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Wang Z, Gong W, Yao Z, Jin K, Niu Y, Li B, Zuo Q. Mechanisms of Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency Maintenance and Their Application in Livestock and Poultry Breeding. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1742. [PMID: 38929361 PMCID: PMC11201147 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are remarkably undifferentiated cells that originate from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. They possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types, making them invaluable in diverse applications such as disease modeling and the creation of transgenic animals. In recent years, as agricultural practices have evolved from traditional to biological breeding, it has become clear that pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), either ESCs or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are optimal for continually screening suitable cellular materials. However, the technologies for long-term in vitro culture or establishment of cell lines for PSCs in livestock are still immature, and research progress is uneven, which poses challenges for the application of PSCs in various fields. The establishment of a robust in vitro system for these cells is critically dependent on understanding their pluripotency maintenance mechanisms. It is believed that the combined effects of pluripotent transcription factors, pivotal signaling pathways, and epigenetic regulation contribute to maintaining their pluripotent state, forming a comprehensive regulatory network. This article will delve into the primary mechanisms underlying the maintenance of pluripotency in PSCs and elaborate on the applications of PSCs in the field of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.W.); (W.G.); (Z.Y.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.W.); (W.G.); (Z.Y.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zeling Yao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.W.); (W.G.); (Z.Y.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.W.); (W.G.); (Z.Y.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yingjie Niu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.W.); (W.G.); (Z.Y.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.W.); (W.G.); (Z.Y.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.W.); (W.G.); (Z.Y.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Cochet M, Piumi F, Gorna K, Berry N, Gonzalez G, Danckaert A, Aulner N, Blanchet O, Zientara S, Donadeu FX, Munier-Lehmann H, Richardson J, Benchoua A, Coulpier M. An equine iPSC-based phenotypic screening platform identifies pro- and anti-viral molecules against West Nile virus. Vet Res 2024; 55:32. [PMID: 38493182 PMCID: PMC10943879 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) occur periodically, affecting both human and equine populations. There are no vaccines for humans, and those commercialised for horses do not have sufficient coverage. Specific antiviral treatments do not exist. Many drug discovery studies have been conducted, but since rodent or primate cell lines are normally used, results cannot always be transposed to horses. There is thus a need to develop relevant equine cellular models. Here, we used induced pluripotent stem cells to develop a new in vitro model of WNV-infected equine brain cells suitable for microplate assay, and assessed the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of forty-one chemical compounds. We found that one nucleoside analog, 2'C-methylcytidine, blocked WNV infection in equine brain cells, whereas other compounds were either toxic or ineffective, despite some displaying anti-viral activity in human cell lines. We also revealed an unexpected proviral effect of statins in WNV-infected equine brain cells. Our results thus identify a potential lead for future drug development and underscore the importance of using a tissue- and species-relevant cellular model for assessing the activity of antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Cochet
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - François Piumi
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kamila Gorna
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Noémie Berry
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne Danckaert
- UTechS Photonics Bioimaging/C2RT, Institut Pasteur Paris, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Aulner
- UTechS Photonics Bioimaging/C2RT, Institut Pasteur Paris, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Odile Blanchet
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques, BB-0033-00038, CHU Angers, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Francesc Xavier Donadeu
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Muriel Coulpier
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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3
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Falk J, Donadeu FX. Equine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2749:175-184. [PMID: 38133784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3609-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Groundbreaking work by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 demonstrated that non-embryonic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) by forcing the expression of a defined set of transcription factors in culture, thus overcoming ethical concerns linked to embryonic stem cells. Induced PSCs have since revolutionized biomedical research, holding tremendous potential also in other areas such as livestock production and wildlife conservation. iPSCs exhibit broad accessibility, having been derived from a multitude of cell types and species. Apart from humans, iPSCs hold particular medical promise in the horse. The potential of iPSCs has been shown in a variety of biomedical contexts in the horse. However, progress in generating therapeutically useful equine iPSCs has lagged behind that reported in humans, with the generation of footprint-free iPSCs using non-integrative reprogramming approaches having proven particularly challenging. A greater understanding of the underlying molecular pathways and essential factors required for the generation and maintenance of equine iPSCs and their differentiation into relevant lineages will be critical for realizing their significant potential in veterinary regenerative medicine. This article outlines up-to-date protocols for the successful culture of equine iPSC, including colony selection, expansion, and adaptation to feeder-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Falk
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - F Xavier Donadeu
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Palomino Lago E, Baird A, Blott SC, McPhail RE, Ross AC, Durward-Akhurst SA, Guest DJ. A Functional Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Upstream of the Collagen Type III Gene Is Associated with Catastrophic Fracture Risk in Thoroughbred Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:116. [PMID: 38200847 PMCID: PMC10778232 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fractures caused by bone overloading are a leading cause of euthanasia in Thoroughbred racehorses. The risk of fatal fracture has been shown to be influenced by both environmental and genetic factors but, to date, no specific genetic mechanisms underpinning fractures have been identified. In this study, we utilised a genome-wide polygenic risk score to establish an in vitro cell system to study bone gene regulation in horses at high and low genetic risk of fracture. Candidate gene expression analysis revealed differential expression of COL3A1 and STAT1 genes in osteoblasts derived from high- and low-risk horses. Whole-genome sequencing of two fracture cases and two control horses revealed a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) upstream of COL3A1 that was confirmed in a larger cohort to be significantly associated with fractures. Bioinformatics tools predicted that this SNP may impact the binding of the transcription factor SOX11. Gene modulation demonstrated SOX11 is upstream of COL3A1, and the region binds to nuclear proteins. Furthermore, luciferase assays demonstrated that the region containing the SNP has promoter activity. However, the specific effect of the SNP depends on the broader genetic background of the cells and suggests other factors may also be involved in regulating COL3A1 expression. In conclusion, we have identified a novel SNP that is significantly associated with fracture risk and provide new insights into the regulation of the COL3A1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Palomino Lago
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (E.P.L.); (A.C.R.)
| | - Arabella Baird
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Sarah C. Blott
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Rhona E. McPhail
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Amy C. Ross
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (E.P.L.); (A.C.R.)
| | - Sian A. Durward-Akhurst
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Deborah J. Guest
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (E.P.L.); (A.C.R.)
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Barrachina L, Arshaghi TE, O'Brien A, Ivanovska A, Barry F. Induced pluripotent stem cells in companion animals: how can we move the field forward? Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1176772. [PMID: 37180067 PMCID: PMC10168294 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1176772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a one medicine approach, the development of regenerative therapies for human patients leads to innovative treatments for animals, while pre-clinical studies on animals provide knowledge to advance human medicine. Among many different biological products under investigation, stem cells are among the most prominent. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are extensively investigated, but they present challenges such as senescence and limited differentiation ability. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells with a virtually unlimited capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, but the use of embryos carries ethical concerns. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can overcome all of these limitations, as they closely resemble ESCs but are derived from adult cells by reprogramming in the laboratory using pluripotency-associated transcription factors. iPSCs hold great potential for applications in therapy, disease modeling, drug screening, and even species preservation strategies. However, iPSC technology is less developed in veterinary species compared to human. This review attempts to address the specific challenges associated with generating and applying iPSCs from companion animals. Firstly, we discuss strategies for the preparation of iPSCs in veterinary species and secondly, we address the potential for different applications of iPSCs in companion animals. Our aim is to provide an overview on the state of the art of iPSCs in companion animals, focusing on equine, canine, and feline species, as well as to identify which aspects need further optimization and, where possible, to provide guidance on future advancements. Following a "step-by-step" approach, we cover the generation of iPSCs in companion animals from the selection of somatic cells and the reprogramming strategies, to the expansion and characterization of iPSCs. Subsequently, we revise the current applications of iPSCs in companion animals, identify the main hurdles, and propose future paths to move the field forward. Transferring the knowledge gained from human iPSCs can increase our understanding in the biology of pluripotent cells in animals, but it is critical to further investigate the differences among species to develop specific approaches for animal iPSCs. This is key for significantly advancing iPSC application in veterinary medicine, which at the same time will also allow gaining pre-clinical knowledge transferable to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Frank Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Song K, Yang GM, Han J, Gil M, Dayem AA, Kim K, Lim KM, Kang GH, Kim S, Jang SB, Vellingiri B, Cho SG. Modulation of Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells by Co-Treatment with 3, 4'-Dihydroxyflavone, U0126, and N-Acetyl Cysteine. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:334-345. [PMID: 35769058 PMCID: PMC9396012 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Flavonoids form the largest group of plant phenols and have various biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of a flavonoid, 3, 4’-dihydroxyflavone (3, 4’-DHF) on osteogenic differentiation of equine adipose-derived stromal cells (eADSCs). Methods and Results Treatment of 3, 4’-DHF led to increased osteogenic differentiation of eADSCs by increasing phosphorylation of ERK and modulating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. Although PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, suppressed osteogenic differentiation, another ERK inhibitor, U0126, apparently increased osteogenic differentiation of the 3, 4’-DHF-treated eADSCs, which may indicate that the effect of U0126 on bone morphogenetic protein signaling is involved in the regulation of 3, 4’-DHF in osteogenic differentiation of eADSCs. We revealed that 3, 4’-DHF could induce osteogenic differentiation of eADSCs by suppressing ROS generation and co-treatment of 3, 4’-DHF, U0126, and/or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) resulted in the additive enhancement of osteogenic differentiation of eADSCs. Conclusions Our results showed that co-treatment of 3, 4’-DHF, U0126, and/or NAC cumulatively regulated osteogenesis in eADSCs, suggesting that 3, 4’-DHF, a flavonoid, can provide a novel approach to the treatment of osteoporosis and can provide potential therapeutic applications in therapeutics and regenerative medicine for human and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonwoo Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihae Han
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minchan Gil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geun-Ho Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sejong Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Bin Jang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Harman RM, Theoret CL, Van de Walle GR. The Horse as a Model for the Study of Cutaneous Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:381-399. [PMID: 34042536 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Cutaneous wounds are a major problem in both human and equine medicine. The economic cost of treating skin wounds and related complications in humans and horses is high, and in both species, particular types of chronic wounds do not respond well to current therapies, leading to suffering and morbidity. Recent Advances: Conventional methods for the treatment of cutaneous wounds are generic and have not changed significantly in decades. However, as more is learned about the mechanisms involved in normal skin wound healing, and how failure of these processes leads to chronic nonhealing wounds, novel therapies targeting the specific pathologies of hard-to-heal wounds are being developed and evaluated. Critical Issues: Physiologically relevant animal models are needed to (1) study the mechanisms involved in normal and impaired skin wound healing and (2) test newly developed therapies. Future Directions: Similarities in normal wound healing in humans and horses, and the natural development of distinct types of hard-to-heal chronic wounds in both species, make the horse a physiologically relevant model for the study of mechanisms involved in wound repair. Horses are also well-suited models to test novel therapies. In addition, studies in horses have the potential to benefit veterinary, as well as human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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8
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Hisey E, Ross PJ, Meyers SA. A Review of OCT4 Functions and Applications to Equine Embryos. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 98:103364. [PMID: 33663726 PMCID: PMC8603767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OCT4 is a core transcription factor involved in pluripotency maintenance in the early mammalian embryo. The POU5F1 gene that encodes the OCT4 protein is highly conserved across species, suggesting conserved function. However, studies in several species including mice, cattle, and pigs, suggest that there are differences in where and when OCT4 is expressed. Specifically, in the horse, several studies have shown that exposure to the uterine environment may be necessary to induce OCT4 expression restriction to the inner cell mass (ICM) of the developing embryo, suggesting that there may be equine-specific extrinsic regulators of OCT4 expression that have not yet been investigated. However, an alternative hypothesis is that this restriction may not be evident in equine embryos because of our inability to culture them to the epiblast stage, preventing the observation of this restriction. In vitro studies have identified that OCT4 is expressed in the immature equine oocyte and in the early equine embryo, but OCT4 expression has not been studied after the formation of the ICM in the equine embryo. Despite the gaps in knowledge about equine-specific functions of OCT4, this factor has been used in studies assessing equine embryonic stem cells and to induce pluripotency in equine somatic cells. This review describes the role of OCT4 in the equine embryo and its applications in equine stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hisey
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Pablo J. Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Stuart A. Meyers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA,Corresponding author at: Stuart A. Meyers, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. Davis, CA 95616. (S.A. Meyers)
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9
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Su Y, Zhu J, Salman S, Tang Y. Induced pluripotent stem cells from farm animals. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5937369. [PMID: 33098420 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology has revolutionized the world on the establishment of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) across a great variety of animal species. Generation of iPSCs from domesticated animals would provide unrestricted cell resources for the study of embryonic development and cell differentiation of these species, for screening and establishing desired traits for sustainable agricultural production, and as veterinary and preclinical therapeutic tools for animal and human diseases. Induced PSCs from domesticated animals thus harbor enormous scientific, economical, and societal values. Although much progress has been made toward the generation of PSCs from these species, major obstacles remain precluding the exclamation of the establishment of bona fide iPSCs. The most prominent of them remain the inability of these cells to silence exogenous reprogramming factors, the obvious reliance on exogenous factors for their self-renewal, and the restricted development potential in vivo. In this review, we summarize the history and current progress in domestic farm animal iPSC generation, with a focus on swine, ruminants (cattle, ovine, and caprine), horses, and avian species (quails and chickens). We also discuss the problems associated with the farm animal iPSCs and potential future directions toward the complete reprogramming of somatic cells from farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Su
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Saleh Salman
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Young Tang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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10
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Korody ML, Ford SM, Nguyen TD, Pivaroff CG, Valiente-Alandi I, Peterson SE, Ryder OA, Loring JF. Rewinding Extinction in the Northern White Rhinoceros: Genetically Diverse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Bank for Genetic Rescue. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:177-189. [PMID: 33406994 PMCID: PMC7891310 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction rates are rising, and current conservation technologies may not be adequate for reducing species losses. Future conservation efforts may be aided by the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from highly endangered species. Generation of a set of iPSCs from multiple members of a species can capture some of the dwindling genetic diversity of a disappearing species. We generated iPSCs from fibroblasts cryopreserved in the Frozen Zoo®: nine genetically diverse individuals of the functionally extinct northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) and two from the closely related southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). We used a nonintegrating Sendai virus reprogramming method and developed analyses to confirm the cells' pluripotency and differentiation potential. This work is the first step of a long-term interdisciplinary plan to apply assisted reproduction techniques to the conservation of this highly endangered species. Advances in iPSC differentiation may enable generation of gametes in vitro from deceased and nonreproductive individuals that could be used to repopulate the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L Korody
- San Diego Zoo Global, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah M Ford
- San Diego Zoo Global, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, USA
| | - Thomas D Nguyen
- San Diego Zoo Global, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cullen G Pivaroff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Iñigo Valiente-Alandi
- San Diego Zoo Global, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, USA
| | - Suzanne E Peterson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- San Diego Zoo Global, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, USA
| | - Jeanne F Loring
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
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11
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Kumar D, Talluri TR, Selokar NL, Hyder I, Kues WA. Perspectives of pluripotent stem cells in livestock. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1-29. [PMID: 33584977 PMCID: PMC7859985 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in derivation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) from farm animals opens new approaches not only for reproduction, genetic engineering, treatment and conservation of these species, but also for screening novel drugs for their efficacy and toxicity, and modelling of human diseases. Initial attempts to derive PSCs from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stages in farm animals were largely unsuccessful as either the cells survived for only a few passages, or lost their cellular potency; indicating that the protocols which allowed the derivation of murine or human embryonic stem (ES) cells were not sufficient to support the maintenance of ES cells from farm animals. This scenario changed by the innovation of induced pluripotency and by the development of the 3 inhibitor culture conditions to support naïve pluripotency in ES cells from livestock species. However, the long-term culture of livestock PSCs while maintaining the full pluripotency is still challenging, and requires further refinements. Here, we review the current achievements in the derivation of PSCs from farm animals, and discuss the potential application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India.
| | - Thirumala R Talluri
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner 334001, India
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Iqbal Hyder
- Department of Physiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram 521102, India
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Institute of Animal Health, Neustadt 31535, Germany
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12
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Scarfone RA, Pena SM, Russell KA, Betts DH, Koch TG. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals: a narrative review. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:477. [PMID: 33292200 PMCID: PMC7722595 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are undifferentiated stem cells characterized by the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. iPSCs are a relatively new and rapidly developing technology in many fields of biology, including developmental anatomy and physiology, pathology, and toxicology. These cells have great potential in research as they are self-renewing and pluripotent with minimal ethical concerns. Protocols for their production have been developed for many domestic animal species, which have since been used to further our knowledge in the progression and treatment of diseases. This research is valuable both for veterinary medicine as well as for the prospect of translation to human medicine. Safety, cost, and feasibility are potential barriers for this technology that must be considered before widespread clinical adoption. This review will analyze the literature pertaining to iPSCs derived from various domestic species with a focus on iPSC production and characterization, applications for tissue and disease research, and applications for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Scarfone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samantha M Pena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Keith A Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dean H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Thomas G Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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13
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Fortier LA, Goodrich LR, Ribitsch I, Schnabel LV, Shepard DO, Van de Walle GR, Watts AE, Whealands Smith RK. One health in regenerative medicine: report on the second Havemeyer symposium on regenerative medicine in horses. Regen Med 2020; 15:1775-1787. [PMID: 32808582 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is commonly used in human and equine athletes. Potential therapies include culture expanded stem cells, stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow concentrate, or autologous conditioned serum. The purpose of this manuscript is to disseminate findings from a workshop on the development of translational regenerative medicine in the equine field. Five themes emerged: stem cell characterization and tenogenic differentiation; interactions between mesenchymal stem cells, other cells and the environment; scaffolds and cell packaging; blood- and bone marrow-based regenerative medicines; clinical use of regenerative therapies. Evidence gained through the use of regenerative medicine applications in the horse should continue to translate to the human patient, bringing novel regenerative therapies to both humans and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ann Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14543, USA
| | - Laurie Ruth Goodrich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Iris Ribitsch
- Veterinary Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine lab, Vienna Veterinary School, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Roger Kenneth Whealands Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts. AL9 7TA, UK
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14
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Bressan FF, Bassanezze V, de Figueiredo Pessôa LV, Sacramento CB, Malta TM, Kashima S, Fantinato Neto P, Strefezzi RDF, Pieri NCG, Krieger JE, Covas DT, Meirelles FV. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from large domestic animals. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:247. [PMID: 32586372 PMCID: PMC7318412 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in developmental biology studies and in cellular therapies. Although extensively studied and characterized in human and murine models, iPSCs from animals other than mice lack reproducible results. METHODS Herein, we describe the generation of robust iPSCs from equine and bovine cells through lentiviral transduction of murine or human transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc and from human and murine cells using similar protocols, even when different supplementations were used. The iPSCs were analyzed regarding morphology, gene and protein expression of pluripotency factors, alkaline phosphatase detection, and spontaneous and induced differentiation. RESULTS Although embryonic-derived stem cells are yet not well characterized in domestic animals, generation of iPS cells from these species is possible through similar protocols used for mouse or human cells, enabling the use of pluripotent cells from large animals for basic or applied purposes. Herein, we also infer that bovine iPS (biPSCs) exhibit similarity to mouse iPSCs (miPSCs), whereas equine iPSs (eiPSCs) to human (hiPSCs). CONCLUSIONS The generation of reproducible protocols in different animal species will provide an informative tool for producing in vitro autologous pluripotent cells from domestic animals. These cells will create new opportunities in animal breeding through transgenic technology and will support a new era of translational medicine with large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Bassanezze
- Heart Institute (INCOR), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Present Address: Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Laís Vicari de Figueiredo Pessôa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chester Bittencourt Sacramento
- Heart Institute (INCOR), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Present Address: Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Tathiane Maistro Malta
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fantinato Neto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo De Francisco Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Naira Caroline Godoy Pieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Heart Institute (INCOR), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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15
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Cong X, Zhang SM, Ellis MW, Luo J. Large Animal Models for the Clinical Application of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1288-1298. [PMID: 31359827 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a practically infinite and ethically acceptable source to obtain a variety of somatic cells. Coupled with the biotechnologies of cell therapy or tissue engineering, iPSC technology will enormously contribute to human regenerative medicine. Before clinical application, such human iPSC (hiPSC)-based therapies should be assessed using large animal models that more closely match biological or biomechanical properties of human patients. Therefore, it is critical to generate large animal iPSCs, obtain their iPSC-derived somatic cells, and preclinically evaluate their therapeutic efficacy and safety in large animals. During the past decade, the establishment of iPSC lines of a series of large animal species has been documented, and the acquisition and preclinical evaluation of iPSC-derived somatic cells has also been reported. Despite this progress, significant obstacles, such as obtaining or preserving the bona fide pluripotency of large animal iPSCs, have been encountered. Simultaneously, studies of large animal iPSCs have been overlooked in comparison with those of mouse and hiPSCs, and this field deserves more attention and support due to its important preclinical relevance. Herein, this review will focus on the large animal models of pigs, dogs, horses, and sheep/goats, and summarize current progress, challenges, and potential future directions of research on large animal iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Cong
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cardiology, Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shang-Min Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew W Ellis
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, Connecticut
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16
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Pessôa LVDF, Bressan FF, Freude KK. Induced pluripotent stem cells throughout the animal kingdom: Availability and applications. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:491-505. [PMID: 31523369 PMCID: PMC6716087 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i8.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Up until the mid 2000s, the capacity to generate every cell of an organism was exclusive to embryonic stem cells. In 2006, researchers Takahashi and Yamanaka developed an alternative method of generating embryonic-like stem cells from adult cells, which they coined induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Such iPSCs possess most of the advantages of embryonic stem cells without the ethical stigma associated with derivation of the latter. The possibility of generating “custom-made” pluripotent cells, ideal for patient-specific disease models, alongside their possible applications in regenerative medicine and reproduction, has drawn a lot of attention to the field with numbers of iPSC studies published growing exponentially. IPSCs have now been generated for a wide variety of species, including but not limited to, mouse, human, primate, wild felines, bovines, equines, birds and rodents, some of which still lack well-established embryonic stem cell lines. The paucity of robust characterization of some of these iPSC lines as well as the residual expression of transgenes involved in the reprogramming process still hampers the use of such cells in species preservation or medical research, underscoring the requirement for further investigations. Here, we provide an extensive overview of iPSC generated from a broad range of animal species including their potential applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Vicari de Figueiredo Pessôa
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kristine Karla Freude
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
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17
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Generation and miRNA Characterization of Equine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Fetal and Adult Multipotent Tissues. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1393791. [PMID: 31191664 PMCID: PMC6525926 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1393791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pluripotent stem cells are believed to have greater clinical potential than mesenchymal stem cells due to their ability to differentiate into almost any cell type of an organism, and since 2006, the generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has become possible in multiple species. Objectives We hypothesize that different cell types respond differently to the reprogramming process; thus, the goals of this study were to isolate and characterize equine adult and fetal cells and induce these cells to pluripotency for future regenerative and translational purposes. Methods Adult equine fibroblasts (eFibros) and mesenchymal cells derived from the bone marrow (eBMmsc), adipose tissue (eADmsc), and umbilical cord tissue (eUCmsc) were isolated, their multipotency was characterized, and the cells were induced in vitro into pluripotency (eiPSCs). eiPSCs were generated through a lentiviral system using the factors OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, and KLF4. The morphology and in vitro pluripotency maintenance potential (alkaline phosphatase detection, embryoid body formation, in vitro spontaneous differentiation, and expression of pluripotency markers) of the eiPSCs were characterized. Additionally, a miRNA profile analysis of the mesenchymal and eiPSCs was performed. Results Multipotent cells were successfully isolated, but the eBMmsc failed to generate eiPSCs. The eADmsc-, eUCmsc-, and eFibros-derived iPSCs were positive for alkaline phosphatase, OCT4 and NANOG, were exclusively dependent on bFGF, and formed embryoid bodies. The miRNA profile revealed a segregated pattern between the eiPSCs and multipotent controls: the levels of miR-302/367 and the miR-92 family were increased in the eiPSCs, while the levels of miR-23, miR-27, and miR-30, as well as the let-7 family were increased in the nonpluripotent cells. Conclusions We were able to generate bFGF-dependent iPSCs from eADmsc, eUCmsc, and eFibros with human OSKM, and the miRNA profile revealed that clonal lines may respond differently to the reprogramming process.
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18
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Amilon KR, Cortes-Araya Y, Moore B, Lee S, Lillico S, Breton A, Esteves CL, Donadeu FX. Generation of Functional Myocytes from Equine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2018; 20:275-281. [PMID: 30207795 PMCID: PMC6166488 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2018.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have revolutionized human biomedicine through their use in disease modeling and therapy. In comparison, little progress has been made toward the application of iPSCs in veterinary species. In that regard, skeletal myocytes from iPSCs would have great potential for understanding muscle function and disease in the equine athlete. In this study, we generated skeletal myotubes by transducing equine iPSC-derived mesenchymal derivatives with an inducible lentiviral vector coding for the human sequence of the myogenic factor, MyoD. Myosin heavy chain-positive myotubes generated from two different iPSC lines were compared to myotubes from adult equine skeletal muscle progenitor cells (MPCs). iPSC myotubes had a smaller mean area than MPC myotubes (≤2-fold). In addition, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that iPSC myotubes expressed MYH2 and MYH3 isoforms (at similar or lower levels than MPC myotubes), but they did not express the mature muscle isoform, MYH1. Compared to MPC myotubes, iPSC myotubes expressed reduced levels of the myogenic factors, MYOD1 and MYF6, but did not express MYF5. Finally, iPSC myotubes responded to KCl-induced membrane depolarization by releasing calcium and did so in a manner similar to MPC myotubes. In conclusion, this is the first study to report the generation of functional myocytes from equine iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin R Amilon
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yennifer Cortes-Araya
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Moore
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Seungmee Lee
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Lillico
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amandine Breton
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina L Esteves
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - F Xavier Donadeu
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom .,2 The Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Cortés-Araya Y, Amilon K, Rink BE, Black G, Lisowski Z, Donadeu FX, Esteves CL. Comparison of Antibacterial and Immunological Properties of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells from Equine Bone Marrow, Endometrium, and Adipose Tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1518-1525. [PMID: 30044182 PMCID: PMC6209426 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are widely used for treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, and there is significant interest in expanding their application to nonorthopedic conditions. MSCs possess antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties that may be relevant for combating infection; however, comparative studies using MSCs from different origins have not been carried out in the horse, and this was the focus of this study. Our results showed that MSC-conditioned media attenuated the growth of Escherichia coli, and that this effect was, on average, more pronounced for endometrium (EM)-derived and adipose tissue (AT)-derived MSCs than for bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. In addition, the antimicrobial lipocalin-2 was expressed at mean higher levels in EM-MSCs than in AT-MSCs and BM-MSCs, and the bacterial component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated its production by all three MSC types. We also showed that MSCs express interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, chemokine ligand-5, and Toll-like receptor 4, and that, in general, these cytokines were induced in all cell types by LPS. Low expression levels of the macrophage marker colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor were detected in BM-MSCs and EM-MSCs but not in AT-MSCs. Altogether, these findings suggest that equine MSCs from EM, AT, and BM have both direct and indirect antimicrobial properties that may vary between MSCs from different origins and could be exploited toward improvement of regenerative therapies for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yennifer Cortés-Araya
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Amilon
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Georgina Black
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia Lisowski
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Francesc Xavier Donadeu
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom .,2 The Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina L Esteves
- 1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Fortuna PR, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Ovchinnikov DA, Wolvetang EJ, Whitworth DJ. Cortical Neurons Derived from Equine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Are Susceptible to Neurotropic Flavivirus Infection and Replication: An In Vitro Model for Equine Neuropathic Diseases. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:704-715. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R.J. Fortuna
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Dmitry A. Ovchinnikov
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Ernst J. Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Deanne J. Whitworth
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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21
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Baird A, Lindsay T, Everett A, Iyemere V, Paterson YZ, McClellan A, Henson FMD, Guest DJ. Osteoblast differentiation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.033514. [PMID: 29685993 PMCID: PMC5992527 DOI: 10.1242/bio.033514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures occur in horses following traumatic and non-traumatic (bone overloading) events. They can be difficult to treat due to the need for the horse to bear weight on all legs during the healing period. Regenerative medicine to improve fracture union and recovery could significantly improve horse welfare. Equine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have previously been derived. Here we show that equine iPSCs cultured for 21 days in osteogenic induction media on an OsteoAssay surface upregulate the expression of osteoblast associated genes and proteins, including COL1A1, SPARC, SPP1, IBSP, RUNX2 and BGALP. We also demonstrate that iPSC-osteoblasts are able to produce a mineralised matrix with both calcium and hydroxyapatite deposition. Alkaline phosphatase activity is also significantly increased during osteoblast differentiation. Although the genetic background of the iPSC donor animal affects the level of differentiation observed after 21 days of differentiation, less variation between lines of iPSCs derived from the same horse was observed. The successful, direct, differentiation of equine iPSCs into osteoblasts may provide a source of cells for future regenerative medicine strategies to improve fracture repair in horses undergoing surgery. iPSC-derived osteoblasts will also provide a potential tool to study equine bone development and disease. Summary: Horse iPSCs can be turned directly into bone forming cells but the efficiency is affected by the donor horse. Less variability is observed using different iPSC lines derived from the same horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabella Baird
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Timothy Lindsay
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK.,Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alice Everett
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Valentine Iyemere
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Yasmin Z Paterson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Alyce McClellan
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Frances M D Henson
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Deborah J Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
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22
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Lee EM, Kim AY, Lee EJ, Park JK, Park SI, Cho SG, Kim HK, Kim SY, Jeong KS. Generation of Equine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Analysis of Their Therapeutic Potential for Muscle Injuries. Cell Transplant 2018; 25:2003-2016. [PMID: 27226077 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Horse health has become a major concern with the expansion of horse-related industries and sports; the importance of healthy muscles for horse performance and daily activities is undisputed. Here we generated equine-induced pluripotent stem cells (E-iPSCs) by reprogramming equine adipose-derived stem cells (E-ADSCs) into iPSCs using a polycistronic lentiviral vector encoding four transcription factors (i.e., Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) and then examined their pluripotent characteristics. Subsequently, established E-iPSCs were transplanted into muscle-injured Rag/ mdx mice. The histopathology results showed that E-iPSC-transplanted mice exhibited enhanced muscle regeneration compared to controls. In addition, E-iPSC-derived myofibers were observed in the injured muscles. In conclusion, we show that E-iPSCs could be successfully generated from equine ADSCs and transplanted into injured muscles and that E-iPSCs have the capacity to induce regeneration of injured muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Il Park
- Cardiovascular Product Evaluation Center, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Yoon Kim
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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23
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Textor JA, Clark KC, Walker NJ, Aristizobal FA, Kol A, LeJeune SS, Bledsoe A, Davidyan A, Gray SN, Bohannon-Worsley LK, Woolard KD, Borjesson DL. Allogeneic Stem Cells Alter Gene Expression and Improve Healing of Distal Limb Wounds in Horses. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 7:98-108. [PMID: 29063737 PMCID: PMC5746157 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal extremity wounds are a significant clinical problem in horses and humans and may benefit from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy. This study evaluated the effects of direct wound treatment with allogeneic stem cells, in terms of gross, histologic, and transcriptional features of healing. Three full-thickness cutaneous wounds were created on each distal forelimb in six healthy horses, for a total of six wounds per horse. Umbilical cord-blood derived equine MSCs were applied to each wound 1 day after wound creation, in one of four forms: (a) normoxic- or (b) hypoxic-preconditioned cells injected into wound margins, or (c) normoxic- or (d) hypoxic-preconditioned cells embedded in an autologous fibrin gel and applied topically to the wound bed. Controls were one blank (saline) injected wound and one blank fibrin gel-treated wound per horse. Data were collected weekly for 6 weeks and included wound surface area, thermography, gene expression, and histologic scoring. Results indicated that MSC treatment by either delivery method was safe and improved histologic outcomes and wound area. Hypoxic-preconditioning did not offer an advantage. MSC treatment by injection resulted in statistically significant increases in transforming growth factor beta and cyclooxygenase-2 expression at week 1. Histologically, significantly more MSC-treated wounds were categorized as pro-healing than pro-inflammatory. Wound area was significantly affected by treatment: MSC-injected wounds were consistently smaller than gel-treated or control wounds. In conclusion, MSC therapy shows promise for distal extremity wounds in horses, particularly when applied by direct injection into the wound margin. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:98-108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Textor
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kaitlin C Clark
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Naomi J Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fabio A Aristizobal
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sarah S LeJeune
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andrea Bledsoe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Arik Davidyan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sarah N Gray
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Laurie K Bohannon-Worsley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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24
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Paterson YZ, Kafarnik C, Guest DJ. Characterization of companion animal pluripotent stem cells. Cytometry A 2017; 93:137-148. [PMID: 28678404 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to grow indefinitely in culture and differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers. These properties underpin their potential to be used in regenerative medicine. Originally derived from early embryos, pluripotent stem cells can now be derived by reprogramming an adult cell back to a pluripotent state. Companion animals such as horses, dogs, and cats suffer from many injuries and diseases for which regenerative medicine may offer new treatments. As many of the injuries and diseases are similar to conditions in humans the use of companion animals for the experimental and clinical testing of stem cell and regenerative medicine products would provide relevant animal models for the translation of therapies to the human field. In order to fully utilize companion animal pluripotent stem cells robust, standardized methods of characterization must be developed to ensure that safe and effective treatments can be delivered. In this review we discuss the methods that are available for characterizing pluripotent stem cells and the techniques that have been applied in cells from companion animals. We describe characteristics which have been described consistently across reports as well as highlighting discrepant results. Significant steps have been made to define the in vitro culture requirements and drive lineage specific differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in companion animal species. However, additional basic research to compare pluripotent stem cell types and define characteristics of pluripotency in companion animal species is still required. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Paterson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Kafarnik
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D J Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
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25
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Esteves CL, Sheldrake TA, Mesquita SP, Pesántez JJ, Menghini T, Dawson L, Péault B, Donadeu FX. Isolation and characterization of equine native MSC populations. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:80. [PMID: 28420427 PMCID: PMC5395828 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to humans in which mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapies are still largely in the clinical trial phase, MSCs have been used therapeutically in horses for over 15 years, thus constituting a valuable preclinical model for humans. In human tissues, MSCs have been shown to originate from perivascular cells, namely pericytes and adventitial cells, which are identified by the presence of the cell surface markers CD146 and CD34, respectively. In contrast, the origin of MSCs in equine tissues has not been established, preventing the isolation and culture of defined cell populations in that species. Moreover, a comparison between perivascular CD146+ and CD34+ cell populations has not been performed in any species. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to identify adventitial cells (CD34+) and pericytes (CD146+) and to determine their localization in relation to MSCs in equine tissues. Isolation of CD34+ (CD34+/CD146–/CD144–/CD45–) and CD146+ (CD146+/CD34–/CD144–/CD45–) cell fractions from equine adipose tissue was achieved by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The isolated cell fractions were cultured and analyzed for the expression of MSC markers, using qPCR and flow cytometry, and for the ability to undergo trilineage differentiation. Angiogenic properties were analyzed in vivo using a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Results Both CD34+ and CD146+ cells displayed typical MSC features, namely growth in uncoated tissue culture dishes, clonal growth when seeded at low density, expression of typical MSC markers, and multipotency shown by the capacity for trilineage differentiation. Of note, CD146+ cells were distinctly angiogenic compared with CD34+ and non-sorted cells (conventional MSCs), demonstrated by the induction of blood vessels in a CAM assay, expression of elevated levels of VEGFA and ANGPT1, and association with vascular networks in cocultures with endothelial cells, indicating that CD146+ cells maintain a pericyte phenotype in culture. Conclusion This study reports for the first time the successful isolation and culture of CD146+ and CD34+ cell populations from equine tissues. Characterization of these cells evidenced their distinct properties and MSC-like phenotype, and identified CD146+ cells as distinctly angiogenic, which may provide a novel source for enhanced regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Esteves
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | | | | | - Juan J Pesántez
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lucy Dawson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruno Péault
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Orthopaedic Hospital Research Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Han J, Choi HY, Dayem AA, Kim K, Yang G, Won J, Do SH, Kim JH, Jeong KS, Cho SG. Regulation of Adipogenesis Through Differential Modulation of ROS and Kinase Signaling Pathways by 3,4'-Dihydroxyflavone Treatment. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1065-1077. [PMID: 27579626 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies on adipogenesis may be important for regulating human and/or animal obesity, which causes several complications such as, type II diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, thus giving rise to increased economic burden in many countries. Previous reports revealed that various flavonoids have anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and cell differentiation-regulating activities with a number of physiological benefits, including protection from cardiovascular disease, cancers, and oxidative stress. As we found that the hydroxylation patterns of the flavonoid B ring are known to play a critical role in their function, we screened several flavonoids containing different numbers and positions of OH substitutions in B ring for their modulatory property on adipogenesis. In this study, we revealed the anti-adipogenic activity of the naturally derived flavonoid, 3,4'-dihydroxyflavone (3,4'-DHF) in murine 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and equine adipose-derived stromal cells (eADSCs). We found that treatment with 3,4'-dihydroxyflavone (3,4'-DHF) led to decreased expression of adipogenic markers and lipid deposition with differential modulation of ROS and kinase signaling pathways. Regulation of ROS generation through the differential modulation of ROS-regulating gene expression was revealed to have an important role in the suppression of adipogenesis and increase of osteogenesis in eADSCs following 3,4'-DHF treatment. These results suggest that the flavonoid 3,4'-DHF can be used to regulate adipogenesis in ADSCs, which has potential therapeutic application in regenerative medicine or health care for humans and many sport or companion animals. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1065-1077, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihae Han
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Bio-Organ Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Bio-Organ Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Bio-Organ Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Bio-Organ Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangmo Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Bio-Organ Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Won
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Bio-Organ Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Do
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Bio-Organ Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Bio-Organ Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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27
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Equine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Retain Lineage Commitment Toward Myogenic and Chondrogenic Fates. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:55-63. [PMID: 26771353 PMCID: PMC4719186 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great potential not only for human but also for veterinary purposes. The equine industry must often deal with health issues concerning muscle and cartilage, where comprehensive regenerative strategies are still missing. In this regard, a still open question is whether equine iPSCs differentiate toward muscle and cartilage, and whether donor cell type influences their differentiation potential. We addressed these questions through an isogenic system of equine iPSCs obtained from myogenic mesoangioblasts (MAB-iPSCs) and chondrogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-iPSCs). Despite similar levels of pluripotency characteristics, the myogenic differentiation appeared enhanced in MAB-iPSCs. Conversely, the chondrogenic differentiation was augmented in MSC-iPSCs through both teratoma and in vitro differentiation assays. Thus, our data suggest that equine iPSCs can differentiate toward the myogenic and chondrogenic lineages, and can present a skewed differentiation potential in favor of the source cell lineage. Equine mesoangioblasts (MABs) are prospectively isolated from syngeneic horses Equine iPSCs are obtained from isogenic MABs and MSCs with similar characteristics Equine MAB-iPSCs are more prone to the muscle lineage in vivo and in vitro Equine MSC-iPSCs display higher propensity for the chondrogenic lineage
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28
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Olivera R, Moro LN, Jordan R, Luzzani C, Miriuka S, Radrizzani M, Donadeu FX, Vichera G. In Vitro and In Vivo Development of Horse Cloned Embryos Generated with iPSCs, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fetal or Adult Fibroblasts as Nuclear Donors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164049. [PMID: 27732616 PMCID: PMC5061425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for equine cloning as a tool to preserve high genetic value is growing worldwide; however, nuclear transfer efficiency is still very low. To address this issue, we first evaluated the effects of time from cell fusion to activation (<1h, n = 1261; 1-2h, n = 1773; 2-3h, n = 1647) on in vitro and in vivo development of equine embryos generated by cloning. Then, we evaluated the effects of using different nuclear donor cell types in two successive experiments: I) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) vs. adult fibroblasts (AF) fused to ooplasts injected with the pluripotency-inducing genes OCT4, SOX2, MYC and KLF4, vs. AF alone as controls; II) umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) vs. fetal fibroblasts derived from an unborn cloned foetus (FF) vs. AF from the original individual. In the first experiment, both blastocyst production and pregnancy rates were higher in the 2-3h group (11.5% and 9.5%, respectively), respect to <1h (5.2% and 2%, respectively) and 1-2h (5.6% and 4.7%, respectively) groups (P<0.05). However, percentages of born foals/pregnancies were similar when intervals of 2-3h (35.2%) or 1-2h (35.7%) were used. In contrast to AF, the iPSCs did not generate any blastocyst-stage embryos. Moreover, injection of oocytes with the pluripotency-inducing genes did not improve blastocyst production nor pregnancy rates respect to AF controls. Finally, higher blastocyst production was obtained using UC-MSC (15.6%) than using FF (8.9%) or AF (9.3%), (P<0.05). Despite pregnancy rates were similar for these 3 groups (17.6%, 18.2% and 22%, respectively), viable foals (two) were obtained only by using FF. In summary, optimum blastocyst production rates can be obtained using a 2-3h interval between cell fusion and activation as well as using UC-MSCs as nuclear donors. Moreover, FF line can improve the efficiency of an inefficient AF line. Overall, 24 healthy foals were obtained from a total of 29 born foals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Natalia Moro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Development, LIAN-Unit associated with CONICET, FLENI, Belen de Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Luzzani
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Development, LIAN-Unit associated with CONICET, FLENI, Belen de Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Development, LIAN-Unit associated with CONICET, FLENI, Belen de Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Radrizzani
- Laboratory of Neruogenetic and Molecular Cytogentic, School of Sciences, National University of San Martin, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F. Xavier Donadeu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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29
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Cravero D, Martignani E, Miretti S, Accornero P, Pauciullo A, Sharma R, Donadeu FX, Baratta M. Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Bovine Epithelial Cells and Partial Redirection Toward a Mammary Phenotype In Vitro. Cell Reprogram 2016; 17:211-20. [PMID: 26053520 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be grown robustly in vitro and differentiated into virtually any tissue, thus providing an attractive alternative for biomedical applications. Although iPSC technology is already being used in human biomedicine, its potential in animal production has not been investigated. Herein, we investigated the potential application of iPSCs in dairy production by generating bovine iPSCs and establishing their ability to generate mammary epithelial tissue. iPSCs were derived by retrovirus-mediated expression of murine Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc in mammary epithelium and dermal fibroblasts. The resulting reprogrammed cells stained positive for alkaline phosphatase and showed renewed expression of pluripotency genes, including Lin28, Rex1, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. In addition, injection of epithelial- or fibroblast-derived reprogrammed cells into nonobese diabetic (NOD/NOD) mice resulted in the formation of teratomas containing differentiated derivatives of the three germ layers, including cartilage, membranous ossification, stratified squamous epithelial tissue, hair follicles, neural pinwheels, and different types of glandular tissue. Finally, mammary epithelium-derived iPSCs could be induced to differentiate back to a mammary phenotype characterized by epithelial cells expressing cytokeratin 14 (CK14), CK18, and smooth muscle actin (SMA) as a result of treatment with 10 nM progesterone. This study reports for the first time the generation of iPSCs from bovine epithelial cells and demonstrates the potential of using iPSCs technology for generating bovine mammary tissue in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cravero
- 1 Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino , 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Eugenio Martignani
- 1 Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino , 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Silvia Miretti
- 1 Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino , 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Paulo Accornero
- 1 Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino , 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Alfredo Pauciullo
- 2 Department Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino , Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- 3 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Xavier Donadeu
- 3 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Baratta
- 1 Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino , 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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30
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Ogorevc J, Orehek S, Dovč P. Cellular reprogramming in farm animals: an overview of iPSC generation in the mammalian farm animal species. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 26900466 PMCID: PMC4761155 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines has been successful in mouse and human, but not in farm animals. Development of direct reprogramming technology offers an alternative approach for generation of pluripotent stem cells, applicable also in farm animals. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent practically limitless, ethically acceptable, individuum-specific source of pluripotent cells that can be generated from different types of somatic cells. iPSCs can differentiate to all cell types of an organism’s body and have a tremendous potential for numerous applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. However, molecular mechanisms behind the reprogramming process remain largely unknown and hamper generation of bona fide iPSCs and their use in human clinical practice. Large animal models are essential to expand the knowledge obtained on rodents and facilitate development and validation of transplantation therapies in preclinical studies. Additionally, transgenic animals with special traits could be generated from genetically modified pluripotent cells, using advanced reproduction techniques. Despite their applicative potential, it seems that iPSCs in farm animals haven’t received the deserved attention. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic overview on iPSC generation in the most important mammalian farm animal species (cattle, pig, horse, sheep, goat, and rabbit), compare protein sequence similarity of pluripotency-related transcription factors in different species, and discuss potential uses of farm animal iPSCs. Literature mining revealed 32 studies, describing iPSC generation in pig (13 studies), cattle (5), horse (5), sheep (4), goat (3), and rabbit (2) that are summarized in a concise, tabular format.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ogorevc
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - S Orehek
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - P Dovč
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
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31
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Donadeu FX, Esteves CL. Prospects and Challenges of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Equine Health. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:59. [PMID: 26664986 PMCID: PMC4672244 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold, through the capacity to differentiate into virtually all body cell types, unprecedented promise for human and animal medicine. PSCs are naturally found in the early embryo, and in rodents and humans they can be robustly harvested and grown in culture in the form of embryonic stem cells (ESCs); however, the availability of ESCs from horses is limited. ES-like cells named induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be derived in vitro by transcription factor-mediated reprogramming of adult cells. As such, iPSCs can be generated in a patient-specific manner providing unmatched potential for tissue transplantation and in vitro disease modeling. In humans, clinical trials using iPSC-derived cells are already taking place and the use of in vitro iPSC models has identified novel mechanisms of disease and therapeutic targets. Although to a more limited extent, iPSCs have also been generated from horses, a species in which, after humans, these cells are likely to hold the greatest potential in regenerative medicine. Before a clinical use can be envisioned, however, significant challenges will need to be addressed in relation to the robust derivation, long-term culture, differentiation, and clinical safety of equine iPSCs. Toward this objective, recent studies have reported significant improvement in culture conditions and the successful derivation for the first time of functional cell types from equine iPSCs. Given the wide range of exciting applications they could have, it is hoped future research will make the biomedical promise of iPSCs a reality not only for humans but also horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Donadeu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Midlothian , UK
| | - Cristina L Esteves
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Midlothian , UK
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Petersen GF, Hilbert BJ, Trope GD, Kalle WHJ, Strappe PM. Direct Conversion of Equine Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Induced Neuronal Cells Is Enhanced in Three-Dimensional Culture. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:419-26. [PMID: 26579833 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to culture neurons from horses may allow further investigation into equine neurological disorders. In this study, we demonstrate the generation of induced neuronal cells from equine adipose-derived stem cells (EADSCs) using a combination of lentiviral vector expression of the neuronal transcription factors Brn2, Ascl1, Myt1l (BAM) and NeuroD1 and a defined chemical induction medium, with βIII-tubulin-positive induced neuronal cells displaying a distinct neuronal morphology of rounded and compact cell bodies, extensive neurite outgrowth, and branching of processes. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of dimensionality on neuronal transdifferentiation, comparing conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture against three-dimensional (3D) culture on a porous polystyrene scaffold. Neuronal transdifferentiation was enhanced in 3D culture, with evenly distributed cells located on the surface and throughout the scaffold. Transdifferentiation efficiency was increased in 3D culture, with an increase in mean percent conversion of more than 100% compared to 2D culture. Additionally, induced neuronal cells were shown to transit through a Nestin-positive precursor state, with MAP2 and Synapsin 2 expression significantly increased in 3D culture. These findings will help to increase our understanding of equine neuropathogenesis, with prospective roles in disease modeling, drug screening, and cellular replacement for treatment of equine neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle F Petersen
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bryan J Hilbert
- 2 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gareth D Trope
- 2 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wouter H J Kalle
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Padraig M Strappe
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Bavin EP, Smith O, Baird AEG, Smith LC, Guest DJ. Equine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells have a Reduced Tendon Differentiation Capacity Compared to Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:55. [PMID: 26664982 PMCID: PMC4672282 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries occur commonly in horses and their repair through scar tissue formation predisposes horses to a high rate of re-injury. Pluripotent stem cells may provide a cell replacement therapy to improve tendon tissue regeneration and lower the frequency of re-injury. We have previously demonstrated that equine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiate into the tendon cell lineage upon injection into the damaged horse tendon and can differentiate into functional tendon cells in vitro to generate artificial tendons. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have now been derived from horses but, to date, there are no reports on their ability to differentiate into tendon cells. As iPSCs can be produced from adult cell types, they provide a more accessible source of cells than ESCs, which require the use of horse embryos. The aim of this study was to compare tendon differentiation by ESCs and iPSCs produced through two independent methods. In two-dimensional differentiation assays, the iPSCs expressed tendon-associated genes and proteins, which were enhanced by the presence of transforming growth factor-β3. However, in three-dimensional (3D) differentiation assays, the iPSCs failed to differentiate into functional tendon cells and generate artificial tendons. These results demonstrate the utility of the 3D in vitro tendon assay for measuring tendon differentiation and the need for more detailed studies to be performed on equine iPSCs to identify and understand their epigenetic differences from pluripotent ESCs prior to their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P Bavin
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust , Newmarket , UK
| | - Olivia Smith
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal , Saint-Hyacinthe, QC , Canada
| | | | - Lawrence C Smith
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal , Saint-Hyacinthe, QC , Canada
| | - Deborah J Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust , Newmarket , UK
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Abstract
This review deals with the latest advances in the study of embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from domesticated species, with a focus on pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, cats, and dogs. Whereas the derivation of fully pluripotent ESC from these species has proved slow, reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSC has been more straightforward. However, most of these iPSC depend on the continued expression of the introduced transgenes, a major drawback to their utility. The persistent failure in generating ESC and the dependency of iPSC on ectopic genes probably stem from an inability to maintain the stability of the endogenous gene networks necessary to maintain pluripotency. Based on work in humans and rodents, achievement of full pluripotency will likely require fine adjustments in the growth factors and signaling inhibitors provided to the cells. Finally, we discuss the future utility of these cells for biomedical and agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ezashi
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; , ,
| | - Ye Yuan
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; , ,
| | - R Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; , ,
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Donadeu FX. Equine induced pluripotent stem cells or how to turn skin cells into neurons: horse tissues a la carte? Equine Vet J 2015; 46:534-7. [PMID: 25099189 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F X Donadeu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Expression of putative markers of pluripotency in equine embryonic and adult tissues. Vet J 2014; 202:533-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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