1
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Murawski AM, Brynildsen MP. Ploidy is an important determinant of fluoroquinolone persister survival. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2039-2050.e7. [PMID: 33711253 PMCID: PMC8183807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mutants have demonstrated the importance of homologous recombination (HR) to fluoroquinolone (FQ) persistence, which suggests that single-cell chromosome (Chr) abundance might be a phenotypic variable of importance to persisters. Here, we sorted stationary-phase E. coli based on ploidy and subjected the subpopulations to tolerance assays. Subpopulations sorted to contain diploid cells harbored up to ∼40-fold more FQ persisters than those sorted to contain monoploid cells. This association was observed with distinct FQs, in independent environmental conditions, and with more than one strain of E. coli (MG1655; uropathogenic CFT073) but was abolished in HR-deficient strains (ΔrecA and ΔrecB). It was observed that the persister level of monoploid subpopulations exceeded those of ΔrecA and ΔrecB by 10-fold or more, and subsequent high-purity sorting confirmed that observation. Those data suggested the existence of distinct FQ persister subtypes: those that are and are not proficient with HR. Time-lapse microscopy revealed significant differences in initial size and growth dynamics during the post-antibiotic recovery period for persisters from monoploid- and diploid-enriched subpopulations. In addition, non-persisters in monoploid-enriched subpopulations elongated minimally following FQ treatment, resembling previous observations of HR-deficient strains, whereas non-persisters in diploid-enriched subpopulations on average filamented extensively. Together, these results identify a phenotypic variable with a significant impact on FQ persistence, establish the existence of more than one type of persister to the same antibiotic in an isogenic culture, and reveal roles for RecA and RecB in FQ persistence, even in the absence of homologous chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Murawski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mark P Brynildsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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2
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Zhang W, Kang J, Wang C, Ping W, Ge J. Effects of pyruvate decarboxylase ( pdc1, pdc5) gene knockout on the production of metabolites in two haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:62-69. [PMID: 33881948 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1910958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has good reproductive ability in both haploid and diploid forms, a pyruvate decarboxylase plays an important role in S. cerevisiae cell metabolism. In this study, pdc1 and pdc5 double knockout strains of S. cerevisiae H14-02 (MATa type) and S. cerevisiae H5-02 (MATα type) were obtained by the Cre/loxP technique. The effects of the deletion of pdc1 and pdc5 on the metabolites of the two haploid S. cerevisiae strains were consistent. In S. cerevisiae H14-02, the ethanol conversion decreased by 30.19%, the conversion of glycerol increased by 40.005%, the concentration of acetic acid decreased by 43.54%, the concentration of acetoin increased by 12.79 times, and the activity of pyruvate decarboxylase decreased by 40.91% compared to those in the original H14 strain. The original S. cerevisiae haploid strain H14 produced a small amount of acetoin but produced very little 2,3-butanediol. However, S. cerevisiae H14-02 produced 1.420 ± 0.063 g/L 2,3-BD. This study not only provides strain selection for obtaining haploid strains with a high yield of 2,3-BD but also lays a foundation for haploid S. cerevisiae to be used as a new tool for genetic research and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Changli Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenxiang Ping
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingping Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
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3
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Xie CY, Yang BX, Song QR, Xia ZY, Gou M, Tang YQ. Different transcriptional responses of haploid and diploid S. cerevisiae strains to changes in cofactor preference of XR. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:211. [PMID: 33187525 PMCID: PMC7666519 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xylitol accumulation is a major barrier for efficient ethanol production through heterologous xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase (XR-XDH) pathway in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutated NADH-preferring XR is usually employed to alleviate xylitol accumulation. However, it remains unclear how mutated XR affects the metabolic network for xylose metabolism. In this study, haploid and diploid strains were employed to investigate the transcriptional responses to changes in cofactor preference of XR through RNA-seq analysis during xylose fermentation. Results For the haploid strains, genes involved in xylose-assimilation (XYL1, XYL2, XKS1), glycolysis, and alcohol fermentation had higher transcript levels in response to mutated XR, which was consistent with the improved xylose consumption rate and ethanol yield. For the diploid strains, genes related to protein biosynthesis were upregulated while genes involved in glyoxylate shunt were downregulated in response to mutated XR, which might contribute to the improved yields of biomass and ethanol. When comparing the diploids with the haploids, genes involved in glycolysis and MAPK signaling pathway were significantly downregulated, while oxidative stress related transcription factors (TFs) were significantly upregulated, irrespective of the cofactor preference of XR. Conclusions Our results not only revealed the differences in transcriptional responses of the diploid and haploid strains to mutated XR, but also provided underlying basis for better understanding the differences in xylose metabolism between the diploid and haploid strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Xie
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Bai-Xue Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing-Ran Song
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Xia
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Gou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yue-Qin Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
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4
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Sailwal M, Das AJ, Gazara RK, Dasgupta D, Bhaskar T, Hazra S, Ghosh D. Connecting the dots: Advances in modern metabolomics and its application in yeast system. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Chen X, Wang T, Jin M, Tan Y, Liu L, Liu L, Li C, Yang Y, Du P. Metabolomics analysis of growth inhibition of
Lactobacillus plantarum
under ethanol stress. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Man Jin
- National Dairy Quality Supervision and Inspection Center Harbin150028China
| | - Ying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) Beijing100193China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Yuzhuo Yang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Green Food Science Harbin150030China
| | - Peng Du
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
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Harrison BR, Wang L, Gajda E, Hoffman EV, Chung BY, Pletcher SD, Raftery D, Promislow DEL. The metabolome as a link in the genotype-phenotype map for peroxide resistance in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:341. [PMID: 32366330 PMCID: PMC7199327 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic association studies that seek to explain the inheritance of complex traits typically fail to explain a majority of the heritability of the trait under study. Thus, we are left with a gap in the map from genotype to phenotype. Several approaches have been used to fill this gap, including those that attempt to map endophenotype such as the transcriptome, proteome or metabolome, that underlie complex traits. Here we used metabolomics to explore the nature of genetic variation for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) resistance in the sequenced inbred Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP). RESULTS We first studied genetic variation for H2O2 resistance in 179 DGRP lines and along with identifying the insulin signaling modulator u-shaped and several regulators of feeding behavior, we estimate that a substantial amount of phenotypic variation can be explained by a polygenic model of genetic variation. We then profiled a portion of the aqueous metabolome in subsets of eight 'high resistance' lines and eight 'low resistance' lines. We used these lines to represent collections of genotypes that were either resistant or sensitive to the stressor, effectively modeling a discrete trait. Across the range of genotypes in both populations, flies exhibited surprising consistency in their metabolomic signature of resistance. Importantly, the resistance phenotype of these flies was more easily distinguished by their metabolome profiles than by their genotypes. Furthermore, we found a metabolic response to H2O2 in sensitive, but not in resistant genotypes. Metabolomic data further implicated at least two pathways, glycogen and folate metabolism, as determinants of sensitivity to H2O2. We also discovered a confounding effect of feeding behavior on assays involving supplemented food. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that the metabolome can be a point of convergence for genetic variation influencing complex traits, and can efficiently elucidate mechanisms underlying trait variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Harrison
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Erika Gajda
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elise V Hoffman
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Brian Y Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Scott D Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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7
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Delta-Integration of Single Gene Shapes the Whole Metabolomic Short-Term Response to Ethanol of Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10040140. [PMID: 32260275 PMCID: PMC7241245 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In yeast engineering, metabolic burden is often linked to the reprogramming of resources from regular cellular activities to guarantee recombinant protein(s) production. Therefore, growth parameters can be significantly influenced. Two recombinant strains, previously developed by the multiple δ-integration of a glucoamylase in the industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae 27P, did not display any detectable metabolic burden. In this study, a Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FTIR)-based assay was employed to investigate the effect of δ-integration on yeast strains’ tolerance to the increasing ethanol levels typical of the starch-to-ethanol industry. FTIR fingerprint, indeed, offers a holistic view of the metabolome and is a well-established method to assess the stress response of microorganisms. Cell viability and metabolomic fingerprints have been considered as parameters to detecting any physiological and/or metabolomic perturbations. Quite surprisingly, the three strains did not show any difference in cell viability but metabolomic profiles were significantly altered and different when the strains were incubated both with and without ethanol. A LC/MS untargeted workflow was applied to assess the metabolites and pathways mostly involved in these strain-specific ethanol responses, further confirming the FTIR fingerprinting of the parental and recombinant strains. These results indicated that the multiple δ-integration prompted huge metabolomic changes in response to short-term ethanol exposure, calling for deeper metabolomic and genomic insights to understand how and, to what extent, genetic engineering could affect the yeast metabolome.
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8
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Intracellular response of Bacillus natto in response to different oxygen supply and its influence on menaquinone-7 biosynthesis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:817-827. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Zhang AH, Liu HL, Huang SY, Fu YS, Fang BS. Metabolic profiles analysis of 1,3-propanediol production process by Clostridium butyricum
through repeated batch fermentation coupled with activated carbon adsorption. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:684-693. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Hao-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Shi-Yang Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - You-Si Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Bai-Shan Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian China
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10
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In vivo evolutionary engineering for ethanol-tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae haploid cells triggers diploidization. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:309-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Effects of aeration on metabolic profiles of Mortierella alpina during the production of arachidonic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:1225-1235. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To investigate the metabolic regulation against oxygen supply, comparative metabolomics was performed to explore the metabolic responses of Mortierella alpina in the process of arachidonic acid (ARA) production. More than 110 metabolites involved in Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, inositol phosphate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Samples at different aeration rates were clearly distinguished by principal components analysis and partial least squares analysis, indicating that oxygen supply had a profound effect on the metabolism of M. alpina. Eleven major metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers to be primarily responsible for the difference of metabolism. Further study of metabolic changes with the relevant pathways demonstrated that the levels of several intermediate metabolites in relation to central carbon metabolism changed remarkably via both processes and citrate and malate was supposed to play vital roles in polyunsaturated acid (PUFA) synthesis. Increase of myo-inositol and sorbitol were probably for osmo-regulation and redox balance, while enhanced phosphoric acid and pyroglutamic acid were supposed to have function in the activation of signal transduction pathway for stress resistance. The present study provides a novel insight into the metabolic responses of M. alpina to aeration rates and the metabolic characteristics during the ARA fermentation.
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12
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Mert MJ, Rose SH, la Grange DC, Bamba T, Hasunuma T, Kondo A, van Zyl WH. Quantitative metabolomics of a xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing the Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron xylose isomerase on glucose and xylose. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1459-1470. [PMID: 28744577 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cannot utilize xylose, but the introduction of a xylose isomerase that functions well in yeast will help overcome the limitations of the fungal oxido-reductive pathway. In this study, a diploid S. cerevisiae S288c[2n YMX12] strain was constructed expressing the Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron xylA (XI) and the Scheffersomyces stipitis xyl3 (XK) and the changes in the metabolite pools monitored over time. Cultivation on xylose generally resulted in gradual changes in metabolite pool size over time, whereas more dramatic fluctuations were observed with cultivation on glucose due to the diauxic growth pattern. The low G6P and F1,6P levels observed with cultivation on xylose resulted in the incomplete activation of the Crabtree effect, whereas the high PEP levels is indicative of carbon starvation. The high UDP-D-glucose levels with cultivation on xylose indicated that the carbon was channeled toward biomass production. The adenylate and guanylate energy charges were tightly regulated by the cultures, while the catabolic and anabolic reduction charges fluctuated between metabolic states. This study helped elucidate the metabolite distribution that takes place under Crabtree-positive and Crabtree-negative conditions when cultivating S. cerevisiae on glucose and xylose, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - S H Rose
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - D C la Grange
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - T Bamba
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - T Hasunuma
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - A Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - W H van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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13
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Chen Z, Zheng Z, Yi C, Wang F, Niu Y, Li H. Intracellular metabolic changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and promotion of ethanol tolerance during the bioethanol fermentation process. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the batch bioethanol fermentation process, although Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are challenged by accumulated ethanol, our previous work showed that the ethanol tolerance of S. cerevisiae increased as fermentation time increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Zhou Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substance
- The First Institute of Oceanography
- State Oceanic Administration (SOA)
- Qingdao 266061
- China
| | - Chenfeng Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Fenglian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Yuanpu Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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14
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Zhang AH, Ji XJ, Wu WJ, Ren LJ, Yu YD, Huang H. Lipid Fraction and Intracellular Metabolite Analysis Reveal the Mechanism of Arachidonic Acid-Rich Oil Accumulation in the Aging Process of Mortierella alpina. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9812-9819. [PMID: 26482338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of arachidonic acid (ARA) content increase during aging of Mortierella alpina was elucidated. Lipid fraction analysis showed that ARA content increased from 46.9% to 66.4% in the triacylglycerol (TAG) molecule, and ARA residue occupation increased in the majority of TAG molecules during the aging process. For the first time, intracellular metabolite analysis was conducted to reveal the pathways closely associated with ARA biosynthesis during aging. The main reason for the increased ARA content was not only at the expense of other fatty acids degradation but also at the expense of further ARA biosynthesis during aging. Furthermore, translocation played a vital role in ARA redistribution among the glycerol moiety, and mycelium did not die immediately with key pathways activated to maintain a relatively stable intracellular environment. This study lays a foundation for further improvement of ARA content in the oil product obtained from M. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Dong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
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15
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Cui FX, Zhang RM, Liu HQ, Wang YF, Li H. Metabolic responses to Lactobacillus plantarum contamination or bacteriophage treatment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a GC–MS-based metabolomics approach. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:2003-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Ding MZ, Zou Y, Song H, Yuan YJ. Metabolomic analysis of cooperative adaptation between co-cultured Bacillus cereus and Ketogulonicigenium vulgare. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94889. [PMID: 24728527 PMCID: PMC3984275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cooperative adaptation of subcultivated Bacillus cereus and Ketogulonicigenium vulgare significantly increased the productivity of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, the precursor of vitamin C. The mechanism of cooperative adaptation of the serial subcultivated B. cereus and K. vulgare was investigated in this study by culturing the two strains orthogonally on agar plates. It was found that the swarming distance of B. cereus along the trace of K. vulgare on the plate decreased after 150 days' subcultivation. Metabolomic analysis on these co-cultured B. cereus and K. vulgare strains showed that their cooperative adaptation was accomplished by three key events: (i) the ability of nutrients (e.g., amino acids and purines) searching and intaking, and proteins biosynthesis is increased in the evolved B. cereus; (ii) the capability of protein degradation and amino acids transportation is enhanced in evolved K. vulgare; (iii) the evolved B. cereus was found to provide more nutrients (mostly amino acids and purines) to K. vulgare, thus strengthening the oxidation and energy generation of K. vulgare. Our results provided novel insights into the systems-level understanding of the cooperative adaptation between strains in synergistic consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, PR China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Qu L, Ren LJ, Li J, Sun GN, Sun LN, Ji XJ, Nie ZK, Huang H. Biomass composition, lipid characterization, and metabolic profile analysis of the fed-batch fermentation process of two different docosahexanoic acid producing Schizochytrium sp. strains. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1865-76. [PMID: 24061873 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth and fermentation characteristics, biomass composition, lipid characterization and metabolic profiling analysis of two different Schizochytrium sp. strains, the original strain and the industrial adaptive strain, were investigated in the fed-batch fermentation process. The final cell biomass, total lipids content, docosahexanoic acid (DHA) content and DHA productivity of the adaptive strain were much higher than those of the original strain. The metabolic distinctions which extensively existed between these two strains were revealed by the score plot of principal component analysis. In addition, potential biomarkers responsible for discriminating different strains were identified as myo-inositol, histidine, alanine, asparagine, cysteine, and oxalic acid. These findings provided new insights into the industrial strain screening and further improvement of DHA production by Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
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18
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Demeke MM, Dumortier F, Li Y, Broeckx T, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Thevelein JM. Combining inhibitor tolerance and D-xylose fermentation in industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient lignocellulose-based bioethanol production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:120. [PMID: 23971950 PMCID: PMC3765968 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to efficient pentose utilization, high inhibitor tolerance is a key trait required in any organism used for economically viable industrial bioethanol production with lignocellulose biomass. Although recent work has succeeded in establishing efficient xylose fermentation in robust industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, the resulting strains still lacked sufficient inhibitor tolerance for efficient sugar fermentation in lignocellulose hydrolysates. The aim of the present work was to combine high xylose fermentation activity and high inhibitor tolerance in a single industrial yeast strain. RESULTS We have screened 580 yeast strains for high inhibitor tolerance using undetoxified acid-pretreated spruce hydrolysate and identified a triploid industrial baker's yeast strain as having the highest inhibitor tolerance. From this strain, a mating competent diploid segregant with even higher inhibitor tolerance was obtained. It was crossed with the recently developed D-xylose fermenting diploid industrial strain GS1.11-26, with the Ethanol Red genetic background. Screening of 819 diploid segregants from the tetraploid hybrid resulted in two strains, GSF335 and GSF767, combining high inhibitor tolerance and efficient xylose fermentation. In a parallel approach, meiotic recombination of GS1.11-26 with a haploid segregant of Ethanol Red and screening of 104 segregants resulted in a similar inhibitor tolerant diploid strain, GSE16. The three superior strains exhibited significantly improved tolerance to inhibitors in spruce hydrolysate, higher glucose consumption rates, higher aerobic growth rates and higher maximal ethanol accumulation capacity in very-high gravity fermentation, compared to GS1.11-26. In complex medium, the D-xylose utilization rate by the three superior strains ranged from 0.36 to 0.67 g/g DW/h, which was lower than that of GS1.11-26 (1.10 g/g DW/h). On the other hand, in batch fermentation of undetoxified acid-pretreated spruce hydrolysate, the three superior strains showed comparable D-xylose utilization rates as GS1.11-26, probably because of their higher inhibitor tolerance. They produced up to 23% more ethanol compared to Ethanol Red. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully constructed three superior industrial S. cerevisiae strains that combine efficient D-xylose utilization with high inhibitor tolerance. Since the background strain Ethanol Red has a proven record of successful industrial application, the three new superior strains have strong potential for direct application in industrial bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekonnen M Demeke
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
| | - Françoise Dumortier
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
| | - Yingying Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
| | - Tom Broeckx
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
| | - María R Foulquié-Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders B-3001, Belgium
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19
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GC–MS-based metabolomics study of the responses to arachidonic acid in Blakeslea trispora. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 57:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Li J, Ren LJ, Sun GN, Qu L, Huang H. Comparative metabolomics analysis of docosahexaenoic acid fermentation processes by Schizochytrium sp. under different oxygen availability conditions. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:269-81. [PMID: 23586678 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular metabolic profile characterization of Schizochytrium sp. throughout docosahexaenoic acid fermentation was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Metabolite profiles originating from Schizochytrium sp. under normal and limited oxygen supply conditions were distinctive and distinguished by principal components analysis (PCA). A total of more than 60 intracellular metabolites were detected and quantified with the levels of some metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism varying throughout both processes. Both fermentation processes were differentiated into three main phases by principal components analysis. Potential biomarkers responsible for distinguishing the different fermentation phases were identified as glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, and glucose. In addition, alanine, glutamic acid, glucose, inositol, ornithine, and galactose were found to make great contribution for dry cell weight and fatty acid composition during normal and limited oxygen supply fermentations. Furthermore, significantly higher levels of succinate and several amino acids in cells of limited oxygen supply fermentation revealed that they might play important roles in resisting oxygen deficiency and increasing DHA synthesis during the lipid accumulation. These findings provide novel insights into the metabolomic characteristics during docosahexaenoic acid fermentation processes by Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology Nanjing, China
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21
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Lourenço AB, Roque FC, Teixeira MC, Ascenso JR, Sá-Correia I. Quantitative 1H-NMR-metabolomics reveals extensive metabolic reprogramming and the effect of the aquaglyceroporin FPS1 in ethanol-stressed yeast cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55439. [PMID: 23408980 PMCID: PMC3568136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolomic analysis using high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was used to characterize the alterations in the endo- and exo-metabolome of S. cerevisiae BY4741 during the exponential phase of growth in minimal medium supplemented with different ethanol concentrations (0, 2, 4 and 6% v/v). This study provides evidence that supports the notion that ethanol stress induces reductive stress in yeast cells, which, in turn, appears to be counteracted by the increase in the rate of NAD+ regenerating bioreactions. Metabolomics data also shows increased intra- and extra-cellular accumulation of most amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates in yeast cells growing under ethanol stress suggesting a state of overflow metabolism in turn of the pyruvate branch-point. Given its previous implication in ethanol stress resistance in yeast, this study also focused on the effect of the expression of the aquaglyceroporin encoded by FPS1 in the yeast metabolome, in the absence or presence of ethanol stress. The metabolomics data collected herein shows that the deletion of the FPS1 gene in the absence of ethanol stress partially mimics the effect of ethanol stress in the parental strain. Moreover, the results obtained suggest that the reported action of Fps1 in mediating the passive diffusion of glycerol is a key factor in the maintenance of redox balance, an important feature for ethanol stress resistance, and may interfere with the ability of the yeast cell to accumulate trehalose. Overall, the obtained results corroborate the idea that metabolomic approaches may be crucial tools to understand the function and/or the effect of membrane transporters/porins, such as Fps1, and may be an important tool for the clear-cut design of improved process conditions and more robust yeast strains aiming to optimize industrial fermentation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur B. Lourenço
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa C. Roque
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel C. Teixeira
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José R. Ascenso
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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22
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Comparative Metabolomic Study of Penicillium chrysogenum During Pilot and Industrial Penicillin Fermentations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1223-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Li H, Ma ML, Luo S, Zhang RM, Han P, Hu W. Metabolic responses to ethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1087-96. [PMID: 22504284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the fermentation process, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are often inhibited by the accumulated ethanol, and the mechanism of the S. cerevisiae response to ethanol is not fully understood. In the current study, a systematic analytical approach was used to investigate the changes in the S. cerevisiae cell metabolome that were elicited by treatment with various concentrations of ethanol. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a multivariate analysis were employed to investigate the ethanol-associated intracellular biochemical changes in S. cerevisiae. The intracellular metabolite profiles that were found upon treatment of the cells with different concentrations of ethanol were unique and could be distinguished with the aid of principal component analysis. Furthermore, partial least-squares-discriminant analysis revealed a group classification and pairwise discrimination between the control without ethanol and ethanol treated groups, and 29 differential metabolites with variable importance in the projection value greater than 1 were identified, which was also confirmed by the subsequent hierarchical cluster analysis. The metabolic relevance of these compounds in the response of S. cerevisiae to ethanol stress was investigated. Under ethanol stress, the glycolysis was inhibited and the use of carbon sources for fermentation was diminished, which might account for the growth inhibition of S. cerevisiae cells. It was suggested that S. cerevisiae cells change the levels of fatty acids, e.g., hexadecanoic, octadecanoic and palmitelaidic acids, to maintain the integrity of their plasma membrane through decreasing membrane fluidity in the medium containing ethanol. Moreover, the increased levels of some amino acids idemtified in the cells of ethanol-treated experimental group might also confer ethanol tolerance to S. cerevisiae. These results reveal that the metabolomics strategy is a powerful tool to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of a microorganism's cellular response to environmental stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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24
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Kato H, Suyama H, Yamada R, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Improvements in ethanol production from xylose by mating recombinant xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1585-92. [PMID: 22406859 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To improve the ability of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to utilize the hemicellulose components of lignocellulosic feedstocks, the efficiency of xylose conversion to ethanol needs to be increased. In the present study, xylose-fermenting, haploid, yeast cells of the opposite mating type were hybridized to produce a diploid strain harboring two sets of xylose-assimilating genes encoding xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase. The hybrid strain MN8140XX showed a 1.3- and 1.9-fold improvement in ethanol production compared to its parent strains MT8-1X405 and NBRC1440X, respectively. The rate of xylose consumption and ethanol production was also improved by the hybridization. This study revealed that the resulting improvements in fermentation ability arose due to chromosome doubling as well as the increase in the copy number of xylose assimilation genes. Moreover, compared to the parent strain, the MN8140XX strain exhibited higher ethanol production under elevated temperatures (38 °C) and acidic conditions (pH 3.8). Thus, the simple hybridization technique facilitated an increase in the xylose fermentation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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25
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Ding MZ, Wang X, Yang Y, Yuan YJ. Metabolomic Study of Interactive Effects of Phenol, Furfural, and Acetic Acid onSaccharomyces cerevisiae. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:647-53. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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