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Komosa ER, Lin WH, Mahadik B, Bazzi MS, Townsend D, Fisher JP, Ogle BM. A novel perfusion bioreactor promotes the expansion of pluripotent stem cells in a 3D-bioprinted tissue chamber. Biofabrication 2023; 16:014101. [PMID: 37906964 PMCID: PMC10636629 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
While the field of tissue engineering has progressed rapidly with the advent of 3D bioprinting and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), impact is limited by a lack of functional, thick tissues. One way around this limitation is to 3D bioprint tissues laden with hiPSCs. In this way, the iPSCs can proliferate to populate the thick tissue mass prior to parenchymal cell specification. Here we design a perfusion bioreactor for an hiPSC-laden, 3D-bioprinted chamber with the goal of proliferating the hiPSCs throughout the structure prior to differentiation to generate a thick tissue model. The bioreactor, fabricated with digital light projection, was optimized to perfuse the interior of the hydrogel chamber without leaks and to provide fluid flow around the exterior as well, maximizing nutrient delivery throughout the chamber wall. After 7 days of culture, we found that intermittent perfusion (15 s every 15 min) at 3 ml min-1provides a 1.9-fold increase in the density of stem cell colonies in the engineered tissue relative to analogous chambers cultured under static conditions. We also observed a more uniform distribution of colonies within the tissue wall of perfused structures relative to static controls, reflecting a homogeneous distribution of nutrients from the culture media. hiPSCs remained pluripotent and proliferative with application of fluid flow, which generated wall shear stresses averaging ∼1.0 dyn cm-2. Overall, these promising outcomes following perfusion of a stem cell-laden hydrogel support the production of multiple tissue types with improved thickness, and therefore increased function and utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Komosa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Bhushan Mahadik
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Fishell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Marisa S Bazzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - John P Fisher
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Fishell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Brenda M Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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2
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Wu Y, Li N, Shu X, Li W, Zhang X, Lü D, Long M. Biomechanics in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1165651. [PMID: 37214300 PMCID: PMC10196191 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1165651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a complicated organ within the body that performs wide-ranging and vital functions and also has a unique regenerative capacity after hepatic tissue injury and cell loss. Liver regeneration from acute injury is always beneficial and has been extensively studied. Experimental models including partial hepatectomy (PHx) reveal that extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways can help the liver recover to its equivalent size and weight prior to an injury. In this process, mechanical cues possess immediate and drastic changes in liver regeneration after PHx and also serve as main triggering factors and significant driving forces. This review summarized the biomechanics progress in liver regeneration after PHx, mainly focusing on PHx-based hemodynamics changes in liver regeneration and the decoupling of mechanical forces in hepatic sinusoids including shear stress, mechanical stretch, blood pressure, and tissue stiffness. Also discussed were the potential mechanosensors, mechanotransductive pathways, and mechanocrine responses under varied mechanical loading in vitro. Further elucidating these mechanical concepts in liver regeneration helps establish a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical factors and mechanical cues in this process. Proper adjustment of mechanical loading within the liver might preserve and restore liver functions in clinical settings, serving as an effective therapy for liver injury and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Shu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Spatio-temporal dynamics enhance cellular diversity, neuronal function and further maturation of human cerebral organoids. Commun Biol 2023; 6:173. [PMID: 36788328 PMCID: PMC9926461 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioengineerined and whole matured human brain organoids stand as highly valuable three-dimensional in vitro brain-mimetic models to recapitulate in vivo brain development, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Various instructive signals affecting multiple biological processes including morphogenesis, developmental stages, cell fate transitions, cell migration, stem cell function and immune responses have been employed for generation of physiologically functional cerebral organoids. However, the current approaches for maturation require improvement for highly harvestable and functional cerebral organoids with reduced batch-to-batch variabilities. Here, we demonstrate two different engineering approaches, the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) microgravity bioreactor and a newly designed microfluidic platform (µ-platform) to improve harvestability, reproducibility and the survival of high-quality cerebral organoids and compare with those of traditional spinner and shaker systems. RCCS and µ-platform organoids have reached ideal sizes, approximately 95% harvestability, prolonged culture time with Ki-67 + /CD31 + /β-catenin+ proliferative, adhesive and endothelial-like cells and exhibited enriched cellular diversity (abundant neural/glial/ endothelial cell population), structural brain morphogenesis, further functional neuronal identities (glutamate secreting glutamatergic, GABAergic and hippocampal neurons) and synaptogenesis (presynaptic-postsynaptic interaction) during whole human brain development. Both organoids expressed CD11b + /IBA1 + microglia and MBP + /OLIG2 + oligodendrocytes at high levels as of day 60. RCCS and µ-platform organoids showing high levels of physiological fidelity a high level of physiological fidelity can serve as functional preclinical models to test new therapeutic regimens for neurological diseases and benefit from multiplexing.
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4
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Limraksasin P, Nattasit P, Manokawinchoke J, Tiskratok W, Vinaikosol N, Okawa H, Limjeerajarus CN, Limjeerajarus N, Pavasant P, Osathanon T, Egusa H. Application of shear stress for enhanced osteogenic differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19021. [PMID: 36347883 PMCID: PMC9643422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-organizing potential of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a promising tool for bone tissue engineering. Shear stress promotes the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, leading us to hypothesize that specific shear stress could enhance the osteogenic differentiation of iPSCs. For osteogenesis, embryoid bodies were formed for two days and then maintained in medium supplemented with retinoic acid for three days, followed by adherent culture in osteogenic induction medium for one day. The cells were then subjected to shear loading (0.15, 0.5, or 1.5 Pa) for two days. Among different magnitudes tested, 0.5 Pa induced the highest levels of osteogenic gene expression and greatest mineral deposition, corresponding to upregulated connexin 43 (Cx43) and phosphorylated Erk1/2 expression. Erk1/2 inhibition during shear loading resulted in decreased osteogenic gene expression and the suppression of mineral deposition. These results suggest that shear stress (0.5 Pa) enhances the osteogenic differentiation of iPSCs, partly through Cx43 and Erk1/2 signaling. Our findings shed light on the application of shear-stress technology to improve iPSC-based tissue-engineered bone for regenerative bone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoonsuk Limraksasin
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Rd. Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Praphawi Nattasit
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Jeeranan Manokawinchoke
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Watcharaphol Tiskratok
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Naruephorn Vinaikosol
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Hiroko Okawa
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Chalida Nakalekha Limjeerajarus
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Nuttapol Limjeerajarus
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Office of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ,grid.512238.f0000 0004 0625 2348Research Center for Advanced Energy Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Rd. Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Rd. Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan ,grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai-city, 980-8575 Japan
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5
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Engineering characterization of the novel Bach impeller for bioprocessing applications requiring low power inputs. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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van Santen VJB, Klein-Nulend J, Bakker AD, Jaspers RT. Stiff matrices enhance myoblast proliferation, reduce differentiation, and alter the response to fluid shear stress in vitro. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:161-170. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Huang Y, Qian JY, Cheng H, Li XM. Effects of shear stress on differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:894-913. [PMID: 34367483 PMCID: PMC8316872 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is an appealing potential therapy for vascular diseases and an indispensable key step in vascular tissue engineering. Substantial effort has been made to differentiate stem cells toward vascular cell phenotypes, including endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells. The microenvironment of vascular cells not only contains biochemical factors that influence differentiation but also exerts hemodynamic forces, such as shear stress and cyclic strain. More recently, studies have shown that shear stress can influence the differentiation of stem cells toward ECs. A deep understanding of the responses and underlying mechanisms involved in this process is essential for clinical translation. This review highlights current data supporting the role of shear stress in stem cell differentiation into ECs. Potential mechanisms and signaling cascades for transducing shear stress into a biological signal are proposed. Further study of stem cell responses to shear stress will be necessary to apply stem cells for pharmacological applications and cardiovascular implants in the realm of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia-Yi Qian
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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8
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Dey K, Roca E, Ramorino G, Sartore L. Progress in the mechanical modulation of cell functions in tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7033-7081. [PMID: 33150878 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, mechanics at multiple stages-nucleus to cell to ECM-underlie multiple physiological and pathological functions from its development to reproduction to death. Under this inspiration, substantial research has established the role of multiple aspects of mechanics in regulating fundamental cellular processes, including spreading, migration, growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, our understanding of how these mechanical mechanisms are orchestrated or tuned at different stages to maintain or restore the healthy environment at the tissue or organ level remains largely a mystery. Over the past few decades, research in the mechanical manipulation of the surrounding environment-known as substrate or matrix or scaffold on which, or within which, cells are seeded-has been exceptionally enriched in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To do so, traditional tissue engineering aims at recapitulating key mechanical milestones of native ECM into a substrate for guiding the cell fate and functions towards specific tissue regeneration. Despite tremendous progress, a big puzzle that remains is how the cells compute a host of mechanical cues, such as stiffness (elasticity), viscoelasticity, plasticity, non-linear elasticity, anisotropy, mechanical forces, and mechanical memory, into many biological functions in a cooperative, controlled, and safe manner. High throughput understanding of key cellular decisions as well as associated mechanosensitive downstream signaling pathway(s) for executing these decisions in response to mechanical cues, solo or combined, is essential to address this issue. While many reports have been made towards the progress and understanding of mechanical cues-particularly, substrate bulk stiffness and viscoelasticity-in regulating the cellular responses, a complete picture of mechanical cues is lacking. This review highlights a comprehensive view on the mechanical cues that are linked to modulate many cellular functions and consequent tissue functionality. For a very basic understanding, a brief discussion of the key mechanical players of ECM and the principle of mechanotransduction process is outlined. In addition, this review gathers together the most important data on the stiffness of various cells and ECM components as well as various tissues/organs and proposes an associated link from the mechanical perspective that is not yet reported. Finally, beyond addressing the challenges involved in tuning the interplaying mechanical cues in an independent manner, emerging advances in designing biomaterials for tissue engineering are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamol Dey
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
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9
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Li J, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yao B, Enhejirigala, Li Z, Song W, Wang Y, Duan X, Yuan X, Fu X, Huang S. Biophysical and Biochemical Cues of Biomaterials Guide Mesenchymal Stem Cell Behaviors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640388. [PMID: 33842464 PMCID: PMC8027358 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal capabilities and multipotential differentiation assurance. However, capitalizing on specific factors to precisely guide MSC behaviors is the cornerstone of biomedical applications. Fortunately, several key biophysical and biochemical cues of biomaterials that can synergistically regulate cell behavior have paved the way for the development of cell-instructive biomaterials that serve as delivery vehicles for promoting MSC application prospects. Therefore, the identification of these cues in guiding MSC behavior, including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, may be of particular importance for better clinical performance. This review focuses on providing a comprehensive and systematic understanding of biophysical and biochemical cues, as well as the strategic engineering of these signals in current scaffold designs, and we believe that integrating biophysical and biochemical cues in next-generation biomaterials would potentially help functionally regulate MSCs for diverse applications in regenerative medicine and cell therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Enhejirigala
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- College of Graduate, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Song
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Air Force Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Datong, China
| | - Xianlan Duan
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingyu Yuan
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Huang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
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10
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Shin HY, Fukuda S, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Fluid shear stress-mediated mechanotransduction in circulating leukocytes and its defect in microvascular dysfunction. J Biomech 2021; 120:110394. [PMID: 33784517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes) in the active circulation exhibit multiple phenotypic indicators for a low level of cellular activity, like lack of pseudopods and minimal amounts of activated, cell-adhesive integrins on their surfaces. In contrast, before these cells enter the circulation in the bone marrow or when they recross the endothelium into extravascular tissues of peripheral organs they are fully activated. We review here a multifaceted mechanism mediated by fluid shear stress that can serve to deactivate leukocytes in the circulation. The fluid shear stress controls pseudopod formation via the FPR receptor, the same receptor responsible for pseudopod projection by localized actin polymerization. The bioactivity of macromolecular factors in the blood plasma that interfere with receptor stimulation by fluid flow, such as proteolytic cleavage in the extracellular domain of the receptor or the membrane actions of cholesterol, leads to a defective ability to respond to fluid shear stress by actin depolymerization. The cell reaction to fluid shear involves CD18 integrins, nitric oxide, cGMP and Rho GTPases, is attenuated in the presence of inflammatory mediators and modified by glucocorticoids. The mechanism is abolished in disease models (genetic hypertension and hypercholesterolemia) leading to an increased number of activated leukocytes in the circulation with enhanced microvascular resistance and cell entrapment. In addition to their role in binding to biochemical agonists/antagonists, membrane receptors appear to play a second role: to monitor local fluid shear stress levels. The fluid shear stress control of many circulating cell types such as lymphocytes, stem cells, tumor cells remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainsworth Y Shin
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories Center for Devices and Radiological Health, The Food & Drive Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shunichi Fukuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Lv Y, Li G, Peng H, Liu Y, Yao J, Wang G, Sun J, Liu J, Zhang H, Chen G, Liu L. Development of elastic artificial vessels with a digital pulse flow system to investigate the risk of restenosis and vasospasm. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3051-3059. [PMID: 32725035 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The postoperative risk of stenosis is a complex issue, with risk factors including the status of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, the shear stress of dynamic blood flow, and blood physiology. Current research would benefit from in vitro models that can mimic the microenvironment of living vessels, to study the response of endothelial cells to stent placement. In this study, we constructed a digital pulse flow system based on a group of programmable solenoid valves, to mimic dynamic blood flows in the left coronary artery. Elastic artificial vessels, with internally cultured endothelial cells, were used to simulate vessel function and physiology. Based on this novel platform, we systematically explored cell proliferation and function in artificial vessels implanted with bare metal stents or drug-eluting stents, using unstented vessels as controls, under static and pulse flow conditions. The results indicate that the natural shear stresses of dynamic blood flow actually benefit endothelial cell attachment and proliferation. And drug-eluting stents showed stronger inhibition of cell proliferation than bare metal stents, but had a more negative effect on the synthesis of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), suggesting that drug elution might reduce the postoperative risk of restenosis, while increasing the risk of vasospasm. The results suggest that stent evaluation should include both the risk of restenosis and the effect on endothelial cells. Our simulation establishes a realistic in vitro model for pathological studies of restenosis and vasospasm, shows potential for evaluation of new stent designs, and could help develop individualised therapies for patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalei Lv
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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12
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Gonzalez BA, Perez-Nevarez M, Mirza A, Perez MG, Lin YM, Hsu CPD, Caobi A, Raymond A, Gomez Hernandez ME, Fernandez-Lima F, George F, Ramaswamy S. Physiologically Relevant Fluid-Induced Oscillatory Shear Stress Stimulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances the Engineered Valve Matrix Phenotype. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:69. [PMID: 32509802 PMCID: PMC7248568 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Support of somatic growth is a fundamental requirement of tissue-engineered valves. However, efforts thus far have been unable to maintain this support long term. A key event that will determine the valve's long-term success is the extent to which healthy host tissue remodeling can occur on the valve soon after implantation. The construct's phenotypic-status plays a critical role in accelerating tissue remodeling and engineered valve integration with the host via chemotaxis. In the current study, human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were utilized to seed synthetic, biodegradable scaffolds for a period of 8 days in rotisserie culture. Subsequently, cell-seeded scaffolds were exposed to physiologically relevant oscillatory shear stresses (overall mean, time-averaged shear stress, ~7.9 dynes/cm2; overall mean, oscillatory shear index, ~0.18) for an additional 2 weeks. The constructs were found to exhibit relatively augmented endothelial cell expression (CD31; compared to static controls) but concomitantly served to restrict the level of the activated smooth muscle phenotype (α-SMA) and also produced very low stem cell secretion levels of fibronectin (p < 0.05 compared to static and rotisserie controls). These findings suggest that fluid-induced oscillatory shear stresses alone are important in regulating a healthy valve phenotype of the engineered tissue matrix. Moreover, as solid stresses could lead to increased α-SMA levels, they should be excluded from conditioning during the culture process owing to their associated potential risks with pathological tissue remodeling. In conclusion, engineered valve tissues derived from mesenchymal stem cells revealed both a relatively robust valvular phenotype after exposure to physiologically relevant scales of oscillatory shear stress and may thereby serve to accelerate healthy valve tissue remodeling in the host post-implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Gonzalez
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Laboratory (CV-PEUTICS Lab), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Manuel Perez-Nevarez
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Laboratory (CV-PEUTICS Lab), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Asad Mirza
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Laboratory (CV-PEUTICS Lab), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Marcos Gonzalez Perez
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Laboratory (CV-PEUTICS Lab), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Yih-Mei Lin
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Laboratory (CV-PEUTICS Lab), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Chia-Pei Denise Hsu
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Laboratory (CV-PEUTICS Lab), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Allen Caobi
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Andrea Raymond
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mario E Gomez Hernandez
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Facility, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Lima
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Facility, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Florence George
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sharan Ramaswamy
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Laboratory (CV-PEUTICS Lab), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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13
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Vander Roest MJ, Merryman WD. Cyclic Strain Promotes H19 Expression and Vascular Tube Formation in iPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:369-377. [PMID: 32952736 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (ECs) have the potential for therapeutic application in several cardiovascular diseases. Mechanical strain is known to regulate EC behavior and stem cell differentiation and may play a role in directing EC differentiation of iPSCs. H19, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is known to affect ECs in several mechanically relevant pathologies and may play a role in this process as well. Therefore, we investigated expression changes of H19 resulting from mechanical stimulation during EC differentiation, as well as functional effects on EC tube formation. Methods iPSCs were subjected to 5% cyclic mechanical strain during EC differentiation. RT-PCR and flow cytometry were used to assess changes in mesoderm differentiation and gene expression in the final ECs as a result of strain. Functional outcomes of mechanically differentiated ECs were assessed with a tube formation assay and changes in H19. H19 was also overexpressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to assess its role in non-H19-expressing ECs. Results Mechanical strain promoted mesoderm differentiation, marked by increased expression of brachyury 24 h after initiation of differentiation. Strain also increased expression of H19, CD31, VE-cadherin, and VEGFR2 in differentiated ECs. Strain-differentiated ECs formed tube networks with higher junction and endpoint density than statically-differentiated ECs. Overexpression of H19 in HUVECs resulted in similar patterns of tube formation. Conclusions H19 expression is increased by mechanical strain and promotes tube branching in iPSC-derived ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Vander Roest
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Room 9445D MRB4, 2213 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Room 9445D MRB4, 2213 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
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14
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Mesenchymal cells and fluid flow stimulation synergistically regulate the kinetics of corneal epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1915-1924. [PMID: 31321523 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo microenvironments are critical to tissue homeostasis and wound healing, and the cornea is regulated by a specific microenvironment complex that consists of cell-cell interactions, air-liquid interfaces, and fluid flow stimulation. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of and the correlations among these three component factors on the cell kinetics of corneal epithelial cells. METHODS Human corneal epithelial-transformed (HCE-T) cells were cocultured with either primary rat corneal fibroblasts or NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. We employed a double-dish culture method to create an air-liquid interface and a gyratory shaker to create fluid flow stimulation. Morphometric and protein expression analyses were performed for the HCE-T cells. RESULTS Both the primary rat fibroblasts and the NIH 3T3 cells promoted HCE-T cell proliferation, and the presence of fluid flow synergistically enhanced this effect and inhibited the apoptosis of HCE-T cells. Moreover, fluid flow enhanced the emergence of myofibroblasts when cocultured with primary rat fibroblasts or NIH 3T3 cells. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 signaling were regulated either synergistically or independently by both fluid flow and cellular interaction between the HCE-T and NIH 3T3 cells. CONCLUSION The cell-cell interaction and fluid flow stimulation in the air-liquid interface synergistically or independently regulated the behavior of HCE-T cells. Fluid flow accelerated the phenotypic change from corneal fibroblasts and NIH 3T3 cells to myofibroblasts. Elucidation of the multicomponent interplay in this microenvironment will be critical to the homeostasis and regeneration of the cornea and other ocular tissues.
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15
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Fan YL, Zhao HC, Li B, Zhao ZL, Feng XQ. Mechanical Roles of F-Actin in the Differentiation of Stem Cells: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3788-3801. [PMID: 33438419 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the development and differentiation of stem cells, mechanical forces associated with filamentous actin (F-actin) play a crucial role. The present review aims to reveal the relationship among the chemical components, microscopic structures, mechanical properties, and biological functions of F-actin. Particular attention is given to the functions of the cytoplasmic and nuclear microfilament cytoskeleton and their regulation mechanisms in the differentiation of stem cells. The distributions of different types of actin monomers in mammal cells and the functions of actin-binding proteins are summarized. We discuss how the fate of stem cells is regulated by intra/extracellular mechanical and chemical cues associated with microfilament-related proteins, intercellular adhesion molecules, etc. In addition, we also address the differentiation-induced variation in the stiffness of stem cells and the correlation between the fate and geometric shape change of stem cells. This review not only deepens our understanding of the biophysical mechanisms underlying the fates of stem cells under different culture conditions but also provides inspirations for the tissue engineering of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lei Fan
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hu-Cheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zi-Long Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Elashry MI, Gegnaw ST, Klymiuk MC, Wenisch S, Arnhold S. Influence of mechanical fluid shear stress on the osteogenic differentiation protocols for Equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:344-353. [PMID: 30808518 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have become a promising approach to promote tissue regeneration and the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. Bone regeneration maintains bone homeostasis, mechanical stability and physical performance. Mechanical stimulation showed to induce stem cell differentiation into the osteogenic fate. However, the effect of various osteogenic protocols on the osteogenic commitment of equine adipose-derived stem cells is not fully elucidated. Here we examined the influence of fluid-based shear stress (FSS) via mechanical rocking to assess whether mechanical stimulation promotes osteogenic differentiation of equine adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs were induced into osteogenic fate using osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM) protocol or additional supplementation of 5 mM CaCl2 and 7.5 mM CaCl2 protocol compared to cells cultivated in basal medium (BM) up to 21 day. The ASCs proliferation pattern was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) protein assay. Osteogenic differentiation examined via semi-quantification of alizarin red staining (ARS) and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) as well as, via quantification of osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OP), and collagen type-1 (COL1) gene expression using RT-qPCR. We show that mechanical FSS increased the proliferation pattern of ASCs compared to the static conditions. Mechanical FSS together with 5 mM CaCl2 and 7.5 mM CaCl2 promoted osteogenic nodule formation and increased ARS intensity compared to the standard osteogenic protocols. We observed that combined mechanical FSS with ODM protocol increase ALP activity compared to static culture conditions. We report that ALP and OC osteogenic markers expression were upregulated under mechanical FSS culture condition particularly with the ODM protocol. Taken together, it can be assumed that mechanical stress using FSS promotes the efficiency of the osteogenic differentiation protocols of ASCs through independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Elashry
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy-, Histology and -Embryology, University of Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany; Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Shumet T Gegnaw
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy-, Histology and -Embryology, University of Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany; Institute des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Integratives (INCI), University of Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michele C Klymiuk
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy-, Histology and -Embryology, University of Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Wenisch
- Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnhold
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy-, Histology and -Embryology, University of Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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17
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Teng EL, Engler AJ. Mechanical influences on cardiovascular differentiation and disease modeling. Exp Cell Res 2019; 377:103-108. [PMID: 30794804 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are continuously exposed to forces in vivo, whether from fluid pressure in an artery from our blood or compressive forces on joints from our body weight. The forces that cells are exposed to arise almost immediately after conception; it is therefore important to understand how forces shape stem cell differentiation into lineage committed cells, how they help organize cells into tissues, and how forces can cause or exacerbate disease. No tissue is exempt, but cardiovascular tissues in particular are exposed to these forces. While animal models have been used extensively in the past, there is growing recognition of their limitations when modeling disease complexity or human genetics. In this mini review, we summarize current understanding of the mechanical influences on the differentiation of cardiovascular progeny, how the transduction of forces influence the onset of disease, and how engineering approaches applied to this problem have yielded systems that create mature-like human tissues in vitro in which to assess the impact of disease on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Teng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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18
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Arora S, Lam AJY, Cheung C, Yim EKF, Toh YC. Determination of critical shear stress for maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells towards an arterial subtype. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1164-1175. [PMID: 30597522 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hPSC-ECs) present an attractive alternative to primary EC sources for vascular grafting. However, there is a need to mature them towards either an arterial or venous subtype. A vital environmental factor involved in the arteriovenous specification of ECs during early embryonic development is fluid shear stress; therefore, there have been attempts to employ adult arterial shear stress conditions to mature hPSC-ECs. However, hPSC-ECs are naïve to fluid shear stress, and their shear responses are still not well understood. Here, we used a multiplex microfluidic platform to systematically investigate the dose-time shear responses on hPSC-EC morphology and arterial-venous phenotypes over a range of magnitudes coincidental with physiological levels of embryonic and adult vasculatures. The device comprised of six parallel cell culture chambers that were individually linked to flow-setting resistance channels, allowing us to simultaneously apply shear stress ranging from 0.4 to 15 dyne/cm 2 . We found that hPSC-ECs required up to 40 hr of shear exposure to elicit a stable phenotypic change. Cell alignment was visible at shear stress <1 dyne/cm 2 , which was independent of shear stress magnitude and duration of exposure. We discovered that the arterial markers NOTCH1 and EphrinB2 exhibited a dose-dependent increase in a similar manner beyond a threshold level of 3.8 dyne/cm 2 , whereas the venous markers COUP-TFII and EphB4 expression remained relatively constant across different magnitudes. These findings indicated that hPSC-ECs were sensitive to relatively low magnitudes of shear stress, and a critical level of ~4 dyne/cm 2 was sufficient to preferentially enhance their maturation into an arterial phenotype for future vascular tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seep Arora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adele Jing Ying Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Chu HR, Sun YC, Gao Y, Guan XM, Yan H, Cui XD, Zhang XY, Li X, Li H, Cheng M. Function of Krüppel‑like factor 2 in the shear stress‑induced cell differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells to endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:1739-1746. [PMID: 30628700 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Krüppel‑like factor 2 (KLF2) on the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to endothelial cells (ECs) induced by shear stress, and to investigate the corresponding mechanisms. Cultured rat late EPCs were exposed to shear stress (12 dyn/cm2) for different lengths of time. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was used to measure the initial KLF2 mRNA levels in each group. Subsequently, the EPCs were treated with anti‑integrin β1 or β3 antibodies to block integrin β1 and β3, respectively, or cytochalasin D to destroy F‑actin, and the subsequent expression levels of KLF2 in EPCs were measured. Then, KLF2 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were transfected into EPCs, and RT‑qPCR was used to measure the mRNA expression level of KLF2. Additionally, flow cytometry was applied to evaluate the protein levels of cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and the von Willebrand factor (vWF), and the regulatory effects of KLF2 in the promoter region of vWF were determined via a luciferase assay. High shear stress upregulated KLF2 expression, while blocking integrin β1/β3 or destroying F‑actin resulted in a corresponding decrease in KLF2 expression. Downregulation of KLF2 expression by siKLF2 inhibited the differentiation of EPCs to ECs under shear stress conditions, while the expression of EC‑specific markers decreased, including CD31 and vWF. Various lengths of the vWF promoter region induced vWF expression, and EPCs co‑transfected with KLF2 significantly increased the vWF expression levels compared with the group treated with vWF alone (P<0.01). In conclusion, shear stress may upregulate KLF2 expression, which may be associated with the integrin‑actin cytoskeleton system. Most importantly, the shear stress‑induced differentiation of EPCs may be mediated by KLF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Rong Chu
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Cong Sun
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yu Gao
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Guan
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yan
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Cui
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhang
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Min Cheng
- Medicine Research Center, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
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20
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Wang L, Wu S, Cao G, Fan Y, Dunne N, Li X. Biomechanical studies on biomaterial degradation and co-cultured cells: mechanisms, potential applications, challenges and prospects. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:7439-7459. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01539f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of biomechanical studies on biomaterial degradation and co-cultured cells as well as valuable biomechanical ideas on how to design or optimize cell biomaterial co-culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Guangxiu Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Nicholas Dunne
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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21
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Kim D, Lee V, Dorsey TB, Niklason LE, Gui L, Dai G. Neuropilin-1 Mediated Arterial Differentiation of Murine Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:441-455. [PMID: 29415620 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (ECs) have great potential to be used in vascular therapy or tissue engineering. It is also much desired to obtain arterial or venous ECs for specific applications. Factors that are critical for the proper arterial or venous differentiation from pluripotent stem cells still need to be understood. Here, we aim at investigating this problem deeper by examining neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), an early arterial marker that may be critical for arterial cell fate commitment. Using murine embryonic stem cells as the model system, this study investigates the neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) expression during the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward a vascular progenitor population. We hypothesize that Nrp1, an early arterial marker present in a developing embryo, may be more responsive when further induced in vitro toward an arterial fate. We developed a two-step differentiation approach that yielded a large percentage of Nrp1+ vascular progenitor cells (VPCs) and investigated their potential to become arterial ECs. We have defined the culture parameters that contribute greatly to the emergence of Nrp1+ VPCs: certain soluble factors, especially Wnt and BMP4, early cell-cell contact, and hypoxia. Subsequent isolation of this population demonstrated a highly proliferative and network-forming behavior. The Nrp1+ VPCs exhibited increased gene expression of several Notch pathway-related arterial markers compared with Nrp1- VPCs. Most importantly, Nrp1+ VPCs demonstrated a dramatically greater response to hemodynamic stimuli by upregulating many arterial markers whereas Nrp1- VPCs have very little response. Surprisingly, these differences between Nrp1+ and Nrp1- VPCs are not evident with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. Our data suggest that Nrp1+ VPCs may serve as the arterial progenitor by enhanced response to hemodynamic flow but not to VEGF, whereas Nrp1- VPCs lack the plasticity to become arterial ECs. The findings of this research indicate that Nrp1+ VPCs in the murine model act as an important step in the arterial differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kim
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,3 Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vivian Lee
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,3 Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taylor B Dorsey
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,3 Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura E Niklason
- 4 Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,5 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,7 Yale Stem Cell Center , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Liqiong Gui
- 4 Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,5 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Guohao Dai
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,3 Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
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Yalikun Y, Tanaka N, Hosokawa Y, Iino T, Tanaka Y. Embryonic body culturing in an all-glass microfluidic device with laser-processed 4 μm thick ultra-thin glass sheet filter. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:85. [PMID: 28929304 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the development and demonstration of a method to fabricate an all-glass microfluidic cell culturing device without circulation flow. On-chip microfluidic cell culturing is an indispensable technique for cellular replacement therapies and experimental cell biology. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have become a popular material for fabricating microfluidic cell culture devices because it is a transparent, biocompatible, deformable, easy-to-mold, and gas-permeable. However, PDMS is also a chemically and physically unstable material. For example, PDMS undergoes aging easily even in room temperature conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to control long term experimental culturing conditions. On the other hand, glass is expected to be stable not only in physically but also chemically even in the presence of organic solvents. However, cell culturing still requires substance exchanges such as gases and nutrients, and so on, which cannot be done in a closed space of a glass device without circulation flow that may influence cell behavior. Thus, we introduce a filter structure with micropores onto a glass device to improve permeability to the cell culture space. Normally, it is extremely difficult to fabricate a filter structure on a normal glass plate by using a conventional fabrication method. Here, we demonstrated a method for fabricating an all-glass microfluidic cell culturing device having filters structure. The function of this all-glass culturing device was confirmed by culturing HeLa, fibroblast and ES cells. Compared with the closed glass devices without a filter structure, the numbers of cells in our device increased and embryonic bodies (EBs) were formed. This method offers a new tool in microfluidic cell culture technology for biological analysis and it expands the field of microfluidic cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yalikun
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - N Tanaka
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - T Iino
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Y Tanaka
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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VeDepo MC, Detamore MS, Hopkins RA, Converse GL. Recellularization of decellularized heart valves: Progress toward the tissue-engineered heart valve. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417726327. [PMID: 28890780 PMCID: PMC5574480 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417726327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissue-engineered heart valve portends a new era in the field of valve replacement. Decellularized heart valves are of great interest as a scaffold for the tissue-engineered heart valve due to their naturally bioactive composition, clinical relevance as a stand-alone implant, and partial recellularization in vivo. However, a significant challenge remains in realizing the tissue-engineered heart valve: assuring consistent recellularization of the entire valve leaflets by phenotypically appropriate cells. Many creative strategies have pursued complete biological valve recellularization; however, identifying the optimal recellularization method, including in situ or in vitro recellularization and chemical and/or mechanical conditioning, has proven difficult. Furthermore, while many studies have focused on individual parameters for increasing valve interstitial recellularization, a general understanding of the interacting dynamics is likely necessary to achieve success. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore and compare the various processing strategies used for the decellularization and subsequent recellularization of tissue-engineered heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C VeDepo
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of the Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Michael S Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Richard A Hopkins
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of the Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Gabriel L Converse
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of the Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Abbasalizadeh S, Pakzad M, Cabral JMS, Baharvand H. Allogeneic cell therapy manufacturing: process development technologies and facility design options. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1201-1219. [PMID: 28699788 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1354982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, promising outcomes from clinical trials of allogeneic cells, especially allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and human cardiac stem cells, have encouraged research institutions, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and big pharmaceutical companies to invest and focus on developing allogeneic cell therapy products. Commercial and large-scale production of allogeneic cell therapy products requires unique capabilities to develop technologies that generate safe and effective allogeneic cells/cell lines and their fully characterized master/working banks. In addition, it is necessary to design robust upstream and downstream manufacturing processes, and establish integrated, well-designed manufacturing facilities to produce high quality affordable products in accordance with current GMP regulations for the production of cell therapy products. Areas covered: The authors highlight: the recent advances in the development of allogeneic products, the available options to develop robust manufacturing processes, and facility design considerations. Expert opinion: Currently, there are multiple challenges in development of allogeneic cell therapy products. Indeed, the field is still in its infancy; with technologies and regulations still under development, as is our understanding of the mechanisms of action in the body and their interaction with the host immune system. Their characterization and testing is also an emerging and very complex area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Abbasalizadeh
- a Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences , Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Mohammad Pakzad
- a Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- b Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences , Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- a Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture , Tehran , Iran
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25
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Ding S, Kingshott P, Thissen H, Pera M, Wang PY. Modulation of human mesenchymal and pluripotent stem cell behavior using biophysical and biochemical cues: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:260-280. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn 3122 Victoria Australia
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn 3122 Victoria Australia
| | | | - Martin Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Florey Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn 3122 Victoria Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Florey Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
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26
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Boraas LC, Ahsan T. Lack of vimentin impairs endothelial differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30814. [PMID: 27480130 PMCID: PMC4969593 DOI: 10.1038/srep30814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeletal filament vimentin is inherent to the endothelial phenotype and is critical for the proper function of endothelial cells in adult mice. It is unclear, however, if the presence of vimentin is necessary during differentiation to the endothelial phenotype. Here we evaluated gene and protein expression of differentiating wild type embryonic stem cells (WT ESCs) and vimentin knockout embryonic stem cells (VIM −/− ESCs) using embryoid bodies (EBs) formed from both cell types. Over seven days of differentiation VIM −/− EBs had altered morphology compared to WT EBs, with a rippled outer surface and a smaller size due to decreased proliferation. Gene expression of pluripotency markers decreased similarly for EBs of both cell types; however, VIM −/− EBs had impaired differentiation towards the endothelial phenotype. This was quantified with decreased expression of markers along the specification pathway, specifically the early mesodermal marker Brachy-T, the lateral plate mesodermal marker FLK1, and the endothelial-specific markers TIE2, PECAM, and VE-CADHERIN. Taken together, these results indicate that the absence of vimentin impairs spontaneous differentiation of ESCs to the endothelial phenotype in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana C Boraas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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27
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Jackson EL, Lu H. Three-dimensional models for studying development and disease: moving on from organisms to organs-on-a-chip and organoids. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:672-83. [PMID: 27156572 PMCID: PMC4905804 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00039h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human development and disease are challenging to study because of lack of experimental accessibility to in vivo systems and the complex nature of biological processes. For these reasons researchers turn to the use of model systems, ranging in complexity and scale from single cells to model organisms. While the use of model organisms is valuable for studying physiology and pathophysiology in an in vivo context and for aiding pre-clinical development of therapeutics, animal models are costly, difficult to interrogate, and not always equivalent to human biology. For these reasons, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have emerged as an attractive model system that contains key aspects of in vivo tissue and organ complexity while being more experimentally tractable than model organisms. In particular, organ-on-a-chip and organoid models represent orthogonal approaches that have been able to recapitulate characteristics of physiology and disease. Here, we review advances in these two categories of 3D cultures and applications in studying development and disease. Additionally, we discuss development of key technologies that facilitate the generation of 3D cultures, including microfluidics, biomaterials, genome editing, and imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Jackson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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28
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Boraas LC, Guidry JB, Pineda ET, Ahsan T. Cytoskeletal Expression and Remodeling in Pluripotent Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145084. [PMID: 26771179 PMCID: PMC4714815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many emerging cell-based therapies are based on pluripotent stem cells, though complete understanding of the properties of these cells is lacking. In these cells, much is still unknown about the cytoskeletal network, which governs the mechanoresponse. The objective of this study was to determine the cytoskeletal state in undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells and remodeling with differentiation. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as well as the original un-reprogrammed embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), were evaluated for expression of cytoskeletal markers. We found that pluripotent stem cells overall have a less developed cytoskeleton compared to fibroblasts. Gene and protein expression of smooth muscle cell actin, vimentin, lamin A, and nestin were markedly lower for ESCs than MEFs. Whereas, iPSC samples were heterogeneous with most cells expressing patterns of cytoskeletal proteins similar to ESCs with a small subpopulation similar to MEFs. This indicates that dedifferentiation during reprogramming is associated with cytoskeletal remodeling to a less developed state. In differentiation studies, it was found that shear stress-mediated differentiation resulted in an increase in expression of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments in ESCs, but not in iPSC samples. In the embryoid body model of spontaneous differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, however, both ESCs and iPSCs had similar gene expression for cytoskeletal proteins during early differentiation. With further differentiation, however, gene levels were significantly higher for iPSCs compared to ESCs. These results indicate that reprogrammed iPSCs more readily reacquire cytoskeletal proteins compared to the ESCs that need to form the network de novo. The strategic selection of the parental phenotype is thus critical not only in the context of reprogramming but also the ultimate functionality of the iPSC-differentiated cell population. Overall, this increased characterization of the cytoskeleton in pluripotent stem cells will allow for the better understanding and design of stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana C. Boraas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Julia B. Guidry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Emma T. Pineda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Thorough understanding of the effects of shear stress on stem cells is critical for the rationale design of large-scale production of cell-based therapies. This is of growing importance as emerging tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications drive the need for clinically relevant numbers of both pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and cells derived from PSCs. Here, we describe the use of a custom parallel plate bioreactor system to impose fluid shear stress on a layer of PSCs adhered to protein-coated glass slides. This system can be useful both for basic science studies in mechanotransduction and as a surrogate model for bioreactors used in large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Wolfe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Julia B Guidry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Stephanie L Messina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
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30
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Floren M, Tan W. Three-dimensional, soft neotissue arrays as high throughput platforms for the interrogation of engineered tissue environments. Biomaterials 2015; 59:39-52. [PMID: 25956850 PMCID: PMC4444363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Local signals from tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironments, including matrix adhesive ligand, mechanical elasticity and micro-scale geometry, are known to instruct a variety of stem cell differentiation processes. Likewise, these signals converge to provide multifaceted, mechanochemical cues for highly-specific tissue morphogenesis or regeneration. Despite accumulated knowledge about the individual and combined roles of various mechanochemical ECM signals in stem cell activities on 2-dimensional matrices, the understandings of morphogenetic or regenerative 3-dimenstional tissue microenvironments remain very limited. To that end, we established high-throughput platforms based on soft, fibrous matrices with various combinatorial ECM proteins meanwhile highly-tunable in elasticity and 3-dimensional geometry. To demonstrate the utility of our platform, we evaluated 64 unique combinations of 6 ECM proteins (collagen I, collagen III, collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin, and elastin) on the adhesion, spreading and fate commitment of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) under two substrate stiffness (4.6 kPa, 20 kPa). Using this technique, we identified several neotissue microenvironments supporting MSC adhesion, spreading and differentiation toward early vascular lineages. Manipulation of the matrix properties, such as elasticity and geometry, in concert with ECM proteins will permit the investigation of multiple and distinct MSC environments. This paper demonstrates the practical application of high through-put technology to facilitate the screening of a variety of engineered microenvironments with the aim to instruct stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Floren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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31
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Ireland RG, Simmons CA. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Mechanobiology: Manipulating the Biophysical Microenvironment for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Applications. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3187-96. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G. Ireland
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Craig A. Simmons
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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32
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Davis CA, Zambrano S, Anumolu P, Allen ACB, Sonoqui L, Moreno MR. Device-Based In Vitro Techniques for Mechanical Stimulation of Vascular Cells: A Review. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:040801. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4029016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The most common cause of death in the developed world is cardiovascular disease. For decades, this has provided a powerful motivation to study the effects of mechanical forces on vascular cells in a controlled setting, since these cells have been implicated in the development of disease. Early efforts in the 1970 s included the first use of a parallel-plate flow system to apply shear stress to endothelial cells (ECs) and the development of uniaxial substrate stretching techniques (Krueger et al., 1971, “An in Vitro Study of Flow Response by Cells,” J. Biomech., 4(1), pp. 31–36 and Meikle et al., 1979, “Rabbit Cranial Sutures in Vitro: A New Experimental Model for Studying the Response of Fibrous Joints to Mechanical Stress,” Calcif. Tissue Int., 28(2), pp. 13–144). Since then, a multitude of in vitro devices have been designed and developed for mechanical stimulation of vascular cells and tissues in an effort to better understand their response to in vivo physiologic mechanical conditions. This article reviews the functional attributes of mechanical bioreactors developed in the 21st century, including their major advantages and disadvantages. Each of these systems has been categorized in terms of their primary loading modality: fluid shear stress (FSS), substrate distention, combined distention and fluid shear, or other applied forces. The goal of this article is to provide researchers with a survey of useful methodologies that can be adapted to studies in this area, and to clarify future possibilities for improved research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120 e-mail:
| | - Steve Zambrano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120 e-mail:
| | - Pratima Anumolu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120 e-mail:
| | - Alicia C. B. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1801 e-mail:
| | - Leonardo Sonoqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120 e-mail:
| | - Michael R. Moreno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123 e-mail:
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Jain N, Lee EJ. Islet Endothelial Cells Derived From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:97-108. [PMID: 25751085 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The islet endothelium comprises a specialized population of islet endothelial cells (IECs) expressing unique markers such as nephrin and α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) that are not found in endothelial cells in surrounding tissues. However, due to difficulties in isolating and maintaining a pure population of these cells, the information on these islet-specific cells is currently very limited. Interestingly, we have identified a large subpopulation of endothelial cells exhibiting IEC phenotype, while deriving insulin-producing cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). These cells were identified by the uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and were successfully isolated and subsequently expanded in endothelial cell culture medium. Further analysis demonstrated that the mouse embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells (mESC-ECs) not only express classical endothelial markers, such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM1), thrombomodulin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) but also IEC-specific markers such as nephrin and AAT. Moreover, mESC-ECs secrete basement membrane proteins such as collagen type IV, laminin, and fibronectin in culture and form tubular networks on a layer of Matrigel, demonstrating angiogenic activity. Further, mESC-ECs not only express eNOS, but also its eNOS expression is glucose dependent, which is another characteristic phenotype of IECs. With the ability to obtain highly purified IECs derived from pluripotent stem cells, it is possible to closely examine the function of these cells and their interaction with pancreatic β-cells during development and maturation in vitro. Further characterization of tissue-specific endothelial cell properties may enhance our ability to formulate new therapeutic angiogenic approaches for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jain
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Newark, NJ, USA
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Dan P, Velot É, Decot V, Menu P. The role of mechanical stimuli in the vascular differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2415-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are among the most promising and suitable stem cell types for vascular tissue engineering. Substantial effort has been made to differentiate MSCs towards vascular cell phenotypes, including endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The microenvironment of vascular cells not only contains biochemical factors that influence differentiation, but also exerts hemodynamic forces, such as shear stress and cyclic strain. Recent evidence has shown that these forces can influence the differentiation of MSCs into endothelial cells or SMCs. In this Commentary, we present the main findings in the area with the aim of summarizing the mechanisms by which shear stress and cyclic strain induce MSC differentiation. We will also discuss the interactions between these mechanical cues and other components of the microenvironment, and highlight how these insights could be used to maintain differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Dan
- UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Ingenierie Moleculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Vectorization, Imaging, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Avenue de la forêt de Haye, C.S. 50184, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex F-54505, France
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Émilie Velot
- UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Ingenierie Moleculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Vectorization, Imaging, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Avenue de la forêt de Haye, C.S. 50184, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex F-54505, France
| | - Véronique Decot
- UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Ingenierie Moleculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Vectorization, Imaging, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Avenue de la forêt de Haye, C.S. 50184, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex F-54505, France
- CHU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissus, allée du Morvan, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Patrick Menu
- UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Ingenierie Moleculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Vectorization, Imaging, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Avenue de la forêt de Haye, C.S. 50184, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex F-54505, France
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Jenkins MJ, Farid SS. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived products: advances towards robust, scalable and cost-effective manufacturing strategies. Biotechnol J 2014; 10:83-95. [PMID: 25524780 PMCID: PMC4674985 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to develop cost-effective, scalable and robust bioprocesses for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) will be key to their commercial success as cell therapies and tools for use in drug screening and disease modelling studies. This review outlines key process economic drivers for hPSCs and progress made on improving the economic and operational feasibility of hPSC bioprocesses. Factors influencing key cost metrics, namely capital investment and cost of goods, for hPSCs are discussed. Step efficiencies particularly for differentiation, media requirements and technology choice are amongst the key process economic drivers identified for hPSCs. Progress made to address these cost drivers in hPSC bioprocessing strategies is discussed. These include improving expansion and differentiation yields in planar and bioreactor technologies, the development of xeno-free media and microcarrier coatings, identification of optimal bioprocess operating conditions to control cell fate and the development of directed differentiation protocols that reduce reliance on expensive morphogens such as growth factors and small molecules. These approaches offer methods to further optimise hPSC bioprocessing in terms of its commercial feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Jenkins
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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36
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Jeong GS, Oh J, Kim SB, Dokmeci MR, Bae H, Lee SH, Khademhosseini A. Siphon-driven microfluidic passive pump with a yarn flow resistance controller. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4213-9. [PMID: 25184743 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00510d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of media delivery to cells in microfluidic systems in a simple and efficient manner is a challenge for a number of cell-based applications. Conventional syringe pumps can deliver culture media into microfluidic devices at precisely controlled flow rates, but they are bulky and require a power source. On the other hand, passive microflow-generating systems cannot maintain continuous, controllable and long-term delivery of media. We have developed an on-chip microflow control technology that combines flow rate control and passive, long-term delivery of media to microwell tissue culture chambers. Here, a passive flow is initiated using the siphon effect and a yarn flow resistor is used to regulate the flow rate in the microchannel. Using the yarn flow resistor, the medium flow rate into the microfluidic cell culture system is made adjustable to a few hundred microliters per hour. To evaluate the effects of controlled flow on microfluidic cell culture properties (feasibility test), we measured the cell alignment and cytoskeletal arrangement of endothelial cells cultured in a microwell array inside the microfluidic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Seok Jeong
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Vadasz S, Jensen T, Moncada C, Girard E, Zhang F, Blanchette A, Finck C. Second and third trimester amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells can repopulate a de-cellularized lung scaffold and express lung markers. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1554-63. [PMID: 25475793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE This study examined the potential of amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) to generate lung precursor cells in vitro and on a xenologous three-dimensional de-cellularized lung scaffold. METHODS AF-MSCs were isolated from human amniotic fluid obtained from 17-37 weeks gestation. Lung differentiation was induced on Matrigel or on de-cellularized rat lungs intra-tracheally injected with AF-MSCs by culturing with a modification of small airway growth medium (mSAGM) lacking retinoic acid (RA) and triodothyronine (T3) with addition of fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF10). Cells and scaffolds were characterized by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR for markers of viability, proliferation, and lung distal airway differentiation (TTF-1(+) and SPC(+)) in the absence of markers of brain (TuJ1(-)) and thyroid (Pax8(-)). RESULTS After culture in mSAGM on either Matrigel or lung scaffolds, there were TTF-1(+)/TuJ1(-)/Pax8(-) cells, indicating a lung precursor phenotype. In addition, SPC(+) cells also evolved suggesting a more mature lung phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that mid- to late-trimester AF-MSCs can be induced to develop into lung precursor cells when cultured on the appropriate extracellular matrix (ECM), making them a viable source for use in cell therapy or development of an ex vivo tissue engineered lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vadasz
- Department of Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue MC3501, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Todd Jensen
- Department of Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue MC3501, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Camilo Moncada
- Department of Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue MC3501, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Eric Girard
- Department of Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue MC3501, Farmington, CT 06030; Department of Surgery, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106
| | - Alex Blanchette
- Department of Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue MC3501, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Christine Finck
- Department of Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue MC3501, Farmington, CT 06030; Department of Surgery, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106.
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Liu YS, Lee OK. In search of the pivot point of mechanotransduction: mechanosensing of stem cells. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:1-11. [PMID: 24439034 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x659925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into diverse specialized cell types; hence, they have great potential in tissue engineering and cell therapies. In addition to biochemical regulation, the physical properties of the microenvironments, such as scaffold topography, substrate stiffness, and mechanical forces, including fluid shear stress, compression, and tensile strain, can also regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Upon physical stimuli, cytoskeleton rearrangements are expected to counterbalance the extracellular mechanical forces, trigger signaling cascades, and eventually cause epigenetic modifications. This article mainly focuses on the mechanosensing, which is the upstream event of stem cell mechanotransduction and the downstream one of physical stimuli. Putative mechanosensors such as ion channels, integrins, and cell membrane as well as primary cilia are discussed. Because mechanical environment is an important stem cell niche, identification of mechanosensors not only can elucidate the mechanisms of mechanotransduction and fate commitments but also bring new prospects of the mechanical control as well as drug development for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shiuan Liu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Han YL, Wang S, Zhang X, Li Y, Huang G, Qi H, Pingguan-Murphy B, Li Y, Lu TJ, Xu F. Engineering physical microenvironment for stem cell based regenerative medicine. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:763-73. [PMID: 24508818 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has rapidly evolved over the past decade owing to its potential applications to improve human health. Targeted differentiations of stem cells promise to regenerate a variety of tissues and/or organs despite significant challenges. Recent studies have demonstrated the vital role of the physical microenvironment in regulating stem cell fate and improving differentiation efficiency. In this review, we summarize the main physical cues that are crucial for controlling stem cell differentiation. Recent advances in the technologies for the construction of physical microenvironment and their implications in controlling stem cell fate are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long Han
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yuhui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Hao Qi
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
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40
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Hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on microcarriers. J Biotechnol 2014; 174:39-48. [PMID: 24480567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Translation of stem cell research to industrial and clinical settings mostly requires large quantities of cells, especially those involving large organs such as the liver. A scalable reactor system is desirable to ensure a reliable supply of sufficient quantities of differentiated cells. To increase the culture efficiency in bioreactor system, high surface to volume ratio needs to be achieved. We employed a microcarrier culture system for the expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as well as for directed differentiation of these cells to hepatocyte-like cells. Cells in single cell suspension were attached to the bead surface in even distribution and were expanded to 1×10(6)cells/ml within 2 days of hESC culture with maintenance of the level of pluripotency markers. Directed differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells on microcarriers, both in static culture and stirred bioreactors, induced similar levels of hepatocyte-like cell differentiation as observed with cells cultured in conventional tissue culture plates. The cells expressed both immature and mature hepatocyte-lineage genes and proteins such as asialoglycoprotein receptor-1 (ASGPR-1) and albumin. Differentiated cells exhibited functional characteristics such as secretion of albumin and urea, and CYP3A4 activity could be detected. Microcarriers thus offer the potential for large-scale expansion and differentiation of hESCs induced hepatocyte-like cells in a more controllable bioreactor environment.
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41
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Nsiah BA, Ahsan T, Griffiths S, Cooke M, Nerem RM, McDevitt TC. Fluid shear stress pre-conditioning promotes endothelial morphogenesis of embryonic stem cells within embryoid bodies. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:954-65. [PMID: 24138406 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are capable of differentiating into all mesoderm-derived cell lineages, including endothelial, hematopoietic, and cardiac cell types. Common strategies to direct mesoderm differentiation of ESCs rely on exposing the cells to a series of biochemical and biophysical cues at different stages of differentiation to promote maturation toward specific cell phenotypes. Shear forces that mimic cardiovascular physiological forces can evoke a myriad of responses in somatic and stem cell populations, and have, thus, been studied as a means to direct stem cell differentiation. However, elucidating the effects of shear pre-conditioning on the subsequent vascular differentiation and morphogenesis of ESCs has yet to be examined. In this study, ESC monolayers were subjected to physiological shear (5 dyn/cm(2)) or static conditions for 2 days on collagen IV-coated substrates before initiating embryoid body (EB) differentiation. Immediately after the pre-conditioning period, shear pre-conditioned and statically cultured ESCs exhibited similar morphologies and largely retained a pluripotent phenotype; however, ESCs exposed to fluid shear expressed increased levels of endothelial marker genes Flk-1 (∼3-fold), VE-cadherin (∼3-fold), and PECAM (∼2-fold), compared with statically cultured ESCs. After 7 days of EB culture, ∼70% of EBs formed from shear pre-conditioned ESCs expressed significantly higher levels of endothelial marker genes compared with EBs formed from statically cultured ESCs. Interestingly, unlike EBs formed from statically cultured ESCs, EBs formed from fluid shear stress pre-conditioned ESCs exhibited a centrally localized region of VE-cadherin(+) cells that persisted for at least 10 days of differentiation. These results demonstrate that fluid shear stress pre-conditioning not only promotes ESC endothelial gene expression but also subsequently impacts the organization of endothelial cells within EBs. Together, these studies highlight a novel approach to promote in vitro morphogenesis of developmental vasculogenic models and potentially promote pre-vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs derived from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Nsiah
- 1 George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
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Titmarsh DM, Chen H, Glass NR, Cooper-White JJ. Concise review: microfluidic technology platforms: poised to accelerate development and translation of stem cell-derived therapies. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:81-90. [PMID: 24311699 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are a powerful resource for producing a variety of cell types with utility in clinically associated applications, including preclinical drug screening and development, disease and developmental modeling, and regenerative medicine. Regardless of the type of stem cell, substantial barriers to clinical translation still exist and must be overcome to realize full clinical potential. These barriers span processes including cell isolation, expansion, and differentiation; purification, quality control, and therapeutic efficacy and safety; and the economic viability of bioprocesses for production of functional cell products. Microfluidic systems have been developed for a myriad of biological applications and have the intrinsic capability of controlling and interrogating the cellular microenvironment with unrivalled precision; therefore, they have particular relevance to overcoming such barriers to translation. Development of microfluidic technologies increasingly utilizes stem cells, addresses stem cell-relevant biological phenomena, and aligns capabilities with translational challenges and goals. In this concise review, we describe how microfluidic technologies can contribute to the translation of stem cell research outcomes, and we provide an update on innovative research efforts in this area. This timely convergence of stem cell translational challenges and microfluidic capabilities means that there is now an opportunity for both disciplines to benefit from increased interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M Titmarsh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and
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43
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Nerem RM. Bioengineering and the cardiovascular system. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2013; 2013:29-36. [PMID: 24688999 PMCID: PMC3963728 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the modern era of bioengineering and the advances in our understanding of the cardiovascular system have been intertwined over the past one-half century. This is true of bioengineering as an area for research in universities. Bioengineering is ultimately the beginning of a new engineering discipline, as well as a new discipline in the medical device industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Nerem
- Institute Professor Emeritus, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
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Wang Y, Cheng L, Gerecht S. Efficient and scalable expansion of human pluripotent stem cells under clinically compliant settings: a view in 2013. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:1357-72. [PMID: 24132657 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for revolutionizing regenerative medicine for their potential applications in disease modeling, drug discovery, and cellular therapy. Many their applications require robust and scalable expansion of hPSCs, even under settings compliant to good clinical practices. Rapid evolution of media and substrates provided safer and more defined culture conditions for long-term expansion of undifferentiated hPSCs in either adhesion or suspension. With well-designed automatic systems or fully controlled bioreactors, production of a clinically relevant quantity of hPSCs could be achieved in the near future. The goal is to find a scalable, xeno-free, chemically defined, and economic culture system for clinical-grade expansion of hPSCs that complies the requirements of current good manufacturing practices. This review provides an updated overview of the current development and challenges on the way to accomplish this goal, including discussions on basic principles for bioprocess design, serum-free media, extracellular matric or synthesized substrate, microcarrier- or cell aggregate-based suspension culture, and scalability and practicality of equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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46
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Geuss LR, Suggs LJ. Making cardiomyocytes: How mechanical stimulation can influence differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1089-96. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Geuss
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712
| | - Laura J. Suggs
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712
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47
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Abbasalizadeh S, Baharvand H. Technological progress and challenges towards cGMP manufacturing of human pluripotent stem cells based therapeutic products for allogeneic and autologous cell therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1600-23. [PMID: 23962714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in the generation, characterization, and bioprocessing of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have created new hope for their use as a source for production of cell-based therapeutic products. To date, a few clinical trials that have used therapeutic cells derived from hESCs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but numerous new hPSC-based cell therapy products are under various stages of development in cell therapy-specialized companies and their future market is estimated to be very promising. However, the multitude of critical challenges regarding different aspects of hPSC-based therapeutic product manufacturing and their therapies have made progress for the introduction of new products and clinical applications very slow. These challenges include scientific, technological, clinical, policy, and financial aspects. The technological aspects of manufacturing hPSC-based therapeutic products for allogeneic and autologous cell therapies according to good manufacturing practice (cGMP) quality requirements is one of the most important challenging and emerging topics in the development of new hPSCs for clinical use. In this review, we describe main critical challenges and highlight a series of technological advances in all aspects of hPSC-based therapeutic product manufacturing including clinical grade cell line development, large-scale banking, upstream processing, downstream processing, and quality assessment of final cell therapeutic products that have brought hPSCs closer to clinical application and commercial cGMP manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Abbasalizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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48
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Fluid Flow Modulation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency Gene Expression in the Absence of LIF. Cell Mol Bioeng 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-013-0287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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49
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Cheng M, Guan X, Li H, Cui X, Zhang X, Li X, Jing X, Wu H, Avsar E. Shear stress regulates late EPC differentiation via mechanosensitive molecule-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67675. [PMID: 23844056 PMCID: PMC3699607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), in particular late EPCs, play important roles in endothelial maintenance and repair. Recent evidence has revealed shear stress as a key regulator for EPC differentiation. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating the shear stress–induced EPC differentiation have not been understood completely. The present study was undertaken to further investigate the effects of shear stress on the late EPC differentiation, and to elucidate the signal mechanism involved. Methodology/Principal Finding In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that cytoskeletal remodeling was involved in the shear stress-upregulated expression of endothelial markers vWF and CD31 in late EPCs, with subsequently increased in vivo reendothelialization after arterial injury. Moreover, shear stress activated several mechanosensitive molecules including integrin β1, Ras, ERK1/2, paxillin and FAK, which were all involved in both cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell differentiation in response to shear stress in late EPCs. Conclusions/Significance Shear stress is a key regulator for late EPC differentiation into endothelial cells, which is important for vascular repair, and the cytoskeletal rearrangement mediated by the activation of the cascade of integrin β1, Ras, ERK1/2, paxillin and FAK is crucial in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheng
- Medicine Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, P R China.
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50
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Earls JK, Jin S, Ye K. Mechanobiology of human pluripotent stem cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:420-30. [PMID: 23472616 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are self-renewing and have the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the body, making them attractive cell sources for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, in order for hPSCs to find use in the clinic, the mechanisms underlying their self-renewal and lineage commitment must be better understood. Many technologies that have been developed for the maintenance and directed differentiation of hPSCs involve the use of soluble growth factors, but recent studies suggest that other elements of the hPSC microenvironment also influence the growth and differentiation of hPSCs. This includes the influences of cell-cell interactions, substrate mechanics, cellular interactions with extracellular matrix, as well as the nanotopography of the substrate and physical forces such as shear stress, cyclic mechanical strain, and compression. In this review, we highlight the recent progress of this area of research and discuss ways in which the mechanical cues may be incorporated into hPSC culture regimes to improve methods for expanding and differentiating hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Earls
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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