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Qian S, Shi Y, Senfeld J, Peng Q, Shen J. The P2Y 2 receptor mediates terminal adipocyte differentiation and insulin resistance: Evidence for a dual G-protein coupling mode. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105589. [PMID: 38141758 PMCID: PMC10828443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Several P2Y nucleotide receptors have been shown to be involved in the early stage of adipocyte differentiation in vitro and insulin resistance in obese mice; however, the exact receptor subtype(s) and its underlying molecular mechanism in relevant human cells are unclear. Here, using human primary visceral preadipocytes as a model, we found that during preadipocyte-to-mature adipocyte differentiation, the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) was the most upregulated subtype among the eight known P2Y receptors and the only one further dramatically upregulated after inflammatory TNFα treatment. Functional studies indicated that the P2Y2R induced intracellular Ca2+, ERK1/2, and JNK signaling but not the p38 pathway. In addition, stimulation of the P2Y2R suppressed basal and insulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT, accompanied by decreased GLUT4 membrane translocation and glucose uptake in mature adipocytes, suggesting a role of P2Y2R in insulin resistance. Mechanistically, we found that activation of P2Y2R did not increase lipolysis but suppressed PIP3 generation. Interestingly, activation of P2Y2R triggered Gi-protein coupling, and pertussis toxin pretreatment largely inhibited P2Y2R-mediated ERK1/2 signaling and cAMP suppression. Further, treatment of the cells with AR-C 118925XX, a selective P2Y2R antagonist, significantly inhibited adipogenesis, and P2Y2R knockout decreased mouse body weight gain with smaller eWAT mass infiltrated with fewer macrophages as compared to WT mice in response to a Western diet. Thus, we revealed that terminal adipocyte differentiation and inflammation selectively upregulate P2Y2R expression and that P2Y2R mediates insulin resistance by suppressing the AKT signaling pathway, highlighting P2Y2R as a potential new drug target to combat obesity and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqi Qian
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jared Senfeld
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Qianman Peng
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
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Purinergic receptor: a crucial regulator of adipose tissue functions. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:273-281. [PMID: 36515790 PMCID: PMC9984650 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a public-health challenge resulting from an imbalance between energy expenditure and calorie intake. This health problem exacerbates a variety of metabolic complications worldwide. Adipose tissue is an essential regulator of energy homeostasis, and the functions within it are regulated by purinergic receptors. A1R, P2X7R, and P2YR mainly mediate energy homeostasis primarily through regulating energy storage and adipokines secretion in white adipose tissue (WAT). P2X5R is a novel-specific cell surface marker in brown/beige adipocytes. A2R is a promising therapeutic target for stimulating energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and also mediating WAT browning. Based on these features, purinergic receptors may be an appropriate target in treating obesity. In this review, the role of purinergic receptors in different types of adipose tissue is summarized. An improved understanding of purinergic receptor functions in adipose tissue may lead to more effective treatment interventions for obesity and its related metabolic disorders.
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Horckmans M, Diaz Villamil E, Verdier C, Laurell H, Ruidavets JB, De Roeck L, Combes G, Martinez LO, Communi D. Loss-of-function N178T variant of the human P2Y4 receptor is associated with decreased severity of coronary artery disease and improved glucose homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1049696. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1049696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human P2Y4 is a UTP receptor, while in mice it is activated by both ATP and UTP. P2Y4 knockout (KO) in mice protects against myocardial infarction and is characterized by increased adiponectin secretion by adipocytes, and decreased cardiac inflammation and permeability under ischemic conditions. The relevance of these data has, however, not been explored to date in humans. In a population study comprising 50 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 50 age-matched control individuals, we analyzed P2RY4 mutations and their potential association with CAD severity and fasting plasma parameters. Among the mutations identified, we focused our attention on a coding region polymorphism (rs3745601) that results in replacement of the asparagine at residue 178 with threonine (N178T) located in the second extracellular loop of the P2Y4 receptor. The N178T variant is a loss-of-function mutation of the human P2Y4 receptor and is encountered less frequently in coronary patients than in control individuals. In coronary patients, carriers of the N178T variant had significantly reduced jeopardy and Gensini cardiac severity scores, as well as lower resting heart rates and plasma levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Regarding fasting plasma parameters, the N178T variant was associated with a lower concentration of glucose. Accordingly, P2Y4 KO mice had significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared with their WT littermate controls. The improvement of insulin sensitivity resulting from lack of the P2Y4 receptor was no longer observed in the absence of adiponectin. The present study identifies a frequent loss-of-function P2Y4 variant associated with less severe coronary artery atherosclerosis and lower fasting plasma glucose in coronary patients. The role of the P2Y4 receptor in glucose homeostasis was confirmed in mouse. P2Y4 antagonists could thus have therapeutic applications in the treatment of myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes.
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Horckmans M, Diaz Villamil E, Bianchini M, De Roeck L, Communi D. Central role of PD-L1 in cardioprotection resulting from P2Y4 nucleotide receptor loss. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006934. [PMID: 36248854 PMCID: PMC9555169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the immune function of pericardial adipose tissue is essential to adapt treatments after myocardial infarction. We showed previously that inactivation of mouse P2Y4 nucleotide receptor induces adiponectin overexpression and protection against myocardial infarction. We investigated here the inflammatory state of pericardial adipose tissue in ischemic P2Y4-deficient mice. We demonstrated that P2Y4-deficient mice displayed adipocyte beiging with increased PD-L1 expression and a higher number of regulatory leukocytes in their pericardial adipose tissue after left anterior descending artery ligation, compared to wild type mice. Effectively, a higher level of anti-inflammatory M2c macrophages and regulatory T cells was observed in pericardial adipose tissue of P2Y4 KO mice and correlated with reduced post-ischemic expansion of fat-associated lymphoid clusters. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory effects observed in P2Y4 KO mice, were no more observed in P2Y4/adiponectin double KO ischemic mice. Finally, the reduction of T cell infiltration and cardiac fibrosis observed in P2Y4-deficient heart was lost after injection of anti-PD-L1 blocking antibody in ischemic mice. The present study defines P2Y4 as a regulator of PD-L1 and adiponectin, and as a potential target for anti-inflammatory therapies to improve myocardial infarction outcome. The combined effect of P2Y4 loss on adipocyte beiging and regulatory leukocyte increase highlights this nucleotide receptor as an important player in post-ischemic cardiac response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Horckmans
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Esteban Diaz Villamil
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariaelvy Bianchini
- Institute for Cardio-vascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, German
| | - Lucas De Roeck
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Communi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Didier Communi,
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Diaz Villamil E, De Roeck L, Vanorlé M, Communi D. UTP Regulates the Cardioprotective Action of Transplanted Stem Cells Derived From Mouse Cardiac Adipose Tissue. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906173. [PMID: 35784739 PMCID: PMC9240194 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a source of stem cells with a high potential of differentiation for cell-based regenerative therapies. We previously identified mouse P2Y2, an ATP and UTP nucleotide receptor, as a regulator of adipogenic and endothelial differentiation of cardiac adipose-derived stem cells (cADSC). We investigated here the potential involvement of P2Y2 receptor in the cardioprotective action of undifferentiated cADSC transplantation in mouse ischemic heart. Transplantation of cADSC was realized in the periphery of the infarcted zone of ischemic heart, 3 days after left anterior descending artery ligation. A strong reduction of collagen stained area was observed 14 days after cADSC injection, compared to PBS injection. Interestingly, loss of P2Y2 expression totally inhibits the ability of transplanted cADSC to reduce cardiac fibrosis. A detailed gene ontology enrichment analysis was realized by comparing RNA-sequencing data obtained for UTP-treated wild type cASDC and UTP-treated P2Y2-null cASDC. We identified UTP target genes linked to extracellular matrix organization such as matrix metalloproteinases and various collagen types, UTP target genes related to macrophage chemotaxis and differentiation into pro-fibrotic foam cells, and a significant number of UTP target genes linked to angiogenesis regulation. More particularly, we showed that UTP regulated the secretion of CCL5, CXCL5, and CCL12 chemokines and serum amyloid apolipoprotein 3, in the supernatants of UTP-treated cADSC. Interestingly, CCL5 is reported as a key factor in post-infarction heart failure and in the reparative and angiogenic action of transplanted ADSC on ischemic tissue. We investigated then if a UTP-pretreatment of cADSC amplifies their effect on cardiac revascularization in mouse ischemic heart. Transplantation of cADSC was able to increase peri-infarct capillary density, 14 days after their injection. This beneficial effect on cardiac revascularization was enhanced by a UTP-pretreatment of cADSC before their transplantation, and not observed using P2Y2-null cADSC. Our data support that the efficacy of transplanted cADSC can be regulated by the release of inflammatory mediators such as extracellular nucleotides in the ischemic site. The present study highlights the P2Y2 receptor as a regulator of cADSC cardioprotective action, and as a potential target for the therapeutic use of undifferentiated cADSC in post-ischemic cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Didier Communi
- *Correspondence: Didier Communi, , orcid.org/0000-0003-1050-1493
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6
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Jiang Y, Lin J, Zheng H, Zhu P. The Role of Purinergic Signaling in Heart Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826943. [PMID: 35529844 PMCID: PMC9069525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart transplantation remains the optimal treatment option for patients with end-stage heart disease. Growing evidence demonstrates that purinergic signals mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides play vital roles in heart transplantation, especially in the era of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and allograft rejection. Purinergic signaling consists of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides, ecto-enzymes, and cell surface receptors; it participates in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes. During transplantation, excess adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are released from damaged cells, and driver detrimental inflammatory responses largely via purinergic P2 receptors. Ecto-nucleosidases sequentially dephosphorylate extracellular ATP to ADP, AMP, and finally adenosine. Adenosine exerts a cardioprotective effect by its anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and vasodilation properties. This review focused on the role of purinergic signaling in IRI and rejection after heart transplantation, as well as the clinical applications and prospects of purinergic signaling.
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7
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Adipocyte purinergic receptors activated by uracil nucleotides as obesity and type 2 diabetes targets. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102190. [PMID: 35231671 PMCID: PMC8995365 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular uridine nucleotides regulate physiological and pathophysiological metabolic processes through the activation of P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6 and P2Y14 purinergic receptors, which play a key role in adipogenesis, glucose uptake, lipolysis and adipokine secretion. Using adipocyte-specific knockout mouse models, it has been demonstrated that lack of the P2Y6R or P2Y14R can protect against diet-induced obesity and improve whole-body glucose metabolism. The P2Y2R facilitated adipogenesis and inflammation, and the loss of P2Y4R or P2Y14R raised the levels of the protective endocrine factor adiponectin. Hence, potent antagonists for these receptors may be tested to identify drug candidates for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, future studies are required to provide insight into purinergic regulation of brown adipocytes and their role in thermogenesis. This review summarizes the current studies on uridine nucleotide-activated P2YRs and their role in adipocyte function, diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic deficits.
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Vanorlé M, Lemaire A, di Pietrantonio L, Horckmans M, Communi D. UTP is a regulator of in vitro and in vivo angiogenic properties of cardiac adipose-derived stem cells. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:681-691. [PMID: 34351588 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cardiac adipose-derived stem cells (cADSC) to differentiate into multiple cell types has opened new perspectives in cardiac cell-based regenerative therapies. P2Y nucleotide receptors have already been described as regulators of adipogenic differentiation of cADSC and bone marrow-derived stem cells. In this study, we defined UTP as a regulator of cADSC endothelial differentiation. A daily UTP stimulation of cADSC during endothelial predifferentiation increased their capacity to form an endothelial network in matrigel. Additionally, pro-angiogenic UTP target genes such as epiregulin and hyaluronan synthase-1 were identified in predifferentiated cADSC by RNA sequencing experiments. Their regulation by UTP was confirmed by qPCR and ELISA experiments. We then evaluated the capacity of UTP-treated predifferentiated cADSC to increase post-ischemic revascularization in mice subjected to left anterior descending artery ligation. Predifferentiated cADSC treated or not with UTP were injected in the periphery of the infarcted zone, 3 days after ligation. We observed a significant increase of capillary density 14 and 30 days after UTP-treated predifferentiated cADSC injection, correlated with a reduction of cardiac fibrosis. This revascularization increase was not observed after injection of UTP-treated cADSC deficient for UTP and ATP nucleotide receptor P2Y2. The present study highlights the P2Y2 receptor as a regulator of cADSC endothelial differentiation and as a potential target for the therapeutic use of cADSC in post-ischemic heart revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Vanorlé
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Building C (5th floor), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Lemaire
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Building C (5th floor), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Larissa di Pietrantonio
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Building C (5th floor), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Horckmans
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Building C (5th floor), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Communi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Building C (5th floor), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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Lovászi M, Branco Haas C, Antonioli L, Pacher P, Haskó G. The role of P2Y receptors in regulating immunity and metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114419. [PMID: 33460626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors whose physiological agonists are the nucleotides ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-glucose. Eight P2Y receptors have been cloned in humans: P2Y1R, P2Y2R, P2Y4R, P2Y6R, P2Y11R, P2Y12R, P2Y13R and P2Y14R. P2Y receptors are expressed in lymphoid tissues such as thymus, spleen and bone marrow where they are expressed on lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and platelets. P2Y receptors regulate many aspects of immune cell function, including phagocytosis and killing of pathogens, antigen presentation, chemotaxis, degranulation, cytokine production, and lymphocyte activation. Consequently, P2Y receptors shape the course of a wide range of infectious, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. P2Y12R ligands have already found their way into the therapeutic arena, and we envision additional ligands as future drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by or associated with immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Lovászi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Jain S, Jacobson KA. Purinergic signaling in diabetes and metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114393. [PMID: 33359363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling, a concept originally formulated by the late Geoffrey Burnstock (1929-2020), was found to modulate pathways in every physiological system. In metabolic disorders there is a role for both adenosine receptors and P2 (nucleotide) receptors, of which there are two classes, i.e. P2Y metabotropic and P2X ionotropic receptors. The individual roles of the 19 receptors encompassed by this family have been dissected - and in many cases the effects associated with specific cell types, including adipocytes, skeletal muscle, liver cells and immune cells. It is suggested that ligands selective for each of the four adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B and A3), and several of the P2 subtypes (e.g. P2Y6 or P2X7 antagonists) might have therapeutic potential for treating diabetes and obesity. This is a developing story with some conflicting conclusions relevant to drug discovery, which we summarize here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanu Jain
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Communi D, Horckmans M, Boeynaems JM. P2Y 4, P2Y 6 and P2Y 11 receptors: From the early days of cloning to their function. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114347. [PMID: 33232731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The family of P2Y nucleotide receptors is composed of eight members differentiated by their pharmacology and their coupling to specific G-proteins and transduction mechanisms. The laboratory studying these nucleotide receptors at IRIBHM institute (Free University of Brussels) has participated actively in their cloning. We used classical cloning by homology strategies relying on polymerase chain reactions with degenerate primers or on DNA libraries screening with P2Y receptors-related primers or probes, respectively. We identified and characterised four of the eight human P2Y receptors cloned so far: P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11 and P2Y13 receptors. These human receptors displayed specific features in terms of pharmacology such as affinity for pyrimidine nucleotides for P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptors and differential G-protein coupling. Their specific and restricted tissue distribution compared to ubiquitous P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors led us to study their physiological role in chosen cell systems or using mice deficient for these P2Y subtypes. These studies revealed over the years that the P2Y11 receptor was able to confer tolerogenic and tumorigenic properties to human dendritic cells and that P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptors were involved in mouse heart post-natal development and cardioprotection. P2Y receptors and their identified target genes could constitute therapeutic targets to regulate cardiac hypertrophy and regeneration. The multiple roles of P2Y receptors identified in the ischemic heart and cardiac adipose tissue could have multiple innovative clinical applications and present a major interest in the field of cardiovascular diseases. P2Y receptors can induce cardioprotection by the regulation of cardiac inflammation and the modulation of the volume and composition of cardiac adipose tissue. These findings might lead to the pre-clinical validation of P2Y receptors as new targets for the treatment of myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Communi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michael Horckmans
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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de Oliveira M, Mathias LS, de Sibio MT, Noronha-Matos JB, Costa MA, Nogueira CR, Correia-de-Sá P. Pitfalls and challenges of the purinergic signaling cascade in obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114214. [PMID: 32905795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem which have reached pandemic proportions, now also including low and middle-income countries. Excessive or abnormal fat deposition in the abdomen especially in the visceral compartment is tightly associated with a high metabolic risk for arterial hypertension, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal disorders (especially articular degeneration) and some cancers. Contrariwise, accumulation of fat in the subcutaneous compartment has been associated with a neutral metabolic impact, favoring a lower risk of insulin resistance. Obesity results more often from an avoidable imbalance between food consumption and energy expenditure. There are several recommended strategies for dealing with obesity, including pharmacological therapies, but their success remains incomplete and may not compensate the associated adverse effects. Purinergic signaling operated by ATP and its metabolite, adenosine, has attracted increasing attention in obesity. The extracellular levels of purines often reflect the energy status of a given cell population. Adenine nucleotides and nucleosides fine tuning control adipogenesis and mature adipocytes function via the activation of P2 and P1 purinoceptors, respectively. These features make the purinergic signaling cascade a putative target for therapeutic intervention in obesity and related metabolic syndromes. There are, however, gaps in our knowledge regarding the role of purines in adipocyte precursors differentiation and mature adipocytes functions, as well as their impact among distinct adipose tissue deposits (e.g. white vs. brown, visceral vs. subcutaneous), which warrants further investigations before translation to clinical trials can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriane de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, District of Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Solla Mathias
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, District of Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa de Sibio
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, District of Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP); Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Maria Adelina Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP); Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP); Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Célia Regina Nogueira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, District of Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP); Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP).
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13
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Gratal P, Lamuedra A, Medina JP, Bermejo-Álvarez I, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G, Mediero A. Purinergic System Signaling in Metainflammation-Associated Osteoarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:506. [PMID: 32984382 PMCID: PMC7485330 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation triggered by metabolic imbalance, also called metainflammation, is low-grade inflammation caused by the components involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS), including central obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. This phenomenon is mainly due to excess nutrients and energy, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, which suffers erosion and progressively becomes thinner. Purinergic signaling is involved in several physiological and pathological processes, such as cell proliferation in development and tissue regeneration, neurotransmission and inflammation. Adenosine and ATP receptors, and other members of the signaling pathway, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), are involved in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and OA progression. In this review, we focus on purinergic regulation in osteoarthritic cartilage and how different components of MetS, such as obesity and T2D, modulate the purinergic system in OA. In that regard, we describe the critical role in this disease of receptors, such as adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and ATP P2X7 receptor. Finally, we also assess how nucleotides regulate the inflammasome in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gratal
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lamuedra
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Medina
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Mediero
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Jacobson KA, Delicado EG, Gachet C, Kennedy C, von Kügelgen I, Li B, Miras-Portugal MT, Novak I, Schöneberg T, Perez-Sen R, Thor D, Wu B, Yang Z, Müller CE. Update of P2Y receptor pharmacology: IUPHAR Review 27. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2413-2433. [PMID: 32037507 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight G protein-coupled P2Y receptor subtypes respond to extracellular adenine and uracil mononucleotides and dinucleotides. P2Y receptors belong to the δ group of rhodopsin-like GPCRs and contain two structurally distinct subfamilies: P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , P2Y6 , and P2Y11 (principally Gq protein-coupled P2Y1 -like) and P2Y12-14 (principally Gi protein-coupled P2Y12 -like) receptors. Brain P2Y receptors occur in neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. Endothelial P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptors induce vasodilation, while smooth muscle P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptor activation leads to vasoconstriction. Pancreatic P2Y1 and P2Y6 receptors stimulate while P2Y13 receptors inhibits insulin secretion. Antagonists of P2Y12 receptors, and potentially P2Y1 receptors, are anti-thrombotic agents, and a P2Y2 /P2Y4 receptor agonist treats dry eye syndrome in Asia. P2Y receptor agonists are generally pro-inflammatory, and antagonists may eventually treat inflammatory conditions. This article reviews recent developments in P2Y receptor pharmacology (using synthetic agonists and antagonists), structure and biophysical properties (using X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis and modelling), physiological and pathophysiological roles, and present and potentially future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Massachusetts
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ivar von Kügelgen
- Biomedical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beibei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ivana Novak
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raquel Perez-Sen
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Negri I, Diaz Villamil E, De Roeck L, Communi D, Horckmans M. P2Y 2 Nucleotide Receptor Is a Regulator of the Formation of Cardiac Adipose Tissue and Its Fat-Associated Lymphoid Clusters. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 29:100-109. [PMID: 31829837 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) and its regulatory function in cardiac inflammation are not well understood. We investigated the potential role of the ubiquitous ATP/UTP nucleotide receptor P2Y2 in the PAT by using P2Y2-null mice. We observed that P2Y2-null mice displayed a lower mass of PAT and a reduced density of its fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs) and, more particularly, B cells. Loss of P2Y2 receptor in pericardial preadipocytes decreased their adipogenic differentiation and maturation abilities in vitro. Gene profiling identified P2Y2 target genes in PAT linked to immunomodulation. These data led to the identification of an increase of M2c anti-inflammatory macrophages correlated with increased apoptosis of B lymphocytes in P2Y2-null pericardial fat. In addition, follicular helper T cells, which contribute to B cell expansion in germinal centers, were dramatically decreased. The effect of P2Y2 loss was also investigated after ischemia-mediated expansion of FALCs in a model of myocardial infarct. Loss of P2Y2 led to reduced expansion of B and neutrophil populations in these clusters, whereas density of M2c anti-inflammatory macrophages was increased. Our study defines the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor as a regulator of the formation and inflammatory status of pericardial fat. The P2Y2 receptor could represent a therapeutic target in the regulation of PAT function before and during cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Negri
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Esteban Diaz Villamil
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lucas De Roeck
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Communi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Attah IY, Neumann A, Al-Hroub H, Rafehi M, Baqi Y, Namasivayam V, Müller CE. Ligand binding and activation of UTP-activated G protein-coupled P2Y 2 and P2Y 4 receptors elucidated by mutagenesis, pharmacological and computational studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129501. [PMID: 31812541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide receptors P2Y2 and P2Y4 are the most closely related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the P2Y receptor (P2YR) family. Both subtypes couple to Gq proteins and are activated by the pyrimidine nucleotide UTP, but only P2Y2R is also activated by the purine nucleotide ATP. Agonists and antagonists of both receptor subtypes have potential as drugs e.g. for neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. So far, potent and selective, "drug-like" ligands for both receptors are scarce, but would be required for target validation and as lead structures for drug development. Structural information on the receptors is lacking since no X-ray structures or cryo-electron microscopy images are available. Thus, we performed receptor homology modeling and docking studies combined with mutagenesis experiments on both receptors to address the question how ligand binding selectivity for these closely related P2YR subtypes can be achieved. The orthosteric binding site of P2Y2R appeared to be more spacious than that of P2Y4R. Mutation of Y197 to alanine in P2Y4R resulted in a gain of ATP sensitivity. Anthraquinone-derived antagonists are likely to bind to the orthosteric or an allosteric site depending on their substitution pattern and the nature of the orthosteric binding site of the respective P2YR subtype. These insights into the architecture of P2Y2- and P2Y4Rs and their interactions with structurally diverse agonists and antagonist provide a solid basis for the future design of potent and selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Y Attah
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Neumann
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Haneen Al-Hroub
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad Rafehi
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Younis Baqi
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 36, Postal Code 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany.
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17
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Mori D, Miyagawa S, Matsuura R, Sougawa N, Fukushima S, Ueno T, Toda K, Kuratani T, Tomita K, Maeda N, Shimomura I, Sawa Y. Pioglitazone strengthen therapeutic effect of adipose-derived regenerative cells against ischemic cardiomyopathy through enhanced expression of adiponectin and modulation of macrophage phenotype. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:39. [PMID: 30902059 PMCID: PMC6431071 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of cell transplantation in heart failure is reportedly modest, but adjuvant drugs combined with cell therapy may improve this efficacy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, one of the hypoglycemic medicine for diabetes mellitus, reportedly enhances cytokine production in adipose tissue-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs). We hypothesized that combined administration of PPARγ agonists and ADRCs may enhance the paracrine effects of adiponectin (APN), leading to functional recovery in a chronic myocardial infarction (MI) model. Methods ADRCs were isolated from adipose tissues of adult rats by gradient centrifugation and embedded in bio-compatible fibrin-glue to produce ADRCs grafts. In the in vitro study, the ADRCs grafts released APN, which was significantly enhanced by the PPARγ agonist (PGZ, pioglitazone). Transplantation of ADRCs grafts (group A), ADRCs mixed with PGZ (group AP), APN knockdown-ADRCs (group Si) or PGZ (group P) onto the epicardium or a sham operation (group C) was performed (n = 10–20 per group). Results The AP group showed significant improvement in ejection fraction compared to that in the other groups. In the AP group, a significantly larger number of M2-polarized macrophages was detected and existed for a significantly longer duration in the infarct area. Furthermore, comparing Si group and P group, western blotting of T-cadherin revealed that exogenous APN and local expression of T-cadherin were essential to this histological change and recovery of cardiac function. Conclusions Combined administration of PPARγ agonist and ADRSCs activated M2-polarized macrophages with enhancement of APN paracrine effects and lead to better cardiac function in a rat infarction model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-019-0829-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mori
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryohei Matsuura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nagako Sougawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satsuki Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Toda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Kuratani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomita
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Maeda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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18
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Burnstock G, Gentile D. The involvement of purinergic signalling in obesity. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:97-108. [PMID: 29619754 PMCID: PMC5940632 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing worldwide health problem, with an alarming increasing prevalence in developed countries, caused by a dysregulation of energy balance. Currently, no wholly successful pharmacological treatments are available for obesity and related adverse consequences. In recent years, hints obtained from several experimental animal models support the notion that purinergic signalling, acting through ATP-gated ion channels (P2X), G protein-coupled receptors (P2Y) and adenosine receptors (P1), is involved in obesity, both at peripheral and central levels. This review has drawn together, for the first time, the evidence for a promising, much needed novel therapeutic purinergic signalling approach for the treatment of obesity with a 'proof of concept' that hopefully could lead to further investigations and clinical trials for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Daniela Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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19
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Tozzi M, Novak I. Purinergic Receptors in Adipose Tissue As Potential Targets in Metabolic Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:878. [PMID: 29249968 PMCID: PMC5715378 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides, such as adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), are involved in many physiological and pathological processes in adipose tissue (AT). It is becoming accepted that, in addition to the well-established sympathetic and hormonal system, purinergic receptors contribute significantly to regulation of adipocyte functions. Several receptor subtypes for both adenosine (P1) and ATP (P2X and P2Y) have been characterized in white adipocytes (WA) and brown adipocytes (BA). The effects mediated by adenosine and ATP on adipocytes are multiple and often differing, depending on specific receptors activated. Using a variety of agonists, antagonists and transgenic animals it has been demonstrated that adenosine and P2 receptors are involved in lipolysis, lipogenesis, adipokines secretion, glucose uptake, adipogenesis, cell proliferation, inflammation, and other processes. Given their central role in regulating many AT functions, purinergic receptors are considered potential therapeutic targets in different pathological conditions, such as obesity and type-2 diabetes. To achieve this goal, specific and potent P1 and P2 receptors activators and inhibitors are being developed and show promising results. However, more insight is needed into the function of P2 receptors in brown and beige adipocytes and their potential role in thermogenesis. This review aims at summarizing current knowledge on the patho-/physiological role of P1, P2X, and P2Y receptors in WA and BA and their potential exploitation for pharmacological intervention. Furthermore, we analyze impact of purinergic signaling in AT - in health and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tozzi
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Burnstock G. Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:661. [PMID: 28993732 PMCID: PMC5622197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling, i.e., the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised, which includes four subtypes of the P1 (adenosine) receptor, seven subtypes of P2X ion channel receptors and 8 subtypes of the P2Y G protein-coupled receptor. Early studies were largely concerned with the physiology, pharmacology and biochemistry of purinergic signalling. More recently, the focus has been on the pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. There was early recognition of the use of P1 receptor agonists for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and A2A receptor antagonists are promising for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clopidogrel, a P2Y12 antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of thrombosis and stroke, blocking P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. Diquafosol, a long acting P2Y2 receptor agonist, is being used for the treatment of dry eye. P2X3 receptor antagonists have been developed that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic cough, bladder incontinence, visceral pain and hypertension. Antagonists to P2X7 receptors are being investigated for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Other investigations are in progress for the use of purinergic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis, myocardial infarction, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, atherosclerosis, depression, autism, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical SchoolLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, MelbourneVIC, Australia
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