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Isaev NK, Genrikhs EE, Stelmashook EV. Methylene blue and its potential in the treatment of traumatic brain injury, brain ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:585-595. [PMID: 38530227 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and brain ischemia/reperfusion cause neurodegenerative processes that can continue after the acute stage with the development of severe brain atrophy with dementia. In this case, the long-term neurodegeneration of the brain is similar to the neurodegeneration characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is associated with the accumulation of beta amyloid and tau protein. In the pathogenesis of AD as well as in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and TBI oxidative stress, progressive inflammation, glial activation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and excessive activation of autophagy are involved, which implies the presence of many targets that can be affected by neuroprotectors. That is, multivariate cascades of nerve tissue damage represent many potential targets for therapeutic interventions. One of such substances that can be used in multi-purpose therapeutic strategies is methylene blue (MB). This drug can have an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect, activate autophagy, inhibit the aggregation of proteins with an irregular shape, inhibit NO synthase, and bypass impaired electron transfer in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. MB is a well-described treatment for methemoglobinemia, malaria, and encephalopathy caused by ifosfamide. In recent years, this drug has attracted great interest as a potential treatment for a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including the effects of TBI, ischemia, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay K Isaev
- 64935 M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367, Moscow, Russia
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Boggs RC, Watts LT, Fox PT, Clarke GD. Metabolic Diaschisis in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:e1793-e1806. [PMID: 38482809 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological diaschisis presents in traumatic brain injury (TBI) as functional impairment distant to the lesion site caused by axonal neuroexcitation and deafferentation. Diaschisis studies in TBI models have evaluated acute phase functional and microstructural changes. Here, in vivo biochemical changes and cerebral blood flow (CBF) dynamics following TBI are studied with magnetic resonance. Behavioral assessments, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and CBF measurements on rats followed cortical impact TBI. Data were acquired pre-TBI and 1-3 h, 2-days, 7-days, and 14-days post-TBI. MRS was performed on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides in the cortex, striatum, and thalamus. Metabolites measured by MRS included N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), aspartate (Asp), lactate (Lac), glutathione (GSH), and glutamate (Glu). Lesion volume expanded for 2 days post-TBI and then decreased. Ipsilateral CBF dropped acutely versus baseline on both sides (-62% ipsilateral, -48% contralateral, p < 0.05) but then recovered in cortex, with similar changes in ipsilateral striatum. Metabolic changes versus baseline included increased Asp (+640% by Day 7 post-TBI, p < 0.05) and Lac (+140% on Day 2 post-TBI, p < 0.05) in ipsilateral cortex, while GSH (-67% acutely, p < 0.05) and NAA decreased (-50% on Day 2, p < 0.05). In contralateral cortex Lac decreased (-73% acutely, p < 0.05). Analysis of variance showed significance for Side (p < 0.05), Time after TBI (p < 0.05), and interactions (p < 0.005) for Asp, GSH, Lac, and NAA. Transient decreases of GSH (-30%, p < 0.05, acutely) and NAA (-23% on Day 2, p < 0.05) occurred in ipsilateral striatum with reduced GSH (-42%, p < 0.005, acutely) in the contralateral striatum. GSH was decreased in ipsilateral thalamus (-59% ipsilateral on Day 2, p < 0.05). Delayed increases of total choline were seen in the contralateral thalamus were noted as well (+21% on Day 7 post-TBI, p < 0.05). Both CBF and neurometabolite concentration changes occurred remotely from the TBI site, both ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Decreased Lac levels on the contralateral cortex following TBI may be indicative of reduced anaerobic metabolism during the acute phase. The timing and locations of the changes suggest excitatory and inhibitory signaling processes are affecting post-TBI metabolic fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Boggs
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Radiology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lora T Watts
- Department of Radiology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Department of Radiology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Clarke
- Department of Radiology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Wal P, Wal A, Vig H, Mahmood D, Khan MMU. Potential Applications of Mitochondrial Therapy with a Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Mitochondrial Transplantation. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:147-160. [PMID: 38585467 PMCID: PMC10997929 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Both aging and neurodegenerative illnesses are thought to be influenced by mitochondrial malfunction and free radical formation. Deformities of the energy metabolism, mitochondrial genome polymorphisms, nuclear DNA genetic abnormalities associated with mitochondria, modifications of mitochondrial fusion or fission, variations in shape and size, variations in transit, modified mobility of mitochondria, transcription defects, and the emergence of misfolded proteins associated with mitochondria are all linked to Parkinson's disease. Methods This review is a condensed compilation of data from research that has been published between the years of 2014 and 2022, using search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Results Mitochondrial transplantation is a one-of-a-kind treatment for mitochondrial diseases and deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis. The replacement of malfunctioning mitochondria with transplanted viable mitochondria using innovative methodologies has shown promising outcomes as a cure for Parkinson's, involving tissue sparing coupled with enhanced energy generation and lower oxidative damage. Numerous mitochondria-targeted therapies, including mitochondrial gene therapy, redox therapy, and others, have been investigated for their effectiveness and potency. Conclusion The development of innovative therapeutics for mitochondria-directed treatments in Parkinson's disease may be aided by optimizing mitochondrial dynamics. Many neurological diseases have been studied in animal and cellular models, and it has been found that mitochondrial maintenance can slow the death of neuronal cells. It has been hypothesized that drug therapies for neurodegenerative diseases that focus on mitochondrial dysfunction will help to delay the onset of neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- Pharmacy Department, PSIT- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, (PHARMACY) Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti-Kanpur-209305
| | - Ankita Wal
- Pharmacy Department, PSIT- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, (PHARMACY) Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti-Kanpur-209305
| | - Himangi Vig
- Pharmacy Department, PSIT- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, (PHARMACY) Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti-Kanpur-209305
| | - Danish Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Masih Uzzaman Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
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Fesharaki-Zadeh A. Navigating the Complexities of Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome (TES): Current State and Future Challenges. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3158. [PMID: 38137378 PMCID: PMC10740836 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a unique neurodegenerative disease that is associated with repetitive head impacts (RHI) in both civilian and military settings. In 2014, the research criteria for the clinical manifestation of CTE, traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES), were proposed to improve the clinical identification and understanding of the complex neuropathological phenomena underlying CTE. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the neuropathological and clinical features of CTE, proposed biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both research and clinical settings, and a range of treatments based on previous preclinical and clinical research studies. Due to the heterogeneity of TBI, there is no universally agreed-upon serum, CSF, or neuroimaging marker for its diagnosis. However, as our understanding of this complex disease continues to evolve, it is likely that there will be more robust, early diagnostic methods and effective clinical treatments. This is especially important given the increasing evidence of a correlation between TBI and neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and CTE. As public awareness of these conditions grows, it is imperative to prioritize both basic and clinical research, as well as the implementation of necessary safe and preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Fesharaki-Zadeh
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Liu Y, Fan Z, Wang J, Dong X, Ouyang W. Modified mouse model of repeated mild traumatic brain injury through a thinned-skull window and fluid percussion. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1633-1650. [PMID: 37382058 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a clinically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder, none of the existing animal models can replicate the entire sequelae. This study aimed to develop a modified closed head injury (CHI) model of repeated mTBI (rmTBI) for investigating Ca2+ fluctuations of the affected neural network, the alternations of electrophysiology, and behavioral dysfunctions. The transcranial Ca2+ study protocol includes AAV-GCaMP6s infection in the right motor cortex, thinned-skull preparation, and two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) imaging. The CHI rmTBI model is fabricated using the thinned-skull site and applying 2.0 atm fluid percussion with 48-h interval. The neurological dysfunction, minor motor performance, evident mood, spatial working, and reference deficits we found in this study mimic the clinically relevant syndromes after mTBI. Besides, our study revealed that there was a trend of transition from Ca2+ singlepeak to multipeak and plateau, and the total Ca2+ activities of multipeaks and plateaus (p < .001 vs. pre-rmTBI value) were significantly increased in ipsilateral layer 2/3 motor neurons after rm TBI. In parallel, there is a low-frequency power shift from delta to theta band (p < .01 vs. control) in the ipsilateral layer 2/3 of motor cortex of the rmTBI mice, and the overall firing rates significantly increased (p < .01 vs. control). Moreover, rmTBI causes slight cortical and hippocampal neuron damage and possibly induces neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). The alternations of Ca2+ and electrophysiological characteristics in layer 2/3 neuronal network, histopathological changes, and possible neurogenesis may play concertedly and partially contribute to the functional outcome post-rmTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Liu
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhiheng Fan
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xuefen Dong
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Wu C, Zou P, Feng S, Zhu L, Li F, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Molecular Hydrogen: an Emerging Therapeutic Medical Gas for Brain Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1749-1765. [PMID: 36567361 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are the main physiopathological changes involved in the initiation and progression of various neurodegenerative disorders or brain injuries. Since the landmark finding reported in 2007 found that hydrogen reduced the levels of peroxynitrite anions and hydroxyl free radicals in ischemic stroke, molecular hydrogen's antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects have aroused widespread interest. Due to its excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, hydrogen therapy via different routes of administration exhibits great therapeutic potential for a wide range of brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, depression, anxiety, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. This paper reviews the routes for hydrogen administration, the effects of hydrogen on the previously mentioned brain disorders, and the primary mechanism underlying hydrogen's neuroprotection. Finally, we discuss hydrogen therapy's remaining issues and challenges in brain disorders. We conclude that understanding the exact molecular target, finding novel routes, and determining the optimal dosage for hydrogen administration is critical for future studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peibin Zou
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanghui Li
- School of Sports Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Zhang S, Wu X, Wang J, Shi Y, Hu Q, Cui W, Bai H, Zhou J, Du Y, Han L, Li L, Feng D, Ge S, Qu Y. Adiponectin/AdiopR1 signaling prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative injury after traumatic brain injury in a SIRT3 dependent manner. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102390. [PMID: 35793583 PMCID: PMC9287731 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative injury, which contribute to worsening of neurological deficits and poor clinical outcomes, are hallmarks of secondary brain injury after TBI. Adiponectin (APN), beyond its well-established regulatory effects on metabolism, is also essential for maintaining normal brain functions by binding APN receptors that are ubiquitously expressed in the brain. Currently, the significance of the APN/APN receptor (AdipoR) signaling pathway in secondary injury after TBI and the specific mechanisms have not been conclusively determined. In this study, we found that APN knockout aggravated brain functional deficits, increased brain edema and lesion volume, and exacerbated oxidative stress as well as apoptosis after TBI. These effects were significantly alleviated after APN receptor agonist (AdipoRon) treatment. Moreover, we found that AdipoR1, rather than AdipoR2, mediated the protective effects of APN/AdipoR signaling against oxidative stress and brain injury after TBI. In neuron-specific AdipoR1 knockout mice, mitochondrial damage was more severe after TBI, indicating a potential association between APN/AdipoR1 signaling inactivation and mitochondrial damage. Mechanistically, neuron-specific knockout of SIRT3, the most important deacetylase in the mitochondria, reversed the neuroprotective effects of AdipoRon after TBI. Then, PRDX3, a critical antioxidant enzyme in the mitochondria, was identified as a vital downstream target of the APN/SIRT3 axis to alleviate oxidative injury after TBI. Finally, we revealed that APN/AdipoR1 signaling promotes SIRT3 transcription by activating the AMPK-PGC pathway. In conclusion, APN/AdipoR1 signaling plays a protective role in post-TBI oxidative damage by restoring the SIRT3-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis and antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yingwu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wenxing Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Liying Han
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Leiyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Shunnan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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8
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Maxwell CJ, Soltisz AM, Rich WW, Choi A, Reilly MA, Swindle-Reilly KE. Tunable alginate hydrogels as injectable drug delivery vehicles for optic neuropathy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1621-1635. [PMID: 35607724 PMCID: PMC9543600 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many disease pathologies, particularly in the eye, are induced by oxidative stress. In particular, injury to the optic nerve (ON), or optic neuropathy, is one of the most common causes of vision loss. Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) occurs when the ON is damaged following blunt or penetrating trauma to either the head or eye. Currently, there is no effective treatment for TON, only management options, namely the systematic delivery of corticosteroids and surgical decompression of the optic nerve. Unfortunately, neither option alleviates the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are responsible for downstream damage to the ON. Additionally, the systemic delivery of corticosteroids can cause fatal off‐target effects in cases with brain involvement. In this study, we developed a tunable injectable hydrogel delivery system for local methylene blue (MB) delivery using an internal method of crosslinking. MB was chosen due to its ROS scavenging ability and neuroprotective properties. Our MB‐loaded polymeric scaffold demonstrated prolonged release of MB as well as in situ gel formation. Additionally, following rheological characterization, these alginate hydrogels demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity to human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro and exhibited injection feasibility through small‐gauge needles. Our chosen MB concentrations displayed a high degree of ROS scavenging following release from the alginate hydrogels, suggesting this approach may be successful in reducing ROS levels following ON injury, or could be applied to other ocular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Maxwell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew M Soltisz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wade W Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew A Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katelyn E Swindle-Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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9
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Gonçalves-Ferri WA, Albuquerque AAS, Evora PM, Evora PRB. Methylene Blue not Contraindicated in Treating Hemodynamic Instability in Pediatric and Neonate Patients. Curr Pediatr Rev 2022; 18:2-8. [PMID: 34397332 DOI: 10.2174/1573396317666210816105812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review was carried out to describe publications on the use of methylene blue (MB) in pediatrics and neonatology, discussing dose, infusion rate, action characteristics, and possible benefits for a pediatric patient group. The research was performed on the data sources PubMed, BioMed Central, and Embase (updated on Aug 31, 2020) by two independent investigators. The selected articles included human studies that evaluated MB use in pediatric or neonatal patients with vasoplegia due to any cause, regardless of the applied methodology. The MB use and 0 to 18-years-old patients with vasodilatory shock were the adopted criteria. Exclusion criteria were the use of MB in patients without vasoplegia and patients ≥ 18-years-old. The primary endpoint was the increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Side effects and dose were also evaluated. Eleven studies were found, of which 10 were case reports, and 1 was a randomized clinical study. Only two of these studies were with neonatal patients (less than 28 days-old), reporting a small number of cases (1 and 6). All studies described the positive action of MB on MAP, allowing the decrease of vasoactive amines in several of them. No severe side effects or death related to the use of the medication were reported. The maximum dose used was 2 mg/kg, but there was no consensus on the infusion rate and drug administration timing. Finally, no theoretical or experimental basis sustains the decision to avoid MB in children claiming it can cause pulmonary hypertension. The same goes for the concern of a possible deleterious effect on inflammatory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walusa A Gonçalves-Ferri
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agnes A S Albuquerque
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Martinez Evora
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R B Evora
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Huang S, Shen Q, Watts LT, Long JA, O'Boyle M, Nguyen T, Muir E, Duong TQ. Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:526-540. [PMID: 34901946 PMCID: PMC8655818 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has the potential to offer insights into changes in functional connectivity networks after traumatic brain injury (TBI), there are few studies that examine the effects of moderate TBI for monitoring functional recovery in experimental TBI, and thus the neural correlates of brain recovery from moderate TBI remain incompletely understood. Non-invasive rsfMRI was used to longitudinally investigate changes in interhemispheric functional connectivity (IFC) after a moderate TBI to the unilateral sensorimotor cortex in rats (n = 9) up to 14 days. Independent component analysis of the rsfMRI data was performed. Correlations of rsfMRI sensorimotor networks were made with changes in behavioral scores, lesion volume, and T2- and diffusion-weighted images across time. TBI animals showed less localized rsfMRI patterns in the sensorimotor network compared to sham (n = 6) and normal (n = 5) animals. rsfMRI clusters in the sensorimotor network showed less bilateral symmetry compared to sham and normal animals, indicative of IFC disruption. With time after injury, many of the rsfMRI patterns in the sensorimotor network showed more bilateral symmetry, indicative of IFC recovery. The disrupted IFC in the sensorimotor and subsequent partial recovery showed a positive correlation with changes in behavioral scores. Overall, rsfMRI detected widespread disruption and subsequent recovery of IFC within the sensorimotor networks post-TBI, which correlated with behavioral changes. Therefore, rsfMRI offers the means to probe functional brain reorganization and thus has the potential to serve as an imaging marker to longitudinally stage TBI and monitor for novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Huang
- Research Imaging Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Qiang Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lora Talley Watts
- Department of Clinical and Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Justin A Long
- Research Imaging Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael O'Boyle
- Research Imaging Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tony Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric Muir
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Lam HYP, Cheng PC, Peng SY. Resolution of systemic complications in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice by concomitant treatment with praziquantel and Schisandrin B. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:275-284. [PMID: 34875254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease, in which the major clinical manifestation includes hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertension, and organs fibrosis. Clinically, treatment of schistosomiasis involves the use of praziquantel (PZQ) and supportive care, which does not improve the patient's outcome as liver injuries persist. Here we show the beneficial effects of using PZQ in combination with Schisandrin B (Sch B). Concomitant treatment with PZQ and Sch B resulted in a significant improvement of hepatosplenomegaly and fibrosis, compared with single-agent treatment. We also demonstrated that PZQ-Sch B treatment ameliorates injuries in the lungs and intestine better than the sole use of PZQ or Sch B. In addition, PZQ-Sch B treatment improves the survival of S. mansoni-infected mice, and the treatment combination yields better therapeutic outcomes, as indicated by a partial improvement in neurological function. These results were accompanied by a reduction in neurological injuries. Collectively, we suggest that PZQ-Sch B concomitant therapy may be useful to alleviate schistosomiasis-associated liver injuries and prevent systemic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Pekkle Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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12
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Ahluwalia M, Kumar M, Ahluwalia P, Rahimi S, Vender JR, Raju RP, Hess DC, Baban B, Vale FL, Dhandapani KM, Vaibhav K. Rescuing mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and intracerebral hemorrhages - A potential therapeutic approach. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105192. [PMID: 34560175 PMCID: PMC8542401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles responsible for cellular energy production. Besides, regulating energy homeostasis, mitochondria are responsible for calcium homeostasis, signal transmission, and the fate of cellular survival in case of injury and pathologies. Accumulating reports have suggested multiple roles of mitochondria in neuropathologies, neurodegeneration, and immune activation under physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which occurs at the initial phase of brain injury, involves oxidative stress, inflammation, deficits in mitochondrial bioenergetics, biogenesis, transport, and autophagy. Thus, development of targeted therapeutics to protect mitochondria may improve functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). In this review, we summarize mitochondrial dysfunction related to TBI and ICH, including the mechanisms involved, and discuss therapeutic approaches with special emphasis on past and current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Scott Rahimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Raghavan P Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fernando L Vale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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13
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Wang YF, Luo Y, Hou GL, He RJ, Zhang HY, Yi YL, Zhang Y, Cui ZQ. Pretreatment with Methylene Blue Protects Against Acute Seizure and Oxidative Stress in a Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus Model. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e933469. [PMID: 34628461 PMCID: PMC8513497 DOI: 10.12659/msm.933469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential anticonvulsant effect of methylene blue (MB) in a kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE) model. The effects of MB on levels of oxidative stress and glutamate (Glu) also were explored. Material/Methods Sixty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 equal-sized groups: (1) controls; (2) KA; (3) MB 0.5 mg/kg+KA; (4) MB 1 mg/kg+KA; and (5) vehicle+KA. The SE model was established by intra-amygdala microinjection of KA. Behavioral observations and simultaneous electroencephalographic records of the seizures in different groups were analyzed to determine the potential anticonvulsant effect of MB. The influences of MB on oxidative stress markers and glutamate were also detected to explore the possible mechanism. Results MB afforded clear protection against KA-induced acute seizure, as measured by the delayed latency of onset of generalized seizures and SE, decreased percentage of SE, and increased survival rate in mice with acute epilepsy. MB markedly increased the latency to first onset of epileptiform activity and decreased the average duration of epileptiform events, as well as the percentage of time during which the epileptiform activity occurred. Administration of MB prevented KA-induced deterioration of oxidative stress markers and Glu. Conclusions MB is protective against acute seizure in SE. This beneficial effect may be at least partially related to its potent antioxidant ability and influence on Glu level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Reproductive Genetic, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Rui-Jing He
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Hao-Yun Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yan-Li Yi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Qiang Cui
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Wiklund L, Sharma A, Patnaik R, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Sharma HS. Upregulation of hemeoxygenase enzymes HO-1 and HO-2 following ischemia-reperfusion injury in connection with experimental cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Neuroprotective effects of methylene blue. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:317-375. [PMID: 34560924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal injuries after cardiac arrest. Increased production of carbon monoxide (CO) by the enzyme hemeoxygenase (HO) in the brain is induced by the oxidative stress. HO is present in the CNS in two isoforms, namely the inducible HO-1 and the constitutive HO-2. Elevated levels of serum HO-1 occurs in cardiac arrest patients and upregulation of HO-1 in cardiac arrest is seen in the neurons. However, the role of HO-2 in cardiac arrest is not well known. In this review involvement of HO-1 and HO-2 enzymes in the porcine brain following cardiac arrest and resuscitation is discussed based on our own observations. In addition, neuroprotective role of methylene blue- an antioxidant dye on alterations in HO under in cardiac arrest is also presented. The biochemical findings of HO-1 and HO-2 enzymes using ELISA were further confirmed by immunocytochemical approach to localize selective regional alterations in cardiac arrest. Our observations are the first to show that cardiac arrest followed by successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation results in significant alteration in cerebral concentrations of HO-1 and HO-2 levels indicating a prominent role of CO in brain pathology and methylene blue during CPR followed by induced hypothermia leading to superior neuroprotection after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Salman M, Kaushik P, Tabassum H, Parvez S. Melatonin Provides Neuroprotection Following Traumatic Brain Injury-Promoted Mitochondrial Perturbation in Wistar Rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:765-781. [PMID: 32468441 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excessive mitochondrial fission has been implicated in the etiology of neuronal cell death in traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study, we examined the efficacy of melatonin (Mel) as a neuroprotective agent against TBI-induced oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. We assessed the impact of Mel post-treatment (10 mg/kg b.wt., i.p.) at different time intervals in TBI-subjected Wistar rats. We found that the Mel treatment significantly attenuated brain edema, oxidative damage, mitochondrial fission, and promoted mitochondrial fusion. Additionally, Mel-treated rats showed restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation with a concomitant reduction in cytochrome-c release. Further, Mel treatment significantly inhibited the translocation of Bax and Drp1 proteins to mitochondria in TBI-subjected rats. The restorative role of Mel treatment in TBI rats was supported by the mitochondrial ultra-structural analysis, which showed activation of mitochondrial fusion mechanism. Mel enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulation of PGC-1α protein. Our results demonstrated the remedial role of Mel in ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunctions that are modulated in TBI-subjected rats and provided support for mitochondrial-mediated neuroprotection as a putative therapeutic agent in the brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Pooja Kaushik
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, V. Ramalingaswamy Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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16
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Pierre K, Dyson K, Dagra A, Williams E, Porche K, Lucke-Wold B. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Update on Current Clinical Diagnosis and Management. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040415. [PMID: 33921385 PMCID: PMC8069746 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a disease afflicting individuals exposed to repetitive neurotrauma. Unfortunately, diagnosis is made by postmortem pathologic analysis, and treatment options are primarily symptomatic. In this clinical update, we review clinical and pathologic diagnostic criteria and recommended symptomatic treatments. We also review animal models and recent discoveries from pre-clinical studies. Furthermore, we highlight the recent advances in diagnosis using diffusor tensor imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and the fluid biomarkers t-tau, sTREM2, CCL11, NFL, and GFAP. We also provide an update on emerging pharmaceutical treatments, including immunotherapies and those that target tau acetylation, tau phosphorylation, and inflammation. Lastly, we highlight the current literature gaps and guide future directions to further improve clinical diagnosis and management of patients suffering from this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pierre
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.P.); (K.D.); (A.D.); (E.W.)
| | - Kyle Dyson
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.P.); (K.D.); (A.D.); (E.W.)
| | - Abeer Dagra
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.P.); (K.D.); (A.D.); (E.W.)
| | - Eric Williams
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.P.); (K.D.); (A.D.); (E.W.)
| | - Ken Porche
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Shi ZF, Fang Q, Chen Y, Xu LX, Wu M, Jia M, Lu Y, Wang XX, Wang YJ, Yan X, Dong LP, Yuan F. Methylene blue ameliorates brain edema in rats with experimental ischemic stroke via inhibiting aquaporin 4 expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:382-392. [PMID: 32665706 PMCID: PMC8027449 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema is a common and serious complication of ischemic stroke with limited effective treatment. We previously reported that methylene blue (MB) attenuated ischemic brain edema in rats, but the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in astrocytes plays a key role in brain edema. We also found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation was involved in the regulation of AQP4 expression in astrocytes. In the present study, we investigated whether AQP4 and ERK1/2 were involved in the protective effect of MB against cerebral edema. Rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), MB (3 mg/kg, for 30 min) was infused intravenously through the tail vein started immediately after reperfusion and again at 3 h after ischemia (1.5 mg/kg, for 15 min). Brain edema was determined by MRI at 0.5, 2.5, and 48 h after tMCAO. The decreases of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values on diffusion-weighted MRI indicated cytotoxic brain edema, whereas the increase of T2 MRI values reflected vasogenic brain edema. We found that MB infusion significantly ameliorated cytotoxic brain edema at 2.5 and 48 h after tMCAO and decreased vasogenic brain edema at 48 h after tMCAO. In addition, MB infusion blocked the AQP4 increases and ERK1/2 activation in the cerebral cortex in ischemic penumbra at 48 h after tMCAO. In a cell swelling model established in cultured rat astrocyte exposed to glutamate (1 mM), we consistently found that MB (10 μM) attenuated cell swelling, AQP4 increases and ERK1/2 activation. Moreover, the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μM) had the similar effects as MB. These results demonstrate that MB improves brain edema and astrocyte swelling, which may be mediated by the inhibition of AQP4 expression via ERK1/2 pathway, suggesting that MB may be a potential choice for the treatment of brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Fang Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Li-Xin Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Mei Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Li-Ping Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100070, China.
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18
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Cheng Q, Chen X, Ma J, Jiang X, Chen J, Zhang M, Wu Y, Zhang W, Chen C. Effect of Methylene Blue on White Matter Injury after Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6632411. [PMID: 33603949 PMCID: PMC7872771 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6632411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue, the FDA-grandfathered drug was proved to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke in rat. However, the mechanism of the protective effect was unknown. In this study, we used different animal models to investigate the effect of MB administration given within and beyond the therapeutic time window on behavioral deficits and infarct volume and related mechanism about the white matter protection. Middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO) and photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion (PT-MCAO) models were used. Behavioral deficits and infarct volume were measured by foot fault test, Garcia neurological score, and TTC staining. Black gold staining and western blot were used to evaluate the brain white matter injury. We found that intraperitoneal administration of MB immediately or 24 h after the MCAO or PT-MCAO surgery reduced infarct volume, improved the neurological deficits, and reduced the white matter injury via myelin basic protein (BMP) protection. These findings suggested that MB relieved the white matter injury besides neuronal protection and has potential therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quancheng Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuhao Chen
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiayi Ma
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingyuan Jiang
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengqin Zhang
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yejun Wu
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
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19
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Mitochondrial-Protective Effects of R-Phenibut after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9364598. [PMID: 33274011 PMCID: PMC7700030 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9364598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Altered neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction play a central role in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). R-Phenibut ((3R)-phenyl-4-aminobutyric acid) is an antagonist of the α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) and an agonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABA-B) receptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of R-phenibut following the lateral fluid percussion injury (latFPI) model of TBI in mice and the impact of R- and S-phenibut on mitochondrial functionality in vitro. By determining the bioavailability of R-phenibut in the mouse brain tissue and plasma, we found that R-phenibut (50 mg/kg) reached the brain tissue 15 min after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and peroral (p.o.) injections. The maximal concentration of R-phenibut in the brain tissues was 0.6 μg/g and 0.2 μg/g tissue after i.p. and p.o. administration, respectively. Male Swiss-Webster mice received i.p. injections of R-phenibut at doses of 10 or 50 mg/kg 2 h after TBI and then once daily for 7 days. R-Phenibut treatment at the dose of 50 mg/kg significantly ameliorated functional deficits after TBI on postinjury days 1, 4, and 7. Seven days after TBI, the number of Nissl-stained dark neurons (N-DNs) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) expression in the cerebral neocortex in the area of cortical impact were reduced. Moreover, the addition of R- and S-phenibut at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml inhibited calcium-induced mitochondrial swelling in the brain homogenate and prevented anoxia-reoxygenation-induced increases in mitochondrial H2O2 production and the H2O2/O ratio. Taken together, these results suggest that R-phenibut could serve as a neuroprotective agent and promising drug candidate for treating TBI.
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20
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Sharma HS, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Muresanu DF, Nozari A, Castellani RJ, Lafuente JV, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Protein kinase inhibitors in traumatic brain injury and repair: New roles of nanomedicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:233-283. [PMID: 33223036 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes physical injury to the cell membranes of neurons, glial and axons causing the release of several neurochemicals including glutamate and cytokines altering cell-signaling pathways. Upregulation of mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) occurs that is largely responsible for cell death. The pharmacological blockade of these pathways results in cell survival. In this review role of several protein kinase inhibitors on TBI induced oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain edema formation, and resulting brain pathology is discussed in the light of current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Vigil FA, Bozdemir E, Bugay V, Chun SH, Hobbs M, Sanchez I, Hastings SD, Veraza RJ, Holstein DM, Sprague SM, M Carver C, Cavazos JE, Brenner R, Lechleiter JD, Shapiro MS. Prevention of brain damage after traumatic brain injury by pharmacological enhancement of KCNQ (Kv7, "M-type") K + currents in neurons. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1256-1273. [PMID: 31272312 PMCID: PMC7238379 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19857818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nearly three million people in the USA suffer traumatic brain injury (TBI) yearly; however, there are no pre- or post-TBI treatment options available. KCNQ2-5 voltage-gated K+ channels underlie the neuronal "M current", which plays a dominant role in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Our strategy towards prevention of TBI-induced brain damage is predicated on the suggested hyper-excitability of neurons induced by TBIs, and the decrease in neuronal excitation upon pharmacological augmentation of M/KCNQ K+ currents. Seizures are very common after a TBI, making further seizures and development of epilepsy disease more likely. Our hypothesis is that TBI-induced hyperexcitability and ischemia/hypoxia lead to metabolic stress, cell death and a maladaptive inflammatory response that causes further downstream morbidity. Using the mouse controlled closed-cortical impact blunt TBI model, we found that systemic administration of the prototype M-channel "opener", retigabine (RTG), 30 min after TBI, reduces the post-TBI cascade of events, including spontaneous seizures, enhanced susceptibility to chemo-convulsants, metabolic stress, inflammatory responses, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and cell death. This work suggests that acutely reducing neuronal excitability and energy demand via M-current enhancement may be a novel model of therapeutic intervention against post-TBI brain damage and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Vigil
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Eda Bozdemir
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vladislav Bugay
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sang H Chun
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - MaryAnn Hobbs
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Isamar Sanchez
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shayne D Hastings
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rafael J Veraza
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Deborah M Holstein
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shane M Sprague
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chase M Carver
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jose E Cavazos
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Brenner
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mark S Shapiro
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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22
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The Delayed Neuroprotective Effect of Methylene Blue in Experimental Rat Brain Trauma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050377. [PMID: 32370131 PMCID: PMC7278725 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), an increase in dysfunction of the limbs contralateral to injury focus was observed. Using different behavioral tests, we found that a single intravenous injection of methylene blue (MB, 1 mg/kg) 30 min after the injury reduced the impairment of the motor functions of the limbs from 7 to 120 days after TBI. Administration of methylene blue 30 min after the injury and then monthly (six injections in total) was the most effective both in terms of preservation of limb function and duration of therapeutic action. This therapeutic effect was clearly manifested from the seventh day and continued until the end of the experiment-by the 180th day after TBI. MB is known to possess antioxidant properties; it has a protective effect against TBI by promoting autophagy and minimizing lesion volume in the first two weeks after TBI. Studies of the brains on the 180th day after TBI demonstrated that the monthly treatment of animals with MB statistically significantly prevented an increase in the density of microglial cells in the ipsilateral hemisphere and a decrease in the thickness of the corpus callosum in the contralateral hemisphere in comparison with untreated animals. However, on the 180th day after TBI, the magnetic resonance imaging scan of the animal brains did not show a significant reduction in the volume of the lesion in MB-treated animals. These findings are important for understanding the development of the long-term effects of TBI and expand the required therapeutic window for targeted neuroprotective interventions.
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23
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Genrikhs EE, Stelmashook EV, Voronkov DN, Novikova SV, Alexandrova OP, Fedorov AV, Isaev NK. The single intravenous administration of methylene blue after traumatic brain injury diminishes neurological deficit, blood-brain barrier disruption and decrease in the expression of S100 protein in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1740:146854. [PMID: 32339501 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of methylene blue (MB) was investigated on the model of focal one-sided traumatic brain injury (TBI) of the sensorimotor cortex region from 1 to 7 days after the injury. TBI caused a reliable disruption of the functions of the limbs contralateral to injury focus, an increase in the expression of S100 protein and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the ipsilateral hemisphere. The single intravenous injection of MB (1 mg/kg body weight) 30 min after TBI significantly reduced the limb function impairment as well as a TBI-induced increase in the expression of inflammatory marker S100 protein, and BBB permeability. When modeling inflammation in vitro, MB was found to protect cultured neurons from the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide. In conclusion, the preservation of blood-brain barrier and a decrease in the expression of S100 protein may be an important mechanism by means of which MB improves neurological outcome. Our data demonstrate that MB can be a very promising pharmacological compound with neuroprotective properties for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V Stelmashook
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Dmitriy N Voronkov
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Novikova
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Olga P Alexandrova
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Artem V Fedorov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Biological Faculty, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Nickolay K Isaev
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Biological Faculty, Moscow 119234, Russia.
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24
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Shen J, Xin W, Li Q, Gao Y, Yuan L, Zhang J. Methylene Blue Reduces Neuronal Apoptosis and Improves Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity After Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1133. [PMID: 31787917 PMCID: PMC6856146 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether methylene blue (MB) treatment can reverse neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD) injury and then investigate whether MB treatment can reduce neuronal apoptosis and improve blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in traumatic brain injury (TBI) animals. Methods: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were used to evaluate mitochondrial function. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to assess neuronal apoptosis in vitro. TUNEL and immunofluorescence staining for neuronal nuclei (NeuN) were combined to assess neuronal apoptosis in vivo. An Evans blue (EB) permeability assay and brain water content (BWC) were used to measure BBB permeability in vivo. The Morris water maze (MWM), rotarod test, and modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) test were employed to assess the prognosis of TBI mice. Results: MB treatment significantly reversed neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction caused by OGD injury. Both in vitro and in vivo, MB treatment reduced neuronal apoptosis and improved BBB integrity. In TBI animals, treatment with MB not only improved cognitive and motor function caused by TBI but also significantly improved overall neurological function. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that MB is a potential candidate for the treatment of TBI. Future research should focus on other therapeutic effects and mechanisms of MB in secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yalong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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25
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Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury Alters the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in a Time-Dependent Manner. Shock 2019; 52:240-248. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Rex CS, Simmon VF, Sarraf ST, Zhang ZG, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. A Small Molecule Spinogenic Compound Enhances Functional Outcome and Dendritic Spine Plasticity in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:589-600. [PMID: 30014757 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetra (ethylene glycol) derivative of benzothiazole aniline (SPG101) has been shown to improve dendritic spine density and cognitive memory in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease (AD) when administered intraperitoneally. The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of SPG101 on dendritic spine density and morphology and sensorimotor and cognitive functional recovery in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Young adult male Wistar rats with CCI were randomly divided into the following two groups (n = 7/group): (1) Vehicle, and (2) SPG101. SPG101 (30 mg/kg) dissolved in vehicle (1% dimethyl sulfoxide in phosphate buffered saline) or Vehicle were intraperitoneally administered starting at 1 h post-injury and once daily for the next 34 days. Sensorimotor deficits were assessed using a modified neurological severity score and adhesive removal and foot fault tests. Cognitive function was measured by Morris water maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and three-chamber social recognition tests. The animals were sacrificed 35 days after injury, and their brains were processed for measurement of dendritic spine density and morphology using ballistic dye labeling. Compared with the vehicle treatment, SPG101 treatment initiated 1 h post-injury significantly improved sensorimotor functional recovery (days 7-35, p < 0.0001), spatial learning (days 32-35, p < 0.0001), NOR (days 14 and 35, p < 0.0001), social recognition (days 14 and 35, p < 0.0001). Further, treatment significantly increased dendritic spine density in the injured cortex (p < 0.05), decreased heterogeneous distribution of spine lengths in the injured cortex and hippocampus (p < 0.0001), modifications that are associated with the promotion of spine maturation in these brain regions. In summary, treatment with SPG101 initiated 1 h post-injury and continued for an additional 34 days improves both sensorimotor and cognitive functional recovery, indicating that SPG101 acts as a spinogenic agent and may have potential as a novel treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Zhang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael Chopp
- 2 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan.,3 Department of Physics, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- 2 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Asim Mahmood
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ye Xiong
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
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27
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Chitturi J, Li Y, Santhakumar V, Kannurpatti SS. Early behavioral and metabolomic change after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury in the developing brain. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:75-86. [PMID: 30098378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pathophysiology of developmental traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unique due to intrinsic differences in the developing brain. Energy metabolic studies of the brain during early development (P13 to P30) have indicated acute oxidative energy metabolic decreases below 24 h after TBI, which generally recovered by 48 h. However, marked neurodegeneration and altered neural functional connectivity have been observed at later stages into adolescence. As secondary neurodegeneration is most prominent during the first week after TBI in the rat model, we hypothesized that the subacute TBI-metabolome may contain predictive markers of neurodegeneration. Sham and TBI metabolomes were examined at 72 h after a mild to moderate intensity TBI in male Sprague-Dawley rats aged P31. Sensorimotor behavior was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h after injury, followed by 72-hour postmortem brain removal for metabolomics using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) measurement. Broad TBI-induced metabolomic shifts occurred with relatively higher intensity in the injury-lateralized (ipsilateral) hemisphere. Intensity of metabolomic perturbation correlated with the extent of sensorimotor behavioral deficit. N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels at 72 h after TBI, predicted the extent of neurodegeneration assessed histochemically 7-days post TBI. Results from the multivariate untargeted approach clearly distinguished metabolomic shifts induced by TBI. Several pathways including amino acid, fatty acid and energy metabolism continued to be affected at 72 h after TBI, whose collective effects may determine the overall pathological response after TBI in early development including neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothsna Chitturi
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Administrative Complex Building 5 (ADMC5), 30 Bergen Street Room 575, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA.
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, MSB-H-512, 185 S. Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Vijayalakshmi Santhakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, MSB-H-512, 185 S. Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA; Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Spieth 1308, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Sridhar S Kannurpatti
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Administrative Complex Building 5 (ADMC5), 30 Bergen Street Room 575, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA.
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28
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Park J, Choi E, Shin S, Lim S, Kim D, Baek S, Lee KP, Lee JJ, Lee BH, Kim B, Jeong K, Baik JH, Kim YK, Kim S. Nootropic nanocomplex with enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability for treatment of traumatic brain injury-associated neurodegeneration. J Control Release 2018; 284:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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29
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Bhurtel S, Katila N, Neupane S, Srivastav S, Park PH, Choi DY. Methylene blue protects dopaminergic neurons against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1431:58-71. [PMID: 29882218 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The relatively old, yet clinically used, drug methylene blue (MB) is known to possess neuroprotective properties by reducing aggregated proteins, augmenting the antioxidant response, and enhancing mitochondrial function and survival in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of MB in Parkinson's disease (PD) in vivo and in vitro models by using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ ) with a focus on possible effects on induction of neurotrophic factors. Our results indicate that pretreatment with MB significantly attenuated MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, glial cell activation, and depletion of dopamine. We also found that MB upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activated its downstream signaling pathways, suggesting that BDNF might be a contributor to MB-associated neuroprotection. Specific inhibition of the BDNF receptor or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) reversed the MB-mediated protection against MPP+ toxicity, thus implying a role for BDNF and the Erk pathway in the neuroprotective effects. Taken together, our data suggest that MB protects neurons from MPTP neurotoxicity via induction of BDNF. Further study to determine whether MB preserves dopaminergic neurons in the brains of PD patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bhurtel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikita Katila
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabita Neupane
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Srivastav
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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30
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Tucker D, Lu Y, Zhang Q. From Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection-an Emerging Role for Methylene Blue. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5137-5153. [PMID: 28840449 PMCID: PMC5826781 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is a well-established drug with a long history of use, owing to its diverse range of use and its minimal side effect profile. MB has been used classically for the treatment of malaria, methemoglobinemia, and carbon monoxide poisoning, as well as a histological dye. Its role in the mitochondria, however, has elicited much of its renewed interest in recent years. MB can reroute electrons in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain directly from NADH to cytochrome c, increasing the activity of complex IV and effectively promoting mitochondrial activity while mitigating oxidative stress. In addition to its beneficial effect on mitochondrial protection, MB is also known to have robust effects in mitigating neuroinflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a seemingly unifying pathological phenomenon across a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders, which thus positions methylene blue as a promising therapeutic. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, MB has shown impressive efficacy in mitigating neurodegeneration and the accompanying behavioral phenotypes in animal models for such conditions as stroke, global cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. This review summarizes recent work establishing MB as a promising candidate for neuroprotection, with particular emphasis on the contribution of mitochondrial function to neural health. Furthermore, this review will briefly examine the link between MB, neurogenesis, and improved cognition in respect to age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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31
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Huang L, Lu J, Cerqueira B, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Duong TQ. Chronic oral methylene blue treatment in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Brain Res 2017; 1678:322-329. [PMID: 29108817 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A single acute low-dose methylene blue (MB), an FDA-grandfathered drug, has been shown to ameliorate behavioral deficits and reduces MRI-defined infarct volume in experimental ischemic stroke when administered intravenously or intraperitoneally. The efficacy of chronic MB treatment in ischemic stroke remains unknown. In a randomized, double-blinded and vehicle-controlled design, we investigated the efficacy of chronic oral MB administration in ischemic stroke longitudinally up to 60 days post injury using MRI and behavioral tests, with end-point histology. The major findings were chronic oral MB treatment, compared to vehicle, i) improves functional behavioral outcomes starting on day 7 and up to 60 days, ii) reduces MRI-defined total lesion volumes from day 14 and up to 60 days where some initial abnormal MRI-defined core and perfusion-diffusion mismatch were salvaged, iii) reduces white-matter damage, iv) gray matter and white matter damages are consistent with Nissl stains and Black Gold stain histology. These findings provide further evidence that long-term oral administration of low-dose MB is safe and has positive therapeutic effects in chronic ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jianfei Lu
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Cerqueira
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yichu Liu
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zhao Jiang
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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32
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Xu H, Li J, Wang Z, Feng M, Shen Y, Cao S, Li T, Peng Y, Fan L, Chen J, Gu C, Yan F, Wang L, Chen G. Methylene blue attenuates neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats through the Akt/GSK-3β/MEF2D signaling pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:125-139. [PMID: 28457811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious medical problem with few effective pharmacotherapies available, and neuroinflammation has been identified as an important pathological process in early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. Methylene blue (MB) is an older drug that has been recently proven to exert extraordinary neuroprotective effects in several brain insults. However, no study has reported the beneficial effects of MB in SAH. In the current investigation, we studied the neuroprotective effects of MB in EBI after SAH and focused on its anti-inflammatory role. A total of 303 rats were subjected to an endovascular perforation process to produce an SAH model. We found that MB could significantly ameliorate brain edema secondary to BBB disruption and alleviate neurological dysfunction after SAH. MB administration also promoted the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β, leading to an increased concentration of MEF2D in the nucleus. The cytokine IL-10 was up-regulated, and IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were down-regulated after MB administration. MB administration could also alleviate neutrophil infiltration and microglia activation after SAH. MK2206, a selective inhibitor of Akt, abolished the neuroprotective effects of MB, inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and prevented the nuclear localization of MEF2D. MK2206 also reduced the expression of IL-10 and increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, these data suggested that MB could ameliorate neuroinflammatory responses after SAH, and its anti-inflammatory effects might be exerted via activation of the Akt/GSK-3β/MEF2D pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhe Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zhijiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Majing Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Changxing People's Hospital, Taihuzhong Road 66th, Changxin, Huzhou 313100, China
| | - Yongfeng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Huansha Road 261st, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Linfeng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jingyin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Chi Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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33
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Vekaria HJ, Talley Watts L, Lin AL, Sullivan PG. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in CNS injury using Methylene Blue; still a magic bullet? Neurochem Int 2017; 109:117-125. [PMID: 28396091 PMCID: PMC5632129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Complex, multi-factorial secondary injury cascades are initiated following traumatic brain injury, which makes this a difficult disease to treat. The secondary injury cascades following the primary mechanical tissue damage, are likely where effective therapeutic interventions may be targeted. One promising therapeutic target following brain injury are mitochondria. Mitochondria are complex organelles found within the cell, which act as powerhouses within all cells by supplying ATP. These organelles are also necessary for calcium cycling, redox signaling and play a major role in the initiation of cell death pathways. When mitochondria become dysfunctional, there is a tendency for the cell to loose cellular homeostasis and can lead to eventual cell death. Targeting of mitochondrial dysfunction in various diseases has proven a successful approach, lending support to mitochondria as a pivotal player in TBI cell death and loss of behavioral function. Within this mixed mini review/research article there will be a general discussion of mitochondrial bioenergetics, followed by a brief discussion of traumatic brain injury and how mitochondria play an integral role in the neuropathological sequelae following an injury. We will also give an overview of one relatively new TBI therapeutic approach, Methylene Blue, currently being studied to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction following brain injury. We will also present novel experimental findings, that for the first time, characterize the ex vivo effect of Methylene Blue on mitochondrial function in synaptic and non-synaptic populations of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemendra J Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lora Talley Watts
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Neurology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Research Physiologist, Lexington VAMC, Lexington, KY, USA.
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34
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Validation of Acoustic Wave Induced Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7060059. [PMID: 28574429 PMCID: PMC5483632 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7060059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study looked to validate the acoustic wave technology of the Storz-D-Actor that inflicted a consistent closed-head, traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. We studied a range of single pulse pressures administered to the rats and observed the resulting decline in motor skills and memory. Histology was observed to measure and confirm the injury insult. METHODS Four different acoustic wave pressures were studied using a single pulse: 0, 3.4, 4.2 and 5.0 bar (n = 10 rats per treatment group). The pulse was administered to the left frontal cortex. Rotarod tests were used to monitor the rats' motor skills while the water maze test was used to monitor memory deficits. The rats were then sacrificed ten days post-treatment for histological analysis of TBI infarct size. RESULTS The behavioral tests showed that acoustic wave technology administered an effective insult causing significant decreases in motor abilities and memory. Histology showed dose-dependent damage to the cortex infarct areas only. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates that the Storz D-Actor effectively induces a repeatable TBI infarct, avoiding the invasive procedure of a craniotomy often used in TBI research.
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Rodriguez P, Singh AP, Malloy KE, Zhou W, Barrett DW, Franklin CG, Altmeyer WB, Gutierrez JE, Li J, Heyl BL, Lancaster JL, Gonzalez-Lima F, Duong TQ. Methylene blue modulates functional connectivity in the human brain. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 11:640-648. [PMID: 26961091 PMCID: PMC5018244 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue USP (MB) is a FDA-grandfathered drug used in clinics to treat methemoglobinemia, carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide poisoning that has been shown to increase fMRI evoked blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response in rodents. Low dose MB also has memory enhancing effect in rodents and humans. However, the neural correlates of the effects of MB in the human brain are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a single low oral dose of MB modulates the functional connectivity of neural networks in healthy adults. Task-based and task-free fMRI were performed before and one hour after MB or placebo administration utilizing a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled design. MB administration was associated with a reduction in cerebral blood flow in a task-related network during a visuomotor task, and with stronger resting-state functional connectivity in multiple regions linking perception and memory functions. These findings demonstrate for the first time that low-dose MB can modulate task-related and resting-state neural networks in the human brain. These neuroimaging findings support further investigations in healthy and disease populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rodriguez
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA.
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Stop 7800, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Amar P Singh
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Stop 7800, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Kristen E Malloy
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Douglas W Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Crystal G Franklin
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Wilson B Altmeyer
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Stop 7800, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Juan E Gutierrez
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Stop 7800, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jinqi Li
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Betty L Heyl
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Jack L Lancaster
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - F Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA.
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Huang L, Liu Y, Lu J, Cerqueira B, Misra V, Duong TQ. Intraarterial transplantation of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells in hyperacute stroke improves vascular function. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:74. [PMID: 28330501 PMCID: PMC5361847 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cell therapy is a promising treatment for ischemic stroke. The effects of hyperacute stem cell transplantation on cerebrovascular function in ischemic stroke are, however, not well understood. This study evaluated the effects of hyperacute intraarterial transplantation of hUCB mononuclear cells (MNCs) on cerebrovascular function in stroke rats using serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods HUCB MNCs or vehicle were administered to stroke rats via the internal carotid artery immediately after reperfusion at 60 min following ischemia onset. Lesion volumes were longitudinally evaluated by MRI on days 0, 2, 14, and 28 after stroke, accompanied by behavioral tests. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity were measured by perfusion MRI and CO2 functional MRI (fMRI) at 28 days post-stroke; corresponding vascular morphological changes were also detected by immunohistology in the same animals. Results We found that CBF to the stroke-affected region at 28 days was improved (normalized CBF value: 1.41 ± 0.30 versus 0.49 ± 0.07) by intraarterial transplantation of hUCB MNCs in the hyperacute stroke phase, compared to vehicle control. Cerebrovascular reactivity within the stroke-affected area, measured by CBF fMRI, was also increased (35.2 ± 3.5% versus 12.8 ± 4.3%), as well as the corresponding cerebrovascular density. Some engrafted cells appeared with microvascular-like morphology and stained positive for von Willebrand Factor (an endothelial cell marker), suggesting they differentiated into endothelial cells. Some engrafted cells also connected to host endothelial cells, suggesting they interacted with the host vasculature. Compared to the vehicle group, infarct volume at 28 days in the stem cell treated group was significantly smaller (160.9 ± 15.7 versus 231.2 ± 16.0 mm3); behavioral deficits were also markedly reduced by stem cell treatment at day 28 (19.5 ± 1.0% versus 30.7 ± 4.7% on the foot fault test; 68.2 ± 4.6% versus 86.6 ± 5.8% on the cylinder test). More tissue within initial perfusion-diffusion mismatch was rescued in the treatment group. Conclusions Intraarterial hUCB MNC transplantation during the hyperacute phase of ischemic stroke improved cerebrovascular function and reduced behavioral deficits and infarct volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yichu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jianfei Lu
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Bianca Cerqueira
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Vivek Misra
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA. .,Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Morris T, Gomes Osman J, Tormos Muñoz JM, Costa Miserachs D, Pascual Leone A. The role of physical exercise in cognitive recovery after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:977-988. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Morris
- The Guttmann University Institute for Neurorehabilitation, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Ciéncies de la Salut, Institut de Neurociéncies, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joyce Gomes Osman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Jose Maria Tormos Muñoz
- The Guttmann University Institute for Neurorehabilitation, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - David Costa Miserachs
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Ciéncies de la Salut, Institut de Neurociéncies, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alvaro Pascual Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Li W, Long JA, Watts L, Shen Q, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Duong TQ. Spatiotemporal changes in diffusion, T2 and susceptibility of white matter following mild traumatic brain injury. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:896-903. [PMID: 27149577 PMCID: PMC4909565 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Impaired white matter integrity in traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to deficits in various neurological functions. The differentiation of the underlying pathological processes, e.g. edema, demyelination, axonal damage, to name a few, is of key clinical interest for the assessment of white matter injury. In this study, a combination of T2 , diffusion and susceptibility MRI was used to study the spatiotemporal changes in white matter at 1 h, 3 h, and 1, 2, 7 and 14 days following TBI, using a rat controlled cortical impact (CCI) model. Based on radial diffusivity (RD), the rats were divided into two groups: group 1 showed widespread increases in RD along the corpus callosum of the ipsilesional hemisphere at day 2, and group 2 showed normal RD. Based on this group separation, group 1 also showed similar widespread changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and T2 at day 2, and group 2 showed normal FA and T2 . The widespread changes in RD and T2 in group 1 on day 2 were apparently dominated by edema, which obscured possible myelin and axonal damage. In contrast, the susceptibility of group 1 showed more localized increases near the impact site on day 2, and otherwise similar contrast to the contralesional hemisphere. The localized susceptibility increase is probably a result of demyelination and axonal injury. The extent of brain damage between the two groups revealed by MRI was consistent with behavioral results, with the first group showing significantly increased forelimb asymmetry and increased forelimb foot fault deficits. Our results suggest that the combination of T2 , diffusion and susceptibility MRI may provide an opportunity for the differential assessment of edema and axonal damage in TBI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Justin Alexander Long
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zhao Jiang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Timothy Q. Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Rodriguez P, Zhao J, Milman B, Tiwari YV, Duong TQ. Methylene blue and normobaric hyperoxia combination therapy in experimental ischemic stroke. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00478. [PMID: 27458543 PMCID: PMC4951618 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic stroke is a global burden that contributes to the disability and mortality of millions of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined MB (methylene blue) and NBO (normobaric hyperoxia) therapy in experimental ischemic stroke. METHODS Rats with transient (60 min) MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) were treated with: (1) air + vehicle (N = 8), (2) air + MB (N = 8), (3) NBO + vehicle (N = 7), and (4) NBO + MB (N = 9). MB (1 mg/kg) was administered at 30 min, again on days 2, 7, and 14 after stroke. NBO was given during MRI (30-150 min) on day 0, and again 1 h each during MRI on subsequent days. Serial diffusion, perfusion and T2 MRI were performed to evaluate lesion volumes. Foot-fault and cylinder tests were performed to evaluate sensorimotor function. RESULTS The major findings were: (1) NBO + MB therapy showed a greater decrease in infarct volume compared to NBO alone, but similar infarct volume compared to MB alone, (2) NBO + MB therapy accelerated sensorimotor functional recovery compared to NBO or MB alone, (3) Infarct volumes on day 2 did not change significantly from those on day 28 for all four groups, but behavioral function continued to show improved recovery in the NBO + MB group. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that combined NBO + MB further improves functional outcome and reduces infarct volume compared to either treatment alone and these improvements extended up to 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rodriguez
- Research Imaging InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Research Imaging InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Brian Milman
- Research Imaging InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
| | - Yash Vardhan Tiwari
- Research Imaging InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TexasSan AntonioTexas
| | - Timothy Q. Duong
- Research Imaging InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
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Li W, Watts L, Long J, Zhou W, Shen Q, Jiang Z, Li Y, Duong TQ. Spatiotemporal changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral blood flow, T2 and diffusion following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1646:53-61. [PMID: 27208495 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be impaired following traumatic brain injury (TBI), however the spatiotemporal dynamics of BBB leakage remain incompletely understood. In this study, we evaluated the spatiotemporal evolution of BBB permeability using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and measured the volume transfer coefficient (K(trans)), a quantitative measure of contrast agent leakage across the blood and extravascular compartment. Measurements were made in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of mild TBI in rats from 1h to 7 days following TBI. The results were compared with cerebral blood flow, T2 and diffusion MRI from the same animal. Spatially, K(trans) changes were localized to superficial cortical layers within a 1mm thickness, which was dramatically different from the changes in cerebral blood flow, T2 and diffusion, which were localized to not only the superficial layers but also to brain regions up to 2.2mm from the cortical surface. Temporally, K(trans) changes peaked at day 3, similar to CBF and ADC changes, but differed from T2 and FA, whose changes peaked on day 2. The pattern of superficial cortical layer localization of K(trans) was consistent with patterns revealed by Evans Blue extravasation. Collectively, these results suggest that BBB disruption, edema formation, blood flow disturbance and diffusion changes are related to different components of the mechanical impact, and may play different roles in determining injury progression and tissue fate processes following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lora Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Justin Long
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Qiang Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhao Jiang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yunxia Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of death and disability. This is a brief report based on a symposium presentation to the 2014 Chinese Neurotrauma Association Meeting in San Francisco, USA. It covers the work from our laboratory in applying multimodal MRI to study experimental traumatic brain injury in rats with comparisons made to behavioral tests and histology. MRI protocols include structural, perfusion, manganese-enhanced, diffusion-tensor MRI, and MRI of blood-brain barrier integrity and cerebrovascular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, Departments of Cellular and Structure Biology and Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lora T Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, Departments of Cellular and Structure Biology and Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Sun Y, Shen Q, Watts LT, Muir ER, Huang S, Yang GY, Suarez JI, Duong TQ. Multimodal MRI characterization of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroscience 2016; 316:53-62. [PMID: 26708744 PMCID: PMC4724533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We implemented an in-scanner rat model of mild SAH in which blood or vehicle was injected into the cistern magna, and applied multimodal MRI to study the brain prior to, immediately after (5min to 4h), and upto 7days after SAH. Vehicle injection did not change arterial lumen diameter, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), T2, venous signal, vascular reactivity to hypercapnia, or foot-fault scores, but mildly reduce cerebral blood flow (CBF) up to 4h, and open-field activity up to 7days post injection. By contrast, blood injection caused: (i) vasospasm 30min after SAH but not thereafter, (ii) venous abnormalities at 3h and 2days, delayed relative to vasospasm, (iii) reduced basal CBF and to hypercapnia 1-4h but not thereafter, (iv) reduced ADC immediately after SAH but no ADC and T2 changes on days 2 and 7, and (v) reduced open-field activities in both SAH and vehicle animals, but no significant differences in open-field activities and foot-fault tests between groups. Mild SAH exhibited transient and mild hemodynamic disturbances and diffusion changes, but did not show apparent ischemic brain injury nor functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Q Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - L T Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - E R Muir
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - S Huang
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - G-Y Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - J I Suarez
- Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX 77027, USA
| | - T Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Cao F, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Zhong J, Liu J, Qin X, Chen L, Vitek MP, Li F, Xu L, Sun X. Apolipoprotein E-Mimetic COG1410 Reduces Acute Vasogenic Edema following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:175-82. [PMID: 26192010 PMCID: PMC4722604 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree of post-traumatic brain edema and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) influences the neurofunctional outcome after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have demonstrated that the administration of apolipoprotein E-mimetic peptide COG1410 reduces the brain water content after subarachnoid hemorrhage, intra-cerebral hemorrhage, and focal brain ischemia. However, the effects of COG1410 on vasogenic edema following TBI are not known. The current study evaluated the effects of 1 mg/kg daily COG1410 versus saline administered intravenously after a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury on BBB dysfunction and vasogenic edema at an acute stage in mice. The results demonstrated that treatment with COG1410 suppressed the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9, reduced the disruption of the BBB and Evans Blue dye extravasation, reduced the TBI lesion volume and vasogenic edema, and decreased the functional deficits compared with mice treated with vehicle, at an acute stage after CCI. These findings suggest that COG1410 is a promising preclinical therapeutic agent for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jieshi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinghu Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cognosci Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lu Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. Methylene blue, a drug grandfathered by the Food and Drug Administration with a long history of safe usage in humans for treating methemoglobinemia and cyanide poisoning, has recently been shown to be neuroprotective in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. The goal of this paper is to review studies on methylene blue in experimental stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jiang
- Research Imaging Institute, Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radiology and Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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45
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Shen Q, Watts LT, Li W, Duong TQ. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1462:645-58. [PMID: 27604743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the USA. Common causes of TBI include falls, violence, injuries from wars, and vehicular and sporting accidents. The initial direct mechanical damage in TBI is followed by progressive secondary injuries such as brain swelling, perturbed cerebral blood flow (CBF), abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity (CR), metabolic dysfunction, blood-brain-barrier disruption, inflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity, among others. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the means to noninvasively probe many of these secondary injuries. MRI has been used to image anatomical, physiological, and functional changes associated with TBI in a longitudinal manner. This chapter describes controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI surgical procedures, a few common MRI protocols used in TBI imaging, and, finally, image analysis pertaining to experimental TBI imaging in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Lora Tally Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Departments of Cellular and Structure Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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46
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Watts LT. Stimulating mitochondria to protect the brain following traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1403-1404. [PMID: 27857734 PMCID: PMC5090833 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.191205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lora Talley Watts
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, Research Imaging Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Zhao M, Liang F, Xu H, Yan W, Zhang J. Methylene blue exerts a neuroprotective effect against traumatic brain injury by promoting autophagy and inhibiting microglial activation. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:13-20. [PMID: 26572258 PMCID: PMC4686104 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to permanent neurological impairment, and methylene blue (MB) exerts central nervous system neuroprotective effects. However, only one previous study has investigated the effectiveness of MB in a controlled cortical impact injury model of TBI. In addition, the specific mechanisms underlying the effect of MB against TBI remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated the neuroprotective effect of MB on TBI and the possible mechanisms involved. In a mouse model of TBI, the animals were randomly divided into sham, vehicle (normal saline) or MB groups. The treatment time-points were 24 and 72 h (acute phase of TBI), and 14 days (chronic phase of TBI) post-TBI. The brain water content (BWC), and levels of neuronal death, and autophagy were determined during the acute phase, and neurological deficit, injury volume and microglial activation were assessed at all time-points. The injured hemisphere BWC was significantly increased 24 h post-TBI, and this was attenuated following treatment with MB. There was a significantly higher number of surviving neurons in the MB group, compared with the Vehicle group at 24 and 72 h post-TBI. In the acute phase, the MB-treated animals exhibited significantly upregulated expression of Beclin 1 and increased LC3-II to LC3-I ratios, compared with the vehicle group, indicating an increased rate of autophagy. Neurological functional deficits, measured using the modified neurological severity score, were significantly lower in the acute phase in the MB-treated animals and cerebral lesion volumes in the MB-treated animals were significantly lower, compared with the other groups at all time-points. Microglia were activated 24 h after TBI, peaked at 72 h and persisted until 14 days after TBI. Although the number of Iba-1-positive cells in the vehicle and MB groups 24 h post-TBI were not significantly different, marked microglial inhibition was observed in the MB group 72 h and 14 days after-TBI. These results indicated that MB exerts a neuroprotective effect by increasing autophagy, decreasing brain edema and inhibiting microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Hangdi Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Long JA, Watts LT, Li W, Shen Q, Muir ER, Huang S, Boggs RC, Suri A, Duong TQ. The effects of perturbed cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity on structural MRI and behavioral readouts in mild traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1852-61. [PMID: 26104285 PMCID: PMC4635242 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of perturbed cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CR) on relaxation time constant (T2), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and behavioral scores at 1 and 3 hours, 2, 7, and 14 days after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Open-skull TBI was induced over the left primary forelimb somatosensory cortex (N=8 and 3 sham). We found the abnormal areas of CBF and CR on days 0 and 2 were larger than those of the T2, ADC, and FA abnormalities. In the impact core, CBF was reduced on day 0, increased to 2.5 times of normal on day 2, and returned toward normal by day 14, whereas in the tissue surrounding the impact, hypoperfusion was observed on days 0 and 2. CR in the impact core was negative, most severe on day 2 but gradually returned toward normal. T2, ADC, and FA abnormalities in the impact core were detected on day 0, peaked on day 2, and pseudonormalized by day 14. Lesion volumes peaked on day 2 and were temporally correlated with forelimb asymmetry and foot-fault scores. This study quantified the effects of perturbed CBF and CR on structural magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Long
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lora T Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Departments of Cellular and Structure Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Qiang Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eric R Muir
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Shiliang Huang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Robert C Boggs
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Abhinav Suri
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Opthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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49
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Talley Watts L, Long JA, Boggs RC, Manga H, Huang S, Shen Q, Duong TQ. Delayed Methylene Blue Improves Lesion Volume, Multi-Parametric Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurements, and Behavioral Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:194-202. [PMID: 25961471 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a primary cause of death and disability in both civilian and military populations worldwide. There is a critical need for the development of neuroprotective agents that can circumvent damage and provide functional recovery. We previously showed that methylene blue (MB), a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-grandfathered drug with energy-enhancing and antioxidant properties, given 1 and 3 h post-TBI, had neuroprotective effects in rats. This study aimed to further investigate the neuroprotection of delayed MB treatment (24 h postinjury) post-TBI as measured by lesion volume and functional outcomes. Comparisons were made with vehicle and acute MB treatment. Multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral studies were performed at 1 and 3 h and 2, 7, and 14 days after an impact to the primary forelimb somatosensory cortex. We found that delaying MB treatment 24 h postinjury still minimized lesion volume and functional deficits, compared to vehicle-treated animals. The data further support the potential for MB as a neuroprotective treatment, especially when medical teatment is not readily available. MB has an excellent safety profile and is clinically approved for other indications. MB clinical trials on TBI can thus be readily explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Talley Watts
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,2 Departments of Cellular and Structure Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,3 Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Justin Alexander Long
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert Cole Boggs
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hemanth Manga
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shiliang Huang
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Qiang Shen
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,3 Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,4 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,5 Research Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System , San Antonio, Texas
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Normobaric oxygen worsens outcome after a moderate traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1137-44. [PMID: 25690469 PMCID: PMC4640244 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multifaceted injury and a leading cause of death in children, young adults, and increasingly in Veterans. However, there are no neuroprotective agents clinically available to counteract damage or promote repair after brain trauma. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of normobaric oxygen (NBO) after a controlled cortical impact in rats. The central hypothesis was that NBO treatment would reduce lesion volume and functional deficits compared with air-treated animals after TBI by increasing brain oxygenation thereby minimizing ischemic injury. In a randomized double-blinded design, animals received either NBO (n = 8) or normal air (n = 8) after TBI. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 0 to 3 hours, and 1, 2, 7, and 14 days after an impact to the primary forelimb somatosensory cortex. Behavioral assessments were performed before injury induction and before MRI scans on days 2, 7, and 14. Nissl staining was performed on day 14 to corroborate the lesion volume detected from MRI. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that NBO treatment increased lesion volume in a rat model of moderate TBI and had no positive effect on behavioral measures. Our results do not promote the acute use of NBO in patients with moderate TBI.
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