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James LM, Georgopoulos AP. Positive Association Between the Immunogenetic Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Profiles of Multiple Sclerosis and Brain Cancer. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231214543. [PMID: 38046672 PMCID: PMC10693228 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231214543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has documented elevated risk of brain cancer in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Separately, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) has been implicated in protection or susceptibility for both conditions. The aim of the current study was to assess a possible role of shared immunogenetic influence on risk of MS and brain cancer. We first identified an immunogenetic profile for each condition based on the covariance between the population frequency of 127 high-resolution HLA alleles and the population prevalence of each condition in 14 Continental Western European countries and then evaluated the correspondence between MS and brain cancer immunogenetic profiles. Also, since each individual carries 12 HLA alleles (2 × 6 genes), we estimated HLA protection and susceptibility for MS and brain cancer at the individual level. We found that the immunogenetic profiles of MS and brain cancer were highly correlated overall (P < .001) and across all 6 HLA genes with the strongest association observed for DRB1, followed by DQB1 and HLA-A. These findings of immunogenetic overlap between MS and brain cancer are discussed in light of the role of HLA in the immune system response to viruses and other foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M James
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Lim CK, Bronson PG, Varade J, Behrens TW, Hammarström L. STXBP6 and B3GNT6 Genes are Associated With Selective IgA Deficiency. Front Genet 2022; 12:736235. [PMID: 34976003 PMCID: PMC8718598 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.736235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A Deficiency (IgAD) is a polygenic primary immune deficiency, with a strong genetic association to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified five non-HLA risk loci (IFIH1, PVT1, ATG13-AMBRA1, AHI1 and CLEC16A). In this study, we investigated the genetic interactions between different HLA susceptibility haplotypes and non-MHC genes in IgAD. To do this, we stratified IgAD subjects and healthy controls based on HLA haplotypes (N = 10,993), and then performed GWAS to identify novel genetic regions contributing to IgAD susceptibility. After replicating previously published HLA risk haplotypes, we compared individuals carrying at least one HLA risk allele (HLA-B*08:01-DRB1*03:01-DQB1*02:01 or HLA-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:02 or HLA-DRB1*01-DQB1*05:01) with individuals lacking an HLA risk allele. Subsequently, we stratified subjects based on the susceptibility alleles/haplotypes and performed gene-based association analysis using 572,856 SNPs and 24,125 genes. A significant genome-wide association in STXBP6 (rs4097492; p = 7.63 × 10-9) was observed in the cohort carrying at least one MHC risk allele. We also identified a significant gene-based association for B3GNT6 (P Gene = 2.1 × 10-6) in patients not carrying known HLA susceptibility alleles. Our findings indicate that the etiology of IgAD differs depending on the genetic background of HLA susceptibility haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Kang Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department Clinical Translation Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paola G Bronson
- RED OMNI Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jezabel Varade
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) Singular Research Center, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Lennart Hammarström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Wang B, Jia X, Yao Q, Li Q, He W, Li L, Song R, Zhang J, Zhang JA. CEP128 is a crucial risk locus for autoimmune thyroid diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 480:97-106. [PMID: 30393005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) mainly includes Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and its pathogenesis is not clearly defined. This study was designed to explore risk loci for AITD. Genome-wide genetic data were analyzed to identify important risk loci for GD, and a case-control study with 845 AITD patients and 694 healthy controls was also conducted. The functional role of possible risk loci for GD was explored by analyzing the correlations of Centrosomal protein 128 (CEP128) expression level with intrathyroidal immune cells and key genes for candidate immune cells in GD thyroid tissues. CEP128 was identified as an important risk locus for GD in the genome-wide genetic analysis, and it was located near TSHR without obvious linkage disequilibrium with TSHR. Two tag single-nucleotide variants in CEP128 including a missense variant rs327463 were substantially related to genetic predisposition to GD and HT in the case-control study. CEP128 rs327463 was substantially related to GD under the allele model (OR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.08-1.59, P = 0.006) and the dominant model (OR = 1.37, 95%CI 1.09-1.72, P = 0.008), and it was related to HT under the recessive model (OR = 1.85, P = 0.031) and the homozygous model (OR = 1.91, P = 0.025). Moreover, CEP128 was substantially correlated with the frequencies of T-follicular helper (Tfh) cell and M1 macrophages in GD tissues. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that CEP128 was related to several common immune pathways involved in GD pathogenesis, such as interferon-γ mediated signaling pathway and toll-like receptor signaling pathway. This study highlight the crucial role of CEP128 in the pathogenesis of GD, and polymorphisms in CEP128 contribute to genetic predisposition to both GD and HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Xi Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Weiwei He
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan Medical University, Shaanxi, 716000, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ronghua Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Jin-An Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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4
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Varade J, Wang N, Lim CK, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Liu X, Piehl F, Matell R, Cao H, Xu X, Hammarström L. Novel genetic loci associated HLA-B*08:01 positive myasthenia gravis. J Autoimmun 2018; 88:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Covelli D, Ludgate M. The thyroid, the eyes and the gut: a possible connection. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:567-576. [PMID: 28063079 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder responsible for 60-90% of thyrotoxicosis, with an incidence of 1 to 2 cases per 1000 population per year in England. Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is the most frequent extrathyroidal manifestation, not provoked directly by abnormal thyroid hormone levels, but by the consequence of the underlying autoimmune process. The aetiology of autoimmune disorders is due to an interplay between susceptibility genes and environmental factors, such as infections and stress. What triggers the autoimmune reaction to a specific site of the body is not yet clearly understood. The lack of knowledge in GD and GO pathogenesis implicates therapies that only limit damage but do not prevent disease onset. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed on PubMed and the Cochrane Library a literature search for the articles published until July 2016 by using the search terms 'graves disease' and 'microbiome', 'orbitopathy' and 'autoimmune pathogenesis'. Reference lists of relevant studies were hand-searched for additional studies. CONCLUSION In this scenario, a Marie Sklodowska-Curie funded project INDIGO ( http://www.indigo-iapp.eu/ ) is investigating the role of the gut bacteria in GD and GO pathogenesis. The gut is the first and the widest area of bacteria access, with the highest concentration of T cells in the human body and trained to react to microorganisms. Interestingly, all the environmental factors involved in GD and GO pathogenesis can alter the balance within the microorganisms located in the gut, and influence the immune system, in particular the proportions of regulatory Treg and inflammatory TH17 cells. It is hoped that investigating GD and GO pathogenesis from this novel aspect will identify new targets for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Covelli
- Graves' Orbitopathy Centre, Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione Ca'Granda IRCCS, University of Milan, via Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - M Ludgate
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Bednarczuk T, Ploski R, Krajewska J, Kula D, Kowalska M, Tukiendorf A, Kolosza Z, Jarzab B. Differences in Gene-Gene Interactions in Graves' Disease Patients Stratified by Age of Onset. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150307. [PMID: 26943356 PMCID: PMC4778933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graves’ disease (GD) is a complex disease in which genetic predisposition is modified by environmental factors. Each gene exerts limited effects on the development of autoimmune disease (OR = 1.2–1.5). An epidemiological study revealed that nearly 70% of the risk of developing inherited autoimmunological thyroid diseases (AITD) is the result of gene interactions. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of the interactions of multiple loci on the genetic predisposition to GD. The aim of our analyses was to identify pairs of genes that exhibit a multiplicative interaction effect. Material and Methods A total of 709 patients with GD were included in the study. The patients were stratified into more homogeneous groups depending on the age at time of GD onset: younger patients less than 30 years of age and older patients greater than 30 years of age. Association analyses were performed for genes that influence the development of GD: HLADRB1, PTPN22, CTLA4 and TSHR. The interactions among polymorphisms were analyzed using the multiple logistic regression and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) methods. Results GD patients stratified by the age of onset differed in the allele frequencies of the HLADRB1*03 and 1858T polymorphisms of the PTPN22 gene (OR = 1.7, p = 0.003; OR = 1.49, p = 0.01, respectively). We evaluated the genetic interactions of four SNPs in a pairwise fashion with regard to disease risk. The coexistence of HLADRB1 with CTLA4 or HLADRB1 with PTPN22 exhibited interactions on more than additive levels (OR = 3.64, p = 0.002; OR = 4.20, p < 0.001, respectively). These results suggest that interactions between these pairs of genes contribute to the development of GD. MDR analysis confirmed these interactions. Conclusion In contrast to a single gene effect, we observed that interactions between the HLADRB1/PTPN22 and HLADRB1/CTLA4 genes more closely predicted the risk of GD onset in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Krajewska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Kula
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kowalska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tukiendorf
- Department of Epidemiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zofia Kolosza
- Department of Epidemiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Ploski R, Kula D, Szymanski K, Bednarczuk T, Ambroziak U, Hasse-Lazar K, Hyla-Klekot L, Tukiendorf A, Kolosza Z, Jarzab B. Association between polymorphisms in the TSHR gene and Graves' orbitopathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102653. [PMID: 25061884 PMCID: PMC4111286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' orbitopathy (GO) as well as Graves' disease (GD) hyperthyroidism originate from an autoimmune reaction against the common auto-antigen, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). GO phenotype is associated with environmental risk factors, mainly nicotinism, as well as genetic risk factors which initiate an immunologic reaction. In some patients GO is observed before diagnosis of GD hyperthyroidism, while it can also be observed far after diagnosis. The intensity of GO symptoms varies greatly in these patients. Thus, the pathogenesis of GD and GO may correlate with different genetic backgrounds, which has been confirmed by studies of correlations between GO and polymorphisms in cytokines involved in orbit inflammation. The aim of our analysis was to assess genetic predisposition to GO in young patients (age of diagnosis ≤30 years of age), for whom environmental effects had less time to influence outcomes than in adults. METHODS 768 GD patients were included in the study. 359 of them had clinically evident orbitopathy (NOSPECS ≥2). Patients were stratified by age at diagnosis. Association analyses were performed for genes with a known influence on development of GD - TSHR, HLA-DRB1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22). RESULTS The rs179247 TSHR polymorphism was associated with GO in young patients only. In young GO-free patients, allele A was statistically more frequent and homozygous carriers had a considerable lower risk of disease incidence than patients with AG or GG genotypes. Those differences were not found in either elderly patients or the group analyzed as a whole. CONCLUSIONS Allele A of the rs179247 polymorphism in the TSHR gene is associated with lower risk of GO in young GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kula
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Konrad Szymanski
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Ambroziak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kornelia Hasse-Lazar
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Tukiendorf
- Department of Epidemiology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zofia Kolosza
- Department of Epidemiology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
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8
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Szymański K, Miśkiewicz P, Pirko K, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Kula D, Hasse-Lazar K, Krajewski P, Bednarczuk T, Płoski R. rs3827440, a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism within GPR174 gene in X chromosome, is associated with Graves' disease in Polish Caucasian population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 83:41-4. [PMID: 24289805 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently Chu et al. conducted a two-stage genome wide association study in Chinese that identified a novel X-linked Graves' disease (GD) susceptibility marker at rs3827440 - a nonsynonymous (P162S) nucleotide transition (519C<T) within G protein-coupled receptor 174 (GPR174) gene. We aimed to replicate this finding in Caucasians. Using the TaqMan approach we typed rs3827440 in 560 GD patients from Warsaw and 196 patients from Gliwice as well as ethically matched controls (N = 748, N = 198, respectively). We found an association of the rs3827440 T allele with GD using both an allelic and genotype comparison [odds ratio (OR) = 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.38, P = 0.021; OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.03-1.69, P = 0.03, respectively]. There was no difference in distribution of rs3827440 alleles/genotypes vs gender, tobacco smoking, ophthalmopathy or age at disease onset. Also, no statistically significant differences were observed after stratifying patients for DRB1*03- or GD-associated variants in CTLA4 or TSHR genes. Our study provides the first replication in a Caucasian population of the association between GD and rs3827440 originally reported among Chinese. Our results also validate statistical methodology used by Chu et al. to detect associations with X-linked markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Szymański
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Association between age at diagnosis of Graves' disease and variants in genes involved in immune response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59349. [PMID: 23544060 PMCID: PMC3609789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graves' disease (GD) is a complex disease in which genetic predisposition is modified by environmental factors. The aim of the study was to examine the association between genetic variants in genes encoding proteins involved in immune response and the age at diagnosis of GD. Methods 735 GD patients and 1216 healthy controls from Poland were included into the study. Eight genetic variants in the HLA-DRB1, TNF, CTLA4, CD40, NFKb, PTPN22, IL4 and IL10 genes were genotyped. Patients were stratified by the age at diagnosis of GD and the association with genotype was analysed. Results Polymorphism in the HLA-DRB1, TNF and CTLA4 genes were associated with GD. The carriers of the HLA DRB1*03 allele were more frequent in patients with age at GD diagnosis ≤30 years than in patients with older age at GD diagnosis. Conclusions HLADRB1*03 allele is associated with young age at diagnosis of Graves' disease in polish population.
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10
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Płoski R, Szymański K, Bednarczuk T. The genetic basis of graves' disease. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:542-63. [PMID: 22654555 PMCID: PMC3271308 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented comprehensive review of current knowledge about genetic factors predisposing to Graves’ disease (GD) put emphasis on functional significance of observed associations. In particular, we discuss recent efforts aimed at refining diseases associations found within the HLA complex and implicating HLA class I as well as HLA-DPB1 loci. We summarize data regarding non-HLA genes such as PTPN22, CTLA4, CD40, TSHR and TG which have been extensively studied in respect to their role in GD. We review recent findings implicating variants of FCRL3 (gene for FC receptor-like-3 protein), SCGB3A2 (gene for secretory uteroglobin-related protein 1- UGRP1) as well as other unverified possible candidate genes for GD selected through their documented association with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Tenr–IL2–IL21, CAPSL (encoding calcyphosine-like protein), IFIH1(gene for interferon-induced helicase C domain 1), AFF3, CD226 and PTPN2. We also review reports on association of skewed X chromosome inactivation and fetal microchimerism with GD. Finally we discuss issues of genotype-phenotype correlations in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Wang N, Shen N, Vyse TJ, Anand V, Gunnarson I, Sturfelt G, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Elvin K, Truedsson L, Andersson BA, Dahle C, Örtqvist E, Gregersen PK, Behrens TW, Hammarström L. Selective IgA deficiency in autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2011; 17:1383-96. [PMID: 21826374 PMCID: PMC3321806 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in Caucasians. It has previously been suggested to be associated with a variety of concomitant autoimmune diseases. In this review, we present data on the prevalence of IgAD in patients with Graves disease (GD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes (T1D), celiac disease (CD), myasthenia gravis (MG) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on the basis of both our own recent large-scale screening results and literature data. Genetic factors are important for the development of both IgAD and various autoimmune disorders, including GD, SLE, T1D, CD, MG and RA, and a strong association with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region has been reported. In addition, non-MHC genes, such as interferon-induced helicase 1 (IFIH1) and c-type lectin domain family 16, member A (CLEC16A), are also associated with the development of IgAD and some of the above diseases. This indicates a possible common genetic background. In this review, we present suggestive evidence for a shared genetic predisposition between these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Rheumatology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vidya Anand
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Rheumatology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iva Gunnarson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Sturfelt
- Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kerstin Elvin
- Unit of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Truedsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Charlotte Dahle
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eva Örtqvist
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter K Gregersen
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy W Behrens
- Division of Immunology, Tissue Growth & Repair, Biomarker Discovery and Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sim JH, Park MJ, Park S, Lee ES. Altered expression of costimulatory molecules in Behçet's disease according to clinical activity. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:1285-91. [PMID: 21574973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reduced expression of molecules limiting excessive immune responses has been considered a pathogenic mechanism associated with autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES To understand the implications of costimulatory molecules in Behçet's disease (BD), the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 on T-cell subsets and of their ligands CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was investigated. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 11 patients with active BD, eight patients with inactive BD, eight patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers and 10 healthy volunteers as healthy controls (HC) were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. The expression of costimulatory molecules was then analysed by flow cytometry. Soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the transcript level of PD-L1 was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The PD-L1 expression in skin lesions of patients with BD was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with the HC group, reduced expression of CTLA-4 in CD4+ T cells after stimulation was observed in the active BD group, with no difference in the production of sCTLA-4. CD86 expression, in the resting APCs, was reduced in the active BD group compared with the HC group. PD-L1 expression in the APCs was decreased in the active BD group with or without stimulation of cells. Concordantly, the mRNA levels of PD-L1 in PBMC, and PD-L1 expression in the cutaneous lesions, were low in the active BD group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that altered expression of PD-L1, CTLA-4 and CD86 may be involved in the pathogenesis of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Sim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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Płoski R, Brand OJ, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Franaszczyk M, Kula D, Krajewski P, Karamat MA, Simmonds MJ, Franklyn JA, Gough SCL, Jarząb B, Bednarczuk T. Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) intron 1 variants are major risk factors for Graves' disease in three European Caucasian cohorts. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15512. [PMID: 21124799 PMCID: PMC2991361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene is an established susceptibility locus for Graves' disease (GD), with recent studies refining association to two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs179247 and rs12101255, within TSHR intron 1. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We aimed to validate association of rs179247 and rs12101255 in Polish and UK Caucasian GD case-control subjects, determine the mode of inheritance and to see if association correlates with specific GD clinical manifestations. We investigated three case-control populations; 558 GD patients and 520 controls from Warsaw, Poland, 196 GD patients and 198 controls from Gliwice, Poland and 2504 GD patients from the UK National collection and 2784 controls from the 1958 British Birth cohort. Both rs179247 (P = 1.2×10(-2)-6.2×10(-15), OR = 1.38-1.45) and rs12101255 (P = 1.0×10(-4)-3.68×10(-21), OR = 1.47-1.87) exhibited strong association with GD in all three cohorts. Logistic regression suggested association of rs179247 is secondary to rs12101255 in all cohorts. Inheritance modeling suggested a co-dominant mode of inheritance in all cohorts. Genotype-phenotype correlations provided no clear evidence of association with any specific clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS We have validated association of TSHR intron 1 SNPs with GD in three independent European cohorts and have demonstrated that the aetiological variant within the TSHR is likely to be in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs12101255. Fine mapping is now required to determine the exact location of the aetiological DNA variants within the TSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliver J. Brand
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maria Franaszczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kula
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Muhammad A. Karamat
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Simmonds
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne A. Franklyn
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. L. Gough
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Jarząb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Andrade LEC. Future perspective for diagnosis in autoimmune diseases. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:367-80. [PMID: 19722009 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings have taken successive approaches for the understanding and management of diseases. Initially brewed in supernatural concepts and mystical procedures, a vigorous scientific approach has emerged on the grounds of fundamental disciplines such as anatomy, microbiology, biochemistry, physiology, immunology, pathology, and pharmacology. The resulting integrated knowledge contributed to the current classification of diseases and the way Medicine is carried out today. Despite considerable progress, this approach is rather insufficient when it comes to systemic inflammatory conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, that covers clinical conditions ranging from mild pauci-symptomatic diseases to rapidly fatal conditions. The treatment for such conditions is often insufficient and novel approaches are needed for further progress in these areas of Medicine. A recent breakthrough has been achieved with respect to chronic auto-inflammatory syndromes, in which molecular dissection of underlying gene defects has provided directions for target-oriented therapy. Such approach may be amenable to application in systemic auto-immune diseases with the comprehension that such conditions may be the consequence of interaction of specific environmental stimuli and an array of several and interconnected gene polymorphisms. On the bulk of this transformation, the application of principles of pharmacogenetics may lead the way towards a progressively stronger personalized Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E C Andrade
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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15
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Gu LQ, Zhu W, Pan CM, Zhao L, Zhang MJ, Liu JM, Song HD, Ning G, Zhao YJ. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) polymorphisms in Chinese patients with Graves' disease. Clin Biochem 2009; 43:223-7. [PMID: 19732761 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) may play a central role in the development of Graves' disease (GD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of TNF-alpha polymorphisms with GD in Chinese population. DESIGN AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocyte of 436 GD patients and 316 control subjects. TNF-alpha polymorphisms at positions -308 (G-308A, rs1800629), -238 (G-238A, rs361525), and +419 (G+419A, rs3093661) were genotyped. RESULTS The distribution of TNF-alpha -238 and +419 allelic frequencies between GD and control individuals was significantly different. Both the G alleles of TNF-alpha -238 (OR 2.385, 95%CI 1.359-4.184) and +419 (OR 2.293, 95%CI 1.303-4.035) SNPs conferred higher risk of GD as compared with A alleles. No significant difference of -308 allelic frequency was observed. Further haplotype analysis revealed that the haplotype GGG was associated with an increased risk of GD (OR 1.554, 95%CI 1.125-2.146), whereas the haplotype GAA was found to be protective (OR 0.419, 95%CI 0.239-0.736). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the association of TNF-alpha gene with GD in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center For Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, PR China
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16
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Park KS, Baek JA, Do JE, Bang D, Lee ES. CTLA4gene polymorphisms and soluble CTLA4 protein in Behcet’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 74:222-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Shtandel’ SA, Gopkalova IV, Khaziev VV, Dubovik VN, Svetlova-Kovalenko EA. Graves’ disease: Hereditary peculiarities and effect of selection on its prevalence population. CYTOL GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452709020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Kammoun-krichen M, Bougacha-elleuch N, Rebai A, Mnif M, Abid M, Ayadi H. TNF gene polymorphisms in Graves’ disease: TNF-308 A/G meta-analysis. Ann Hum Biol 2008; 35:656-61. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460802477939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Kammoun-krichen
- Unité Cibles pour le Diagnostic et la Thérapie, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Noura Bougacha-elleuch
- Unité Cibles pour le Diagnostic et la Thérapie, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Unité de Bioinformatique, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Mnif
- Service d'Endocrinologie, CHU Hedi Chaker, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Abid
- Service d'Endocrinologie, CHU Hedi Chaker, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hammadi Ayadi
- Unité Cibles pour le Diagnostic et la Thérapie, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Gianoukakis AG, Smith TJ. Recent insights into the pathogenesis and management of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:446-52. [PMID: 18769218 PMCID: PMC3712753 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32830eb8ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To identify and critique the most recent experimental findings regarding the pathogenesis and therapy of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. RECENT FINDINGS Much of the recent work in this field has focused on identifying genetic alterations associated with the phenotypes of Graves' disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and investigating their functional consequences. Identified candidate genes include CD40, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, protein tyrosine phosphatase-22, human leukocyte antigen-major histocompatibility complex and those associated with the X-chromosome. Efforts to generate a complete rodent model of Graves' disease continue with little progress. These uniformly involve the immunization of animals with the thyrotropin receptor. Studies conducted in vitro have focused on the actions of cytokines in orbital fibroblasts, the potential role of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and activating antibodies directed against it as a fibroblast and T cell activation pathway. Reports continue to appear examining the potential relationship between the thyrotropin receptor and orbital adipogenesis. Regarding therapy for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, small molecules and antibodies disrupting cytokine pathways and lymphocyte function are currently under examination and have yielded promising albeit preliminary results. SUMMARY Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy remains a vexing medical problem, the pathogenesis of which remains uncertain. A number of obstacles continue to plague major advances, not least of which is the absence of a robust animal model. A few new insights seem to represent departure from traditional thinking about this disease and may herald important innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Gianoukakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502 and the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; (310)222-1873; fax: (310)533-0627
| | - Terry J. Smith
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502 and the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; (310)222-3691; fax: (310)222-6820
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20
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Li N, Zhou Z, Liu X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Du L, Wei M, Chen X. Association of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) polymorphisms with Graves' disease: A meta-analysis. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:881-6. [PMID: 18472000 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively summarize the association between tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene polymorphisms and Graves' disease. DESIGN AND METHODS Relevant studies were identified from the following electronic databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Chinese Bio-medicine Database. A meta-analysis of relevant studies was performed. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 10 case-control studies, which included 2271 Graves' disease cases and 2633 controls. The combined results based on all studies showed that there was significant difference in genotype distribution (-308A/G; -308G/G; -863C/C; -863C/A; -1031C/T) between Graves' disease and controls. When stratifying for race, statistically significant results were observed in three genotype distribution (-863C/C; -863C/A; -1031C/T) between Graves' disease and controls among Asians. Statistically significant results were observed in only two genotype distribution (-308A/G; -308G/G) between Graves' disease and controls among Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms at positions -308 (G-308A), -863 (C-863A), and -1031 (T-1031C) were associated with Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
Graves' disease is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by multiple systemic manifestations of overproduction of thyroid hormone, and in some cases, orbitopathy. The etiology of this disorder is multifactorial, involving heritable abnormalities of immune regulation as well as environmental triggers. The goal of this paper is to provide a review of recent research investigating candidate genes involved in the pathophysiology of both Graves' disease per se and of thyroid orbitopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Kim
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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22
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Graves-Basedow disease and potential risk factors. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2008; 65:633-8. [DOI: 10.2298/vsp0808633z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim. Graves-Basedow disease is a common multifactorial genetic syndrome, which is determined by several genes and environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of risk factors for developing Graves-Basedow disease between the groups of individuals with and without Graves-Basedow disease, and to compare the presence of risk factors between the affected individuals with or without positive family history for Graves- Basedow disease. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Cuprija (central Serbia) during a period from December 2001 to April 2002. The case group comprised 132 individuals diagnosed with Graves-Basedow disease. The control group comprised 130 subjects without any of endocrine diseases. All participants were interviewed at the Medical Center Cuprija using structural questionnaire. Data were collected on basic demographic characteristics, exposure to various chemical and physical agents, stress, smoking and family history of Graves-Basedow disease. In statistical analysis chi-square test was used. Results. The individuals with Graves-Basedow disease were statistically significantly older (above 50) (p = 0.020), exposed to stress (p = 0.024) and to physical agents (p = 0.031), and had significantly (p = 0.000) more relatives with Graves-Basedow disease than those without the disease. Among the affected individuals with positive family history of Graves-Basedow disease the number of women was significantly higher (p = 0.000), than the affected individuals without positive family history of Graves- Basedow disease. Conclusion. In our study, as in many other, gender, age, positive family history of Graves-Basedow disease and exposure to physical agents were identified as potential risk factors for the increased incidence of Graves- Basedow disease. Different risk factors are probably responsible for developing Graves-Basedow disease among the affected individuals with or without positive family history of Graves-Basedow disease. .
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Kurylowicz A, Hiromatsu Y, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Kula D, Kowalska M, Ichimura M, Koga H, Kaku H, Bar-Andziak E, Nauman J, Jarzab B, Ploski R, Bednarczuk T. Association of NFKB1 -94ins/del ATTG promoter polymorphism with susceptibility to and phenotype of Graves' disease. Genes Immun 2007; 8:532-8. [PMID: 17690684 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a functional polymorphism in the NFKB1 gene promoter (-94ins/del ATTG) has been identified and associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of NFKB1 polymorphism with susceptibility to and phenotype of Graves' disease (GD). The initial case-control association study, performed in a Polish-Warsaw cohort (388 GD patients and 688 controls), was followed by the two replication studies performed in Polish-Gliwice and Japanese-Kurume cohorts (198 GD patients and 194 controls, and 424 GD patients and 222 controls, respectively). The frequency of the -94del ATTG (D) allele was increased in GD compared to controls in Warsaw cohort. This finding was replicated in Gliwice cohort. Combining both Polish-Caucasian cohorts showed that the NFKB1 polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to GD with a codominant mode of inheritance (P=0.00005; OR=1.37 (1.18-1.60)). No association with GD was found in Japanese cohort. However, subgroup analysis in Japanese GD patients revealed a correlation between the NFKB1genotype and the development of ophthalmopathy (P=0.009; OR=1.49 (1.10-2.01)), and the age of disease onset (P=0.009; OR=1.45 (1.09-1.91)). Our results suggest that NFKB1 -94ins/del ATTG polymorphism may be associated with susceptibility to and/or phenotype of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kurylowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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Bednarczuk T, Gopinath B, Ploski R, Wall JR. Susceptibility genes in Graves' ophthalmopathy: searching for a needle in a haystack? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 67:3-19. [PMID: 17521325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The variety of clinical presentations of eye changes in patients with Graves' disease suggests that complex interactions between genetic, environmental, endogenous and local factors influence the development/severity of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). At present, the role of genetic factors in the development of GO remains unknown. Based on small case-control association studies with candidate genes, several susceptibility loci in GO have been proposed. These are human leucocyte antigen (HLA, 6p21.3), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4, 2q33), tumour necrosis factor (TNF, 6p21.3), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma, 12q14), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, 19p13), and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSH-R, 14q31). Unfortunately, these results were either not confirmed or require replication in larger studies. There are many reasons for the lack of reproducibility of association studies in GO, including poor characterization of the studied groups and small sample sizes, which may result in both false positive and negative results. Thus, the genetic background of GO remains to be elucidated in future research. However, the possibility that GO may be a genetically heterogeneous disorder, or that the development of GO may be predominantly influenced by environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, can not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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