage PD. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. SETTING Parkinson's Disease Center at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and National Cheng Kung University Hospital. POPULATION Patients with idiopathic PD. METHODS Fifty-six patients with PD were recruited and divided into three groups: aerobic exercise (AE, N.=14), Tai Chi Chuan exercise (TE, N.=16), and control (CG, N.=13). Before and after a 12-week intervention period, we used unified Parkinson's disease rating scale Part III (UPDRS-III) scores and neuropsychological (e.g., accuracy rates [ARs] and reaction times [RTs]) and neurophysiological (e.g., event-related potential [ERP] N2 and P3 latencies and amplitudes) parameters to respectively assess the patients' clinical motor symptoms and neurocognitive performance when performing a working memory (WM) task. RESULTS Compared to baseline, UPDRS-III scores were significantly lower in the AE and TE groups after the intervention period, whereas those for the CG group were higher. In terms of the neurocognitive parameters, when performing the WM task after the intervention period, the AE group exhibited significantly faster RTs and larger ERP P3 amplitudes, the TE group exhibited an improvement only in ERP P3 amplitude, and the CG group exhibited a significantly reduced ERP P3 amplitude. However, neither the TE nor the AE group exhibited improved ARs and ERP N2 performance. CONCLUSIONS The present study supported the distinct effectiveness of Tai Chi Chuan and aerobic exercise for improving motor symptoms and providing neurocognitive benefits in PD patients. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT These results have important implications regarding the use of these exercise interventions for managing PD, particularly in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Chang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (ROC)
- Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (ROC)
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Tsai-Chiao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (ROC)
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chung-Yao Chien
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (ROC) -
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Chang CL, Gan YC, Pan CY, Tseng YT, Wang TC, Tsai CL. Neurocognitive performance of badminton players at different competitive levels in visuospatial attention tasks. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1933-1946. [PMID: 38900160 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Visuospatial attention (VSA) is a cognitive function that enables athletes, particularly those engaged in open-skill sports, to allocate attentional resources efficiently to the appropriate target and in the appropriate direction. Studies have indicated that expert players exhibit superior cognitive performance to that of novices. However, no study has investigated differences in VSA performance among elite, expert, and intermediate badminton players or the potential neurophysiological mechanisms underlying such differences. Accordingly, the present study explored neuropsychological and neurophysiological parameters during VSA tasks among badminton players of varying competitive levels. The study included 54 participants and divided them into three groups according to their competition records: elite (n = 18), expert (n = 18), and intermediate (n = 18). Their neuropsychological performance and brain event-related potentials (ERPs) during the Posner cueing paradigm were collected. Although the three groups did not differ in their accuracy rates, ERP N2 amplitudes, or N2 or P3 latencies, the elite and expert groups exhibited notably faster reaction times and more pronounced P3 amplitudes than did the intermediate group during the cognitive task. However, we did not observe these between-group differences when we controlled for the covariate training years. Additionally, the elite and expert groups exhibited comparable neurocognitive performance. These findings indicate that badminton players' competitive levels influence their VSA. However, the beneficial effects on neuropsychological and neurophysiological performance could stabilize after a certain level of badminton competence is reached. Year of training could also be a major factor influencing badminton players' neurocognitive performance in VSA tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Chang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Gan
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chiao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Lab of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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Wei JN, Zhang MK, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang J. Table tennis experience enhances motor control in older adults: Insights into sensorimotor-related cortical connectivity. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100464. [PMID: 38660391 PMCID: PMC11039312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Motor control declines with age and requires effective connectivity between the sensorimotor cortex and the primary motor cortex (M1). Despite research indicating that physical exercise can improve motor control in older individuals the effect of physical exercise on neural connectivity in older adults remains to be elucidated. Methods Older adults with experience in table tennis and fit aerobics and individuals without such experience for comparison were recruited for the study. Differences in motor control were assessed using the stop-signal task. The impact of exercise experience on DLPFC-M1 and pre-SMA-M1 neural connectivity was assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Varied time intervals (short and long term) and stimulus intensities (subthreshold and suprathreshold) were used to explore neural connectivity across pathways. Results The present study showed that behavioral iexpression of the table tennis group was significantly better than the other two groups;The facilitatory regulation of preSMA-M1 in all groups is negatively correlated with SSRT. Regulatory efficiency was highest in the table tennis group. Only the neural network regulatory ability of the Table Tennis group showed a negative correlation with SSRT; Inhibitory regulation of DLPFC-M1 was positively correlated with SSRT; this effect was most robust in the table tennis group. Conclusion The preliminary findings of this study suggest that table tennis exercise may enhance the motor system regulated by neural networks and stabilize inhibitory regulation of DLPFC-M1, thereby affecting motor control in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Wei
- Center for Exercise and Brain Science, School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Kai Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Sport and Health Science, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Exercise and Brain Science, School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Tam CK, Chang YH, Tan KH. The Effects of Single-Bout Exercise Interventions with Different Exercise Modalities on Executive Function in Youths. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:86. [PMID: 38668554 PMCID: PMC11053917 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate how single-bout open-skill exercise (OSE), closed-skill exercise (CSE), and mixed-skill exercise intervention (MSE) influence executive function. METHOD A total of 120 students aged between 18 and 25 were separated into three groups: closed-skill exercise, open-skill exercise, and mixed-skill exercise. A task-switching test was performed before and after a single bout of exercise intervention. The simple reaction time, choice reaction time, switch cost, and correction rate were tested in a task-switching test. The results were analyzed via a two-way analysis of variance, with a significance level of α = 0.05, to compare the effects of the intervention. RESULTS Only open-skill exercise exhibited a significant effect on the simple reaction time (p < 0.05). In terms of choice reaction time and switch cost, all three intervention groups exhibited significant improvements, with no significant differences observed between the three groups (p < 0.05). The correction rate did not show a significant effect post-intervention, and no significant differences were observed between the groups. The correction rate showed no significant effect after the intervention or between groups. CONCLUSION All three types of exercise can shorten choice reaction time and switch cost, but only OSE can reduce simple reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kit Tam
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 300035, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hua Chang
- Physical Education Office, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Kok-Hwa Tan
- Physical Education Office, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 300044, Taiwan;
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Perrone S, Rinaldi L, Gatti D, Girelli L. Temporal perception in closed-skill sports: An experimental study on expert swimmers and runners. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 69:102500. [PMID: 37665935 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive benefits of closed-skill sports practice have so far been scantily investigated. Here, we thus focused on the potential impact of swimming and running - two sports that highly rely on a precise control of timing - on time processing. To investigate the impact of these closed-skill sports on time perception and estimation, three groups of participants (for a total of eighty-four young adults) took part in the present study: expert swimmers, expert runners, and non-athletes. The ability to process temporal information in the milliseconds and seconds range was assessed through a time reproduction and a finger-tapping tasks, while a motor imagery paradigm was adopted to assess temporal estimation of sport performance in a wider interval range. We also employed the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire to assess the individual's ability of motor imagery. Results showed that closed-skill sports, specifically time-related disciplines, enhance motor imagery and time perception abilities. Swimmers were more accurate and consistent in perceiving time when compared to runners, probably thanks to the sensory muffled environment that leads these athletes to be more focused on the perception of their internal rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Perrone
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Cognitive Psychology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Gatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luisa Girelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy.
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Barfield JP, Linens S, Mickle A. King-Devick Test in Wheelchair Sports: Identifying Normative Values and Effects of Exertion on Outcomes. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:552-556. [PMID: 36853901 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish normative baseline values on the King-Devick (KD) Test for contact wheelchair sport participants. The secondary purpose was to examine the effect of physical exertion on test score. DESIGN Quasiexperimental. SETTING Competitive disability sport venues before practices or games. PARTICIPANTS One-hundred 43 wheelchair rugby or wheelchair basketball (WBB) players completed the study. Participants were predominantly men (87.5%) and played WBB (84%). INTERVENTION 30-m wheelchair sprint test to fatigue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE King-Devick Baseline Score. RESULTS Mean KD baseline score was 59.16 ± 15.56 seconds with significant differences ( P < 0.05) identified by sport and impairment type, but not sex. Athletes with spina bifida and cerebral palsy had significantly higher mean baseline KD times than athletes with spinal cord injury. KD scores improved by 3.5% in athletes who reported "light" to "somewhat hard" exertion (RPE = 13). In a subset of athletes who performed sprints until an RPE of 18 was reached, 8 of 12 players (66.7%) demonstrated an improvement in KD score; however, large increases by a few participants caused the noticeable change. CONCLUSIONS Normative values for wheelchair contact sport athletes are meaningfully slower than able-bodied sports participants. KD score improved with exertion with the greater improvement after moderate-intensity compared with vigorous-intensity exercise. These findings can be applied clinically to monitor athlete safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Barfield
- Department of Applied Physiology, Health, and Clinical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC; and
| | - Shelley Linens
- Department of Applied Physiology, Health, and Clinical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC; and
| | - Angela Mickle
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Radford University, Radford, VA
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Cheng X, Zhen K, Fan Y, Tang Q, Wu H. The effects of equine-assisted activities on execution function in children aged 7-8 years: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3148. [PMID: 37443400 PMCID: PMC10498089 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the effects of equine-assisted activity (EAA) training on executive functioning (EF) (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) in children aged 7-8 years. METHODS Twenty-Four healthy children aged 7-8 years with a 1:1 ratio of boys to girls were randomly divided into EAA group (EAAG) or control group (CG). The subjects in EAAG were trained for 12 weeks, and CG participated in normal daily activities. All subjects conducted the Flanker, 1-Back, and More-odd shifting tasks at rest and recorded the average reaction times (RTs) and accuracy data of each task. RESULTS After 12 weeks of EAA intervention, EAAG showed a highly significant increase (p < .01) in mean RTs and accuracy in the Flanker and More-odd shifting tasks and a highly significant increase (p < .01) in accuracy only in 1-Back. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that 12-week EAA training can be effective in improving EF and promoting cognitive performance in children aged 7-8 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoDong Cheng
- School of Kinesiology and HealthCapital University of Physical Education and SportsBeijingChina
| | - KeXin Zhen
- Department of Physical EducationBeijing Foreign Studies UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- School of Kinesiology and HealthCapital University of Physical Education and SportsBeijingChina
| | - Qian Tang
- College of Public EducationHuainan Union UniversityHuainanChina
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Kinesiology and HealthCapital University of Physical Education and SportsBeijingChina
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Wang CH, Fu HL, Kao SC, Moreau D, Yang CT. Systems factorial technology provides novel insights into the cognitive processing characteristics of open-skill athletes. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102395. [PMID: 37665857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Sport expertise has been shown to modulate the cognitive advantage in open-skill athletes, with evidence for a greater advantage for athletes practicing interceptive sports relative to strategic sports. However, this conclusion is solely based on central tendency measures such as accuracy or mean reaction time (RT), dismissing important information embedded in the intra-individual temporal dynamics of cognitive performance. This study aimed to better understand the cognitive advantage associated with open-skill sports, with a non-parametric approach assessing cognitive process at the level of RT distribution (i.e., systems factorial technology, SFT). Twenty-eight interceptive sport athletes, 27 strategic sport athletes, and 26 physically active non-athletes performed a go/nogo version of the redundant target task to assess their processing capacity of simultaneously monitoring multiple information channels. SFT was applied to assess resilience capacity, an estimate of workload capacity underlying inhibitory control. Our findings showed that interceptive sport athletes exhibited shorter mean RT relative to non-athletes selectively in the task condition involving distracting information, while strategic sport athletes showed greater resilience capacity over earlier responses relative to the other groups. These findings suggest that the two types of open-skill sports may be associated with different processing specificity, possibly reflecting the domain-specific rules and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Lun Fu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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Wang M, Yang X, Yu J, Zhu J, Kim HD, Cruz A. Effects of Physical Activity on Inhibitory Function in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1032. [PMID: 36673793 PMCID: PMC9859519 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of physical activity (PA) on inhibitory function in children with ADHD. Experimental studies on the effect of PA on the inhibitory function of children with ADHD were retrieved. The data were obtained from PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO (MEDLINE, APA Psyclnfo, ERIC), Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest. The search period was from the date of inception of the respective databases to 4 May 2022, and Reviewer Manager software (version 5.3) was used for analysis. Eleven articles and 713 samples were included in the meta-analysis. Results revealed that PA can significantly improve the inhibitory function of children with ADHD (SMD = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.45−1.10, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the effectiveness of PA as an intervention in improving the inhibitory function of children with ADHD was moderated by the frequency, intensity, duration, type, and length of intervention. Based on the findings, PA can effectively improve interference suppression inhibitory function in children with ADHD. Longitudinal open-skill exercise for 60 min or more, two times/week has the best effect on improving inhibitory function in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinyue Yang
- College of Sports Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Sports Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Physical Education, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Hyun-Duck Kim
- Department of Sport Marketing, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Angelita Cruz
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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Bravi R, Gavazzi G, Benedetti V, Giovannelli F, Grasso S, Panconi G, Viggiano MP, Minciacchi D. Effect of different sport environments on proactive and reactive motor inhibition: A study on open- and closed-skilled athletes via mouse-tracking procedure. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1042705. [PMID: 36578693 PMCID: PMC9791124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1042705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of different sport environments (open-and closed-skill sports) on proactive and reactive inhibitory processes as two distinct components of motor inhibition. A mouse-tracking procedure was employed to compare behavioral performance among three groups of participants (tennis players, swimmers and non-athletes) in non-sport-specific cued Go/No-Go (GNG) and Stop Signal Task (SST), which mainly engage proactive and reactive inhibitory control, respectively. Reaction times (RTs), inhibitory failures, and Stop Signal Reaction Times (SSRTs) were measured. To investigate dynamic aspects of inhibitory control, movement trajectories classified as one-shot (absence of trajectory alteration reflected in a steep slope) or non-one-shot (non-linear/multipeaked trajectory, with one or multiple corrections) were analyzed and compared among groups. Results showed no group differences in RTs in Go/No-Go and Stop conditions. SSRTs were significant shorter for the athletes than non-athletes in SST, but no differences emerged for inhibitory failures in cued GNG. During inhibitory failures athletes showed higher proportion of non-one-shot movements than non-athletes. Higher proportion of non-one-shot profiles was observed in cued GNG compared to SST. Finally, no differences between open-and closed-skilled athletes were found in both tasks. Our findings suggest that both proactive and reactive inhibitory controls do benefit from sport practice, but open-and closed-skill sports do not differ in influencing inhibitory processes. Movement profile analysis could be a promising, complementary behavioral analysis to integrate for more fine-grained evaluation and differentiation of inhibitory motor control in athletes, specifically when using GNG tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bravi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gioele Gavazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Viola Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Grasso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Panconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Diego Minciacchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Sacks H, Wu M, Carter C, Karamitopoulos M. Parasport: Effects on Musculoskeletal Function and Injury Patterns. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2022; 104:1760-1768. [PMID: 35975928 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.21.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
➤ Sports participation can improve gait, muscle strength, and functional abilities in patients with a wide variety of disabilities. Para athletes are also at substantial risk for injury during sports participation. ➤ Ambulant athletes with cerebral palsy are at risk for soft-tissue injuries about the knee as well as foot and ankle injuries. Wheelchair athletes are at risk for osteoporotic fractures and shoulder girdle injuries. Limb-deficient athletes are prone to low back pain and overuse injuries of the contralateral extremity. ➤ Para athletes are vulnerable to abuse during sports participation, and physicians should promptly report any possible abuse or mistreatment. ➤ Orthopaedic surgeons should understand disability and sport-specific risk factors for injury in para athletes in order to initiate early management and injury prevention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Sacks
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
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Jamro D, Zurek G, Dulnik M, Lachowicz M, Lenart D. Executive Function Level in Cadets’ Shooting Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106007. [PMID: 35627544 PMCID: PMC9140879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) are crucial to a person’s unique abilities, enabling one to achieve goals, adapt to new situations and manage social interactions. EF are also very important for the effective performance of military tasks including the shooting performance (SP) of soldiers. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of EF with SP and gender differences in the level of these traits among cadets of the General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces in Wroclaw i.e., 156 persons (19 females and 137 males). The level of EF and processes related to attention was measured with usage of the Color Trails Test (CTT-1 and CTT-2). SP was assessed on the basis of scores from four different small arms and rifle shootings at a fixed target and at emerging targets. The relations between explained and explanatory variables were assessed using Spearman correlation. The variation in the mean values of CTT scores and SP of men and women was compared using the Mann–Whitney U test for independent samples. The results of the present study did not reveal any significant differences between women and men in the level of EF and SP. The key finding of the present study is that the higher SP of males in all shooting events of the study and of females in pistol shooting were significantly correlated with higher executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Jamro
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Grzegorz Zurek
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Malgorzata Dulnik
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Maciej Lachowicz
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Dariusz Lenart
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.J.); (D.L.)
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13
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Rahimi A, Roberts SD, Baker JR, Wojtowicz M. Attention and executive control in varsity athletes engaging in strategic and static sports. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266933. [PMID: 35452468 PMCID: PMC9032374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining non-sport-related cognitive tasks of attention and executive control in skilled athletes may provide insight into the acquisition of highly specific skills developed in experts as well as help identify successful performance in sport. Through a cross-sectional design, this study examined performance on aspects of attention and executive control among varsity athletes playing soccer (strategic sport) or track & field (static sport) using a computerized test of attention and executive control. Ninety-seven university athletes participating in soccer (n = 50) or track and field (n = 47) were included in the study. Domains of attention and executive control were examined using the Attention Network Test-Interactions (ANT-I). Mean reaction time (RT) and intra-individual variability (IIV) were compared between groups as measures of performance speed and performance stability respectively. Soccer players demonstrated overall faster RTs (p = 0.0499; ηp2 = .04) and higher response accuracy (p = .021, d = .48) on the ANT-I compared to track and field athletes. Faster RTs were observed for soccer players when presented with an alerting tone (p = .029, d = .45), valid orienting cue (p = .019, d = .49) and incongruent flanker (p = .031, d = .45). No significant group differences were observed in IIV (p = .083, d = .36). Athletes engaging in strategic sports (i.e., soccer) demonstrated faster performance under test conditions that required higher vigilance and conflict resolution. These findings suggest that engagement in strategic sports is associated with enhanced performance on non-sport-related cognitive tasks of attention and executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rahimi
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Joseph R. Baker
- School of Kinesiology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Magdalena Wojtowicz
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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Chuang WC, Lu FJ, Gill DL, Fang BB. Pre-competition mental energy and performance relationships among physically disabled table tennis players. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13294. [PMID: 35441058 PMCID: PMC9013477 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy is essential to human daily functioning and performance. However, the association of mental energy with athletes' performance has rarely been examined. We attempted to examine the pre-competition mental energy-performance relationships by two studies. Study 1 administered Athletic Mental Energy Scale (AMES, Lu et al., 2018) to nine elite physically-disabled table tennis players one day before competition in 5 international tournaments. Then, we collected their subjective performance after each competition. In Study 2, we sampled 77 National-level physically-disabled table tennis players and examined the pre-competition mental energy-performance relationship as the procedure in Study 1. Results from Study 1 provided initial findings of how pre-competition mental energy is associated with performance and portrayed in elite physically-disabled table tennis players. Results from Study 2 further confirmed the pre-competition mental energy- performance relationships. We suggested future studies to examine the mental energy-performance relationships in physically-disabled and abled athletes and different sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan,General Education Center, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Taiwan
| | - Frank J.H. Lu
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Diane L. Gill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Bin-Bin Fang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan,School of Physical Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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15
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Chang M, Büchel D, Reinecke K, Lehmann T, Baumeister J. Ecological validity in exercise neuroscience research: A systematic investigation. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:487-509. [PMID: 34997653 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of cortical processes to adaptive motor behaviour is of great interest in the field of exercise neuroscience. Next to established criteria of objectivity, reliability and validity, ecological validity refers to the concerns of whether measurements and behaviour in research settings are representative of the real world. Because exercise neuroscience investigations using mobile electroencephalography are oftentimes conducted in laboratory settings under controlled environments, methodological approaches may interfere with the idea of ecological validity. This review utilizes an original ecological validity tool to assess the degree of ecological validity in current exercise neuroscience research. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify articles investigating cortical dynamics during goal-directed sports movement. To assess ecological validity, five elements (environment, stimulus, response, body and mind) were assessed on a continuum of artificiality-naturality and simplicity-complexity. Forty-seven studies were included in the present review. Results indicate lowest average ratings for the element of environment. The elements stimulus, body and mind had mediocre ratings, and the element of response had the highest overall ratings. In terms of the type of sport, studies that assessed closed-skill indoor sports had the highest ratings, whereas closed-skill outdoor sports had the lowest overall rating. Our findings identify specific elements that are lacking in ecological validity and areas of improvement in current exercise neuroscience literature. Future studies may potentially increase ecological validity by moving from reductionist, artificial environments towards complex, natural environments and incorporating real-world sport elements such as adaptive responses and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chang
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Daniel Büchel
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Reinecke
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Tim Lehmann
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jochen Baumeister
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
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16
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Sakurada T, Yoshida M, Nagai K. Individual Optimal Attentional Strategy in Motor Learning Tasks Characterized by Steady-State Somatosensory and Visual Evoked Potentials. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:784292. [PMID: 35058765 PMCID: PMC8763707 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.784292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Focus of attention is one of the most influential factors facilitating motor performance. Previous evidence supports that the external focus (EF) strategy, which directs attention to movement outcomes, is associated with better motor performance than the internal focus (IF) strategy, which directs attention to body movements. However, recent studies have reported that the EF strategy is not effective for some individuals. Furthermore, neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the frontal and parietal areas characterize individual optimal attentional strategies for motor tasks. However, whether the sensory cortices are also functionally related to individual optimal attentional strategy remains unclear. Therefore, the present study examined whether an individual’s sensory processing ability would reflect the optimal attentional strategy. To address this point, we explored the relationship between responses in the early sensory cortex and individuals’ optimal attentional strategy by recording steady-state somatosensory evoked potentials (SSSEP) and steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP). Twenty-six healthy young participants first performed a motor learning task with reaching movements under IF and EF conditions. Of the total sample, 12 individuals showed higher after-effects under the IF condition than the EF condition (IF-dominant group), whereas the remaining individuals showed the opposite trend (EF-dominant group). Subsequently, we measured SSSEP from bilateral primary somatosensory cortices while presenting vibrotactile stimuli and measured SSVEP from bilateral primary visual cortices while presenting checkerboard visual stimuli. The degree of increasing SSSEP response when the individuals in the IF-dominant group directed attention to vibrotactile stimuli was significantly more potent than those in the EF-dominant individuals. By contrast, the individuals in the EF-dominant group showed a significantly larger SSVEP increase while they directed attention to visual stimuli compared with the IF-dominant individuals. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed such that individuals with more robust IF dominance showed more pronounced SSSEP attention modulation. These results suggest that the early sensory areas have crucial brain dynamics to characterize an individual’s optimal attentional strategy during motor tasks. The response characteristics may reflect the individual sensory processing ability, such as control of priority to the sensory inputs. Considering individual cognitive traits based on the suitable attentional strategy could enhance adaptability in motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sakurada
- Department of Robotics, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takeshi Sakurada,
| | - Masataka Yoshida
- Major in Advanced Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nagai
- Department of Robotics, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Wakida M, Mori K, Kubota R, Kuwabara T, Mano N, Wada T, Taguchi M, Ohata K, Yamada S, Hase K. Novel gait training using a dual-belt treadmill in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 98:104573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Lucia S, Bianco V, Boccacci L, Di Russo F. Effects of a Cognitive-Motor Training on Anticipatory Brain Functions and Sport Performance in Semi-Elite Basketball Players. Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010068. [PMID: 35053809 PMCID: PMC8773627 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to test the possible effects of cognitive–motor training (CMT) on athletes’ sport performance and cognitive functions. Namely, specific athletic tests, brain processes associated with anticipatory event-related potential (ERP) components and behavioral performance during a cognitive discrimination response task were evaluated pre- and post-training. Twenty-four young semi-professional basketball players were recruited for the study and randomly divided into an experimental (Exp) group executing the CMT training and a control (Con) group performing standard motor training. The CMT training protocol included exercises in which participants performed cognitive tasks during dribbling exercises using interactive devices which emitted visual and auditory stimuli, in which athletes’ responses were recorded. Results showed that following training, only the Exp group improved in all sport-specific tests (17%) and more than the Con group (88% vs. 60%) in response accuracy during the cognitive test. At brain level, post-training anticipatory cognitive processes associated with proactive inhibition and top-down attention in the prefrontal cortex were earlier and heightened in the Exp group. Our findings confirm previous studies on clear improved efficacy of CMT training protocols on sport performance and cognition compared to training based on motor exercises only, but extend the literature in showing that these effects might be explained by enhanced anticipatory brain processing in the prefrontal cortex. The present study also suggests that in order to achieve specific athletic goals, the brain adapts cognitive functions by means of neuroplasticity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lucia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Bianco
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Luca Boccacci
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Ferreira SA, Stein AM, Stavinski NGDL, Teixeira DDC, Queiroga MR, Bonini JS. Different types of physical exercise in brain activity of older adults: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2021; 159:111672. [PMID: 34958870 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To verify the effects of different modalities of physical exercise on brain activity of older adults. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted according to the PICOS strategy and the following databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo and Scielo. Two independent evaluators performed the initial selection from reading the title and abstract based on the stipulated eligibility criteria. RESULTS The searches resulted in 1935 titles, of which 97 were duplicated and 1793 were excluded based on reading the titles and abstracts. This phase resulted in 45 articles for detailed analysis. At this stage, 35 articles were excluded because they did not meet the eligibility criteria. The information for qualitative analysis was extracted from 10 articles that met the criteria. CONCLUSION There was improvement in the brain activity of older adults regardless of the type of physical exercise performed (aerobic, neuromuscular, flexibility or neuromotor), but with a discrete advantage for balance and coordination exercises (neuromotor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aires Ferreira
- Department of Physical Education, Midwestern Parana State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil.
| | - Angelica Miki Stein
- Department of Physical Education, Midwestern Parana State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil; The Human Performance Research Group, Technological Federal University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Natã Gomes de Lima Stavinski
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Center (UEL), State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Roberto Queiroga
- Department of Physical Education, Midwestern Parana State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil; Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sartori Bonini
- Department of Pharmacy, Midwestern Parana State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil
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20
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Barbry A, Carton A, Coquart J, Ovigneur H, Amoura C, Nuytens W, Orosz G. Is Football or Badminton Associated With More Positive Affect? The Links Between Affects and Sports Club Membership Among French Adolescents. Front Psychol 2021; 12:735189. [PMID: 34975625 PMCID: PMC8719650 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies extensively examined the way sports club membership can lead to beneficial affective outcomes. Prior experiments also found that team sports, intensive sports, and sports that are frequently pursued can lead to even more affective benefits. However, no prior studies examined the differences between the affective benefits of specific sports. Based on prior results, we supposed that certain sports that meet all the previously set criteria—will provide the greatest affective benefits. The present large-scale investigation examined the data of adolescents (N = 12,849, female = 5,812, aged between 10 and 18, Mage = 12.56 years, and SDage = 2.00) and aimed to fill this gap. Firstly, the results showed that—although differences in affect can be found between the lack of club membership and most of the sports club memberships—the differences between the specific sports are less striking. Secondly, the sports that are associated with the highest level of positive and the lowest level of negative affectivity are not necessarily the ones expected. Finally, adolescents who practice athletics, reported the lowest means of negative, and the highest means of positive affect. However, it did not differ significantly from the results regarding the most practiced sport in France: soccer. Our results suggest that soccer as the most practice sport among French adolescents was associated with more positive affects than the majority of the 10 most licensed members French sports practiced by teens between 2008 and 2019. All in all, being a member of a sports club is associated with affective benefits, and some specific sports clubs can have some extra benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Barbry
- Université de Rouen-Normandie, Centre des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Rouen, France
- L’Institut des Rencontres de la Forme, Wattignies, France
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | - Annie Carton
- Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Liévin, France
| | - Jérémy Coquart
- Université de Rouen-Normandie, Centre des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Rouen, France
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | - Hervé Ovigneur
- L’Institut des Rencontres de la Forme, Wattignies, France
| | - Camille Amoura
- Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Liévin, France
| | - Williams Nuytens
- Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Liévin, France
| | - Gabor Orosz
- Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Liévin, France
- *Correspondence: Gabor Orosz,
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21
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Behrendt T, Kirschnick F, Kröger L, Beileke P, Rezepin M, Brigadski T, Leßmann V, Schega L. Comparison of the effects of open vs. closed skill exercise on the acute and chronic BDNF, IGF-1 and IL-6 response in older healthy adults. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:71. [PMID: 34823469 PMCID: PMC8614060 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence shows that physical exercise has a positive effect on the release of neurotrophic factors and myokines. However, evidence regarding the optimal type of physical exercise for these release is still lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the acute and chronic effects of open-skill exercise (OSE) compared to closed-skill exercise (CSE) on serum and plasma levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNFS, BDNFP), and serum levels of insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in healthy older adults. METHODS To investigate acute effects, thirty-eight participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention (badminton (aOSE) and bicycling (aCSE), n = 24, 65.83 ± 5.98 years) or control group (reading (CG), n = 14, 67.07 ± 2.37 years). Blood samples were taken immediately before and 5 min after each condition. During each condition, heart rate was monitored. The mean heart rate of aOSE and aCSE were equivalent (65 ± 5% of heart rate reserve). In a subsequent 12-week training-intervention, twenty-two participants were randomly assigned to either a sport-games (cOSE, n = 6, 64.50 ± 6.32) or a strength-endurance training (cCSE, n = 9, 64.89 ± 3.51) group to assess for chronic effects. Training intensity for both groups was adjusted to a subjective perceived exertion using the CR-10 scale (value 7). Blood samples were taken within one day after the training-intervention. RESULTS BDNFS, BDNFP, IGF-1, and IL-6 levels increased after a single exercise session of 30 min. After 12 weeks of training BDNFS and IL-6 levels were elevated, whereas IGF-1 levels were reduced in both groups. However, only in the cOSE group these changes were significant. We could not find any significant differences between the exercise types. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that both exercise types are efficient to acutely increase BDNFS, BDNFP, IGF-1 and IL-6 serum levels in healthy older adults. Additionally, our results tend to support that OSE is more effective for improving basal BDNFS levels after 12 weeks of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Kirschnick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Kröger
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Beileke
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maxim Rezepin
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Volkmar Leßmann
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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22
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Ke L, Lanlan Z, Jian Z, Jianing W. Comparison of open-skill and closed-skill exercises in improving the response inhibitory ability of the elderly: a protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051966. [PMID: 34815282 PMCID: PMC8611442 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As people age, they are more likely to experience a decline in their response inhibition ability, which interferes with daily life. Previous studies have shown that exercise intervention can improve the cognitive ability of the elderly, but research on open-skill and closed-skill exercises to improve the response inhibition in this age group is still limited. This study will explore the advantages of long-term intervention of table tennis (open-skill exercise) compared with fit aerobics (closed-skill exercise) on the response inhibitory ability of the elderly. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A single-blind randomised controlled trial will be conducted. A total of 90 elderly subjects will be recruited and allocated randomly to the following groups: table tennis, fit aerobics and control. The interventions for the table tennis group and the fit aerobics group will be implemented in three 60 min sessions per week for 6 months; the control group will receive no exercise intervention. The primary assessment will be behavioural indicators of response inhibitory ability in the elderly based on the stop signal task. The secondary outcomes will include cognitive ability, mental status and depression in the elderly. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Shanghai University of Sport Research Ethics Committee (102772019RT012) and will provide reference for the advantages of table tennis compared with other types of sports in improving the response inhibitory ability of the elderly. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for choosing the best exercise programme to improve the response inhibitory ability of the elderly. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This study has been registered prospectively in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100043616, 23 February 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ke
- Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Lanlan
- School of Leisure Sport and Management, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhang Jian
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jianing
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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23
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Sports, Executive Functions and Academic Performance: A Comparison between Martial Arts, Team Sports, and Sedentary Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211745. [PMID: 34831501 PMCID: PMC8622860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that curricular physical activity benefits children’s executive functions and academic performance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether there is an influence of extracurricular sports on executive functions and academic performance. However, it is less known which specific types of the sport better enhance executive functions in children; to investigate this issue, this study compared the performance on executive functions tasks and academic performance in one hundred and two boys and girls with an average age of 11.84 years recruited from Italian schools and gyms (N = 102), who participated in martial arts or team sports or were sedentary children. Executive functions were measured with the tests: Attenzione e Concentrazione, Digit Span test, Tower of London, IOWA Gambling task BVN 5-11, and BVN 12-18. Results demonstrated that children practicing martial arts showed better executive functioning and higher school marks than those involved in team sports or not involved in any sports. Furthermore, participants aged 12 to 15 years old outperformed in cool and hot executive functions tasks and had a better academic performance. Thus, the present findings supported the view that regular practice of extracurricular sports enhances executive functions development and consequently influences academic performance.
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Yu CC, Muggleton NG, Chen CY, Ko CH, Liu S. The comparisons of inhibitory control and post-error behaviors between different types of athletes and physically inactive adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256272. [PMID: 34398917 PMCID: PMC8366960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To properly behave and correct mistakes, individuals must inhibit inappropriate actions and detect errors for future behavioral adjustment. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that athletes are superior in cognitive functions and this benefit varied dependent on the types of sport that individuals involved in, but less is known on whether athletes have a different error-related behavioral pattern. The purpose of this study was to compare the behavioral performance of inhibition and error monitoring between individuals who participated in an open-skill sport (n = 12), a closed-skill sport (n = 12), and a sedentary lifestyle (n = 16). A combined flanker/stop signal task was presented and the derived stop signal reaction time (SSRT), post-correct accuracy and reaction time (RT), as well as post-error accuracy and RT were compared across groups. Our findings indicated there was no difference in SSRT between groups. Surprisingly, significant post-error slowing (PES) was observed only in controls but not in sport groups, the controls also exhibited significantly longer post-error RT compared with the open-skill group. However, there was no difference in the post-error accuracy between groups, indicating a higher efficiency in the post-error processing among open- and closed-skill groups by requiring comparatively less time for behavioral adjustments. The present study is the first to disclose the discrepancies in PES between different types of athletes and controls. The findings suggest that sport training along with higher amounts of physical activity is associated with a more efficient behavioral pattern for error processing especially when the sport requires open skills in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chuan Yu
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Neil G. Muggleton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiao-Yun Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Criminology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Ko
- Integrated Drug Addiction Treatment Center of the Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Suyen Liu
- Department of Athletic Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Gercek N, Tatar Y, Uzun S. Alternative exercise methods for children with cerebral palsy: effects of virtual vs. traditional golf training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 68:933-942. [PMID: 36568621 PMCID: PMC9788717 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1926853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Sport activities can increase the number of motor tasks performed by children with disabilities, helping to motivate these children to sustain life-long exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of virtual and traditional golf training on balance, muscle strength, lower extremity flexibility and aerobic endurance in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: 19 children with unilateral cerebral palsy were divided into two groups, each of them received either virtual (n = 9) or traditional (n = 10) golf training, for over 12 weeks with three days of a 60-minute session/day. The effect of golf training was assessed with the Gross Motor Function Measure-88, the Modified Ashworth Scale and Lateral Step Up, Curl Up, Six-Minute Walk, Sit and Reach, Modified Thomas, and balance tests. Results: Both training methods were associated with improved lower extremity flexibility and muscle strength, aerobic endurance and Gross Motor Function Measure-88 compared with the pre-training baseline values (p < 0.05). There was no difference found between virtual and traditional golf training groups except for balance and lateral step up tests (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Both virtual and traditional golf training applied for 12 weeks on children with unilateral cerebral palsy improved lower extremity functions and physical performance. The use of virtual and traditional training as a complementary application to reduce motor problems in children with cerebral palsy could enhance the sustainability of this type of training because of its edutainment features. Virtual golf has an important advantage over traditional golf in that (a) the latter can be expensive and inaccessible for people with disabilities, and (b) making virtual golf a safer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Gercek
- Sport Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasar Tatar
- Sport Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Uzun
- Sport Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey
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26
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Coyne JOC, Coutts AJ, Newton RU, Haff GG. The Influence of Mental Fatigue on Sessional Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Elite Open and Closed Skill Sports Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:963-969. [PMID: 33752221 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Coyne, JOC, Coutts, AJ, Newton, RU, and Haff, GG. The influence of mental fatigue on sessional ratings of perceived exertion in elite open and closed skill sports athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 963-969, 2021-The main purpose of this investigation was to examine influence of mental fatigue on sessional ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) over a training week in elite athletes in open skill (OS, i.e., more unpredictable and externally paced sports) and closed skill (CS, i.e., more predictable and internally paced) sports. Visual analogue scales for mental fatigue, sRPE (CR-10 scale), and training duration were collected from an OS group (n = 27) of basketball and volleyball athletes and a CS group (n = 28) of weightlifting and track and field athletes during a typical training week 5 months before the 2016 Olympic Games. These variables were then examined using repeated measure correlations and linear mixed models with the level of significance set for the study at p < 0.05. There was a small significant correlation between mental fatigue and sRPE in the OS group (r = 0.23, p < 0.01), but not in the CS group (r = -0.07, p = 0.38). Mental fatigue had trivial influence on sRPE during individual sessions, but had a moderate effect on total sRPE over a week (p < 0.001, f2 = 0.265) when accounting for type of sport, training duration, and injury/illness burden. It seems mental fatigue may not significantly influence sRPE in individual training sessions, but may potentially have a cumulative effect that may affect the sRPE over a training week. This suggests monitoring mental fatigue independently of other training load (TL) measures may be worthwhile for strength and conditioning specialists and sports coaches to manage their athletes and researchers conducting studies into TL and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O C Coyne
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia.,UFC Performance Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Human Performance Research Center, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, NSW, Australia.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia.,Australian Center for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia; and
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia.,Australian Center for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia; and.,Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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27
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Anticipatory and pre-planned actions: A comparison between young soccer players and swimmers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249635. [PMID: 33826672 PMCID: PMC8026046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether a difference exists in reactive and proactive control for sport considered open or closed skills dominated. Sixteen young (11–12 years) athletes (eight soccer players and eight swimmers) were asked to be engaged into two games competitions that required either a reactive and a proactive type of control. By means of kinematic (i.e. movement time and duration) and dynamic analysis through the force platform (i.e. Anticipatory Postural Adjustments, APAs), we evaluated the level of ability and stability in reacting and anticipating actions. Results indicated that soccer players outperformed swimmers by showing higher stability and a smaller number of falls during the competition where proactive control was mainly required. Soccer players were able to reach that result by anticipating actions through well-modulated APAs. On the contrary, during the competition where reactive control was mainly required, performances were comparable between groups. Therefore, the development of specific action control is already established at 11–12 years of age and is enhanced by the training specificity.
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28
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Zeng L, Wu H, Li J, Wang H, Xie S, Yang T, Peng Z, Zhang L, Shao Y, Lv J. Decreased P2 Waveform Reflects Impaired Brain Executive Function Induced by 12 h of Low Homeostatic Sleep Pressure: Evidence From an Event-Related Potential Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:599919. [PMID: 33841070 PMCID: PMC8024631 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.599919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic sleep pressure can cause cognitive impairment, in which executive function is the most affected. Previous studies have mainly focused on high homeostatic sleep pressure (long-term sleep deprivation); thus, there is still little related neuro-psycho-physiological evidence based on low homeostatic sleep pressure (12 h of continuous wakefulness) that affects executive function. This study aimed to investigate the impact of lower homeostatic sleep pressure on executive function. Our study included 14 healthy young male participants tested using the Go/NoGo task in normal resting wakefulness (10:00 am) and after low homeostatic sleep pressure (10:00 pm). Behavioral data (response time and accuracy) were collected, and electroencephalogram (EEG) data were recorded simultaneously, using repeated measures analysis of variance for data analysis. Compared with resting wakefulness, the participants' response time to the Go stimulus was shortened after low homeostatic sleep pressure, and the correct response rate was reduced. Furthermore, the peak amplitude of Go-P2 decreased significantly, and the peak latency did not change significantly. For NoGo stimulation, the peak amplitude of NoGo-P2 decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and the peak latency was significantly extended (p < 0.05). Thus, the P2 wave is likely related to the attention and visual processing and reflects the early judgment of the perceptual process. Therefore, the peak amplitude of Go-P2 and NoGo-P2 decreased, whereas the peak latency of NoGo-P2 increased, indicating that executive function is impaired after low homeostatic sleep pressure. This study has shown that the P2 wave is a sensitive indicator that reflects the effects of low homeostatic sleep pressure on executive function, and that it is also an important window to observe the effect of homeostatic sleep pressure and circadian rhythm on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjing Zeng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jialu Li
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Songyue Xie
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Yang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Peng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongcong Shao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lv
- The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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29
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Differences in inhibitory control and motor fitness in children practicing open and closed skill sports. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4033. [PMID: 33597630 PMCID: PMC7889632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences between types of sport (i.e., closed vs. open skills sport) on inhibitory control and motor fitness in children. Forty-nine children were allocated into three groups based on their sports participation, which comprised an open skill sport group, a closed skill sport group, and a sedentary group. Participants were tested on cognitive performance (inhibitory control by the Flanker task) and motor fitness (reaction time, speed, agility, power, balance). Open skill sport group appeared to display higher inhibitory control (response time and accuracy of incongruent condition of the Flanker task) and motor fitness performance (reaction time, speed, agility, power) than sedentary group, whereas its superiority over closed skill sport group was found only in speed and agility. Moreover, closed skill sport group had only a better reaction time than sedentary group. Our data supports the framework according to which cognitive demands in complex motor actions may contribute to explain the beneficial effects of exercise on inhibitory control. This might suggest that the complexity of the environment (typical in open skill sports) in which sport training is performed plays a key role for both cognitive and motor development in children.
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30
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Xie Y, Gao X, Song Y, Zhu X, Chen M, Yang L, Ren Y. Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention on ADHD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:706625. [PMID: 34764893 PMCID: PMC8575983 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effectiveness of physical activity (PA) intervention on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related symptoms. Method: Studies that investigated PA intervention for ADHD-related symptoms were identified through searching PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases from inception through June 2021. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the effectiveness of PA intervention on improving ADHD-related symptoms. The meta-analyses were conducted using fixed-effect or random-effect models according to the heterogeneity of the studies. Results: Nine before-after studies (232 participants) and 14 two-group control studies (162 participants/141 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. Combined results for before-after studies indicated significant improvements on all studied ADHD-related symptoms (inattention: SMD = 0.604, 95% CI: 0.374-0.834, p < 0.001; hyperactivity/impulsivity: SMD = 0.676, 95% CI: 0.401-0.950, p < 0.001; emotional problems: SMD = 0.416, 95% CI: 0.283-0.549, p < 0.001; behavioral problems: SMD = 0.347, 95% CI: 0.202-0.492, p < 0.001). Meta-analyses for two-group control studies further confirmed that PA intervention significantly improved the inattentive symptom (SMD = 0.715, 95% CI: 0.105, 1.325, p = 0.022). Subgroup analyses suggested significant beneficial effect on inattention symptoms in children. Moreover, closed motor skills were beneficial for hyperactive/impulsive problems (SMD = 0.671, p < 0.001), while open motor skills were beneficial for attention problems (SMD = 0.455, p = 0.049). When excluding studies with combined medication, the studies in unmedicated participants in before-after studies still showed significant results in all studied ADHD-related symptoms as in the overall analysis. Given the limited sample size, the best frequency and intensity of PA intervention need further investigation. Conclusion: Our results suggested that PA intervention could possibly improve ADHD-related symptoms, especially inattention symptoms. Closed-skill and open-skill activities could be beneficial for hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention symptoms, respectively. Further high-quality randomized clinical trials with large sample size are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Xie
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Human Movement Science, Hebei Sports University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuping Gao
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China
| | - Yiling Song
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengge Chen
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China
| | - Yuanchun Ren
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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31
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Vaughan RS, Hagyard JD, Edwards EJ, Jackson RC. Reflection-impulsivity in athletes: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1436-1447. [PMID: 33284734 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1861106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reflection-impulsivity is a dimension of cognitive or decision-making style. We conducted two quasi-experimental studies to examine reflection-impulsivity in athletes using an information sampling task. In Study 1 (n = 108; Mage = 22.7 ± SDage = 1.42; 50% female), we used a cross-sectional design to compare performance across athletic expertise (super-elite, elite, amateur, novice or non-athlete) and sport type (external-paced or self-paced). In Study 2 (Time 1 n = 106; Mage = 21.32 ± SDage = 5.77; 53% female and Time 2 n = 64; Mage = 21.19 ± SDage = 5.12; 44% female), we examined changes in reflection-impulsivity across a 16-week playing season. Study 1 showed more accurate and more efficient performance as athletic expertise increased. Study 2 revealed better effectiveness and efficiency following sport participation, a 16-week playing season, most notably in elite-level performers. No sport-type differences were noted. Taken together, the studies demonstrate an association between reflection-impulsivity and athletic expertise, while also providing evidence that competitive sports participation leads to efficient decisions based on reflection, without sacrificing accuracy, which is often a consequence of impulsive decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Vaughan
- School of Education, Language, and Psychology, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Jack D Hagyard
- School of Education, Language, and Psychology, York St John University, York, UK
| | | | - Robin C Jackson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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32
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Shi J, Wang J, Lang J, Zhang Z, Bi Y, Liu R, Jiang S, Hou L. Effect of different motor skills training on motor control network in the frontal lobe and basal ganglia. Biol Sport 2020; 37:405-413. [PMID: 33343074 PMCID: PMC7725045 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During human motor control, the three pathways of motor control coordinate to complete human response and inhibition control, so whether different types of motor skills training will affect the three pathways of motor control is the main question in this study. Magnetic resonance imaging was combined with behavioural evaluation to analyse the effects of different special training sessions on the motor control network of the frontal lobe and basal ganglia and to explore the role of the central nervous system in the regulation of motor behaviour. A Stop-signal paradigm was used to measure reaction and inhibition capacity, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used for whole brain scanning, and resting state data were collected. Compared to the control group, the competitive aerobics athletes had better reflexes while the soccer players had both better reflexes and inhibitory control. Furthermore, we found that training in the two sets of skills resulted in significant differences in different resting state brain function parameters compared with the control group. Additionally, there were significant differences among the three groups in the direct and indirect pathways of motor control in terms of functional connectivity. Open skill training may improve reaction ability while closed skill training improve both reaction and inhibition ability. These results suggest that the strength of the functional connectivity between the right inferior frontal gyrus and the left putamen may be a key to improving the inhibitory, and the left supplementary motor area- bilateral thalamic loop may play an inhibitory role in motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Shi
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Lang
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Bi
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ran Liu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lijuan Hou
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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33
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Pilati L, Battaglia G, Di Stefano V, Di Marco S, Torrente A, Raieli V, Firenze A, Salemi G, Brighina F. Migraine and Sport in a Physically Active Population of Students: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study. Headache 2020; 60:2330-2339. [PMID: 33159460 DOI: 10.1111/head.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored the relationship between migraine and sport in a physically active population of students, analyzing the risk of migraine among sporty students. BACKGROUND The relationship between sport and migraine is controversial; moreover, several studies report on sport as a migraine trigger, but there is evidence that physical activity could have a relevant role in migraine prevention. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the validated ID-migraine questionnaire including specific demo-anthropometric (gender, age, weight, height) and sports variables on a potentially active student population of the University of Palermo. Evaluation in putative migraine subjects of clinical features and disability was explored through the administration of the Italian version of the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale. Statistical analyses were performed using univariate and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Three hundred and ninety-three out of 520 students (210 F, mean age: 23.5 ± 0.7 years; 183 M; mean age: 20.5 ± 0.7 years) participated in this study. Migraine screened positive in 102 subjects (26.0%) and its prevalence was significantly higher among females (P < .001). An increased risk of migraine was found in females, and a protective effect of sport on the risk of migraine among females, but not among males. CONCLUSIONS The role of exercise in migraine is still unclear. This study supports a protective role of sport in migraine reporting a protective effect in females. Further studies are needed to deepen the association between sport and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pilati
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Stefano
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Marco
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Torrente
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Raieli
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, P.O. Di Cristina, ARNAS Civico Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Firenze
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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34
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Tao W, Du B, Li B, He W, Sun HJ. Body-Posture Recognition by Undergraduate Students Majoring in Physical Education and Other Disciplines. Front Psychol 2020; 11:505543. [PMID: 33041906 PMCID: PMC7525036 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.505543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are more proficient at processing visual display of body posture when the body is in upright orientation, compared to when inverted (inversion effect). Here we investigated whether extensive exposure or expertise on body posture recognition would affect the efficiency with which body-posture is processed. Using whole-body and piecemeal-body postures as stimuli, we performed two experiments to investigate whether body-posture recognition differed between two groups of participants: undergraduates majoring in physical education (PE) and those in other subjects (non-PE), respectively. These two groups differed significantly in the frequency and intensity of exercise per day and/or accumulated exercise time. In our experiments, following initial presentation of an image of a body posture, participants were shown the same or a different stimulus and were asked to report whether or not they had been previously shown the same image. The orientations of the body postures were also varied between trials. Our results showed that, in Experiment 1, for whole-body posture recognition, both the PE and non-PE groups showed a robust body-inversion effect in terms of both error rate and reaction time (RT), but the magnitude of the body-inversion effect in the RT measure was greater in the PE than the non-PE group. In Experiment 2, for piecemeal-body postures, both groups showed the inversion effect in terms of both error rate and RT measures and the PE group made fewer overall errors than the non-PE group. These cumulative results suggest that a superiority effect exists for PE participants compared with non-PE participants. Our results are generally consistent with the expertise hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Tao
- Department of Psychology, School of Teacher Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Bixuan Du
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Foreign Languages, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Weiqi He
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-Jin Sun
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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35
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Shao M, Lai Y, Gong A, Yang Y, Chen T, Jiang C. Effect of shooting experience on executive function: differences between experts and novices. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9802. [PMID: 32983637 PMCID: PMC7500350 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Executive function (EF) plays an important role in controlling human actions. Shooting is a closed motor skill, characterized by high anti-interference ability and high mental intensity. However, the beneficial effects of closed exercises such as shooting on EF remain unclear. Methods We utilized an expert-novice paradigm and the Flanker task to examine the EF of shooting athletes. Participants were assigned into the novice group, expert group, or control group, based on the level of training and competition experience. Reaction time (RT) and accuracy of performance across the three groups were compared. Results For the simple task, the control group showed a longer RT than the novice group, for all three inter-stimulus interval (ISI) conditions. Significant differences between the control and the expert groups were observed only at 300-ms and 400-ms ISIs. For the complex task, the control group exhibited a higher RT than the novice and expert groups at the 300- and 400-ms ISIs. Conclusions The self-control during performing closed motor skills in the environment determines that shooters have proficient anti-interference ability. This ability is uncorrelated with task type, but most likely is affected by reserved task response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,Faculty of Social and Public Administration, Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Lai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,School of Education Science, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - AnMin Gong
- School of Information Engineering, Engineering University of Armed Police Force, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhao Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
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36
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Chiaravalloti ND, Weber E, Wylie G, Dyson-Hudson T, Wecht JM. The impact of level of injury on patterns of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2020; 43:633-641. [PMID: 31859606 PMCID: PMC7534192 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1696076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: While it is well recognized that physical and physiological changes are more prominent in individuals with higher neurologic levels of spinal cord injury (SCI), the impact of level of lesion on cognition is less clear. Design: Cross-sectional, 3-group. Setting: Non-profit rehabilitation research foundation. Participants: 59 individuals with SCI (30 with tetraplegia, 29 with paraplegia) and 30 age-matched healthy controls (HC). Interventions: None. Outcome Measures: Neuropsychological tests in the domains of attention, working memory, processing speed, executive control, and learning and memory. Results: Results indicated significantly lower test performance in individuals with paraplegia on new learning and memory testing compared to HC. In contrast, compared to HC the group with tetraplegia, showed a significantly impaired performance on a processing speed task, and both the tetraplegia and the paraplegia groups were similarly impaired on a verbal fluency measure. SCI groups did not differ on any cognitive measure. Conclusion: Individuals with SCI may display different patterns of cognitive performance based on their level of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D. Chiaravalloti
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Erica Weber
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Glenn Wylie
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Trevor Dyson-Hudson
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jill M. Wecht
- VA RR&D National Center for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Rehabilitation Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Moran RN, Broglio SP, Francioni KK, Sosnoff JJ. Exploring Baseline Concussion-Assessment Performance in Adapted Wheelchair Sport Athletes. J Athl Train 2020; 55:856-862. [PMID: 32607535 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-294-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT With growing awareness of and advocacy for including individuals with disabilities in sport, implementation of concussion-assessment and -management strategies is warranted. Limited research is available on concussion assessment in adapted wheelchair sport athletes. OBJECTIVE To examine baseline symptom reporting, computerized neurocognitive testing, and a modified balance scoring system in adapted athletes. A secondary objective was to provide preliminary normative data for this population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University athletic training room and computer laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one athletes (age = 22.1 ± 3.0 years) from 1 institution's collegiate adapted athletics program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athletes completed baseline Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) and the Wheelchair Error Scoring System (WESS) before the start of their respective seasons. Symptom reporting variables consisted of total symptoms, symptom severity scores, and baseline symptom factors (eg, vestibular-somatic, sleep arousal, cognitive-sensory, and affective). We analyzed ImPACT composite scores of verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor processing speed, and reaction time and impulse control to determine neurocognitive function. Balance performance was quantified using the WESS condition and overall errors. RESULTS Compared with normative reference values, 17 (81%) of adapted athletes reported greater symptoms and 20 (95%) performed at or below average on at least 1 neurocognitive composite score. Mean errors on the WESS were 3.14 ± 2.9, with 81% committing ≥1 error. Sex differences were not present for symptoms, neurocognitive testing, or balance measures. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide context for baseline performance in adapted athletes and help to further develop the WESS as an assessment of balance in these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Moran
- Athletic Training Research Laboratory, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| | - Steven P Broglio
- NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Jacob J Sosnoff
- Motor Control Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Yu M, Liu Y. Differences in executive function of the attention network between athletes from interceptive and strategic sports. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:419-430. [PMID: 32654658 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1790486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The differences in the executive attention network and the related blood oxygen characteristics of the right frontal-parietal network brain area between athletes from interceptive and strategic sport were investigated. Strategic athletes had higher accuracy and longer reaction time (RT) compared with interceptive sports athletes, lower flanker conflict effects on accuracy compared to the other two group. It was accompanied by significant activation of the rdLPFC and the rIFG. Strategic athletes had higher flanker conflict effects on RT compared with interception athletes under the invalid cue condition, which was accompanied by significant activation of the right IFG. The strategic athletes complete the task under the condition of invalid clues indicating top-down control, and which is closely related to the activation of the right frontal-parietal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Jilin Sport University, Changchun, China
| | - Yibing Liu
- Jilin Sport University, Changchun, China
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39
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Ingold M, Tulliani N, Chan CCH, Liu KPY. Cognitive function of older adults engaging in physical activity. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:229. [PMID: 32616014 PMCID: PMC7333382 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity can be classified as open-skilled or closed-skilled. Open-skilled physical activity, such as tennis, require participants to perform within a dynamic setting and respond to unpredictable and frequent environmental changes throughout the activity. Closed-skilled types of physical activity, such as swimming, are predictable and self-directed. However, the benefits of cognitive function in these two types of physical activities to older adults are unknown. This study examined the effects of participation in open- and closed-skilled physical activity on the cognitive function of older adults. METHODS The study recruited a total of 61 participants aged 65 years and over. Participant recruitment was achieved by distributing flyers asking for volunteers in various sports venues. Participants self-reported to be without medical conditions affecting their physical and cognitive function. All participants underwent a two-hour assessment session involving the completion of seven standardised cognitive function assessments, which were used to assess a range of cognitive function. RESULTS Overall mean scores across all of the assessments showed superior performance for the open- or closed-skilled participants when compared with the no-physical-activity group. The results of 61 adults who participated in this study showed that closed-skilled physical activity was associated with better selective attention and visuospatial function while open-skilled physical activity was associated with better inhibition and cognitive flexibility function. No significant difference in self-regulation ability was found between the open- or closed-skilled groups. CONCLUSIONS Open-skilled physical activity was associated with better inhibition, visual tracking, and cognitive flexibility while closed-skilled physical activity was associated with better selective attention and visuospatial perception. The findings have important practical implications for the health and quality of life of ageing populations, knowing which particular types of physical activity might affect the cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Ingold
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Nikki Tulliani
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.,University Research Facility in Behavioural and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Karen P Y Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Translation Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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40
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Chiu YK, Pan CY, Chen FC, Tseng YT, Tsai CL. Behavioral and Cognitive Electrophysiological Differences in the Executive Functions of Taiwanese Basketball Players as a Function of Playing Position. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060387. [PMID: 32575360 PMCID: PMC7349797 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the predominant playing position of elite basketball players on executive functions using both behavioral and electrophysiological measurements was investigated in the present study. Forty-six elite basketball players, including 27 guards and 19 forwards, were recruited. Event-related potential (ERP) signals were simultaneously recorded when the athletes performed the visual Go/NoGo task. Analyses of the results revealed that the guards and forwards groups exhibited comparable behavioral (i.e., reaction time (RTs) and accuracy rates (ARs)) performance. With regards to the electrophysiological indices, the guards relative to the forwards exhibited a shorter N2 latency in the Go condition, a longer N2 latency in the NoGo condition, and a smaller P3 amplitude across the two conditions. These results suggested that although the guards and forwards exhibited similar abilities in terms of behavioral inhibition, different neural processing efficiencies still exist in the basketball playing positions, with guards showing divergent efficiencies in the target evaluation and response selection of the target and non-target stimuli and fewer cognitive resources during premotor preparation and decision-making as compared to the forwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kang Chiu
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaoshiung 802, Taiwan; (C.-Y.P.); (F.-C.C.)
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaoshiung 802, Taiwan; (C.-Y.P.); (F.-C.C.)
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Physical Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-933-306-059 or +886-6275-7575 (ext. 81809); Fax: +886-6276-6427
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Which Type of Exercise Is More Beneficial for Cognitive Function? A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Open-Skill Exercise versus Closed-Skill Exercise among Children, Adults, and Elderly Populations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A large number of studies have described a positive relationship between physical exercise and cognition. Physical exercise can be divided into closed-skill exercise (CSE) and open-skill exercise (OSE) based on the predictability of the performance environment. It remains unknown whether either of these types of exercise is more beneficial for cognitive function. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of OSE versus CSE on cognition. Eligible studies included cross-sectional studies and intervention studies that had a clear definition of OSE and CSE, and these were used to compare the cognitive performance differences between the two classes of exercise. A total of 15 cross-sectional studies and 4 intervention studies were included in this meta-analysis. Among the cross-sectional studies, the overall effect size for OSE versus CSE was 0.304 (95% confidence interval (CI) (−0.097, 1.213); p < 0.05). Further subgroup analysis showed that the overall effect size for OSE versus CSE was 0.247 for inhibition and 0.360 for cognitive flexibility (both p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences between the two exercise modes were observed in the intervention studies. In particular, there were no significant differences in visuospatial attention or in processing speed between the two exercise modes. Taken together, these results suggest that OSE is superior to CSE, especially for executive function, according to the 15 cross-sectional studies examined. However, data from the intervention studies indicate that OSE is not superior. Therefore, additional well-designed, long-term intervention studies are needed to elucidate the potential efficacy of OSE in all populations.
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42
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Wang CH, Liang WK, Moreau D. Differential Modulation of Brain Signal Variability During Cognitive Control in Athletes with Different Domains of Expertise. Neuroscience 2020; 425:267-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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43
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Oculomotor Control in Amputee Soccer Players. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2020; 37:41-55. [PMID: 31837646 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2019-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors investigated the dynamics of saccadic parameters during a stationary oculomotor target task in amputee soccer players (n = 16), able-bodied soccer players (n = 16), and nonathletic control subjects (n = 16). Eye movements during the visual-search tasks were recorded binocularly using a mobile eye-tracking system, and the gaze parameters were analyzed (fixation duration, saccade duration, saccade amplitude, saccade average acceleration, saccade peak deceleration, saccade average velocity, and ocular mobility index). The average saccade acceleration in the amputee soccer players was significantly lower than in the able-bodied players (p = .021). Other saccade characteristics in disabled athletes were comparable to those of the able-bodied groups. Moreover, the able-bodied soccer players presented faster saccadic parameters than nonathletes in terms of saccade acceleration (p = .002), deceleration (p = .015), and velocity (p = .009). The modification of oculomotor functions may result from extensive practice and participation in ball games. The authors' hypothesis that oculomotor functions in amputee soccer players may be impaired was not fully confirmed.
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Lucci G, Pisotta I, Berchicci M, Di Russo F, Bonavita J, Scivoletto G, Spinelli D, Molinari M. Proactive Cortical Control in Spinal Cord Injury Subjects with Paraplegia. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3347-3355. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Lucci
- Electrophysiology of Cognition Lab and Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Pisotta
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab–SPIRE, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Electrophysiology of Cognition Lab and Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Bonavita
- Spinal Unit, Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola (Bologna), Italy
| | - Giorgio Scivoletto
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab–SPIRE, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Spinelli
- Electrophysiology of Cognition Lab and Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab–SPIRE, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Females are more proactive, males are more reactive: neural basis of the gender-related speed/accuracy trade-off in visuo-motor tasks. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:187-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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46
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Özkan DG, Pezzetta R, Moreau Q, Abreu AM, Aglioti SM. Predicting the fate of basketball throws: an EEG study on expert action prediction in wheelchair basketball players. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3363-3373. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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47
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Gu Q, Zou L, Loprinzi PD, Quan M, Huang T. Effects of Open Versus Closed Skill Exercise on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1707. [PMID: 31507472 PMCID: PMC6718477 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise modes can be divided into open skill exercise (OSE) and closed skill exercise (CSE). While research has shown that these two exercise modes may have different effects on cognitive function, this possibility has not been systematically reviewed. Objective The purpose of the present review was to objectively evaluate the research literature regarding the effects of OSE versus CSE on cognitive function. Methods Six electronic databases (Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception dates to December 2018 for studies examining the associations of OSE and CSE with cognitive function. The literature searches were conducted using the combinations of two groups of relevant search items related to exercise modes (i.e., OSE and CSE) and cognitive function. Articles were limited to human studies in all age groups. Both intervention and observational studies with full text published in English-language peer-reviewed journals were considered eligible. The search process, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessment were carried out independently by two researchers. Results A total of 1,573 articles were identified. Fourteen observational and five intervention studies met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of the 14 observational studies found that OSE benefits cognitive function, and seven of these 14 observational studies supported superior effects of OSE compared with CSE for enhancing cognitive function. Three of the five intervention studies found that OSE (versus CSE) led to greater improvements in cognitive function in both children and older adults. Conclusion Although the majority of studies in this review were observational cross-sectional designs, the review tends to support that OSE is more effective for improving some aspects of cognitive function compared with CSE. More rigorous randomized control trials with long-term follow-ups are needed in order to confirm these differential cognitive effects of the two exercise modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gu
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Lifestyle (Mind-Body Movement) Research Center, College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Minghui Quan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Zhu H, Pi YL, Qiu FH, Wang FJ, Liu K, Ni Z, Wu Y, Zhang J. Visual and Action-control Expressway Associated with Efficient Information Transmission in Elite Athletes. Neuroscience 2019; 404:353-370. [PMID: 30771510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective information transmission for open skill performance requires fine-scale coordination of distributed networks of brain regions linked by white matter tracts. However, how patterns of connectivity in these anatomical pathways may improve global efficiency remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that the feeder edges in visual and motor systems have the potential to become "expressways" that increase the efficiency of information communication across brain networks of open skill experts. Thirty elite athletes and thirty novice subjects were recruited to participate in visual tracking and motor imagery tasks. We collected structural imaging data from these subjects, and then resolved structural neural networks using deterministic tractography to identify streamlines connecting cortical and subcortical brain regions of each participant. We observed that superior skill performance in elite athletes was associated with increased information transmission efficiency in feeder edges distributed between orbitofrontal and basal ganglia modules, as well as among temporal, occipital, and limbic system modules. These findings suggest that there is an expressway linking visual and action-control system of skill experts that enables more efficient interactions of peripheral and central information in support of effective performance of an open skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan-Ling Pi
- Shanghai Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Hui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Feng-Juan Wang
- Physical Education and Educational Science Department, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Ni
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Tan B, Liu Q, Wan C, Jin Z, Yang Y, Li L. Altered Functional Connectivity of Alpha Rhythm in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder During Rest. Clin EEG Neurosci 2019; 50:88-99. [PMID: 30280595 DOI: 10.1177/1550059418804378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common inheritable psychiatric disorder characteristic of repetitive thinking, imagination (obsession), and stereotyped behaviors (compulsive). To explore whether there is an alteration of brain functional connectivity (BFC) in patients with OCD during rest, electroencephalogram (EEG) data of healthy controls (HCs) and patients with OCD were collected during rest in both eyes-closed and eyes-open states. Synchronization likelihood and graph theory were applied to construct and analyze brain functional networks of patients with OCD and HCs. Patients with OCD showed abnormal graph-theoretic parameters and impaired small world features in the alpha and beta bands. In addition, the topological analysis consistently showed that the long-range BFC of alpha rhythm was significantly reduced in the bilateral posterior areas in patients with OCD in comparison with HCs, while the BFC in the beta rhythm was significantly increased only in the eyes-open state. The findings suggest that the BFC of patients with OCD show abnormal small-world features and altered topological structure during rest, mainly in alpha and beta bands, which may provide a new insight for the diagnosis and treatment of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tan
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxiao Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyang Wan
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanchun Yang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Coyne JOC, Gregory Haff G, Coutts AJ, Newton RU, Nimphius S. The Current State of Subjective Training Load Monitoring-a Practical Perspective and Call to Action. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:58. [PMID: 30570718 PMCID: PMC6301906 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This commentary delivers a practical perspective on the current state of subjective training load (TL) monitoring, and in particular sessional ratings of perceived exertion, for performance enhancement and injury prevention. Subjective measures may be able to reflect mental fatigue, effort, stress, and motivation. These factors appear to be important moderators of the relationship TL has with performance and injury, and they also seem to differ between open and closed skill sports. As such, mental factors may affect the interaction between TL, performance, and injury in different sports. Further, modeling these interactions may be limited due to the assumption that an independent signal can adequately account for the performance or injury outcomes. An independent signal model does not accurately reflect training environments where multiple stressors (e.g., mechanical, emotional, nutritional) impact adaptations. Common issues with using subjective TL monitoring, including a lack of differentiation between biomechanical, physiological, and cognitive load, may be overcome by considering psychometric measurement best practices, finer graded scales, and differential ratings of perceived exertion. Methods of calculating TL, including different acute and chronic time periods, may also need to be individualized to different sports and potentially different individuals within the same sport. As TL monitoring is predominately a "chronic" decision-making tool, "acute" decision-making tools, e.g., subjective wellness and autonomic nervous system measures, should be combined in a bespoke multivariate model to aid sports coaches. A call to action is presented for future research on key issues associated with TL monitoring that will have relevance for practitioners in an applied setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O C Coyne
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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