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Vekaria HJ, Kalimon OJ, Prajapati P, Velmurugan GV, Sullivan PG. An efficient and high-throughput method for the evaluation of mitochondrial dysfunction in frozen brain samples after traumatic brain injury. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1378536. [PMID: 38983247 PMCID: PMC11232470 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1378536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function analysis is a well-established method used in preclinical and clinical investigations to assess pathophysiological changes in various disease states, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although there are multiple approaches to assess mitochondrial function, one common method involves respirometric assays utilizing either Clark-type oxygen electrodes or fluorescent-based Seahorse analysis (Agilent). However, these functional analysis methods are typically limited to the availability of freshly isolated tissue samples due to the compromise of the electron transport chain (ETC) upon storage, caused by freeze-thaw-mediated breakdown of mitochondrial membranes. In this study, we propose and refine a method for evaluating electron flux through the ETC, encompassing complexes I, II, and IV, in frozen homogenates or mitochondrial samples within a single well of a Seahorse plate. Initially, we demonstrate the impact of TBI on freshly isolated mitochondria using the conventional oxidative phosphorylation protocol (OxPP), followed by a comparison with ETC analysis conducted on frozen tissue samples within the context of a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. Additionally, we explore the effects of mitochondrial isolation from fresh versus snap-frozen brain tissues and their storage at -80°C, assessing its impact on electron transport chain protocol (ETCP) activity. Our findings indicate that while both sets of samples were frozen at a single time point, mitochondria from snap-frozen tissues exhibited reduced injury effects compared to preparations from fresh tissues, which were either homogenized or isolated into mitochondria and subsequently frozen for later use. Thus, we demonstrate that the preparation of homogenates or isolated mitochondria can serve as an appropriate method for storing brain samples, allowing for later analysis of mitochondrial function, following TBI using ETCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemendra J. Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Lexington VA Medical Center, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Olivia J. Kalimon
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Lexington VA Medical Center, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Paresh Prajapati
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Gopal V. Velmurugan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Lexington VA Medical Center, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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El Baassiri MG, Raouf Z, Badin S, Escobosa A, Sodhi CP, Nasr IW. Dysregulated brain-gut axis in the setting of traumatic brain injury: review of mechanisms and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:124. [PMID: 38730498 PMCID: PMC11083845 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic and debilitating disease, associated with a high risk of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite significant advancements in improving outcomes, the lack of effective treatments underscore the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. The brain-gut axis has emerged as a crucial bidirectional pathway connecting the brain and the gastrointestinal (GI) system through an intricate network of neuronal, hormonal, and immunological pathways. Four main pathways are primarily implicated in this crosstalk, including the systemic immune system, autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine system, and microbiome. TBI induces profound changes in the gut, initiating an unrestrained vicious cycle that exacerbates brain injury through the brain-gut axis. Alterations in the gut include mucosal damage associated with the malabsorption of nutrients/electrolytes, disintegration of the intestinal barrier, increased infiltration of systemic immune cells, dysmotility, dysbiosis, enteroendocrine cell (EEC) dysfunction and disruption in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS). Collectively, these changes further contribute to brain neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration via the gut-brain axis. In this review article, we elucidate the roles of various anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies capable of attenuating the dysregulated inflammatory response along the brain-gut axis in TBI. These agents include hormones such as serotonin, ghrelin, and progesterone, ANS regulators such as beta-blockers, lipid-lowering drugs like statins, and intestinal flora modulators such as probiotics and antibiotics. They attenuate neuroinflammation by targeting distinct inflammatory pathways in both the brain and the gut post-TBI. These therapeutic agents exhibit promising potential in mitigating inflammation along the brain-gut axis and enhancing neurocognitive outcomes for TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G El Baassiri
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Zachariah Raouf
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sarah Badin
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Alejandro Escobosa
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Hansson MJ, Elmér E. Cyclosporine as Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1482-1495. [PMID: 37561274 PMCID: PMC10684836 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been impeded by the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease pathology, as well as limited understanding of the secondary injury cascade that follows the initial trauma. As a result, patients with TBI have an unmet need for effective pharmacological therapies. One promising drug candidate is cyclosporine, a polypeptide traditionally used to achieve immunosuppression in transplant recipients. Cyclosporine inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition, thereby reducing secondary brain injury, and has shown neuroprotective effects in multiple preclinical models of TBI. Moreover, the cyclosporine formulation NeuroSTAT® displayed positive effects on injury biomarker levels in patients with severe TBI enrolled in the Phase Ib/IIa Copenhagen Head Injury Ciclosporin trial (NCT01825044). Future research on neuroprotective compounds such as cyclosporine should take advantage of recent advances in fluid-based biomarkers and neuroimaging to select patients with similar disease pathologies for clinical trials. This would increase statistical power and allow for more accurate assessment of long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus J Hansson
- Abliva AB, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Abliva AB, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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4
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Kalimon OJ, Vekaria HJ, Velmurugan GV, Hubbard WB, Sullivan PG. Characterizing Sex Differences in Mitochondrial Dysfunction After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:627-642. [PMID: 37752924 PMCID: PMC10518693 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an impact or penetrating injury to the head resulting in abnormal brain function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important hallmark of TBI and has been thoroughly studied in male rodent models of brain injury, but relatively little is known about these outcomes in females. These studies were designed to examine sex as a biological variable for mitochondria-related outcomes after the severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model of TBI. Synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria were isolated from the sham- or CCI-injured cortex as well as the hippocampus ipsilateral to the craniotomy 3, 12, 24, or 48 h post-surgery, and then bioenergetics were measured. Subtle variations were observed in the timeline of mitochondrial dysfunction between sexes. Non-synaptic cortical mitochondria from injured females showed early impairment at 12 h post-CCI compared to mitochondria from injured males at 24 h post-CCI. Contrastingly, in the synaptic fraction, mitochondria from injured males showed early impairment at 12 h post-CCI, whereas mitochondria from injured females showed impairment at 24 h post-CCI. Based on bioenergetic impairments at 24 h post-CCI, synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial calcium loading was also measured at this time point. Consistent with bioenergetic data at 24 h, non-synaptic mitochondria from injured males had increased calcium loading compared to uninjured control, but this effect was not observed in females. Finally, histological assessment of cortical tissue sparing in each sex was measured at 7 days post-injury. There was a lack of sex-based differences in cortical tissue sparing after severe CCI. Overall, there were some subtle sex differences in mitochondrial outcomes after CCI, but these findings were not statistically significant. This study highlights the importance of utilizing both sexes when measuring mitochondrial function after severe CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J. Kalimon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hemendra J. Vekaria
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gopal V. Velmurugan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - W. Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Patel SP, Michael FM, Gollihue JL, Brad Hubbard W, Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG. Delivery of mitoceuticals or respiratory competent mitochondria to sites of neurotrauma. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:10-14. [PMID: 36371072 PMCID: PMC9805511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we review evidence that targeting mitochondrial dysfunction with 'mitoceuticals' is an effective neuroprotective strategy following neurotrauma, and that isolated exogenous mitochondria can be effectively transplanted into host spinal cord parenchyma to increase overall cellular metabolism. We further discuss control measures to ensure greatest potential for mitochondrial transfer, notably using erodible thermogelling hydrogels to deliver respiratory competent mitochondria to the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir P Patel
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, United States; Departments of Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Felicia M Michael
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, United States; Departments of Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Jenna L Gollihue
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, United States
| | - W Brad Hubbard
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, United States; Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Departments of Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, United States; Departments of Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, United States.
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Akira M, Yuichi T, Tomotaka U, Takaaki K, Kenichi M, Chimi M. The Outcome of Neurorehabilitation Efficacy and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:870190. [PMID: 35814948 PMCID: PMC9256961 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.870190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For public health professionals, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its possible protracted repercussions are a significant source of worry. In opposed to patient neurorehabilitation with developed brain abnormalities of different etiologies, neurorehabilitation of affected persons has several distinct features. The clinical repercussions of the various types of TBI injuries will be discussed in detail in this paper. During severe TBI, the medical course frequently follows a familiar first sequence of coma, accompanied by disordered awareness, followed by agitation and forgetfulness, followed by return of function. Clinicians must be aware of common medical issues that might occur throughout the various stages of neurorehabilitation, for example, posttraumatic hydrocephalus, paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity and posttraumatic neuroendocrine disorders, at each step of the process. Furthermore, we address problems about the scheduling of various rehabilitation programs as well as the availability of current data for comprehensive rehabilitative neuropsychology techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyamoto Akira
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan
| | - Takata Yuichi
- Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa, Japan
| | - Ueda Tomotaka
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan
| | - Kubo Takaaki
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mori Kenichi
- Omote Orthopedic Osteoporosis Clinic, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Miyamoto Chimi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Aino University, Ibaraki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Miyamoto Chimi,
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Melatonin alleviates traumatic brain injury‑induced anxiety‑like behaviors in rats: Roles of the protein kinase A/cAMP‑response element binding signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:248. [PMID: 35261620 PMCID: PMC8855513 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland. Given its capabilities of neuroprotection and low neurotoxicity, melatonin could be a therapeutic strategy for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study was conducted to determine the neuroprotective effects of melatonin on TBI-induced anxiety and the possible molecular mechanism. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups. The rodent model of TBI was established using the weight-drop method. Melatonin was administered by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg after TBI. H89 (0.02 mg/kg), a special protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, or dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP; 0.1 mg/kg), an activator of PKA, were administered by stereotactic injection of the brain to evaluate the roles of PKA and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in melatonin-related mood regulation, respectively. At 30 days post-TBI, the changes in anxiety-like behaviors in rats were measured using the open field and elevated plus maze tests. At 24 h post-TBI, the number of activated astrocytes and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated using immunofluorescence assay. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in the amygdala were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of PKA, phosphorylated (p)-PKA, CREB, p-CREB, NF-κB and p-NF-κB in the amygdala were detected using western blotting. It was revealed that melatonin partially reversed TBI-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats, and decreased the number of activated astrocytes and neuronal apoptosis in the amygdala induced by TBI. H89 partially blocked the neuroprotective effects of melatonin; while dibutyryl-cAMP not only reduced the H89-induced emotional disturbance but also enhanced the protective effects of melatonin against TBI. Overall, melatonin can alleviate TBI-induced anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Moreover, the underlying mechanism may be associated with the activation of the PKA/CREB signaling pathway.
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Hubbard WB, Spry ML, Gooch JL, Cloud AL, Vekaria HJ, Burden S, Powell DK, Berkowitz BA, Geldenhuys WJ, Harris NG, Sullivan PG. Clinically relevant mitochondrial-targeted therapy improves chronic outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Brain 2021; 144:3788-3807. [PMID: 34972207 PMCID: PMC8719838 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioglitazone, an FDA-approved compound, has been shown to target the novel mitochondrial protein mitoNEET and produce short-term neuroprotection and functional benefits following traumatic brain injury. To expand on these findings, we now investigate the dose- and time-dependent effects of pioglitazone administration on mitochondrial function after experimental traumatic brain injury. We then hypothesize that optimal pioglitazone dosing will lead to ongoing neuroprotection and cognitive benefits that are dependent on pioglitazone-mitoNEET signalling pathways. We show that delayed intervention is significantly more effective than early intervention at improving acute mitochondrial bioenergetics in the brain after traumatic brain injury. In corroboration, we demonstrate that mitoNEET is more heavily expressed, especially near the cortical contusion, in the 18 h following traumatic brain injury. To explore whether these findings relate to ongoing pathological and behavioural outcomes, mice received controlled cortical impact followed by initiation of pioglitazone treatment at either 3 or 18 h post-injury. Mice with treatment initiation at 18 h post-injury exhibited significantly improved behaviour and tissue sparing compared to mice with pioglitazone initiated at 3 h post-injury. Further using mitoNEET knockout mice, we show that this therapeutic effect is dependent on mitoNEET. Finally, we demonstrate that delayed pioglitazone treatment improves serial motor and cognitive performance in conjunction with attenuated brain atrophy after traumatic brain injury. This study illustrates that mitoNEET is the critical target for delayed pioglitazone intervention after traumatic brain injury, mitochondrial-targeting is highly time-dependent after injury and there is an extended therapeutic window to effectively treat mitochondrial dysfunction after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| | - Malinda L Spry
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gooch
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Amber L Cloud
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Hemendra J Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Shawn Burden
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - David K Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Neil G Harris
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, and Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
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9
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Fornaro M, Trinchillo A, Saccà F, Iasevoli F, Nolano M, de Bartolomeis A. Pharmacotherapy to prevent the onset of depression following traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 23:255-262. [PMID: 34530652 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1980537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depressive symptoms may follow traumatic brain injury (TBI), affecting cognition, apathy, and overall general functioning. Pharmacotherapy to prevent the onset of depression following TBI is, therefore, crucial. AREAS COVERED The present report critically appraises current pharmacotherapy to prevent the onset of depression following TBI as well as novel potential pharmacological avenues on the matter. Both efficacy and safety issues are considered, emphasizing an evidence-based approach whenever feasible. The authors further provide the reader with their expert opinion and future perspectives on the subject. EXPERT OPINION Despite its clinical burden and relatively frequent occurrence, the prophylaxis of post-TBI depression warrants further research. The current clinical guidelines of depression do not account for people with a primary diagnosis of TBI. Prospective cohort studies supported by proof-of-concept trials are nonetheless urged toward more effective, patient-tailored pharmacotherapy to prevent the onset of depression and treatment-resistance phenomena following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology, Federico Ii University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Trinchillo
- Section of Neurology, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology Department of Neuroscience, Federico Ii University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccà
- Section of Neurology, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology Department of Neuroscience, Federico Ii University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology, Federico Ii University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Nolano
- Section of Neurology, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology Department of Neuroscience, Federico Ii University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology, Federico Ii University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Staff Unesco Chair Chair "Education for Health and Sustainable Development," University of Naples, Federico Ii Naples, Naples, Italy
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10
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Jones I, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Carlsson L, Novikov LN. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Neural Crest Cells Promote Sprouting and Motor Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689720988245. [PMID: 33522309 PMCID: PMC7863557 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720988245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in irreversible tissue damage and permanent sensorimotor impairment. The development of novel therapeutic strategies that improve the life quality of affected individuals is therefore of paramount importance. Cell transplantation is a promising approach for spinal cord injury treatment and the present study assesses the efficacy of human embryonic stem cell–derived neural crest cells as preclinical cell-based therapy candidates. The differentiated neural crest cells exhibited characteristic molecular signatures and produced a range of biologically active trophic factors that stimulated in vitro neurite outgrowth of rat primary dorsal root ganglia neurons. Transplantation of the neural crest cells into both acute and chronic rat cervical spinal cord injury models promoted remodeling of descending raphespinal projections and contributed to the partial recovery of forelimb motor function. The results achieved in this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that human embryonic stem cell–derived neural crest cells warrant further investigation as cell-based therapy candidates for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Jones
- 59588Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Wiberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Section of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leif Carlsson
- 59588Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lev N Novikov
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Zhang Z, Yu J, Wang P, Lin L, Liu R, Zeng R, Ma H, Zhao Y. iTRAQ-based proteomic profiling reveals protein alterations after traumatic brain injury and supports thyroxine as a potential treatment. Mol Brain 2021; 14:25. [PMID: 33504361 PMCID: PMC7839205 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a primary cause of disability and death across the world. Previously, RNA analysis was widely used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TBI; however, the relatively low correlation between the transcriptome and proteome revealed that RNA transcription abundance does not reliably predict protein abundance, which led to the emergence of proteomic research. In this study, an iTRAQ proteomics approach was applied to detect protein alterations after TBI on a large scale. A total of 3937 proteins were identified, and 146 proteins were significantly changed after TBI. Moreover, 23 upregulated proteins were verified by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), and fold changes in 16 proteins were consistent with iTRAQ outcomes. Transthyretin (Ttr) upregulation has been demonstrated at the transcriptional level, and this study further confirmed this at the protein level. After treatment with thyroxine (T4), which is transported by Ttr, the effects of T4 on neuronal histopathology and behavioral performance were determined in vivo (TBI + T4 group). Brain edema was alleviated, and the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) improved. Escape latency in the Morris water maze (MWM) declined significantly compared with the group without T4 treatment. Modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) of the TBI + T4 group decreased from day 1 to day 7 post-TBI compared with the TBI + saline group. These results indicate that T4 treatment has potential to alleviate pathologic and behavioral abnormalities post-TBI. Protein alterations after T4 treatment were also detected by iTRAQ proteomics. Upregulation of proteins like Lgals3, Gfap and Apoe after TBI were reversed by T4 treatment. GO enrichment showed T4 mainly affected intermediate filament organization, cholesterol transportation and axonal regeneration. In summary, iTRAQ proteomics provides information about the impact of TBI on protein alterations and yields insight into underlying mechanisms and pathways involved in TBI and T4 treatment. Finally, Ttr and other proteins identified by iTRAQ may become potential novel treatment targets post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Zhang
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Jiangtao Yu
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Lian Lin
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Ruining Liu
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Haoli Ma
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
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12
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Karlsson M, Yang Z, Chawla S, Delso N, Pukenas B, Elmér E, Hugerth M, Margulies SS, Ehinger J, Hansson MJ, Wang KKW, Kilbaugh TJ. Evaluation of Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Fluid Based Biomarkers in a Large Animal Trial of Cyclosporine in Focal Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1870-1878. [PMID: 33191835 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All phase III trials evaluating medical treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI), performed to date, have failed. To facilitate future success there is a need for novel outcome metrics that can bridge pre-clinical studies to clinical proof of concept trials. Our objective was to assess diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and biofluid-based biomarkers as efficacy outcome metrics in a large animal study evaluating the efficacy of cyclosporine in TBI. This work builds on our previously published study that demonstrated a reduced volume of injury by 35% with cyclosporine treatment based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results. A focal contusion injury was induced in piglets using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device. Cyclosporine in a novel Cremophor/Kolliphor EL-free lipid emulsion, NeuroSTAT, was administered by continuous intravenous infusion for 5 days. The animals underwent DTI on day 5. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as a measure of astroglia injury, and neurofilament light (NF-L), as a measure of axonal injury, were measured in blood on days 1, 2, and 5, and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on day 5 post-injury. Normalized fractional anisotropy (FA) was significantly (p = 0.027) higher in in the treatment group, indicating preserved tissue integrity with treatment. For the biomarkers, we observed a statistical trend of a decreased level of NF-L in CSF (p = 0.051), in the treatment group relative to placebo, indicating less axonal injury. Our findings suggest that DTI, and possibly CSF NF-L, may be feasible as translational end-points assessing neuroprotective drugs in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karlsson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sanjeev Chawla
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nile Delso
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Bryan Pukenas
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Abliva AB, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Susan S Margulies
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Johannes Ehinger
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus J Hansson
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Abliva AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Todd J Kilbaugh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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13
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Readnower RD, Hubbard WB, Kalimon OJ, Geddes JW, Sullivan PG. Genetic Approach to Elucidate the Role of Cyclophilin D in Traumatic Brain Injury Pathology. Cells 2021; 10:199. [PMID: 33498273 PMCID: PMC7909250 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin D (CypD) has been shown to play a critical role in mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and the subsequent cell death cascade. Studies consistently demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial calcium overload and mPTP opening, is essential to the pathobiology of cell death after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). CypD inhibitors, such as cyclosporin A (CsA) or NIM811, administered following TBI, are neuroprotective and quell neurological deficits. However, some pharmacological inhibitors of CypD have multiple biological targets and, as such, do not directly implicate a role for CypD in arbitrating cell death after TBI. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of the role CypD plays in TBI pathobiology. Further, we directly assessed the role of CypD in mediating cell death following TBI by utilizing mice lacking the CypD encoding gene Ppif. Following controlled cortical impact (CCI), the genetic knockout of CypD protected acute mitochondrial bioenergetics at 6 h post-injury and reduced subacute cortical tissue and hippocampal cell loss at 18 d post-injury. The administration of CsA following experimental TBI in Ppif-/- mice improved cortical tissue sparing, highlighting the multiple cellular targets of CsA in the mitigation of TBI pathology. The loss of CypD appeared to desensitize the mitochondrial response to calcium burden induced by TBI; this maintenance of mitochondrial function underlies the observed neuroprotective effect of the CypD knockout. These studies highlight the importance of maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis after injury and validate CypD as a therapeutic target for TBI. Further, these results solidify the beneficial effects of CsA treatment following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Readnower
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - William Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| | - Olivia J. Kalimon
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - James W. Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
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14
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Drugs with anti-inflammatory effects to improve outcome of traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16179. [PMID: 32999392 PMCID: PMC7528105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) varies largely and degree of immune activation is an important determinant factor. This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of drugs with anti-inflammatory properties in improving neurological and functional outcome. The systematic search following PRISMA guidelines resulted in 15 randomized placebo-controlled trials (3734 patients), evaluating progesterone, erythropoietin and cyclosporine. The meta-analysis (15 studies) showed that TBI patients receiving a drug with anti-inflammatory effects had a higher chance of a favorable outcome compared to those receiving placebo (RR = 1.15; 95% CI 1.01–1.32, p = 0.041). However, publication bias was indicated together with heterogeneity (I2 = 76.59%). Stratified analysis showed that positive effects were mainly observed in patients receiving this treatment within 8 h after injury. Subanalyses by drug type showed efficacy for progesterone (8 studies, RR 1.22; 95% CI 1.01–1.47, p = 0.040), again heterogeneity was high (I2 = 62.92%) and publication bias could not be ruled out. The positive effect of progesterone covaried with younger age and was mainly observed when administered intramuscularly and not intravenously. Erythropoietin (4 studies, RR 1.20; p = 0.110; I2 = 76.59%) and cyclosporine (3 studies, RR 0.75; p = 0.189, I2 = 0%) did not show favorable significant effects. While negative findings for erythropoietin may reflect insufficient power, cyclosporine did not show better outcome at all. Current results do not allow firm conclusions on the efficacy of drugs with anti-inflammatory properties in TBI patients. Included trials showed heterogeneity in methodological and sample parameters. At present, only progesterone showed positive results and early administration via intramuscular administration may be most effective, especially in young people. The anti-inflammatory component of progesterone is relatively weak and other mechanisms than mitigating overall immune response may be more important.
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15
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Chen L, Song Q, Chen Y, Meng S, Zheng M, Huang J, Zhang Q, Jiang J, Feng J, Chen H, Jiang G, Gao X. Tailored Reconstituted Lipoprotein for Site-Specific and Mitochondria-Targeted Cyclosporine A Delivery to Treat Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6636-6648. [PMID: 32464051 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The secondary damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to lifelong disabilities, bringing enormous economic and psychological burden to patients and their families. Mitochondria, as the core mediator of the secondary injury cascade reaction in TBI, is an important target to prevent the spread of cell death and dysfunction. Thus, therapeutics that can accumulate at the damaged sites and subsequently rescue the functions of mitochondria would largely improve the outcome of TBI. Cyclosporine A (CsA), which can maintain the integrity of mitochondrial function, is among the most promising neuroprotective therapeutics for TBI treatment. However, the clinical application of CsA in TBI is largely hindered because of its poor access to the targets. Here, to realize targeted intracellular CsA delivery, we designed a lipoprotein biomimetic nanocarrier by incorporating CsA in the core and decorating a matrix metalloproteinase-9 activatable cell-penetrating peptide onto the surface of the lipoprotein-mimic nanocarrier. This CsA-loaded tailored reconstituted lipoprotein efficiently accumulated at the damaged brain sites, entered the target cells, bound to the membrane of mitochondria, more efficiently reduced neuronal damage, alleviated neuroinflammation, and rescued memory deficits at the dose 1/16 of free CsA in a controlled cortical impact injury mice model. The findings provide strong evidence that the secondary damages in TBI can be well controlled through targeted CsA delivery and highlight the potential of a lipoprotein biomimetic nanocarrier as a flexible nanoplatform for the management of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qingxiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuang Meng
- Core Facility of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mengna Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jialin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiyao Jiang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Junfeng Feng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Gan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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16
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Formoterol, a β 2-adrenoreceptor agonist, induces mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes cognitive recovery after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104866. [PMID: 32289370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to acute necrosis at the site of injury followed by a sequence of secondary events lasting from hours to weeks and often years. Targeting mitochondrial impairment following TBI has shown improvements in brain mitochondrial bioenergetics and neuronal function. Recently formoterol, a highly selective β2-adrenoreceptor agonist, was found to induce mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) via Gβγ-Akt-eNOS-sGC pathway. Activation of MB is a novel approach that has been shown to restore mitochondrial function in several disease and injury models. We hypothesized that activation of MB as a target of formoterol after TBI would mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, enhance neuronal function and improve behavioral outcomes. TBI-injured C57BL/6 male mice were injected (i.p.) with vehicle (normal saline) or formoterol (0.3 mg/kg) at 15 min, 8 h, 16 h, 24 h and then daily after controlled cortical impact (CCI) until euthanasia. After CCI, mitochondrial copy number and bioenergetic function were decreased in the ipsilateral cortex of the CCI-vehicle group. Compared to CCI-vehicle, cortical and hippocampal mitochondrial respiration rates as well as cortical mitochondrial DNA copy number were increased in the CCI-formoterol group. Mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering capacity in the hippocampus was higher in the CCI-formoterol group compared to CCI-vehicle group. Both assessments of cognitive performance, novel object recognition (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM), decreased following CCI and were restored in the CCI-formoterol group. Although no changes were seen in the amount of cortical tissue spared between CCI-formoterol and CCI-vehicle groups, elevated levels of hippocampal neurons and improved white matter sparing in the corpus callosum were observed in CCI-formoterol group. Collectively, these results indicate that formoterol-mediated MB activation may be a potential therapeutic target to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics and promote functional recovery after TBI.
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17
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Crupi R, Cordaro M, Cuzzocrea S, Impellizzeri D. Management of Traumatic Brain Injury: From Present to Future. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040297. [PMID: 32252390 PMCID: PMC7222188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TBI (traumatic brain injury) is a major cause of death among youth in industrialized societies. Brain damage following traumatic injury is a result of direct and indirect mechanisms; indirect or secondary injury involves the initiation of an acute inflammatory response, including the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), brain edema, infiltration of peripheral blood cells, and activation of resident immunocompetent cells, as well as the release of numerous immune mediators such as interleukins and chemotactic factors. TBI can cause changes in molecular signaling and cellular functions and structures, in addition to tissue damage, such as hemorrhage, diffuse axonal damages, and contusions. TBI typically disturbs brain functions such as executive actions, cognitive grade, attention, memory data processing, and language abilities. Animal models have been developed to reproduce the different features of human TBI, better understand its pathophysiology, and discover potential new treatments. For many years, the first approach to manage TBI has been treatment of the injured tissue with interventions designed to reduce the complex secondary-injury cascade. Several studies in the literature have stressed the importance of more closely examining injuries, including endothelial, microglia, astroglia, oligodendroglia, and precursor cells. Significant effort has been invested in developing neuroprotective agents. The aim of this work is to review TBI pathophysiology and existing and potential new therapeutic strategies in the management of inflammatory events and behavioral deficits associated with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, Messina University, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +390-906-765-208
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, Messina University, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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18
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Bioenergetic restoration and neuroprotection after therapeutic targeting of mitoNEET: New mechanism of pioglitazone following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 327:113243. [PMID: 32057797 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a pivotal event in many neurodegenerative disease states including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). One possible mechanism driving mitochondrial dysfunction is glutamate excitotoxicity leading to Ca2+-overload in neuronal or glial mitochondria. Therapies that reduce calcium overload and enhance bioenergetics have been shown to improve neurological outcomes. Pioglitazone, an FDA approved compound, has shown neuroprotective properties following TBI and SCI, but the underlying mechanism(s) are unknown. We hypothesized that the interaction between pioglitazone and a novel mitochondrial protein called mitoNEET was the basis for neuroprotection following CNS injury. We discovered that mitoNEET is an important mediator of Ca2+-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and show that binding mitoNEET with pioglitazone can prevent Ca2+-induced dysfunction. By utilizing wild-type (WT) and mitoNEET null mice, we show that pioglitazone mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction and provides neuroprotection in WT mice, though produces no restorative effects in mitoNEET null mice. We also show that NL-1, a novel mitoNEET ligand, is neuroprotective following TBI in both mice and rats. These results support the crucial role of mitoNEET for mitochondrial bioenergetics, its importance in the neuropathological sequelae of TBI and the necessity of mitoNEET for pioglitazone-mediated neuroprotection. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathobiological complication seen in other diseases such as diabetes, motor neuron disease and cancer, targeting mitoNEET may provide a novel mitoceutical target and therapeutic intervention for diseases that expand beyond TBI.
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19
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Ng SY, Lee AYW. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:528. [PMID: 31827423 PMCID: PMC6890857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst civilians and military personnel globally. Despite advances in our knowledge of the complex pathophysiology of TBI, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. While initial brain insult involves acute and irreversible primary damage to the parenchyma, the ensuing secondary brain injuries often progress slowly over months to years, hence providing a window for therapeutic interventions. To date, hallmark events during delayed secondary CNS damage include Wallerian degeneration of axons, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death of neurons and glia. Extensive research has been directed to the identification of druggable targets associated with these processes. Furthermore, tremendous effort has been put forth to improve the bioavailability of therapeutics to CNS by devising strategies for efficient, specific and controlled delivery of bioactive agents to cellular targets. Here, we give an overview of the pathophysiology of TBI and the underlying molecular mechanisms, followed by an update on novel therapeutic targets and agents. Recent development of various approaches of drug delivery to the CNS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yun Ng
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Yiu Wah Lee
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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20
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Miller HA, Magsam AW, Tarudji AW, Romanova S, Weber L, Gee CC, Madsen GL, Bronich TK, Kievit FM. Evaluating differential nanoparticle accumulation and retention kinetics in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury via K trans mapping with MRI. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16099. [PMID: 31695100 PMCID: PMC6834577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of injury-related death worldwide, yet there are no approved neuroprotective therapies that improve neurological outcome post-injury. Transient opening of the blood-brain barrier following injury provides an opportunity for passive accumulation of intravenously administered nanoparticles through an enhanced permeation and retention-like effect. However, a thorough understanding of physicochemical properties that promote optimal uptake and retention kinetics in TBI is still needed. In this study, we present a robust method for magnetic resonance imaging of nanoparticle uptake and retention kinetics following intravenous injection in a controlled cortical impact mouse model of TBI. Three contrast-enhancing nanoparticles with different hydrodynamic sizes and relaxivity properties were compared. Accumulation and retention were monitored by modelling the permeability coefficient, Ktrans, for each nanoparticle within the reproducible mouse model. Quantification of Ktrans for different nanoparticles allowed for non-invasive, multi-time point assessment of both accumulation and retention kinetics in the injured tissue. Using this method, we found that 80 nm poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles had maximal Ktrans in a TBI when injected 3 hours post-injury, showing significantly higher accumulation kinetics than the small molecule, Gd-DTPA. This robust method will enable optimization of administration time and nanoparticle physicochemical properties to achieve maximum delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter A Miller
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, 200 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Alexander W Magsam
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, 200 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Aria W Tarudji
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, 200 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Svetlana Romanova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Durham Research Center I, Room 1036, Omaha, NE, 68189, USA
| | - Laura Weber
- ProTransit Nanotherapy, 16514L St., Omaha, NE, 68135, USA
| | - Connor C Gee
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, 200 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Gary L Madsen
- ProTransit Nanotherapy, 16514L St., Omaha, NE, 68135, USA
| | - Tatiana K Bronich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Durham Research Center I, Room 1036, Omaha, NE, 68189, USA
| | - Forrest M Kievit
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, 200 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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21
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Kelsen J, Karlsson M, Hansson MJ, Yang Z, Fischer W, Hugerth M, Nordström CH, Åstrand R, Keep MF, Kilbaugh T, Wang KKW, Møller K, Juhler M, Elmér E. Copenhagen Head Injury Ciclosporin Study: A Phase IIa Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Biomarker Study of Ciclosporin in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3253-3263. [PMID: 31210099 PMCID: PMC6857463 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes to almost one third of all trauma-related deaths, and those that survive often suffer from long-term physical and cognitive deficits. Ciclosporin (cyclosporine, cyclosporin A) has shown promising neuroprotective properties in pre-clinical TBI models. The Copenhagen Head Injury Ciclosporin (CHIC) study was initiated to establish the safety profile and pharmacokinetics of ciclosporin in patients with severe TBI, using a novel parenteral lipid emulsion formulation. Exploratory pharmacodynamic study measures included microdialysis in brain parenchyma and protein biomarkers of brain injury in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Sixteen adult patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale 4–8) were included, and all patients received an initial loading dose of 2.5 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion for 5 days. The first 10 patients received an infusion dosage of 5 mg/kg/day whereas the subsequent 6 patients received 10 mg/kg/day. No mortality was registered within the study duration, and the distribution of adverse events was similar between the two treatment groups. Pharmacokinetic analysis of CSF confirmed dose-dependent brain exposure. Between- and within-patient variability in blood concentrations was limited, whereas CSF concentrations were more variable. The four biomarkers, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light, tau, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, showed consistent trends to decrease during the 5-day treatment period, whereas the samples taken on the days after the treatment period showed higher values in the majority of patients. In conclusion, ciclosporin, as administered in this study, is safe and well tolerated. The study confirmed that ciclosporin is able to pass the blood–brain barrier in a TBI population and provided an initial biomarker-based signal of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Kelsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Karlsson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus J Hansson
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Walter Fischer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ramona Åstrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus F Keep
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sanford Brain and Spine Institute, Sanford Medical Center, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Todd Kilbaugh
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanesthesiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Cyclosporin A ameliorates cerebral oxidative metabolism and infarct size in the endothelin-1 rat model of transient cerebral ischaemia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3702. [PMID: 30842488 PMCID: PMC6403404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral microdialysis can be used to detect mitochondrial dysfunction, a potential target of neuroprotective treatment. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a mitochondrial stabiliser that in a recent clinical stroke trial showed protective potential in patients with successful recanalisation. To investigate specific metabolic effects of CsA during reperfusion, and hypothesising that microdialysis values can be used as a proxy outcome measure, we assessed the temporal patterns of cerebral energy substrates related to oxidative metabolism in a model of transient focal ischaemia. Transient ischaemia was induced by intracerebral microinjection of endothelin-1 (150 pmol/15 µL) through stereotaxically implanted guide cannulas in awake, freely moving rats. This was immediately followed by an intravenous injection of CsA (NeuroSTAT; 15 mg/kg) or placebo solution during continuous microdialysis monitoring. After reperfusion, the lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR) was significantly lower in the CsA group vs placebo (n = 17, 60.6 ± 24.3%, p = 0.013). Total and striatal infarct volumes (mm3) were reduced in the treatment group (n = 31, 61.8 ± 6.0 vs 80.6 ± 6.7, p = 0.047 and 29.9 ± 3.5 vs 41.5 ± 3.9, p = 0.033). CsA treatment thus ameliorated cerebral reperfusion metabolism and infarct size. Cerebral microdialysis may be useful in evaluating putative neuroprotectants in ischaemic stroke.
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23
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Kilcoyne M, Patil V, O’Grady C, Bradley C, McMahon SS. Differential Glycosylation Expression in Injured Rat Spinal Cord Treated with Immunosuppressive Drug Cyclosporin-A. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3083-3097. [PMID: 30868109 PMCID: PMC6407839 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is ubiquitous throughout the central nervous system and altered following spinal cord injury (SCI). The glial scar that forms following SCI is composed of several chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, which inhibit axonal regrowth. Cyclosporin-A (CsA), an immunosuppressive therapeutic, has been proposed as a potential treatment after SCI. We investigated CsA treatment in the spinal cord of healthy, contusion injured, and injured CsA-treated rats. Lectin histochemistry using fluorescently labeled lectins, SBA, MAA, SNA-I, and WFA, was performed to identify the terminal carbohydrate residues of glycoconjugates within the spinal cord. SBA staining decreased in gray and white matter following spinal cord injury, whereas staining was increased at the lesion site in CsA-treated animals, indicating an increase in galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine terminal structures. No significant changes in MAA were observed. WFA staining was abundant in gray matter and observed to increase at the lesion site, in agreement with increased expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. SNA-I-stained blood vessels in all spinal cord regions and dual staining identified a subpopulation of astrocytes in the lesion site, which expressed α-(2,6)-sialic acid. Glycosylation were altered in injured spinal cord treated with CsA, indicating that glycosylation and alteration of particular carbohydrate structures are important factors to consider in the examination of the environment of the spinal cord after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kilcoyne
- Carbohydrate
Signalling Group, Discipline of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Vaibhav Patil
- Centre
for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Claire O’Grady
- Discipline
of Anatomy and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine
Nursing and Health Sciences, National University
of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 W5P7, Ireland
| | - Ciara Bradley
- Discipline
of Anatomy and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine
Nursing and Health Sciences, National University
of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 W5P7, Ireland
| | - Siobhan S. McMahon
- Discipline
of Anatomy and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine
Nursing and Health Sciences, National University
of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 W5P7, Ireland
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24
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Lamade AM, Kenny EM, Anthonymuthu TS, Soysal E, Clark RSB, Kagan VE, Bayır H. Aiming for the target: Mitochondrial drug delivery in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2019; 145:209-219. [PMID: 30009835 PMCID: PMC6309489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a keystone of neuronal function, serving a dual role as sustainer of life and harbinger of death. While mitochondria are indispensable for energy production, a dysregulated mitochondrial network can spell doom for both neurons and the functions they provide. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex and biphasic injury, often affecting children and young adults. The primary pathological mechanism of TBI is mechanical, too rapid to be mitigated by anything but prevention. However, the secondary injury of TBI evolves over hours and days after the initial insult providing a window of opportunity for intervention. As a nexus point of both survival and death during this second phase, targeting mitochondrial pathology in TBI has long been an attractive strategy. Often these attempts are mired by efficacy-limiting unintended off-target effects. Specific delivery to and enrichment of therapeutics at their submitochondrial site of action can reduce deleterious effects and increase potency. Mitochondrial drug localization is accomplished using (1) the mitochondrial membrane potential, (2) affinity of a carrier to mitochondria-specific components (e.g. lipids), (3) piggybacking on the cells own mitochondria trafficking systems, or (4) nanoparticle-based approaches. In this review, we briefly consider the mitochondrial delivery strategies and drug targets that illustrate the promise of these mitochondria-specific approaches in the design of TBI pharmacotherapy. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lamade
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kenny
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elif Soysal
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics in Biomedicine, Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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25
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Mohamadpour M, Whitney K, Bergold PJ. The Importance of Therapeutic Time Window in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:07. [PMID: 30728762 PMCID: PMC6351484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. Despite its importance in public health, there are presently no drugs to treat TBI. Many reasons underlie why drugs have failed clinical trials, one reason is that most drugs to treat TBI lose much of their efficacy before patients are first treated. This review discusses the importance of therapeutic time window; the time interval between TBI onset and the initiation of treatment. Therapeutic time window is complex, as brain injury is both acute and chronic, resulting in multiple drug targets that appear and disappear with differing kinetics. The speed and increasing complexity of TBI pathophysiology is a major reason why drugs lose efficacy as time to first dose increases. Recent Phase III clinical trials treated moderate to severe TBI patients within 4–8 h after injury, yet they turned away many potential patients who could not be treated within these time windows. Additionally, most head trauma is mild TBI. Unlike moderate to severe TBI, patients with mild TBI often delay treatment until their symptoms do not abate. Thus, drugs to treat moderate to severe TBI likely will need to retain high efficacy for up to 12 h after injury; drugs for mild TBI, however, will likely need even longer windows. Early pathological events following TBI progress with similar kinetics in humans and animal TBI models suggesting that preclinical testing of time windows assists the design of clinical trials. We reviewed preclinical studies of drugs first dosed later than 4 h after injury. This review showed that therapeutic time window can differ depending upon the animal TBI model and the outcome measure. We identify the few drugs (methamphetamine, melanocortin, minocycline plus N-acetylcysteine, and cycloserine) that demonstrated good therapeutic windows with multiple outcome measures. On the basis of their therapeutic window, these drugs appear to be excellent candidates for clinical trials. In addition to further testing of these drugs, we recommend that the assessment of therapeutic time window with multiple outcome measures becomes a standard component of preclinical drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Mohamadpour
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Kristen Whitney
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Peter J Bergold
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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26
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Kassi AAY, Mahavadi AK, Clavijo A, Caliz D, Lee SW, Ahmed AI, Yokobori S, Hu Z, Spurlock MS, Wasserman JM, Rivera KN, Nodal S, Powell HR, Di L, Torres R, Leung LY, Rubiano AM, Bullock RM, Gajavelli S. Enduring Neuroprotective Effect of Subacute Neural Stem Cell Transplantation After Penetrating TBI. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1097. [PMID: 30719019 PMCID: PMC6348935 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the largest cause of death and disability of persons under 45 years old, worldwide. Independent of the distribution, outcomes such as disability are associated with huge societal costs. The heterogeneity of TBI and its complicated biological response have helped clarify the limitations of current pharmacological approaches to TBI management. Five decades of effort have made some strides in reducing TBI mortality but little progress has been made to mitigate TBI-induced disability. Lessons learned from the failure of numerous randomized clinical trials and the inability to scale up results from single center clinical trials with neuroprotective agents led to the formation of organizations such as the Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials (NETT) Network, and international collaborative comparative effectiveness research (CER) to re-orient TBI clinical research. With initiatives such as TRACK-TBI, generating rich and comprehensive human datasets with demographic, clinical, genomic, proteomic, imaging, and detailed outcome data across multiple time points has become the focus of the field in the United States (US). In addition, government institutions such as the US Department of Defense are investing in groups such as Operation Brain Trauma Therapy (OBTT), a multicenter, pre-clinical drug-screening consortium to address the barriers in translation. The consensus from such efforts including “The Lancet Neurology Commission” and current literature is that unmitigated cell death processes, incomplete debris clearance, aberrant neurotoxic immune, and glia cell response induce progressive tissue loss and spatiotemporal magnification of primary TBI. Our analysis suggests that the focus of neuroprotection research needs to shift from protecting dying and injured neurons at acute time points to modulating the aberrant glial response in sub-acute and chronic time points. One unexpected agent with neuroprotective properties that shows promise is transplantation of neural stem cells. In this review we present (i) a short survey of TBI epidemiology and summary of current care, (ii) findings of past neuroprotective clinical trials and possible reasons for failure based upon insights from human and preclinical TBI pathophysiology studies, including our group's inflammation-centered approach, (iii) the unmet need of TBI and unproven treatments and lastly, (iv) present evidence to support the rationale for sub-acute neural stem cell therapy to mediate enduring neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelia A Y Kassi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anil K Mahavadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Angelica Clavijo
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Daniela Caliz
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie W Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Aminul I Ahmed
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Markus S Spurlock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joseph M Wasserman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Karla N Rivera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Samuel Nodal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Henry R Powell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Long Di
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rolando Torres
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lai Yee Leung
- Branch of Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andres Mariano Rubiano
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Ross M Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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27
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Carbonara M, Fossi F, Zoerle T, Ortolano F, Moro F, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, Stocchetti N. Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells can Potentially Overcome Some Limitations of Previous Clinical Trials. Front Neurol 2018; 9:885. [PMID: 30405517 PMCID: PMC6208094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In the last 30 years several neuroprotective agents, attenuating the downstream molecular and cellular damaging events triggered by TBI, have been extensively studied. Even though many drugs have shown promising results in the pre-clinical stage, all have failed in large clinical trials. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may offer a promising new therapeutic intervention, with preclinical data showing protection of the injured brain. We selected three of the critical aspects identified as possible causes of clinical failure: the window of opportunity for drug administration, the double-edged contribution of mechanisms to damage and recovery, and the oft-neglected role of reparative mechanisms. For each aspect, we briefly summarized the limitations of previous trials and the potential advantages of a newer approach using MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carbonara
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fossi
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ortolano
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplants, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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28
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Golabchi A, Wu B, Li X, Carlisle DL, Kozai TDY, Friedlander RM, Cui XT. Melatonin improves quality and longevity of chronic neural recording. Biomaterials 2018; 180:225-239. [PMID: 30053658 PMCID: PMC6179369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chronic performance of implantable neural electrodes is hindered by inflammatory brain tissue responses, including microglia activation, glial scarring, and neuronal loss. Melatonin (MT) has shown remarkable neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects in treating central nervous system (CNS) injuries and degeneration by inhibiting caspase-1, -3, and -9 activation and mitochondrial cytochrome c release, as well as reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This study examined the effect of MT administration on the quality and longevity of neural recording from an implanted microelectrode in the visual cortex of mice for 16 weeks. MT (30 mg/kg) was administered via daily intraperitoneal injection for acute (3 days before and 14 days post-implantation) and chronic (3 days before and 16 weeks post-implantation) exposures. During the first 4 weeks, both MT groups showed significantly higher single-unit (SU) yield, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and amplitude compared to the vehicle control group. However, after 4 weeks of implantation, the SU yield of the acute treatment group dropped to the same level as the control group, while the chronic treatment group maintained significantly higher SU yield compared to both acute (week 5-16) and control (week 0-16) mice. Histological studies revealed a significant increase in neuronal viability and decrease in neuronal apoptosis around the implanted electrode at week 16 in the chronic group in comparison to control and acute subjects, which is correlated with reduced oxidative stress and increased number of pro-regeneration arginase-1 positive microglia cells. These results demonstrate the potent effect of MT treatment in maintaining a high-quality electrode-tissue interface and suggest that MT promotes neuroprotection possibly through its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiyeh Golabchi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Diane L Carlisle
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Neurotechnology Division of the University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, USA
| | - Robert M Friedlander
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
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29
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Karlsson M, Pukenas B, Chawla S, Ehinger JK, Plyler R, Stolow M, Gabello M, Hugerth M, Elmér E, Hansson MJ, Margulies S, Kilbaugh T. Neuroprotective Effects of Cyclosporine in a Porcine Pre-Clinical Trial of Focal Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:14-24. [PMID: 29929438 PMCID: PMC6306685 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be a hallmark of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and plays a pivotal role in the resulting cellular injury. Cyclophilin D-mediated activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore has been suggested to contribute to this secondary injury cascade. Cyclosporine possesses neuroprotective properties that have been attributed to the desensitization of mitochondrial permeability transition pore activation. In vivo animal experiments have demonstrated neuroprotective effects of cyclosporine in more than 20 independent experimental studies in a multitude of different experimental models. However, the majority of these studies have been carried out in rodents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel and cremophor/kolliphor EL-free lipid emulsion formulation of cyclosporine in a translational large animal model of TBI. A mild-to-moderate focal contusion injury was induced in piglets using a controlled cortical impact device. After initial step-wise analyses of pharmacokinetics and comparing with exposure of cyclosporine in clinical TBI trials, a 5-day dosing regimen with continuous intravenous cyclosporine infusion (20 mg/kg/day) was evaluated in a randomized and blinded placebo-controlled setting. Cyclosporine reduced the volume of parenchymal injury by 35%, as well as improved markers of neuronal injury, as measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Further, a consistent trend toward positive improvements in brain metabolism and mitochondrial function was observed in the pericontusional tissue. In this study, we have demonstrated efficacy using a novel cyclosporine formulation in clinically relevant and translatable outcome metrics in a large animal model of focal TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karlsson
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 2 Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen, Denmark
- 4 NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB , Lund, Sweden
| | - Bryan Pukenas
- 5 Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjeev Chawla
- 5 Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Johannes K Ehinger
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 2 Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
- 4 NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB , Lund, Sweden
| | - Ross Plyler
- 6 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Madeline Stolow
- 6 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa Gabello
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Eskil Elmér
- 2 Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
- 4 NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB , Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus J Hansson
- 2 Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
- 4 NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB , Lund, Sweden
| | - Susan Margulies
- 6 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Todd Kilbaugh
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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30
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Casili G, Campolo M, Paterniti I, Lanza M, Filippone A, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Dimethyl Fumarate Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Neurobehavioral Deficits Induced by Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1437-1451. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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31
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Hill RL, Kulbe JR, Singh IN, Wang JA, Hall ED. Synaptic Mitochondria are More Susceptible to Traumatic Brain Injury-induced Oxidative Damage and Respiratory Dysfunction than Non-synaptic Mitochondria. Neuroscience 2018; 386:265-283. [PMID: 29960045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of lipid peroxidation (LP). Lipid peroxidation-derived neurotoxic aldehydes such as 4-HNE and acrolein bind to mitochondrial proteins, inducing additional oxidative damage and further exacerbating mitochondrial dysfunction and LP. Mitochondria are heterogeneous, consisting of both synaptic and non-synaptic populations. Synaptic mitochondria are reported to be more vulnerable to injury; however, this is the first study to characterize the temporal profile of synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria following TBI, including investigation of respiratory dysfunction and oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins between 3 and 120 h following injury. These results indicate that synaptic mitochondria are indeed the more vulnerable population, showing both more rapid and severe impairments than non-synaptic mitochondria. By 24 h, synaptic respiration is significantly impaired compared to synaptic sham, whereas non-synaptic respiration does not decline significantly until 48 h. Decreases in respiration are associated with increases in oxidative damage to synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial proteins at 48 h and 72 h, respectively. These results indicate that the therapeutic window for mitochondria-targeted pharmacological neuroprotectants to prevent respiratory dysfunction is shorter for the more vulnerable synaptic mitochondria than for the non-synaptic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Hill
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Jacqueline R Kulbe
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Indrapal N Singh
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Juan A Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
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Kulbe JR, Singh IN, Wang JA, Cebak JE, Hall ED. Continuous Infusion of Phenelzine, Cyclosporine A, or Their Combination: Evaluation of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, Oxidative Damage, and Cytoskeletal Degradation following Severe Controlled Cortical Impact Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1280-1293. [PMID: 29336204 PMCID: PMC5962911 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, all monotherapy clinical traumatic brain injury (TBI) trials have failed, and there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacotherapies for the acute treatment of severe TBI. Due to the complex secondary injury cascade following injury, there is a need to develop multi-mechanistic combinational neuroprotective approaches for the treatment of acute TBI. As central mediators of the TBI secondary injury cascade, both mitochondria and lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes make promising therapeutic targets. Cyclosporine A (CsA), an FDA-approved immunosuppressant capable of inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and phenelzine (PZ), an FDA-approved monoamine oxidase inhibitor capable of scavenging neurotoxic lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, have both been shown to be partially neuroprotective following experimental TBI. Therefore, it follows that the combination of PZ and CsA may enhance neuroprotection over either agent alone through the combining of distinct but complementary mechanisms of action. Additionally, as the first 72 h represents a critical time period following injury, it follows that continuous drug infusion over the first 72 h following injury may also lead to optimal neuroprotective effects. This is the first study to examine the effects of a 72 h subcutaneous continuous infusion of PZ, CsA, and the combination of these two agents on mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial bound 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and acrolein, and α-spectrin degradation 72 h following a severe controlled cortical impact injury in rats. Our results indicate that individually, both CsA and PZ are able to attenuate mitochondrial 4-HNE and acrolein, PZ is able to maintain mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and cytoskeletal integrity but together, PZ and CsA are unable to maintain neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Kulbe
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Indrapal N Singh
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Juan A Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John E Cebak
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
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Nusrat L, Livingston-Thomas JM, Raguthevan V, Adams K, Vonderwalde I, Corbett D, Morshead CM. Cyclosporin A-Mediated Activation of Endogenous Neural Precursor Cells Promotes Cognitive Recovery in a Mouse Model of Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:93. [PMID: 29740308 PMCID: PMC5928138 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction following stroke significantly impacts quality of life and functional independance; yet, despite the prevalence and negative impact of cognitive deficits, post-stroke interventions almost exclusively target motor impairments. As a result, current treatment options are limited in their ability to promote post-stroke cognitive recovery. Cyclosporin A (CsA) has been previously shown to improve post-stroke functional recovery of sensorimotor deficits. Interestingly, CsA is a commonly used immunosuppressant and also acts directly on endogenous neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the neurogenic regions of the brain (the periventricular region and the dentate gyrus). The immunosuppressive and NPC activation effects are mediated by calcineurin-dependent and calcineurin-independent pathways, respectively. To develop a cognitive stroke model, focal bilateral lesions were induced in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of adult mice using endothelin-1. First, we characterized this stroke model in the acute and chronic phase, using problem-solving and memory-based cognitive tests. mPFC stroke resulted in early and persistent deficits in short-term memory, problem-solving and behavioral flexibility, without affecting anxiety. Second, we investigated the effects of acute and chronic CsA treatment on NPC activation, neuroprotection, and tissue damage. Acute CsA administration post-stroke increased the size of the NPC pool. There was no effect on neurodegeneration or lesion volume. Lastly, we looked at the effects of chronic CsA treatment on cognitive recovery. Long-term CsA administration promoted NPC migration toward the lesion site and rescued cognitive deficits to control levels. This study demonstrates that CsA treatment activates the NPC population, promotes migration of NPCs to the site of injury, and leads to improved cognitive recovery following long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labeeba Nusrat
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Kelsey Adams
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ilan Vonderwalde
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dale Corbett
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Springer JE, Prajapati P, Sullivan PG. Targeting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in traumatic central nervous system injury. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1338-1341. [PMID: 30106036 PMCID: PMC6108215 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion serves many functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and other organs beyond the well-recognized role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. This includes calcium-dependent cell signaling, regulation of gene expression, synthesis and release of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, and the release of cytochrome c and other apoptotic cell death factors. Traumatic injury to the CNS results in a rapid and, in some cases, sustained loss of mitochondrial function. One consequence of compromised mitochondrial function is induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) state due to formation of the cyclosporine A sensitive permeability transition pore (mPTP). In this mini-review, we summarize evidence supporting the involvement of the mPTP as a mediator of mitochondrial and cellular demise following CNS traumatic injury and discuss the beneficial effects and limitations of the current ex-perimental strategies targeting the mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe E Springer
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pareshkumar Prajapati
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Hill RL, Singh IN, Wang JA, Hall ED. Time courses of post-injury mitochondrial oxidative damage and respiratory dysfunction and neuronal cytoskeletal degradation in a rat model of focal traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2017; 111:45-56. [PMID: 28342966 PMCID: PMC5610595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in rapid reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative damage to essential brain cellular components leading to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. It is increasingly appreciated that a major player in TBI-induced oxidative damage is the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) peroxynitrite (PN) which is produced in large part in injured brain mitochondria. Once formed, PN decomposes into highly reactive free radicals that trigger membrane lipid peroxidation (LP) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. arachidonic acid) and protein nitration (3-nitrotyrosine, 3-NT) in mitochondria and other cellular membranes causing various functional impairments to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and calcium (Ca2+) buffering capacity. The LP also results in the formation of neurotoxic reactive aldehyde byproducts including 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and propenal (acrolein) which exacerbates ROS/RNS production and oxidative protein damage in the injured brain. Ultimately, this results in intracellular Ca2+ overload that activates proteolytic degradation of α-spectrin, a neuronal cytoskeletal protein. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the temporal evolution of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and cytoskeletal degradation in the brain following a severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI in young male adult rats. In mitochondria isolated from an 8 mm diameter cortical punch including the 5 mm wide impact site and their respiratory function studied ex vivo, we observed an initial decrease in complex I and II mitochondrial bioenergetics within 3 h (h). For complex I bioenergetics, this partially recovered by 12-16 h, whereas for complex II respiration the recovery was complete by 12 h. During the first 24 h, there was no evidence of an injury-induced increase in LP or protein nitration in mitochondrial or cellular homogenates. However, beginning at 24 h, there was a gradual secondary decline in complex I and II respiration that peaked at 72 h. post-TBI that coincided with progressive peroxidation of mitochondrial and cellular lipids, protein nitration and protein modification by 4-HNE and acrolein. The oxidative damage and respiratory failure paralleled an increase in Ca2+-induced proteolytic degradation of the neuronal cytoskeletal protein α-spectrin indicating a failure of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. These findings of a surprisingly delayed peak in secondary injury, suggest that the therapeutic window and needed treatment duration for certain antioxidant treatment strategies following CCI-TBI in rodents may be longer than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Hill
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Indrapal N Singh
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA; University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Juan A Wang
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Edward D Hall
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA; University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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Kulbe JR, Hall ED. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy-integration of canonical traumatic brain injury secondary injury mechanisms with tau pathology. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 158:15-44. [PMID: 28851546 PMCID: PMC5671903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a new neurodegenerative tauopathy labeled Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), has been identified that is believed to be primarily a sequela of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), often referred to as concussion, that occurs in athletes participating in contact sports (e.g. boxing, American football, Australian football, rugby, soccer, ice hockey) or in military combatants, especially after blast-induced injuries. Since the identification of CTE, and its neuropathological finding of deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, mechanistic attention has been on lumping the disorder together with various other non-traumatic neurodegenerative tauopathies. Indeed, brains from suspected CTE cases that have come to autopsy have been confirmed to have deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau in locations that make its anatomical distribution distinct for other tauopathies. The fact that these individuals experienced repetitive TBI episodes during their athletic or military careers suggests that the secondary injury mechanisms that have been extensively characterized in acute TBI preclinical models, and in TBI patients, including glutamate excitotoxicity, intracellular calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, free radical-induced oxidative damage and neuroinflammation, may contribute to the brain damage associated with CTE. Thus, the current review begins with an in depth analysis of what is known about the tau protein and its functions and dysfunctions followed by a discussion of the major TBI secondary injury mechanisms, and how the latter have been shown to contribute to tau pathology. The value of this review is that it might lead to improved neuroprotective strategies for either prophylactically attenuating the development of CTE or slowing its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Kulbe
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States.
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Vekaria HJ, Talley Watts L, Lin AL, Sullivan PG. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in CNS injury using Methylene Blue; still a magic bullet? Neurochem Int 2017; 109:117-125. [PMID: 28396091 PMCID: PMC5632129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Complex, multi-factorial secondary injury cascades are initiated following traumatic brain injury, which makes this a difficult disease to treat. The secondary injury cascades following the primary mechanical tissue damage, are likely where effective therapeutic interventions may be targeted. One promising therapeutic target following brain injury are mitochondria. Mitochondria are complex organelles found within the cell, which act as powerhouses within all cells by supplying ATP. These organelles are also necessary for calcium cycling, redox signaling and play a major role in the initiation of cell death pathways. When mitochondria become dysfunctional, there is a tendency for the cell to loose cellular homeostasis and can lead to eventual cell death. Targeting of mitochondrial dysfunction in various diseases has proven a successful approach, lending support to mitochondria as a pivotal player in TBI cell death and loss of behavioral function. Within this mixed mini review/research article there will be a general discussion of mitochondrial bioenergetics, followed by a brief discussion of traumatic brain injury and how mitochondria play an integral role in the neuropathological sequelae following an injury. We will also give an overview of one relatively new TBI therapeutic approach, Methylene Blue, currently being studied to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction following brain injury. We will also present novel experimental findings, that for the first time, characterize the ex vivo effect of Methylene Blue on mitochondrial function in synaptic and non-synaptic populations of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemendra J Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lora Talley Watts
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Neurology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Research Physiologist, Lexington VAMC, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Li J, Donangelo I, Abe K, Scremin O, Ke S, Li F, Milanesi A, Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone treatment activates protective pathways in both in vivo and in vitro models of neuronal injury. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 452:120-130. [PMID: 28549992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone plays an important role in brain development and adult brain function, and may influence neuronal recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). We utilized both animal and cell culture models to determine the effects of thyroid hormone treatment, post TBI or during hypoxia, on genes important for neuronal survival and neurogenesis. We show that TBI in rats is associated with a reduction in serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). A single dose of levothyroxine (T4), one hour after injury, increased serum T4 and normalized serum T3 levels. Expression of genes important for thyroid hormone action in the brain, MCT8 and Type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) mRNA, diminished after injury, but were partially restored with T4 treatment. mRNA from the Type 3 deiodinase (Dio3) gene, which inactivates T4 to reverse T3 (rT3), was induced 2.7 fold by TBI, and further stimulated 6.7-fold by T4 treatment. T4 treatment significantly increased the expression of mRNA from Bcl2, VEGFA, Sox2 and neurotrophin, genes important for neuronal survival and recovery. The cortex, compared to the hippocampus and cerebellum, sustained the greatest injury and had the most significant change in gene expression as a result of injury and the greatest response to T4 treatment. We utilized hypoxia to study the effect of neuronal injury in vitro. Neuroblastoma cells were exposed to reduced oxygen tension, 0.2%, and were compared to cells grown at control oxygen levels of 21%. T3 treatment significantly increased hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α protein, but not HIF-1α. In a hypoxia time course exposure, expression of hypoxia-mediated genes (VEGF, Enolase, HIF2α, c-Jun) peaked at least 8 h earlier with T3-treatment, compared to cells grown without T3. The early induction of these genes may promote cellular growth after injury. After hypoxic injury, T3 induced mRNA expression of the genes, KLF9 and hairless, important for T3-mediated brain function. The findings from both in vitro and in vivo studies support a role of thyroid hormone in activating pathways important for neuronal protection and promotion of neuronal recovery after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Li
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Ines Donangelo
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kiyomi Abe
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Oscar Scremin
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sujie Ke
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anna Milanesi
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yan-Yun Liu
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Immediate and delayed hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a neuroprotective treatment for traumatic brain injury in mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 83:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Bruschetta G, Impellizzeri D, Campolo M, Casili G, Di Paola R, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. FeTPPS Reduces Secondary Damage and Improves Neurobehavioral Functions after Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:6. [PMID: 28223911 PMCID: PMC5293762 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) determinate a cascade of events that rapidly lead to neuron's damage and death. We already reported that administration of FeTPPS, a 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin iron III chloride peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, possessed evident neuroprotective effects in a experimental model of spinal cord damage. The present study evaluated the neuroprotective property of FeTPPS in TBI, using a clinically validated model of TBI, the controlled cortical impact injury (CCI). We observe that treatment with FeTPPS (30 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced: the state of brain inflammation and the tissue hurt (histological score), myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide production, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and apoptosis process. Moreover, treatment with FeTPPS re-established motor-cognitive function after CCI and it resulted in a reduction of lesion volumes. Our results established that FeTPPS treatment decreases the growth of inflammatory process and the tissue injury associated with TBI. Thus our study confirmed the neuroprotective role of FeTPPS treatment on TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis. MO, USA
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Wang WX, Sullivan PG, Springer JE. Mitochondria and microRNA crosstalk in traumatic brain injury. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 73:104-108. [PMID: 26925707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of long-term impairments in higher cognitive functioning, including deficits in attention and memory. It is well known that some of these persistent deficits are related, in part, to ongoing secondary injury events characterized by pervasive biochemical and pathophysiological stressors, including a rapid and sustained phase of mitochondrial dysfunction. A loss of mitochondrial function impacts a number of important cellular events and we have begun to investigate the novel hypothesis that mitochondria play a critical role in regulating the cellular activity of specific microRNAs in response to cellular demands and stressors. In this special issue report, we summarize briefly the rationale for investigating the crosstalk between mitochondria and microRNA, and provide recent preliminary data suggesting that mitochondria-microRNA interactions are modified in response to TBI-related cellular stressors. We postulate that this interaction is critical for regulating appropriate cellular microRNA responses, which opens up opportunities for therapeutic interventions targeting both mitochondrial function and microRNA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joe E Springer
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Abstract
Extensive evidence has demonstrated an important role of oxygen radical formation (i.e., oxidative stress) as a mediator of the secondary injury process that occurs following primary mechanical injury to the brain or spinal cord. The predominant form of oxygen radical-induced oxidative damage that occurs in injured nervous tissue is lipid peroxidation (LP). Much of the oxidative stress in injured nerve cells initially begins in mitochondria via the generation of the reactive nitrogen species peroxynitrite (PN) which then can generate multiple highly reactive free radicals including nitrogen dioxide (•NO2), hydroxyl radical (•OH) and carbonate radical (•CO3). Each can readily induce LP within the phospholipid membranes of the mitochondrion leading to respiratory dysfunction, calcium buffering impairment, mitochondrial permeability transition and cell death. Validation of the role of LP in central nervous system secondary injury has been provided by the mitochondrial and neuroprotective effects of multiple antioxidant agents which are briefly reviewed.
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Dixon CE, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD, Shear DA, Yan HQ, Deng-Bryant Y, Mondello S, Wang KKW, Hayes RL, Empey PE, Povlishock JT, Tortella FC, Kochanek PM. Cyclosporine Treatment in Traumatic Brain Injury: Operation Brain Trauma Therapy. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:553-66. [PMID: 26671075 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Operation Brain Trauma Therapy (OBTT) is a consortium of investigators using multiple pre-clinical models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to bring acute therapies to clinical trials. To screen therapies, we used three rat models (parasagittal fluid percussion injury [FPI], controlled cortical impact [CCI], and penetrating ballistic-like brain injury [PBBI]). We report results of the third therapy (cyclosporin-A; cyclosporine; [CsA]) tested by OBTT. At each site, rats were randomized to treatment with an identical regimen (TBI + vehicle, TBI + CsA [10 mg/kg], or TBI + CsA [20 mg/kg] given intravenously at 15 min and 24 h after injury, and sham). We assessed motor and Morris water maze (MWM) tasks over 3 weeks after TBI and lesion volume and hemispheric tissue loss at 21 days. In FPI, CsA (10 mg/kg) produced histological protection, but 20 mg/kg worsened working memory. In CCI, CsA (20 mg/kg) impaired MWM performance; surprisingly, neither dose showed benefit on any outcome. After PBBI, neither dose produced benefit on any outcome, and mortality was increased (20 mg/kg) partly caused by the solvent vehicle. In OBTT, CsA produced complex effects with histological protection at the lowest dose in the least severe model (FPI), but only deleterious effects as model severity increased (CCI and PBBI). Biomarker assessments included measurements of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) in blood at 4 or 24 h after injury. No positive treatment effects were seen on biomarker levels in any of the models, whereas significant increases in 24 h UCH-L1 levels were seen with CsA (20 mg/kg) after CCI and 24 h GFAP levels in both CsA treated groups in the PBBI model. Lack of behavioral protection in any model, indicators of toxicity, and a narrow therapeutic index reduce enthusiasm for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Edward Dixon
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida.,3 Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Miami, Florida
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | - Deborah A Shear
- 4 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection/Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Hong Q Yan
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Deng-Bryant
- 4 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection/Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Stefania Mondello
- 5 Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- 6 Center of Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ronald L Hayes
- 7 Center for Innovative Research, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research , Banyan Biomarkers, Inc., Alachua, Florida
| | - Philip E Empey
- 8 Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John T Povlishock
- 9 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Frank C Tortella
- 4 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection/Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- 10 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Cebak JE, Singh IN, Hill RL, Wang JA, Hall ED. Phenelzine Protects Brain Mitochondrial Function In Vitro and In Vivo following Traumatic Brain Injury by Scavenging the Reactive Carbonyls 4-Hydroxynonenal and Acrolein Leading to Cortical Histological Neuroprotection. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1302-1317. [PMID: 27750484 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LP) is a key contributor to the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Traditional antioxidant therapies are intended to scavenge the free radicals responsible for either initiation or propagation of LP. A more recently explored approach involves scavenging the terminal LP breakdown products that are highly reactive and neurotoxic carbonyl compounds, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and acrolein (ACR), to prevent their covalent modification and rendering of cellular proteins nonfunctional leading to loss of ionic homeostasis, mitochondrial failure, and subsequent neuronal death. Phenelzine (PZ) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor (MAO-I) used for treatment of refractory depression that possesses a hydrazine functional group recently discovered by other investigators to scavenge reactive carbonyls. We hypothesized that PZ will protect mitochondrial function and reduce markers of oxidative damage by scavenging LP-derived aldehydes. In a first set of in vitro studies, we found that exogenous application of 4-HNE or ACR significantly reduced respiratory function and increased markers of oxidative damage (p < 0.05) in isolated noninjured rat brain cortical mitochondria, whereas PZ pre-treatment significantly prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative modification of mitochondrial proteins in a concentration-related manner (p < 0.05). This effect was not shared by a structurally similar MAO-I, pargyline, which lacks the hydrazine group, confirming that the mitochondrial protective effects of PZ were related to its carbonyl scavenging and not to MAO inhibition. In subsequent in vivo studies, we documented that PZ treatment begun at 15 min after controlled cortical impact TBI significantly attenuated 72-h post-injury mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction. The cortical mitochondrial respiratory protection occurred together with a significant increase in cortical tissue sparing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Cebak
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Indrapal N Singh
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Rachel L Hill
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Juan A Wang
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
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45
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Kulbe JR, Hill RL, Singh IN, Wang JA, Hall ED. Synaptic Mitochondria Sustain More Damage than Non-Synaptic Mitochondria after Traumatic Brain Injury and Are Protected by Cyclosporine A. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1291-1301. [PMID: 27596283 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of those with traumatic brain injury (TBI). As central mediators of the secondary injury cascade, mitochondria are promising therapeutic targets for prevention of cellular death and dysfunction after TBI. One of the most promising and extensively studied mitochondrial targeted TBI therapies is inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) by the FDA-approved drug, cyclosporine A (CsA). A number of studies have evaluated the effects of CsA on total brain mitochondria after TBI; however, no study has investigated the effects of CsA on isolated synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria. Synaptic mitochondria are considered essential for proper neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, and their dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegeneration. Synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria have heterogeneous characteristics, but their heterogeneity can be masked in total mitochondrial (synaptic and non-synaptic) preparations. Therefore, it is essential that mitochondria targeted pharmacotherapies, such as CsA, be evaluated in both populations. This is the first study to examine the effects of CsA on isolated synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria after experimental TBI. We conclude that synaptic mitochondria sustain more damage than non-synaptic mitochondria 24 h after severe controlled cortical impact injury (CCI), and that intraperitoneal administration of CsA (20 mg/kg) 15 min after injury improves synaptic and non-synaptic respiration, with a significant improvement being seen in the more severely impaired synaptic population. As such, CsA remains a promising neuroprotective candidate for the treatment of those with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Kulbe
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Rachel L Hill
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Indrapal N Singh
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Juan A Wang
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
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46
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Harris NM, Ritzel R, Mancini NS, Jiang Y, Yi X, Manickam DS, Banks WA, Kabanov AV, McCullough LD, Verma R. Nano-particle delivery of brain derived neurotrophic factor after focal cerebral ischemia reduces tissue injury and enhances behavioral recovery. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:48-56. [PMID: 27619636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are linked to delayed neurological recovery, depression, and cognitive impairment following stroke. Supplementation with BDNF reverses these effects. Unfortunately, systemically administered BDNF in its native form has minimal therapeutic value due to its poor blood brain barrier permeability and short serum half-life. In this study, a novel nano-particle polyion complex formulation of BDNF (nano-BDNF) was administered to mice after experimental ischemic stroke. METHODS Male C57BL/6J (8-10weeks) mice were randomly assigned to receive nano-BDNF, native-BDNF, or saline treatment after being subjected to 60min of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Mice received the first dose at 3 (early treatment), 6 (intermediate treatment), or 12h (delayed treatment) following stroke onset; a second dose was given in all cohorts at 24h after stroke onset. Post-stroke outcome was evaluated by behavioral, histological, and molecular analysis for 15days after stroke. RESULTS Early and intermediate nano-BDNF treatment led to a significant reduction in cerebral tissue loss. Delayed treatment led to improved memory/cognition, reduced post-stroke depressive phenotypes, and maintained myelin basic protein and brain BDNF levels, but had no effect on tissue atrophy. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that administration of a novel nano-particle formulation of BDNF leads to both neuroprotective and neuro-restorative effects after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia M Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Nickolas S Mancini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Devika S Manickam
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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47
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Palzur E, Sharon A, Shehadeh M, Soustiel JF. Investigation of the mechanisms of neuroprotection mediated by Ro5-4864 in brain injury. Neuroscience 2016; 329:162-70. [PMID: 27223627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has established the involvement of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in the process of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and subsequent apoptosis through modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Recent studies have shown that treatment with Ro5-4864, a TSPO ligand, resulted in a neuroprotective effect in traumatic brain injury. Yet, the nature of this effect remained uncertain as mature neurons are considered to be lacking the TSPO protein. In order to investigate the mechanism of Ro5-4864-mediated neuroprotection, the neuro-inflammatory and neurosteroid response to cortical injury was tested in sham-operated, vehicle, cyclosporine A (CsA) and Ro5-4864-treated rats. As anticipated, the levels of interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α, as well as the astrocyte and microglia cellular density in the injured area were all decreased by CsA in comparison with the vehicle group. By contrast, no visible effect could be observed in Ro5-4864-treated animals. None of the groups showed any significant difference with any other in respect with the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Double immunofluorescence staining with NeuN and TSPO confirmed the absence of TSPO in native neurons though showed clear evidence of co-localization of TSPO in the cytoplasm of NeuN-stained injured neurons. Altogether, this study shows that the neuronal protection mediated by Ro5-4864 in brain injury cannot be solely attributed to an indirect effect of the ligand on glial TSPO but may also represent the consequence of the modulation of upregulated TSPO in injured neurons. This observation may be of importance for future pharmacological research in neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilam Palzur
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Medical Center of the Galilee, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, University of Bar Ilan, Naharia 22100, Israel
| | - Aviram Sharon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center of the Galilee, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, University of Bar Ilan, Naharia 22100, Israel
| | - Mona Shehadeh
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Medical Center of the Galilee, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, University of Bar Ilan, Naharia 22100, Israel
| | - Jean Francois Soustiel
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Medical Center of the Galilee, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, University of Bar Ilan, Naharia 22100, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center of the Galilee, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, University of Bar Ilan, Naharia 22100, Israel.
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48
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Uchino H, Ogihara Y, Fukui H, Chijiiwa M, Sekine S, Hara N, Elmér E. Brain injury following cardiac arrest: pathophysiology for neurocritical care. J Intensive Care 2016; 4:31. [PMID: 27123307 PMCID: PMC4847238 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-016-0140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest induces the cessation of cerebral blood flow, which can result in brain damage. The primary intervention to salvage the brain under such a pathological condition is to restore the cerebral blood flow to the ischemic region. Ischemia is defined as a reduction in blood flow to a level that is sufficient to alter normal cellular function. Brain tissue is highly sensitive to ischemia, such that even brief ischemic periods in neurons can initiate a complex sequence of events that may ultimately culminate in cell death. However, paradoxically, restoration of blood flow can cause additional damage and exacerbate the neurocognitive deficits in patients who suffered a brain ischemic event, which is a phenomenon referred to as “reperfusion injury.” Transient brain ischemia following cardiac arrest results from the complex interplay of multiple pathways including excitotoxicity, acidotoxicity, ionic imbalance, peri-infarct depolarization, oxidative and nitrative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest brain injury involves a complex cascade of molecular events, most of which remain unknown. Many lines of evidence have shown that mitochondria suffer severe damage in response to ischemic injury. Mitochondrial dysfunction based on the mitochondrial permeability transition after reperfusion, particularly involving the calcineurin/immunophilin signal transduction pathway, appears to play a pivotal role in the induction of neuronal cell death. The aim of this article is to discuss the underlying pathophysiology of brain damage, which is a devastating pathological condition, and highlight the central signal transduction pathway involved in brain damage, which reveals potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Uchino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Yukihiko Ogihara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Hidekimi Fukui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Miyuki Chijiiwa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Shusuke Sekine
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Naomi Hara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Mitochondrial Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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49
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Ekmark-Lewén S, Flygt J, Fridgeirsdottir GA, Kiwanuka O, Hånell A, Meyerson BJ, Mir AK, Gram H, Lewén A, Clausen F, Hillered L, Marklund N. Diffuse traumatic axonal injury in mice induces complex behavioural alterations that are normalized by neutralization of interleukin-1β. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1016-33. [PMID: 27091435 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Widespread traumatic axonal injury (TAI) results in brain network dysfunction, which commonly leads to persisting cognitive and behavioural impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI induces a complex neuroinflammatory response, frequently located at sites of axonal pathology. The role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β has not been established in TAI. An IL-1β-neutralizing or a control antibody was administered intraperitoneally at 30 min following central fluid percussion injury (cFPI), a mouse model of widespread TAI. Mice subjected to moderate cFPI (n = 41) were compared with sham-injured controls (n = 20) and untreated, naive mice (n = 9). The anti-IL-1β antibody reached the target brain regions in adequate therapeutic concentrations (up to ~30 μg/brain tissue) at 24 h post-injury in both cFPI (n = 5) and sham-injured (n = 3) mice, with lower concentrations at 72 h post-injury (up to ~18 μg/g brain tissue in three cFPI mice). Functional outcome was analysed with the multivariate concentric square field (MCSF) test at 2 and 9 days post-injury, and the Morris water maze (MWM) at 14-21 days post-injury. Following TAI, the IL-1β-neutralizing antibody resulted in an improved behavioural outcome, including normalized behavioural profiles in the MCSF test. The performance in the MWM probe (memory) trial was improved, although not in the learning trials. The IL-1β-neutralizing treatment did not influence cerebral ventricle size or the number of microglia/macrophages. These findings support the hypothesis that IL-1β is an important contributor to the processes causing complex cognitive and behavioural disturbances following TAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ekmark-Lewén
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Flygt
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Olivia Kiwanuka
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hånell
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt J Meyerson
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anis K Mir
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hermann Gram
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anders Lewén
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hillered
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Ing 85, 2 tr, SE-756 55, Uppsala, Sweden
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50
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Yonutas HM, Vekaria HJ, Sullivan PG. Mitochondrial specific therapeutic targets following brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1640:77-93. [PMID: 26872596 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a complicated disease to treat due to the complex multi-factorial secondary injury cascade that is initiated following the initial impact. This secondary injury cascade causes nonmechanical tissue damage, which is where therapeutic interventions may be efficacious for intervention. One therapeutic target that has shown much promise following brain injury are mitochondria. Mitochondria are complex organelles found within the cell. At a superficial level, mitochondria are known to produce the energy substrate used within the cell called ATP. However, their importance to overall cellular homeostasis is even larger than their production of ATP. These organelles are necessary for calcium cycling, ROS production and play a role in the initiation of cell death pathways. When mitochondria become dysfunctional, they can become dysregulated leading to a loss of cellular homeostasis and eventual cell death. Within this review there will be a deep discussion into mitochondrial bioenergetics followed by a brief discussion into traumatic brain injury and how mitochondria play an integral role in the neuropathological sequelae following an injury. The review will conclude with a discussion pertaining to the therapeutic approaches currently being studied to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction following brain injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Yonutas
- University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone Street, BBSRB 475, 30536 Lexington, United States
| | - H J Vekaria
- University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone Street, BBSRB 475, 30536 Lexington, United States
| | - P G Sullivan
- University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone Street, BBSRB 475, 30536 Lexington, United States.
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