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El Baassiri MG, Raouf Z, Badin S, Escobosa A, Sodhi CP, Nasr IW. Dysregulated brain-gut axis in the setting of traumatic brain injury: review of mechanisms and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:124. [PMID: 38730498 PMCID: PMC11083845 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic and debilitating disease, associated with a high risk of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite significant advancements in improving outcomes, the lack of effective treatments underscore the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. The brain-gut axis has emerged as a crucial bidirectional pathway connecting the brain and the gastrointestinal (GI) system through an intricate network of neuronal, hormonal, and immunological pathways. Four main pathways are primarily implicated in this crosstalk, including the systemic immune system, autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine system, and microbiome. TBI induces profound changes in the gut, initiating an unrestrained vicious cycle that exacerbates brain injury through the brain-gut axis. Alterations in the gut include mucosal damage associated with the malabsorption of nutrients/electrolytes, disintegration of the intestinal barrier, increased infiltration of systemic immune cells, dysmotility, dysbiosis, enteroendocrine cell (EEC) dysfunction and disruption in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS). Collectively, these changes further contribute to brain neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration via the gut-brain axis. In this review article, we elucidate the roles of various anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies capable of attenuating the dysregulated inflammatory response along the brain-gut axis in TBI. These agents include hormones such as serotonin, ghrelin, and progesterone, ANS regulators such as beta-blockers, lipid-lowering drugs like statins, and intestinal flora modulators such as probiotics and antibiotics. They attenuate neuroinflammation by targeting distinct inflammatory pathways in both the brain and the gut post-TBI. These therapeutic agents exhibit promising potential in mitigating inflammation along the brain-gut axis and enhancing neurocognitive outcomes for TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G El Baassiri
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Zachariah Raouf
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sarah Badin
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Alejandro Escobosa
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Zhou Z, Li Y, Peng R, Shi M, Gao W, Lei P, Zhang J. Progesterone induces neuroprotection associated with immune/inflammatory modulation in experimental traumatic brain injury. Neuroreport 2024; 35:352-360. [PMID: 38526937 PMCID: PMC10965124 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
An imbalance of immune/inflammatory reactions aggravates secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can deteriorate clinical prognosis. So far, not enough therapeutic avenues have been found to prevent such an imbalance in the clinical setting. Progesterone has been shown to regulate immune/inflammatory reactions in many diseases and conveys a potential protective role in TBI. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of progesterone associated with immune/inflammatory modulation in experimental TBI. A TBI model in adult male C57BL/6J mice was created using a controlled contusion instrument. After injury, the mice received consecutive progesterone therapy (8 mg/kg per day, i.p.) until euthanized. Neurological deficits were assessed via Morris water maze test. Brain edema was measured via the dry-wet weight method. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry were used to examine the numbers of immune/inflammatory cells, including IBA-1 + microglia, myeloperoxidase + neutrophils, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). ELISA was used to detect the concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β. Our data showed that progesterone therapy significantly improved neurological deficits and brain edema in experimental TBI, remarkably increased regulatory T cell numbers in the spleen, and dramatically reduced the activation and infiltration of inflammatory cells (microglia and neutrophils) in injured brain tissue. In addition, progesterone therapy decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α but increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 after TBI. These findings suggest that progesterone administration could be used to regulate immune/inflammatory reactions and improve outcomes in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Yadan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
- Intensive Care Units, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital
| | - Ruilong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Mingming Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
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Sha Z, Wu D, Dong S, Liu T, Wu C, Lv C, Liu M, Jiang W, Yuan J, Nie M, Gao C, Liu F, Zhang X, Jiang R. The value of computed tomography texture analysis in identifying chronic subdural hematoma patients with a good response to polytherapy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3559. [PMID: 38347043 PMCID: PMC10861511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors of therapeutic efficacy for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) patients receiving atorvastatin combined with dexamethasone therapy by using clinical imaging characteristics in conjunction with computed tomography (CT) texture analysis (CTTA). Clinical imaging characteristics and CT texture parameters at admission were retrospectively investigated in 141 CSDH patients who received atorvastatin combined with dexamethasone therapy from June 2019 to December 2022. The patients were divided into a training set (n = 81) and a validation set (n = 60). Patients in the training data were divided into two groups based on the effectiveness of the treatment. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the potential factors that could indicate the prognosis of CSDH patients in the training set. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive efficacy of the significant factors in predicting the prognosis of CSDH patients and was validated using a validation set. The multivariate analysis showed that the hematoma density to brain parenchyma density ratio, singal min (minimum) and singal standard deviation of the pixel distribution histogram, and inhomogeneity were independent predictors for the prognosis of CSDH patients based on atorvastatin and dexamethasone therapy. The area under the ROC curve between the two groups was between 0.716 and 0.806. As determined by significant factors, the validation's accuracy range was 0.816 to 0.952. Clinical imaging characteristics in conjunction with CTTA could aid in distinguishing patients with CSDH who responded well to atorvastatin combined with dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Sha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiying Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenrui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanxiang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangyuan Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury, Neuro-Repair, and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Wu H, Chen S, You G, Lei B, Chen L, Wu J, Zheng N, You C. The Mechanism of Astragaloside IV in NOD-like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 Inflammasome-mediated Pyroptosis after Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Curr Neurovasc Res 2024; 21:74-85. [PMID: 38409729 DOI: 10.2174/0115672026295640240212095049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most common subtypes of stroke. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on inflammatory injury after ICH. METHODS The ICH model was established by the injection of collagenase and treated with ASIV (20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg). The neurological function, water content of the bilateral cerebral hemisphere and cerebellum, and pathological changes in brain tissue were assessed. The levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and IL-10 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), GSDMD-N, and cleaved-caspase-1 were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay. The binding relationship between KLF2 and NLRP3 was verified by chromatin-immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase assays. KLF2 inhibition or NLRP3 overexpression was achieved in mice to observe pathological changes. RESULTS The decreased neurological function, increased water content, severe pathological damage, and inflammatory response were observed in mice after ICH, with increased levels of NLRP3/GSDMD-N/cleaved-caspase-1/IL-1β/IL-18 and poorly-expressed KLF2 in brain tissue. After AS-IV treatment, the neurological dysfunction, high brain water content, inflammatory response, and pyroptosis were alleviated, while KLF2 expression was increased. KLF2 bonded to the NLRP3 promoter region and inhibited its transcription. Down-regulation of KLF2 or upregulation of NLRP3 reversed the effect of AS-IV on inhibiting pyroptosis and reducing inflammatory injury in mice after ICH. CONCLUSION AS-IV inhibited NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis by promoting KLF2 expression and alleviated inflammatory injury in mice after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, 614000, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, 614000, China
| | - Guoliang You
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, 614000, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, 614000, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, 614000, China
| | - Jiachuan Wu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, 614000, China
| | - Niandong Zheng
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, 614000, China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Zhao ZA, Yan L, Wen J, Satyanarayanan SK, Yu F, Lu J, Liu YU, Su H. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in vascular repair after traumatic brain injury: a narrative review. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad033. [PMID: 37675267 PMCID: PMC10478165 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts normal brain function and is associated with high morbidity and fatality rates. TBI is characterized as mild, moderate or severe depending on its severity. The damage may be transient and limited to the dura matter, with only subtle changes in cerebral parenchyma, or life-threatening with obvious focal contusions, hematomas and edema. Blood vessels are often injured in TBI. Even in mild TBI, dysfunctional cerebral vascular repair may result in prolonged symptoms and poor outcomes. Various distinct types of cells participate in vascular repair after TBI. A better understanding of the cellular response and function in vascular repair can facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we analyzed the mechanism of cerebrovascular impairment and the repercussions following various forms of TBI. We then discussed the role of distinct cell types in the repair of meningeal and parenchyma vasculature following TBI, including endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, pericytes, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia), neurons, myeloid cells (macrophages and monocytes) and meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, possible treatment techniques targeting these unique cell types for vascular repair after TBI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83# Wen-Hua Road, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Lingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yong U Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology in Health and Disease Institute, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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Jin Y, Jiang L, Wang Y, Huang Y, Yu W, Ma X. lncRNA PRR34-AS1 knockdown represses neuroinflammation and neuronal death in traumatic brain injury by inhibiting microRNA-498 expression. Brain Inj 2023; 37:611-620. [PMID: 36951415 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2192524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in motor and cognitive dysfunction and is a possible risk factor for the subsequent development of dementia. However, the pathogenesis of TBI remains largely unclear. This study investigated the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in inflammation and neuronal apoptosis following TBI. METHODS The lncRNA expression profiles in the cerebral cortices of TBI model mice and sham-operated mice were analyzed using microarray. We focused on an upregulated lncRNA, PRR34-AS1, because of its known modulatory role in apoptosis and inflammation. RESULTS Our findings indicated that the knockdown of PRR34-AS1 inhibited inflammation and neuronal apoptosis and improved long-term neurological function. Using an in vitro, cell-based model of etoposide-induced primary cortical neuronal injury, we demonstrated that PRR34-AS1 levels were higher in injured model cells than in untreated control cells. Silencing of PRR34-AS1 suppressed etoposide-induced apoptosis and the production of inflammatory mediators in primary cortical neurons. PRR34-AS1 directly targets microRNA-498 (miR-498) in primary cortical neurons. Importantly, the inhibition of miR-498 expression counteracted the effects of PRR34-AS1 silencing on neuronal apoptosis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that PRR34-AS1 may be a useful therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingxue Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xueling Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Electroacupuncture Reduces Cerebral Hemorrhage Injury in Rats by Improving Cerebral Iron Metabolism. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:6943438. [PMID: 36016663 PMCID: PMC9398869 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6943438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the effects of electroacupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui points on the expression of hepcidin (Hepc), transferrin (Tf), transferrin receptor (TfR), and ferritin (Ft) in rats with cerebral hemorrhage to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage with acupuncture. Method The model of cerebral hemorrhage in rats was established by autologous blood injection method and treated by electroacupuncture (EA) at the acupoints of Baihui and Dazhui. Hepc siRNA was injected into the lateral ventricle 30 min before model preparation to produce the cerebral hemorrhage model. The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was used to assess the neurological function, and the total iron content in brain tissue was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry; the expression of Hepc, Ft, Tf, and TfR in perihematoma tissue was detected using immunohistochemistry; the interference efficiency of Hepc siRNA was detected using western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The degree of neurological deficit showed a downward trend at 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days, and electroacupuncture significantly reduced the neurological deficit score at each time point (P < 0.01). Regarding total iron content in brain tissue, on the 3rd day, the 7th day, and the 14th day, the iron content of the hematoma tissue after intracerebral hemorrhage was reduced by electroacupuncture (P < 0.01). Regarding immunohistochemical results. Hepc, Ft, Tf, and TfR protein expressions on day 14 were significantly higher after cerebral hemorrhage (P < 0.01). After electroacupuncture, the expression of Hepc, Ft, Tf, and TfR protein was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Western blot and RT-PCR revealed that the interference efficiency of Hepc siRNA was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion Electroacupuncture can reduce neurological severity scores in rats with cerebral hemorrhage and may exert cerebral protective effects by reducing Hepc protein and gene expression; lowering Ft, Tf, and TfR protein expression; and promoting iron metabolism in the brain of rats with cerebral hemorrhage.
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Wang D, Fan Y, Ma J, Gao C, Liu X, Zhao Z, Wei H, Yang G, Huang J, Jiang R, Zhang J. Atorvastatin combined with dexamethasone promote hematoma absorption in an optimized rat model of chronic subdural hematoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24815-24828. [PMID: 34813498 PMCID: PMC8660610 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies found that atorvastatin and dexamethasone were effective in promoting the absorption of chronic subdural hematoma. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of pharmacotherapy in an optimized rat model of chronic subdural hematoma. Rat model of chronic subdural hematoma via a bEnd.3 cell and Matrigel mix was established and dynamic changes in different drug treatment groups were tested. The hematoma gradually increased, peaked on the fifth day (263.8±52.85 μl), and was completely absorbed in two weeks. Notably, Kruppelle-like factor 2 expression was significantly decreased with increasing hematoma volume, and then increased in the repair period. The expression of IL-10 was increased and peaked on 7 days, and then decreased at 14 days. The dynamic trends of IL-6, IL-8, MMP-9, and VEGF were also increased first and then decreased. Both monotherapy and the combined treatment by atorvastatin and dexamethasone could counteract the inflammatory activities, decrease hematoma permeability, and improve hematoma absorption, however, most prominent in combined group. The combined treatment could more effectively increase Kruppelle-like factor 2 and ZO-1 expression, attenuate the expression of NF-κb. Most importantly, the combined treatment enhanced the neural functional prognosis and reduced the mortality of chronic subdural hematoma rats. According to our results, the combined treatment could more effectively attenuate inflammatory. And it could also enhance angiogenic activities which could promote the stability of local function and structure of the hematoma cavity, reduce the hematoma volume and improve the outcomes of rats with chronic subdural hematoma than single treatments in the optimized chronic subdural hematoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Yueshan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuanhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Guili Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, Tianjin, China
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Xia Z, Xiao J, Chen Q. Solving the Puzzle: What Is the Role of Progestogens in Neovascularization? Biomolecules 2021; 11:1686. [PMID: 34827682 PMCID: PMC8615949 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian sex steroids can modulate new vessel formation and development, and the clarification of the underlying mechanism will provide insight into neovascularization-related physiological changes and pathological conditions. Unlike estrogen, which mainly promotes neovascularization through activating classic post-receptor signaling pathways, progesterone (P4) regulates a variety of downstream factors with angiogenic or antiangiogenic effects, exerting various influences on neovascularization. Furthermore, diverse progestins, the synthetic progesterone receptor (PR) agonists structurally related to P4, have been used in numerous studies, which could contribute to unequal actions. As a result, there have been many conflicting observations in the past, making it difficult for researchers to define the exact role of progestogens (PR agonists including naturally occurring P4 and synthetic progestins). This review summarizes available evidence for progestogen-mediated neovascularization under physiological and pathological circumstances, and attempts to elaborate their functional characteristics and regulatory patterns from a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (Z.X.); (J.X.)
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10
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Lerouet D, Marchand-Leroux C, Besson VC. Neuropharmacology in traumatic brain injury: from preclinical to clinical neuroprotection? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:524-538. [PMID: 33527472 PMCID: PMC9290810 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a major health problem worldwide and is a leading cause of death and disability in individuals, contributing to devastating socioeconomic consequences. Despite numerous promising pharmacological strategies reported as neuroprotective in preclinical studies, the translation to clinical trials always failed, albeit the great diversity of therapeutic targets evaluated. In this review, first, we described epidemiologic features, causes, and primary and secondary injuries of TBI. Second, we outlined the current literature on animal models of TBI, and we described their goals, their advantages and disadvantages according to the species used, the type of injury induced, and their clinical relevance. Third, we defined the concept of neuroprotection and discussed its evolution. We also identified the reasons that might explain the failure of clinical translation. Then, we reviewed post‐TBI neuroprotective treatments with a focus on the following pleiotropic drugs, considered “low hanging fruit” with high probability of success: glitazones, glibenclamide, statins, erythropoietin, and progesterone, that were largely tested and demonstrated efficient in preclinical models of TBI. Finally, our review stresses the need to establish a close cooperation between basic researchers and clinicians to ensure the best clinical translation for neuroprotective strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lerouet
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie C Besson
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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11
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Abd El-Atti MS, El-Sayed AS, Said RM. Usage of pharmaceutical contraceptive drug for controlling Eobania vermiculata snails by baits technique. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05630. [PMID: 33319095 PMCID: PMC7724155 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on evaluating the effects of oral administration of three different concentrations of Yasmin® combined contraceptive pills (estrogen and progesterone) on reproductive hormones levels, histology of the ovotestis and rate of oviposition of E. vermiculata for two months using baits technique. The levels of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Estradiol (E2), Progesterone(PRG), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and Testesterone (T) of treated snails were decreased with increasing the drug concentrations by percentages of -83.3%, -78.9%, - 59.6%,- 98.3 %, - 79.6 %, - 86.7% and 8.2%, respectively. Prolactin (PRL) level was significantly increased (86.9%) compared to control snails after 8 weeks of exposure. Histological investigations on the hermaphrodite glands of snails treated with 909 μg/gm. showed glandular hyperplasia, sloughing of germinal epithelium, acini sizes reduction, suppression of follicular growths, decreased luteinization and vasodilation. Male acini revealed histolytic of spermatogonia and mature sperms. The lowest concentration (303 μg/gm.) caused gradual decrease of the total egg counts that reach 50% at the 8th week of treatment. Higher doses (606 and 909 μg/gm.) resulted in dramatic dwindling of egg numbers and inspiring complete egg cessation at the 7th and 3rd weeks of treatments, respectively. The applications of combined contraceptive drugs as baits give promising results for controlling high population densities of E. vermiculata snails at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
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12
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Bonsack B, Heyck M, Kingsbury C, Cozene B, Sadanandan N, Lee JY, Borlongan CV. Fast-tracking regenerative medicine for traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1179-1190. [PMID: 31960797 PMCID: PMC7047809 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury remains a global health crisis that spans all demographics, yet there exist limited treatment options that may effectively curtail its lingering symptoms. Traumatic brain injury pathology entails a progression from primary injury to inflammation-mediated secondary cell death. Sequestering this inflammation as a means of ameliorating the greater symptomology of traumatic brain injury has emerged as an attractive treatment prospect. In this review, we recapitulate and evaluate the important developments relating to regulating traumatic brain injury-induced neuroinflammation, edema, and blood-brain barrier disintegration through pharmacotherapy and stem cell transplants. Although these studies of stand-alone treatments have yielded some positive results, more therapeutic outcomes have been documented from the promising area of combined drug and stem cell therapy. Harnessing the facilitatory properties of certain pharmaceuticals with the anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects of stem cell transplants creates a synergistic effect greater than the sum of its parts. The burgeoning evidence in favor of combined drug and stem cell therapies warrants more elaborate preclinical studies on this topic in order to pave the way for later clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Bonsack
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matt Heyck
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chase Kingsbury
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Blaise Cozene
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadia Sadanandan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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13
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Xiao QX, Wen S, Zhang XR, Xue LL, Zhang ZB, Tan YX, Du RL, Zhu ZQ, Zhu YH, Wang TH, Yu CY, Xiong LL. MiR-410-3p overexpression ameliorates neurological deficits in rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:218-230. [PMID: 32579902 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is major cause of neonatal death or long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities, which becomes a major practical problem currently in clinic. Whereas, its pathophysiology and underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. MicroRNAs are involved in the normal growth and development of neuronal cells. Herein, the objective of this research was to examine the roles of miR-410-3p in neurological deficits, neuronal injury and neuron apoptosis after hypoxic-ischemic and to explore its associated mechanisms. We established the hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) model and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model. Zea-longa score and TTC staining were used to detect the acute cerebral dysfunction after HIBD. QPCR verification exhibited notable downregulation of miR-410-3p expression at 24 h in rats after HIBD as well as that in PC12, SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons post OGD. To further determine the function of miR-410-3p, lentivirus-mediated overexpression virus was applied in vivo and in vitro. Behavioral tests, including Morris water maze, open field test, Y maze test, neurological severity score and rotating rod test, were performed to evaluate long-term behavioral changes of rats at 1 month post HIBD. The results showed that the number of cells together with the axonal length were reduced post OGD. While the increase of cells number and the axonal length was measured after upregulating miR-410-3p. Meanwhile, miR-410-3p overexpression inhibited neuron apoptosis and enhanced neuronal survival. In addition, long-term motor and cognitive functions were remarkably recovered in HIBD rats with miR-410-3p overexpression. Together, miR-410-3p exerts a critical role in protecting neuronal growth as well as promoting motor and cognitive function recovery in neonatal rats subjected to HIBD. The current study therefore provides critical insights to develop the activator of miR-410-3p for the clinical treatment of HIBD in future clinic trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Xia Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xue-Rong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- Institute of Neuroscience and Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Zi-Bin Zhang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ya-Xin Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Du
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhao-Qiong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China; Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chang-Yin Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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14
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Lengel D, Huh JW, Barson JR, Raghupathi R. Progesterone treatment following traumatic brain injury in the 11-day-old rat attenuates cognitive deficits and neuronal hyperexcitability in adolescence. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113329. [PMID: 32335121 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children younger than 4 years old results in cognitive and psychosocial deficits in adolescence and adulthood. At 4 weeks following closed head injury on postnatal day 11, male and female rats exhibited impairment in novel object recognition memory (NOR) along with an increase in open arm time in the elevated plus maze (EPM), suggestive of risk-taking behaviors. This was accompanied by an increase in intrinsic excitability and frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs), and a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents in layer 2/3 neurons within the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region that is implicated in both object recognition and risk-taking behaviors. Treatment with progesterone for the first week after brain injury improved NOR memory at the 4-week time point in both sham and brain-injured rats and additionally attenuated the injury-induced increase in the excitability of neurons and the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs. The effect of progesterone on cellular excitability changes after injury may be related to its ability to decrease the mRNA expression of the β3 subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel and increase the expression of the neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 in the medial PFC in sham- and brain-injured animals and also increase glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA expression in sham- but not brain-injured animals. Progesterone treatment did not affect injury-induced changes in the EPM test. These results demonstrate that administration of progesterone immediately after TBI in 11-day-old rats reduces cognitive deficits in adolescence, which may be mediated by progesterone-mediated regulation of excitatory signaling mechanisms within the medial PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lengel
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA United States of America
| | - Jimmy W Huh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA United States of America; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Raghupathi
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA United States of America; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
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15
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Huang J, Gao C, Dong J, Zhang J, Jiang R. Drug treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:435-444. [PMID: 31957506 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1713095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingfei Dong
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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16
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Moxibustion therapy improving delayed memory deficits via promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis of hippocampus in a vascular dementia rat model. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-019-1140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Li Z, Xu R, Zhu X, Li Y, Wang Y, Xu W. MicroRNA-23a-3p improves traumatic brain injury through modulating the neurological apoptosis and inflammation response in mice. Cell Cycle 2019; 19:24-38. [PMID: 31818176 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1691763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary brain damage plays an important role in Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and inhibition of this damage has benefit for TBI treatment. However, the pathogenesis of secondary brain damage remains largely unknown. Here, we tried to explore the influence of microRNAs (miRNAs) on neuron apoptosis and inflammatory response after TBI. Firstly, the miRNA expression profiles were analyzed in the cerebral cortex tissues from the TBI mice model (controlled cortical impact) using miRNA microarray. miR-23a-3p (miR-23a) attracted our attention as its suppressive effects on apoptosis and inflammation. The further results showed that miR-23a upregulation improved long-term neurological function, the neuron apoptosis, and inhibited neuroinflammation, whereas knockdown of miR-23a had an opposite result. Using etoposide-induced primary cortical neurons injury model, we found that miR-23a was decreased in this cell model and miR-23a overexpression-suppressed etoposide induced the activity of caspase 3 and the releases of inflammatory mediators in primary cortical neurons. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a well‑known regulator of the AKT/mTOR pathway, was found to be a direct target of miR‑23a in the primary cortical neurons. Most importantly, it was found that miR-23a overexpression reactivated the AKT/mTOR pathway in TBI mice model, as demonstrated by the upregulation of phosphorylated (p‑)AKT and p‑mTOR. Taken together, these data indicate that miR-23a may serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijun Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Iboaya A, Harris JL, Arickx AN, Nudo RJ. Models of Traumatic Brain Injury in Aged Animals: A Clinical Perspective. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2019; 33:975-988. [PMID: 31722616 PMCID: PMC6920554 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319883879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with advanced age being one of the major predictors of poor prognosis. To replicate the mechanisms and multifaceted complexities of human TBI and develop prospective therapeutic treatments, various TBI animal models have been developed. These models have been essential in furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology and biochemical effects on brain mechanisms following TBI. Despite these advances, translating preclinical results to clinical application, particularly in elderly individuals, continues to be challenging. This review aims to provide a clinical perspective, identifying relevant variables currently not replicated in TBI animal models, to potentially improve translation to clinical practice, especially as it applies to elderly populations. As background for this clinical perspective, we reviewed articles indexed on PubMed from 1970 to 2019 that used aged animal models for studying TBI. These studies examined end points relevant for clinical translation, such as neurocognitive effects, sensorimotor behavior, physiological mechanisms, and efficacy of neuroprotective therapies. However, compared with the higher incidence of TBI in older individuals, animal studies on the basic science of aging and TBI remain remarkably scarce. Moreover, a fundamental disconnect remains between experiments in animal models of TBI and successful translation of findings for treating the older TBI population. In this article, we aim to provide a clinical perspective on the unique attributes of TBI in older individuals and a critical appraisal of the research to date on TBI in aged animal models as well as recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwane Iboaya
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Janna L Harris
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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19
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Zhang B, Zhu X, Wang L, Hao S, Xu X, Niu F, He W, Liu B. Dexamethasone impairs neurofunctional recovery in rats following traumatic brain injury by reducing circulating endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenesis. Brain Res 2019; 1725:146469. [PMID: 31541641 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is controversial. Clinical evidence reveals the deleterious effects of GCs, but the mechanism remains unclear. Previous studies indicate that GCs impair wound healing by affecting endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) function and inhibiting angiogenesis after skin injury. Thus, we hypothesize that the central deleterious effect of GCs is associated with reduced EPCs and angiogenesis after TBI. Using a controlled cortical impact model, we examined the dynamic changes in circulating EPCs and in the regional microcirculation within 14 days of TBI by flow cytometry analysis and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, respectively. The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and Morris water maze assay were used to assess neurological recovery. Angiogenesis and hippocampal neuron counts were assessed using immunohistochemistry analysis and hematoxylin and eosin staining 14 days after TBI. Compared with the TBI control group, dexamethasone treatment significantly reduced the number of circulating EPCs on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 (P < 0.05); decreased the number of CD31+ cells, the peak intensity and the number of hippocampal neurons on day 14 (P < 0.05); increased the latency on days 12 and 13 (P < 0.05); and reduced the percentage of time spent in the goal quadrant (P < 0.05) on day 14. Similarly, dexamethasone increased the mNSS on days 7 and 14 (P < 0.05). A strong correlation was observed between these results at 14 days after TBI (r = 0.815-0.892, P < 0.05). These data indicate that DEX inhibits the mobilization of EPC levels and angiogenesis around the lesion after TBI, which may contribute to neuronal cell loss and impaired neurofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Fifth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojian Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen He
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baiyun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
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20
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Huang J, Li L, Zhang J, Gao C, Quan W, Tian Y, Sun J, Tian Q, Wang D, Dong J, Zhang J, Jiang R. Treatment of Relapsed Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Four Young Children with Atorvastatin and Low-dose Dexamethasone. Pharmacotherapy 2019; 39:783-789. [PMID: 31069819 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) can develop in children in rare cases. Burr-hole drainage (BHD) is the treatment of choice, but it is associated with a high rate of recurrence. This report describes four cases of pediatric patients (1-7 yrs of age) with post-BHD relapsed CSDH who were successfully treated with a drug regimen that included 2.5-5 mg atorvastatin daily combined with dexamethasone with stepwise-decreasing dosing for a total of 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of treatment, the hematoma was completely resolved in three patients and significantly reduced in one patient. During the treatment, no patient reported clinically significant adverse events. No patient experienced hematoma relapse during the follow-up period that lasted for up to 4 years. This case report suggests the need for a randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate this drug regimen for nonsurgical treatment of patients with relapsed CSDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Army Military University, Xian, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yangquan 1st People's Hospital, Yangquan, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilong Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Army Military University, Xian, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingfei Dong
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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21
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Sayeed I, Wali B, Guthrie DB, Saindane MT, Natchus MG, Liotta DC, Stein DG. Development of a novel progesterone analog in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:292-298. [PMID: 30222982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although systemic progesterone (PROG) treatment has been shown to be neuroprotective by many laboratories and in multiple animal models of brain injury including traumatic brain injury (TBI), PROG's poor aqueous solubility limits its potential for use as a therapeutic agent. The problem of solubility presents challenges for an acute intervention for neural injury, when getting a neuroprotectant to the brain quickly is crucial. Native PROG (nPROG) is hydrophobic and does not readily dissolve in an aqueous-based medium, so this makes it harder to give under emergency field conditions. An agent with properties similar to those of PROG but easier to store, transport, formulate, and administer early in emergency trauma situations could lead to better and more consistent clinical outcomes following TBI. At the same time, the engineering of a new molecule designed to treat a complex systemic injury must anticipate a range of translational issues including solubility and bioavailability. Here we describe the development of EIDD-1723, a novel, highly stable PROG analog with >104-fold higher aqueous solubility than that of nPROG. We think that, with further testing, EIDD-1723 could become an attractive candidate use as a field-ready treatment for TBI patients. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Sayeed
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bushra Wali
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David B Guthrie
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Manohar T Saindane
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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22
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Späni CB, Braun DJ, Van Eldik LJ. Sex-related responses after traumatic brain injury: Considerations for preclinical modeling. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 50:52-66. [PMID: 29753798 PMCID: PMC6139061 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has historically been viewed as a primarily male problem, since men are more likely to experience a TBI because of more frequent participation in activities that increase risk of head injuries. This male bias is also reflected in preclinical research where mostly male animals have been used in basic and translational science. However, with an aging population in which TBI incidence is increasingly sex-independent due to falls, and increasing female participation in high-risk activities, the attention to potential sex differences in TBI responses and outcomes will become more important. These considerations are especially relevant in designing preclinical animal models of TBI that are more predictive of human responses and outcomes. This review characterizes sex differences following TBI with a special emphasis on the contribution of the female sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen, to these differences. This information is potentially important in developing and customizing TBI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia B Späni
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - David J Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, B481, BBSRB, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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23
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Pardue MT, Allen RS. Neuroprotective strategies for retinal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:50-76. [PMID: 29481975 PMCID: PMC6081194 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diseases that affect the eye, including photoreceptor degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, affect 11.8 million people in the US, resulting in vision loss and blindness. Loss of sight affects patient quality of life and puts an economic burden both on individuals and the greater healthcare system. Despite the urgent need for treatments, few effective options currently exist in the clinic. Here, we review research on promising neuroprotective strategies that promote neuronal survival with the potential to protect against vision loss and retinal cell death. Due to the large number of neuroprotective strategies, we restricted our review to approaches that we had direct experience with in the laboratory. We focus on drugs that target survival pathways, including bile acids like UDCA and TUDCA, steroid hormones like progesterone, therapies that target retinal dopamine, and neurotrophic factors. In addition, we review rehabilitative methods that increase endogenous repair mechanisms, including exercise and electrical stimulation therapies. For each approach, we provide background on the neuroprotective strategy, including history of use in other diseases; describe potential mechanisms of action; review the body of research performed in the retina thus far, both in animals and in humans; and discuss considerations when translating each treatment to the clinic and to the retina, including which therapies show the most promise for each retinal disease. Despite the high incidence of retinal diseases and the complexity of mechanisms involved, several promising neuroprotective treatments provide hope to prevent blindness. We discuss attractive candidates here with the goal of furthering retinal research in critical areas to rapidly translate neuroprotective strategies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Rachael S Allen
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
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Allitt BJ, Johnstone VPA, Richards KL, Yan EB, Rajan R. Progesterone Sharpens Temporal Response Profiles of Sensory Cortical Neurons in Animals Exposed to Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1202-1223. [PMID: 28933224 PMCID: PMC5657734 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717714326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a cascade of pathophysiological changes that are both complex and difficult to treat. Progesterone (P4) is a neuroprotective treatment option that has shown excellent preclinical benefits in the treatment of TBI, but these benefits have not translated well in the clinic. We have previously shown that P4 exacerbates the already hypoactive upper cortical responses in the short-term post-TBI and does not reduce upper cortical hyperactivity in the long term, and we concluded that there is no tangible benefit to sensory cortex firing strength. Here we examined the effects of P4 treatment on temporal coding resolution in the rodent sensory cortex in both the short term (4 d) and long term (8 wk) following impact-acceleration–induced TBI. We show that in the short-term postinjury, TBI has no effect on sensory cortex temporal resolution and that P4 also sharpens the response profile in all cortical layers in the uninjured brain and all layers other than layer 2 (L2) in the injured brain. In the long term, TBI broadens the response profile in all cortical layers despite firing rate hyperactivity being localized to upper cortical layers and P4 sharpens the response profile in TBI animals in all layers other than L2 and has no long-term effect in the sham brain. These results indicate that P4 has long-term effects on sensory coding that may translate to beneficial perceptual outcomes. The effects seen here, combined with previous beneficial preclinical data, emphasize that P4 is still a potential treatment option in ameliorating TBI-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Allitt
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victoria P A Johnstone
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,2 School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katrina L Richards
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwin B Yan
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Tolahunase MR, Sagar R, Faiq M, Dada R. Yoga- and meditation-based lifestyle intervention increases neuroplasticity and reduces severity of major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:423-442. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri R. Tolahunase
- Department of Anatomy, Lab for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Muneeb Faiq
- Department of Anatomy, Lab for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Department of Anatomy, Lab for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Effects of Female Sex Steroids Administration on Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:393-416. [PMID: 29151229 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Secondary brain damage following initial brain damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of adverse outcomes. There are many gaps in TBI research and a lack of therapy to limit debilitating outcomes in TBI or enhance the neurogenesis, despite pre-clinical and clinical research performed in TBI. Females show harmful outcomes against brain damage including TBI less than males, independent of different TBI occurrence. A significant reduction in secondary brain damage and improvement in neurologic outcome post-TBI has been reported following the use of progesterone and estrogen in many experimental studies. Although useful features of sex steroids including progesterone have been identified in TBI clinical trials I and II, clinical trials III have been unsuccessful. This review article focuses on evidence of secondary injury mechanisms and neuroprotective effects of estrogen and progesterone in TBI. Understanding these mechanisms may enable researchers to achieve greater success in TBI clinical studies. It seems that the design of clinical studies should be revised due to translation loss of animal studies to clinical studies. The heterogeneous and complex nature of TBI, the endogenous levels of sex hormones at the time of taking these hormones, the therapeutic window of the drug, the dosage of the drug, the selection of appropriate targets in evaluation, the determination of responsive population, gender and age based on animal studies should be considered in the design of TBI human studies in future.
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27
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Wang X, Li G, Shen W. Protective effects of D-Limonene against transient cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:699-706. [PMID: 29399074 PMCID: PMC5772658 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death world-wide and there is currently a lack of effective treatments for acute stroke. D-Limonene is a common natural monocyclic monoterpene possessing various activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of D-limonene against ischemia-associated cerebral injury in hypertensive SHRsp rats. Although systolic blood pressure was not altered by ischemia, D-Limonene decreased the systolic blood pressure of SHRsp rats following stroke. Induction of stroke resulted in increased escape latency time, decreased time spent in the target quadrant in the probe trial, decreased capacity to distinguish between familiar objects and novel objects, and increased sensory neglect in the SHRsp rat, however these symptoms were significantly inhibited by D-limonene. D-limonene also decreased the cerebral infarct size in the SHRsp rats following stroke. D-Limonene markedly decreased the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in SHRsp rats following stroke. The mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the brain of SHRsp rats following stroke was significantly increased by D-Limonene. D-Limonene increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, decreased the malondialdehyde level, increased glutathione content and reduced the DHE-staining in SHRsp rats following stroke. Overall, inhibition of cerebral inflammation, vascular remodeling and antioxidant activities of D-Limonene may be involved in the protective effects against ischemia-induced damage in SHRsp rats. The present study identified D-Limonene as a potential therapeutic candidate for treatment of stroke-associated cerebral and vascular damage under conditions of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, P.R. China
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28
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Zheng ZT, Dong XL, Li YD, Gao WW, Zhou Y, Jiang RC, Yue SY, Zhou ZW, Zhang JN. Electrical stimulation improved cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00667. [PMID: 29201537 PMCID: PMC5698854 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) reduce patient quality of life. However, to date, there have been no effective treatments for TBI-associated cognitive deficits. In this study, we aimed to determine whether electrical stimulation (ES) improves cognitive deficits in TBI rats. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into three groups: the Sham control group, electrical stimulation group (ES group), and No electrical stimulation control group (N-ES group). Following fluid percussion injury, the rats in the ES group received ES treatment for 3 weeks. Potent cognitive function-relevant factors, including the escape latency, time percentage in the goal quadrant, and numbers of CD34+ cells, von Willebrand Factor+ (vWF +) vessels, and circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), were subsequently assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) test, immunohistochemical staining, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with the rats in the N-ES group, the rats in the ES group exhibited a shorter escape latency on day 3 (p = .025), day 4 (p = .011), and day 5 (p = .003), as well as a higher time percentage in the goal quadrant (p = .025) in the MWM test. After 3 weeks of ES, there were increased numbers of CD34+ cells (p = .008) and vWF + vessels (p = .000) in the hippocampus of injured brain tissue in the ES group compared with those in the N-ES group. Moreover, ES also significantly increased the number of EPCs in the peripheral blood from days 3 to 21 after TBI in the ES group (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that ES may improve cognitive deficits induced by TBI, and this protective effect may be a result, in part, of enhanced angiogenesis, which may be attributed to the increased mobilization of EPCs in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Tong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Ministry of Education Tianjin China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System Tianjin China
| | - Xin-Long Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Ministry of Education Tianjin China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System Tianjin China
| | - Ya-Dan Li
- Intensive Care Units Tianjin Huanhu Hospital Tianjin China
| | - Wei-Wei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Ministry of Education Tianjin China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System Tianjin China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Ministry of Education Tianjin China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System Tianjin China
| | - Rong-Cai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Ministry of Education Tianjin China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System Tianjin China
| | - Shu-Yuan Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Ministry of Education Tianjin China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System Tianjin China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Ministry of Education Tianjin China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System Tianjin China
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29
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Yousuf S, Brat DJ, Shu HK, Wang Y, Stein DG, Atif F. Progesterone improves neurocognitive outcomes following therapeutic cranial irradiation in mice. Horm Behav 2017; 96:21-30. [PMID: 28866326 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite improved therapeutic methods, CNS toxicity resulting from cancer treatment remains a major cause of post-treatment morbidity. More than half of adult patients with cranial irradiation for brain cancer develop neurobehavioral/cognitive deficits that severely impact quality of life. We examined the neuroprotective effects of the neurosteroid progesterone (PROG) against ionizing radiation (IR)-induced neurobehavioral/cognitive deficits in mice. Male C57/BL mice were exposed to one of two fractionated dose regimens of IR (3Gy×3 or 3Gy×5). PROG (16mg/kg; 0.16mg/g) was given as a pre-, concurrent or post-IR treatment for 14days. Mice were tested for short- and long-term effects of IR and PROG on neurobehavioral/cognitive function on days 10 and 30 after IR treatment. We evaluated both hippocampus-dependent and -independent memory functions. Locomotor activity, elevated plus maze, novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests revealed behavioral deficits following IR. PROG treatment produced improvement in behavioral performance at both time points in the mice given IR. Western blot analysis of hippocampal and cortical tissue showed that IR at both doses induced astrocytic activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein), reactive macrophages/microglia (CD68) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) and PROG treatment inhibited these markers of brain injury. There was no significant difference in the degree of deficit in any test between the two dose regimens of IR at either time point. These findings could be important in the context of patients with brain tumors who may undergo radiotherapy and eventually develop cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Yousuf
- Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital Room H183, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Hui-Kuo Shu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 1365 C Clifton Rd NE, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 1365 C Clifton Rd NE, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Donald G Stein
- Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Fahim Atif
- Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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30
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Park E, Park K, Liu E, Jiang R, Zhang J, Baker AJ. Bone-Marrow–Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cell Treatment in a Model of Lateral Fluid Percussion Injury in Rats: Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Outcome Measures. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2801-2811. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Park
- Keenan Research Center in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katya Park
- Keenan Research Center in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine Liu
- Keenan Research Center in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Andrew J. Baker
- Keenan Research Center in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Anesthesia & Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Yu P, Li S, Zhang Z, Wen X, Quan W, Tian Q, Gao C, Su W, Zhang J, Jiang R. Progesterone-mediated angiogenic activity of endothelial progenitor cell and angiogenesis in traumatic brain injury rats were antagonized by progesterone receptor antagonist. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28752929 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Progesterone (P4) has the potential therapeutic effects for traumatic brain injury (TBI) whose recovery depended on the enhanced angiogenesis. Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) plays an essential role in vascular biology. We previously demonstrated that P4 administration improved circulating EPC level and neurological recovery of rat with TBI. Here, we hypothesized that P4 augmented angiogenic potential of EPC and the angiogenesis-related neurorestoration after TBI through classical progesterone receptor (PR). MATERIALS AND METHODS EPC derived from rats were stimulated with graded concentrations (0, 10-10 , 10-9 , 5 × 10-9 , 10-8 , 10-7 mol/L) of P4 or 10-6 mol/L ulipristal acetate (UPA, a PR antagonist). Male rats were subjected to cortical impact injury and treated with (i) DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), (ii) P4 and (iii) P4 and UPA. RESULTS It showed that P4 improved the angiogenic potential of EPC, including tube formation, adhesion, migration and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion, in a dose-dependent fashion with the maximal effect achieved at 10-9 mol/L P4. High concentration (10-7 mol/L) of P4 impaired the angiogenic potential of EPC. Notably, 10-6 mol/L UPA antagonized the stimulatory effects of 10-9 mol/L P4. After administrating P4, a significant improvement of neurological function and the restoration of the leaked blood-brain barrier were observed as well as a reduction of the brain water content. Both vessel density and expression of occludin of vessels were increased. When UPA was administered with P4, the neural restoration and angiogenesis were all reversed. Western blot showed that 10-9 mol/L P4 increased the content of PRA and PRB of EPC, while 10-7 mol/L P4 reduced the content of both PR isoforms, but there was no change found in the TBI rats. CONCLUSIONS It may suggest that P4-mediated angiogenic activity of EPC and angiogenesis in TBI rats were antagonized by PR antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilong Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqiang Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
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Stekovic S, Ruckenstuhl C, Royer P, Winkler-Hermaden C, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Fröhlich KU, Kroemer G, Madeo F. The neuroprotective steroid progesterone promotes mitochondrial uncoupling, reduces cytosolic calcium and augments stress resistance in yeast cells. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2017; 4:191-199. [PMID: 28660203 PMCID: PMC5473691 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.06.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone progesterone is not only a crucial sex hormone, but also serves as a neurosteroid, thus playing an important role in brain function. Epidemiological data suggest that progesterone improves the recovery of patients after traumatic brain injury. Brain injuries are often connected to elevated calcium spikes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and programmed cell death affecting neurons. Here, we establish a yeast model to study progesterone-mediated cytoprotection. External supply of progesterone protected yeast cells from apoptosis-inducing stress stimuli and resulted in elevated mitochondrial oxygen uptake accompanied by a drop in ROS generation and ATP levels during chronological aging. In addition, cellular Ca2+ concentrations were reduced upon progesterone treatment, and this effect occurred independently of known Ca2+ transporters and mitochondrial respiration. All effects were also independent of Dap1, the yeast orthologue of the progesterone receptor. Altogether, our observations provide new insights into the cytoprotective effects of progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Stekovic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Ruckenstuhl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Royer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Kai-Uwe Fröhlich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria
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Lin Y, Luo LL, Sun J, Gao W, Tian Y, Park E, Baker A, Chen J, Jiang R, Zhang J. Relationship of Circulating CXCR4 + EPC with Prognosis of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Aging Dis 2017; 8:115-127. [PMID: 28203485 PMCID: PMC5287384 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the changes of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)/CXCR4 expression in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the correlation between EPC level and the prognosis of mild TBI. 72 TBI patients (57 mild TBI, 15 moderate TBI patients) and 25 healthy subjects (control) were included. The number of circulating EPCs, CD34+, and CD133+ cells and the percentage of CXCR4+ cells in each cell population at 1,4,7,14,21 days after TBI were counted by flow cytometer. SDF-1α levels in serum were detected by ELISA assay. The patients were divided into poor and good prognosis groups based on Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and Activity of Daily Living Scale at 3 months after TBI. Correlation analysis between each detected index and prognosis of mild TBI was performed. Moderate TBI patients have higher levels of SDF-1α and CXCR4 expression than mild TBI patients (P < 0.05). The percentage of CXCR4+ EPCs at day 7 post-TBI was significantly higher in mild TBI patients with poor prognosis than the ones with good prognosis (P < 0.05). HAMA and HAMD scores in mild TBI patients were significantly lower than moderate TBI patients (P < 0.05) in early term. The percentage of CXCR4+ EPCs at day 7 after TBI was significantly correlated with the prognosis outcome at 3 months. The mobilization of circulating EPCs can be induced in mild TBI. The expression of CXCR4+ in EPCs at 7 days after TBI reflects the short-term prognosis of brain injury, and could be a potential biological marker for prognosis prediction of mild TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Lin
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lan Lan Luo
- 2Department off Psychological Science, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jian Sun
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ye Tian
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Eugene Park
- 3Department of Traumatic Critical Care Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew Baker
- 3Department of Traumatic Critical Care Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jieli Chen
- 4Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI USA; 5Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
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Zhou ZW, Li YD, Gao WW, Chen JL, Yue SY, Zhang JN. Cold water swimming pretreatment reduces cognitive deficits in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1322-1328. [PMID: 28966648 PMCID: PMC5607828 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A moderate stress such as cold water swimming can raise the tolerance of the body to potentially injurious events. However, little is known about the mechanism of beneficial effects induced by moderate stress. In this study, we used a classic rat model of traumatic brain injury to test the hypothesis that cold water swimming preconditioning improved the recovery of cognitive functions and explored the mechanisms. Results showed that after traumatic brain injury, pre-conditioned rats (cold water swimming for 3 minutes at 4°C) spent a significantly higher percent of times in the goal quadrant of cold water swim, and escape latencies were shorter than for non-pretreated rats. The number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells was significantly higher in pre-conditioned rats than those without pretreatment at 0, 3, 6 and 24 hours after traumatic brain injury. Immunohistochemical staining and Von Willebrand factor staining demonstrated that the number of CD34+ stem cells and new blood vessels in the injured hippocampus tissue increased significantly in pre-conditioned rats. These data suggest that pretreatment with cold water swimming could promote the proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenesis in the peripheral blood and hippocampus. It also ameliorated cognitive deficits caused by experimental traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Ya-Dan Li
- Intensive Care Units, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Wei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie-Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shu-Yuan Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
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Arbo BD, Benetti F, Ribeiro MF. Astrocytes as a target for neuroprotection: Modulation by progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:27-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Yousuf S, Atif F, Sayeed I, Wang J, Stein DG. Neuroprotection by progesterone after transient cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Horm Behav 2016; 84:29-40. [PMID: 27283379 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neuroprotective effects of progesterone (P4) treatment in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs) given 60-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The treatment groups were: (1) Wistar-Kyoto (normotensive sham), (2) SHRSP (hypertensive sham), (3) tMCAO SHRSPs (SHRSP+tMCAO), and (4) SHRSP+tMCAO+P4. P4 (8mg/kg) was administered 1h after occlusion and then daily for 14days. We measured cerebral infarction volume, blood pressure and body weight. Behavioral outcomes were analyzed at post-stroke days 3, 9, and 14. To assess morphological protection we measured activation of microglia and astrocytes, oxidative stress, apoptosis, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic marker, and IL-1β, a marker of inflammation, on day 14 post-stroke. There was no effect of P4 on body weight or systolic blood pressure compared to the SHRSP+tMCAO group. However, grip strength and sensory neglect measures in the P4 group were improved compared to SHRSP+tMCAO. In addition, significantly larger infarct volumes were seen in the SHRSP+tMCAO group compared to SHRSP+tMCAO+P4. Increased markers of the injury cascade such as macrophages, activated astrocytes, superoxide anion and apoptotic cells observed in the SHRSP+tMCAO group were significantly decreased by P4. We conclude that, despite hypertensive comorbidity, P4 improves functional outcomes and attenuates stroke infarct in hypertensive rats by reducing superoxide anion expression and by decreasing inflammation and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Yousuf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Fahim Atif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Zhong J, Jiang L, Cheng C, Huang Z, Zhang H, Liu H, He J, Cao F, Peng J, Jiang Y, Sun X. Altered expression of long non-coding RNA and mRNA in mouse cortex after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1646:589-600. [PMID: 27380725 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The present study aims to detect the altered lncRNA expression in the mouse cortex after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We also simultaneously detected the altered mRNA profile to further analyze the possible function of lncRNA. METHOD C57BL/6 mice (n=18) were used to construct a controlled cortical impact model. At 24h post-TBI, the cortex around injury site was collected and the total RNA was extracted to construct the cDNA library. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was carried out followed by RT-PCR for confirmation. Bioinformatic analysis (including GO analysis, KEGG pathway and co-expression analysis) also were performed. RESULTS A total of 64,530 transcripts were detected in the current sequencing study, in which 27,457 transcripts were identified as mRNA and 37,073 transcripts as lncRNA. A total of 1580 mRNAs (1430 up-regulated and 150 down-regulated) and 823 lncRNAs (667 up-regulated and 156 down-regulated) were significantly changed according to the criteria ( (|)log2((fold change))|>1 and P<0.05). These altered mRNAs were mainly related to inflammatory and immunological activity, metabolism, neuronal and vascular network. The expression of single lncRNA may be related with several mRNAs, and so was the mRNA. Also, a total of 360 new mRNAs and 8041 new lncRNAs were identified. The good reproducibility and reliability of RNA-seq were confirmed by RT-PCR. CONCLUSION Numerous lncRNAs and mRNAs were significantly altered in mouse cortex around the injury site 24h after TBI. Our present data may provide a promising approach for further study about TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 653000, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichaun 646000, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichaun 646000, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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38
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Schumacher M, Denier C, Oudinet JP, Adams D, Guennoun R. Progesterone neuroprotection: The background of clinical trial failure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:53-66. [PMID: 26598278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the first pioneering studies in the 1990s, a large number of experimental animal studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective efficacy of progesterone for brain disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). In addition, this steroid has major assets: it easily crosses the blood-brain-barrier, rapidly diffuses throughout the brain and exerts multiple beneficial effects by acting on many molecular and cellular targets. Moreover, progesterone therapies are well tolerated. Notably, increased brain levels of progesterone are part of endogenous neuroprotective responses to injury. The hormone thus emerged as a particularly promising protective candidate for TBI and stroke patients. The positive outcomes of small Phase 2 trials aimed at testing the safety and potential protective efficacy of progesterone in TBI patients then provided support and guidance for two large, multicenter, randomized and placebo-controlled Phase 3 trials, with more than 2000 TBI patients enrolled. The negative outcomes of both trials, named ProTECT III and SyNAPSE, came as a big disappointment. If these trials were successful, progesterone would have become the first efficient neuroprotective drug for brain-injured patients. Thus, progesterone has joined the numerous neuroprotective candidates that have failed in clinical trials. The aim of this review is a reappraisal of the preclinical animal studies, which provided the proof of concept for the clinical trials, and we critically examine the design of the clinical studies. We made efforts to present a balanced view of the strengths and limitations of the translational studies and of some serious issues with the clinical trials. We place particular emphasis on the translational value of animal studies and the relevance of TBI biomarkers. The probability of failure of ProTECT III and SyNAPSE was very high, and we present them within the broader context of other unsuccessful trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Christian Denier
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Neurology, CHU Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Paul Oudinet
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - David Adams
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Neurology, CHU Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Yu P, Zhang Z, Li S, Wen X, Quan W, Tian Q, Chen J, Zhang J, Jiang R. Progesterone modulates endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) viability through the CXCL12/CXCR4/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:48-57. [PMID: 26818151 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Progesterone treatment can effectively increase levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and improve neurological functional outcome in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) rat model. However, the mechanisms of progesterone's effects on EPC viability remain elusive. The CXCL12/CXCR4 (CXC chemokine ligand 12/CXC chemokine receptor 4) signalling pathway regulates cell proliferation; we hypothesize that it mediates progesterone-induced EPC viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS EPCs were isolated from bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) and treated with progesterone (5, 10 and 100 nm). MTS assay was used to investigate EPC viability. Protein expression was examined by Western blotting, ELISA assay and flow cytometry. Cell membrane and cytoplasm proteins were extracted with membrane and cytoplasm protein extraction kits. CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) antagonist (LY294002) were used to characterize underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Progesterone-induced EPC viability was time- and dose-dependent. Administration of progesterone facilitated EPC viability and increased expression of CXCL12 and phosphorylated Akt (also known as protein kinase B, pAkt) activity (P < 0.05). Progesterone did not regulate CXCR4 protein expression in cultured EPC membranes or cytoplasm. However, progesterone-induced EPC viability was significantly attenuated by AMD3100 or LY294002. Inhibition of the signalling pathway with AMD3100 and LY294002 subsequently reduced progesterone-induced CXCL12/CXCR4/PI3K/pAkt signalling activity. CONCLUSIONS The CXCL12/CXCR4/PI3K/pAkt signalling pathway increased progesterone-induced EPC viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiaolong Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qilong Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, China
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40
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Jiang C, Zuo F, Wang Y, Lu H, Yang Q, Wang J. Progesterone Changes VEGF and BDNF Expression and Promotes Neurogenesis After Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016:10.1007/s12035-015-9651-y. [PMID: 26746666 PMCID: PMC4938789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Studies have shown that progesterone enhances functional recovery after ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of progesterone on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurogenesis in a rodent stroke model. Rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and then received intraperitoneal injections of progesterone (15 mg/kg) or vehicle at 1 h followed by subcutaneous injections at 6, 24, and 48 h. We examined VEGF and BDNF expression by Western blotting and/or immunostaining and microvessel density by lectin immunostaining. Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone was determined by immunostaining of Ki67 and doublecortin, and double BrdU/Nestin immunostaining. We calculated brain water content with the wet-dry weight method on day 3 and assessed neurologic deficits with the modified neurological severity score on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Progesterone-treated rats showed a significant decrease in VEGF expression, but an increase in BDNF expression, compared with that of vehicle-treated pMCAO rats on day 3 post-occlusion. Progesterone did not alter the microvessel density, but it reduced brain water content compared with that in vehicle-treated rats on day 3 post-occlusion. Progesterone treatment increased the numbers of newly generated neurons in the subventricular zone and doublecortin-positive cells in the peri-infarct region on day 7 post-occlusion. In addition, progesterone improved neurologic function on days 7 and 14 post-occlusion. Our data suggest that the enhancement of endogenous BDNF and subsequent neurogenesis could partially underlie the neuroprotective effects of progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Fangfang Zuo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qingwu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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41
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Jiang C, Zuo F, Wang Y, Lu H, Yang Q, Wang J. Progesterone Changes VEGF and BDNF Expression and Promotes Neurogenesis After Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016. [PMID: 26746666 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that progesterone enhances functional recovery after ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of progesterone on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurogenesis in a rodent stroke model. Rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and then received intraperitoneal injections of progesterone (15 mg/kg) or vehicle at 1 h followed by subcutaneous injections at 6, 24, and 48 h. We examined VEGF and BDNF expression by Western blotting and/or immunostaining and microvessel density by lectin immunostaining. Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone was determined by immunostaining of Ki67 and doublecortin, and double BrdU/Nestin immunostaining. We calculated brain water content with the wet-dry weight method on day 3 and assessed neurologic deficits with the modified neurological severity score on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Progesterone-treated rats showed a significant decrease in VEGF expression, but an increase in BDNF expression, compared with that of vehicle-treated pMCAO rats on day 3 post-occlusion. Progesterone did not alter the microvessel density, but it reduced brain water content compared with that in vehicle-treated rats on day 3 post-occlusion. Progesterone treatment increased the numbers of newly generated neurons in the subventricular zone and doublecortin-positive cells in the peri-infarct region on day 7 post-occlusion. In addition, progesterone improved neurologic function on days 7 and 14 post-occlusion. Our data suggest that the enhancement of endogenous BDNF and subsequent neurogenesis could partially underlie the neuroprotective effects of progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Fangfang Zuo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qingwu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Elbuken G, Tanriverdi F, Karaca Z, Eser B, Hasdiraz L, Unluhizarci K, Gokoglu A, Cetin A, Selcuklu A, Kelestimur F. Evaluation of peripheral blood CD34+ cell count in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury and chest trauma. Brain Inj 2015; 30:179-83. [PMID: 26649467 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1090015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and chest trauma (CT) on the number of peripheral blood (PB) stem cells in affected patients in comparison to normal controls. Additionally, the aim was to determine the relationship between CD34+ cell counts and TBI-induced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in the acute phase of trauma. PATIENTS AND METHOD Thirty patients with TBI, 12 patients with CT and 53 healthy subjects were included in the study. RESULTS CD34+ cell counts within the first 24-48 hours of TBI were found to be lower than those obtained on the 7(th) day of TBI and those in the healthy controls. CD34+ cell counts obtained on the 2(nd) day of CT were lower than those in the healthy group, but did not differ from those measured on the 7(th) day of CT. There was no correlation between CD34+ cell counts and serum total cortisol (STC) levels on the 2(nd) and 7(th) days in the TBI or CT groups. CONCLUSION An increase in CD34+ cell counts as observed on the 7(th) day in both TBI and CT groups suggested that CD34 changes were not specific to TBI. Moreover, this study showed for the first time that CD34 response was not affected by changes in cortisol levels induced by TBI and severity of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsah Elbuken
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Fatih Tanriverdi
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Zuleyha Karaca
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Bulent Eser
- b Department of Hematology , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Leyla Hasdiraz
- c Department of Chest Surgery , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Kursad Unluhizarci
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Abdulkerim Gokoglu
- d Department of Neurosurgery , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Aysun Cetin
- e Department of Biochemistry , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Selcuklu
- d Department of Neurosurgery , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Fahrettin Kelestimur
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Erciyes University Medical School , Kayseri , Turkey
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43
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Efficacy of progesterone for moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13442. [PMID: 26304556 PMCID: PMC4548259 DOI: 10.1038/srep13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in multiple animal models of brain injury, whereas the efficacy and safety in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains contentious. Here, a total of seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 2492 participants were included to perform this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, there was no significant decrease to be found in the rate of death or vegetative state for patients with acute TBI (RR = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.70, 1.09, p = 0.24). Furthermore, progesterone was not associated with good recovery in comparison with placebo (RR = 1.00, 95%CI = 0.88, 1.14, p = 0.95). Together, our study suggested that progesterone did not improve outcomes over placebo in the treatment of acute TBI.
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Quan W, Zhang Z, Tian Q, Wen X, Yu P, Wang D, Cui W, Zhou L, Park E, Baker AJ, Zhang J, Jiang R. A rat model of chronic subdural hematoma: Insight into mechanisms of revascularization and inflammation. Brain Res 2015; 1625:84-96. [PMID: 26315377 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common neurological occurrence in the elderly population with significant impact on the quality of life and work. Studies have attempted to determine the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of CSDH using models in numerous mammalian species. To date, these animal models have only been able to reproduce limited durations of hematoma which does not accurately reflect the chronic state of CSDH. To address some of these challenges we modified a rat model of CSDH using two consecutive injections of autologous blood resulting in a hematoma of more than three weeks. We observed inflammatory and angiogenic changes related to the development and recovery of CSDH. In this study the technique for producing a CSDH in a small animal model had a success rate of 78.13%. The hematoma was sustainable up to 24 days. Hematoma resolution was associated with a gradual decrease in local pro-inflammatory factors and gradual increase in anti-inflammatory factors as well as proliferation and subsequent maturation of newly formed vessels. These events were also associated with improved behavioral outcome. Expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines also paralleled reabsorption of the hematoma. Reduction in hematoma size was also associated with neurological recovery. These data suggest that vessel maturation and anti-inflammatory pathways may contribute to the resolution of CSDH and neurological recovery. The regulation of the two mechanisms is a potential target for the treatment of CSDH. The modified model of rat CSDH demonstrated a high level of reproducibility in our hands and may be useful in future CSDH studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qilong Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaolong Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Weiyun Cui
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Eugene Park
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael׳s Hospital, Canada
| | - Andrew J Baker
- The Institute of Medical Science, Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; The Institute of Medical Science, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China.
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Abstract
Background: Despite positive preclinical studies and two positive Phase II clinical trials, two large Phase III clinical trials of progesterone treatment of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) recently ended with negative results, so a 100% failure rate continues to plague the field of TBI trials. Methods: This paper reviews and analyses the trial structures and outcomes and discusses the implications of these failures for future drug and clinical trial development. Persistently negative trial outcomes have led to disinvestment in new drug research by companies and policy-makers and disappointment for patients and their families, failures which represent a major public health concern. The problem is not limited to TBI. Failure rates are high for trials in stroke, sepsis, cardiology, cancer and orthopaedics, among others. Results: This paper discusses some of the reasons why the Phase III trials have failed. These reasons may include faulty extrapolation from pre-clinical data in designing clinical trials and the use of subjective outcome measures that accurately reflect neither the nature of the deficits nor long-term quantitative recovery. Conclusions: Better definitions of injury and healing and better outcome measures are essential to change the embrace of failure that has dominated the field for over 30 years. This review offers suggestions to improve the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Stein
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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46
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Allitt BJ, Johnstone VPA, Richards K, Yan EB, Rajan R. Progesterone Exacerbates Short-Term Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on Supragranular Responses in Sensory Cortex and Over-Excites Infragranular Responses in the Long Term. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:375-89. [PMID: 26258958 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) has been suggested as a neuroprotective agent for traumatic brain injury (TBI) because it ameliorates many post-TBI sequelae. We examined the effects of P4 treatment on the short-term (4 days post-TBI) and long-term (8 weeks post-TBI) aftermath on neuronal processing in the rodent sensory cortex of impact acceleration-induced diffuse TBI. We have previously reported that in sensory cortex, diffuse TBI induces a short-term hypoexcitation that is greatest in the supragranular layers and decreases with depth, but a long-term hyperexcitation that is exclusive to the supragranular layers. Now, adult male TBI-treated rats administered P4 showed, in the short term, even greater suppression in neural responses in supragranular layers but a reversal of the TBI-induced suppression in granular and infragranular layers. In long-term TBI there were only inconsistent effects of P4 on the TBI-induced hyperexcitation in supragranular responses but infragranular responses, which were not affected by TBI alone, were elevated by P4 treatment. Intriguingly, the effects in the injured brain were almost identical to P4 effects in the normal brain, as seen in sham control animals treated with P4: in the short term, P4 effects in the normal brain were identical to those exercised in the injured brain and in the long term, P4 effects in the normal brain were rather similar to what was seen in the TBI brain. Overall, these results provide no support for any protective effects of P4 treatment on neuronal encoding in diffuse TBI, and this was reflected in sensorimotor and other behavior tasks also tested here. Additionally, the effects suggest that mechanisms used for P4 effects in the normal brain are also intact in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Allitt
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Victoria P A Johnstone
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton VIC, Australia .,2 Current address: School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia , Crawley WA, Australia
| | - Katrina Richards
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin B Yan
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton VIC, Australia
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Holland JN, Schmidt AT. Static and Dynamic Factors Promoting Resilience following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Brief Review. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:902802. [PMID: 26347352 PMCID: PMC4539485 DOI: 10.1155/2015/902802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the greatest contributing cause of death and disability among children and young adults in the United States. The current paper briefly summarizes contemporary literature on factors that can improve outcomes (i.e., promote resilience) for children and adults following TBI. For the purpose of this paper, the authors divided these factors into static or unmodifiable factors (i.e., age, sex, intellectual abilities/education, and preinjury psychiatric history) and dynamic or modifiable factors (i.e., socioeconomic status, family functioning/social support, nutrition, and exercise). Drawing on human and animal studies, the research reviewed indicated that these various factors can improve outcomes in multiple domains of functioning (e.g., cognition, emotion regulation, health and wellness, behavior, etc.) following a TBI. However, many of these factors have not been studied across populations, have been limited to preclinical investigations, have been limited in their scope or follow-up, or have not involved a thorough evaluation of outcomes. Thus, although promising, continued research is vital in the area of factors promoting resilience following TBI in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Holland
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| | - Adam T. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the preclinical literature on progesterone for neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury and to describe unique features of developmental brain injury that should be considered when evaluating the therapeutic potential for progesterone treatment after pediatric traumatic brain injury. DATA SOURCES National Library of Medicine PubMed literature review. STUDY SELECTION The mechanisms of neuroprotection by progesterone are reviewed, and the preclinical literature using progesterone treatment in adult animal models of traumatic brain injury is summarized. Unique features of the developing brain that could either enhance or limit the efficacy of neuroprotection by progesterone are discussed, and the limited preclinical literature using progesterone after acute injury to the developing brain is described. Finally, the current status of clinical trials of progesterone for adult traumatic brain injury is reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS Progesterone is a pleiotropic agent with beneficial effects on secondary injury cascades that occur after traumatic brain injury, including cerebral edema, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. More than 40 studies have used progesterone for treatment after traumatic brain injury in adult animal models, with results summarized in tabular form. However, very few studies have evaluated progesterone in pediatric animal models of brain injury. To date, two human phase II trials of progesterone for adult traumatic brain injury have been published, and two multicenter phase III trials are underway. CONCLUSIONS The unique features of the developing brain from that of a mature adult brain make it necessary to independently study progesterone in clinically relevant, immature animal models of traumatic brain injury. Additional preclinical studies could lead to the development of a novel neuroprotective therapy that could reduce the long-term disability in head-injured children and could potentially provide benefit in other forms of pediatric brain injury (global ischemia, stroke, and statue epilepticus).
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Liu L, Mao D, Liu L, Huang Y, Bo T. Effects of progesterone on glutamate transporter 2 and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 expression in the developing rat brain after recurrent seizures. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:2036-42. [PMID: 25624835 PMCID: PMC4296423 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.26.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures were induced by flurothyl inhalation. Rats were intramuscularly treated with progesterone after each seizure. Results demonstrated that glutamate transporter 2 and γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 expression levels were significantly increased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the developing rat brain following recurrent seizures. After progesterone treatment, glutamate transporter 2 protein expression was upregulated, but γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 levels decreased. These results suggest that glutamate transporter 2 and γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 are involved in the pathological processes of epilepsy. Progesterone can help maintain a balance between excitatory and inhibitory systems by modulating the amino acid transporter system, and protect the developing brain after recurrent seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dingan Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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50
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Hansberg-Pastor V, González-Arenas A, Piña-Medina AG, Camacho-Arroyo I. Sex Hormones Regulate Cytoskeletal Proteins Involved in Brain Plasticity. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:165. [PMID: 26635640 PMCID: PMC4653291 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain of female mammals, including humans, a number of physiological and behavioral changes occur as a result of sex hormone exposure. Estradiol and progesterone regulate several brain functions, including learning and memory. Sex hormones contribute to shape the central nervous system by modulating the formation and turnover of the interconnections between neurons as well as controlling the function of glial cells. The dynamics of neuron and glial cells morphology depends on the cytoskeleton and its associated proteins. Cytoskeletal proteins are necessary to form neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines, as well as to regulate the diverse functions in astrocytes. The expression pattern of proteins, such as actin, microtubule-associated protein 2, Tau, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, changes in a tissue-specific manner in the brain, particularly when variations in sex hormone levels occur during the estrous or menstrual cycles or pregnancy. Here, we review the changes in structure and organization of neurons and glial cells that require the participation of cytoskeletal proteins whose expression and activity are regulated by estradiol and progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Hansberg-Pastor
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Aliesha González-Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ana Gabriela Piña-Medina
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
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