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Zhang L, Lu Y, An J, Wu Y, Liu Z, Zou MH. AMPKα2 regulates fasting-induced hyperketonemia by suppressing SCOT ubiquitination and degradation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1713. [PMID: 38242911 PMCID: PMC10798978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies serve as an energy source, especially in the absence of carbohydrates or in the extended exercise. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial energy sensor that regulates lipid and glucose metabolism. However, whether AMPK regulates ketone metabolism in whole body is unclear even though AMPK regulates ketogenesis in liver. Prolonged resulted in a significant increase in blood and urine levels of ketone bodies in wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, fasting AMPKα2-/- and AMPKα1-/- mice exhibited significantly higher levels of ketone bodies in both blood and urine compared to fasting WT mice. BHB tolerance assays revealed that both AMPKα2-/- and AMPKα1-/- mice exhibited slower ketone consumption compared to WT mice, as indicated by higher blood BHB or urine BHB levels in the AMPKα2-/- and AMPKα1-/- mice even after the peak. Interestingly, fasting AMPKα2-/- and AMPKα1-/- mice exhibited significantly higher levels of ketone bodies in both blood and urine compared to fasting WT mice. . Specifically, AMPKα2ΔMusc mice showed approximately a twofold increase in blood BHB levels, and AMPKα2ΔMyo mice exhibited a 1.5-fold increase compared to their WT littermates after a 48-h fasting. However, blood BHB levels in AMPKα1ΔMusc and AMPKα1ΔMyo mice were as same as in WT mice. Notably, AMPKα2ΔMusc mice demonstrated a slower rate of BHB consumption in the BHB tolerance assay, whereas AMPKα1ΔMusc mice did not show such an effect. Declining rates of body weights and blood glucoses were similar among all the mice. Protein levels of SCOT, the rate-limiting enzyme of ketolysis, decreased in skeletal muscle of AMPKα2-/- mice. Moreover, SCOT protein ubiquitination increased in C2C12 cells either transfected with kinase-dead AMPKα2 or subjected to AMPKα2 inhibition. AMPKα2 physiologically binds and stabilizes SCOT, which is dependent on AMPKα2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxue Zhang
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street North East, Atlanta, USA
| | - Yanqiao Lu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street North East, Atlanta, USA
| | - Junqing An
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street North East, Atlanta, USA
| | - Yin Wu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street North East, Atlanta, USA
| | - Zhixue Liu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street North East, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street North East, Atlanta, USA
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2
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Dai LB, Zhong JT, Shen LF, Zhou SH, Lu ZJ, Bao YY, Fan J. Radiosensitizing effects of curcumin alone or combined with GLUT1 siRNA on laryngeal carcinoma cells through AMPK pathway-induced autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6018-6031. [PMID: 33955148 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the ability of curcumin alone or in combination with GLUT1 siRNA to radiosensitize laryngeal carcinoma (LC) through the induction of autophagy. Protein levels in tumour tissues and LC cells were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. In vitro, cell proliferation, colony formation assays, cell death and autophagy were detected. A nude mouse xenograft model was established through the injection of Tu212 cells. We found that GLUT1 was highly expressed and negatively associated with autophagy-related proteins in LC and that curcumin suppressed radiation-mediated GLUT1 overexpression in Tu212 cells. Treatment with curcumin, GLUT1 siRNA, or the combination of the two promoted autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy using 6-amino-3-methypourine (3-MA) promoted apoptosis after irradiation or treatment of cells with curcumin and GLUT1 siRNA. 3-MA inhibited curcumin and GLUT1 siRNA-mediated non-apoptotic programmed cell death. The combination of curcumin, GLUT1 siRNA and 3-MA provided the strongest sensitization in vivo. We also found that autophagy induction after curcumin or GLUT1 siRNA treatment implicated in the AMP-activated protein kinase-mTOR-serine/threonine-protein kinase-Beclin1 signalling pathway. Irradiation primarily caused apoptosis, and when combined with curcumin and GLUT1 siRNA treatment, the increased radiosensitivity of LC occurred through the concurrent induction of apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Fang Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shui-Hong Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Lu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang-Yang Bao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Wang H, Ma Z, Cheng X, Tuo B, Liu X, Li T. Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Ion Transporter-Mediated Metabolism in the Thyroid Gland and in Thyroid Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12427-12441. [PMID: 33299328 PMCID: PMC7721308 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s280797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine tumor and has shown an increasing annual incidence, especially among women. Patients with thyroid cancer have a good prognosis, with a high five-year survival rate; however, the recurrence rate and disease status of thyroid cancer remain a burden for patients, which compels us to further elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, ion transporters have gradually become a hot topic in the field of thyroid gland biology and cancer research. Additionally, alterations in the metabolic state of tumor cells and protein molecules have gradually become the focus of scientific research. This review focuses on the progress in understanding the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ion transporter-mediated metabolism in both the thyroid gland and thyroid cancer. We also hope to shed light on new targets for the treatment and prognosis of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China.,Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China.,Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
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4
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Tan KN, Avery VM, Carrasco-Pozo C. Metabolic Roles of Androgen Receptor and Tip60 in Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186622. [PMID: 32927797 PMCID: PMC7555377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling is essential for the growth and differentiation of the normal prostate and is the primary target for androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Tat interactive protein 60 kDa (Tip60) is a histone acetyltransferase that is critical for AR activation. It is well known that cancer cells rewire their metabolic pathways in order to sustain aberrant proliferation. Growing evidence demonstrates that the AR and Tip60 modulate key metabolic processes to promote the survival of prostate cancer cells, in addition to their classical roles. AR activation enhances glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as lipid metabolism in prostate cancer. The AR also interacts with other metabolic regulators, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2 and mammalian target of rapamycin. Several studies have revealed the roles of Tip60 in determining cell fate indirectly by modulating metabolic regulators, such as c-Myc, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and p53 in various cancer types. Furthermore, Tip60 has been shown to regulate the activity of key enzymes in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis directly through acetylation. Overall, both the AR and Tip60 are master metabolic regulators that mediate cellular energy metabolism in prostate cancer, providing a framework for the development of novel therapeutic targets in androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Ni Tan
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (K.N.T.); (V.M.A.)
- CRC for Cancer Therapeutics, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (K.N.T.); (V.M.A.)
- CRC for Cancer Therapeutics, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Catalina Carrasco-Pozo
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (K.N.T.); (V.M.A.)
- CRC for Cancer Therapeutics, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-3735-6034
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Heydarzadeh S, Moshtaghie AA, Daneshpoor M, Hedayati M. Regulators of glucose uptake in thyroid cancer cell lines. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:83. [PMID: 32493394 PMCID: PMC7268348 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Thyroid cancer is the most common sort of endocrine-related cancer with more prevalent in women and elderly individuals which has quickly widespread expansion in worldwide over the recent decades. Common features of malignant thyroid cells are to have accelerated metabolism and increased glucose uptake to optimize their energy supply which provides a fundamental advantage for growth. In tumor cells the retaining of required energy charge for cell survival is imperative, indeed glucose transporters are enable of promoting of this task. According to this relation it has been reported the upregulation of glucose transporters in various types of cancers. Human studies indicated that poor survival can be occurred following the high levels of GLUT1 expression in tumors. GLUT-1 and GLUT3 are the glucose transporters which seems to be mainly engaged with the oncogenesis of thyroid cancer and their expression in malignant tissues is much more than in the normal one. They are promising targets for the advancement of anticancer strategies. The lack of oncosuppressors have dominant effect on the membrane expression of GLUT1 and glucose uptake. Overexpression of hypoxia inducible factors have been additionally connected with distant metastasis in thyroid cancers which mediates transcriptional regulation of glycolytic genes including GLUT1 and GLUT3. Though the physiological role of the thyroid gland is well illustrated, but the metabolic regulations in thyroid cancer remain evasive. In this study we discuss proliferation pathways of the key regulators and signaling molecules such as PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, MicroRNA, PTEN, AMPK, BRAF, c-Myc, TSH, Iodide and p53 which includes in the regulation of GLUTs in thyroid cancer cells. Incidence of deregulations in cellular energetics and metabolism are the most serious signs of cancers. In conclusion, understanding the mechanisms of glucose transportation in normal and pathologic thyroid tissues is critically important and could provide significant insights in science of diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease. Video Abstract
Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Heydarzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Moshtaghie
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Daneshpoor
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)-Dependent Regulation of Renal Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113481. [PMID: 30404151 PMCID: PMC6274953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine kinase that is expressed in most cells and activated by a high cellular AMP/ATP ratio (indicating energy deficiency) or by Ca2+. In general, AMPK turns on energy-generating pathways (e.g., glucose uptake, glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation) and stops energy-consuming processes (e.g., lipogenesis, glycogenesis), thereby helping cells survive low energy states. The functional element of the kidney, the nephron, consists of the glomerulus, where the primary urine is filtered, and the proximal tubule, Henle's loop, the distal tubule, and the collecting duct. In the tubular system of the kidney, the composition of primary urine is modified by the reabsorption and secretion of ions and molecules to yield final excreted urine. The underlying membrane transport processes are mainly energy-consuming (active transport) and in some cases passive. Since active transport accounts for a large part of the cell's ATP demands, it is an important target for AMPK. Here, we review the AMPK-dependent regulation of membrane transport along nephron segments and discuss physiological and pathophysiological implications.
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Awwad O, Coperchini F, Pignatti P, Denegri M, Massara S, Croce L, Di Buduo CA, Abbonante V, Balduini A, Chiovato L, Rotondi M. The AMPK-activator AICAR in thyroid cancer: effects on CXCL8 secretion and on CXCL8-induced neoplastic cell migration. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:1275-1282. [PMID: 29546654 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The AMPK-activator AICAR recently raised great interest for its anti-cancer properties. With specific regard to thyroid cancer, AICAR reduces cancer cell growth, invasion and metastasis. CXCL8, a chemokine with several recognized tumorigenic effects, is abundantly secreted in thyroid cancer microenvironment. The aim of this study was to investigate if AICAR could inhibit the basal and the TNFα-induced CXCL8 secretion in normal human thyroid cells (NHT) and in thyroid cancer cell lines TPC-1 and BCPAP (RET/PTC and BRAFV600e mutated, respectively). METHODS The effect of AICAR on basal and CXCL8-induced cell migration was assessed. Cells were incubated with AICAR (0.05, 0.5, 1, 2 mM) alone or in combination with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) for 24 h. CXCL8 concentrations were measured in cell supernatants. Transwell migration assays were performed in NHT, TPC-1 and BCPAP, basally and after treatment with AICAR (2 mM) and rh-CXCL8 (50 ng/ml) alone or in combination. RESULTS AICAR dose dependently inhibited the basal secretion of CXCL8 in TPC-1 (F = 4.26; p < 0.007) and BCPAP (F = 6.75; p < 0.0001) but not in NHT. TNFα-induced CXCL8 secretion was dose dependently reduced by AICAR in NHT (F = 9.99; p < 0.0001), TPC-1 (F = 9.25; p < 0.0001) and BCPAP (F = 6.82; p < 0.0001). AICAR significantly reduced the basal migration of TPC-1 and BCPAP but not of NHT. CONCLUSIONS CXCL8-induced cell migration was inhibited in NHT, TPC-1 and BCPAP. This is the first demonstration of the inhibition of CXCL8 secretion exerted by AICAR in TPC-1 and BCPAP indicating that the anti-cancer properties of AICAR are, at least in part, mediated by its ability to reduce the pro-tumorigenic effects of CXCL8.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Awwad
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11937, Jordan
| | - F Coperchini
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Pignatti
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Denegri
- Molecular Cardiology, ICS-Maugeri, Via Maugeri 10/10°, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Massara
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - L Croce
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - C A Di Buduo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - V Abbonante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - L Chiovato
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - M Rotondi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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8
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Coelho RG, Cazarin JDM, Cavalcanti de Albuquerque JPA, de Andrade BM, Carvalho DP. Differential glycolytic profile and Warburg effect in papillary thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3673-3681. [PMID: 27748844 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acceleration of glycolysis is a characteristic of neoplasia. Previous studies have shown that a metabolic shift occurs in many tumors and correlates with a negative prognosis. The present study aimed to investigate the glycolytic profile of thyroid carcinoma cell lines. We investigated glycolytic and oxidative parameters of two thyroid carcinoma papillary cell lines (BCPAP and TPC1) and the non-tumor cell line NTHY-ori. All carcinoma cell lines showed higher rates of glycolysis efficiency, when compared to NTHY-ori, as assessed by a higher rate of glucose consumption and lactate production. The BCPAP cell line presented higher rates of growth, as well as elevated intracellular ATP levels, compared to the TPC1 and NTHY-ori cells. We found that glycolysis and activities of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) regulatory enzymes were significantly different among the carcinoma cell lines, particularly in the mitochondrial hexokinase (HK) activity which was higher in the BCPAP cells than that in the TPC1 cell line which showed a balanced distribution of HK activity between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial subcellular localizations. However, TPC1 had higher levels of glucose‑6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, suggesting that the PPP is elevated in this cell type. Using high resolution respirometry, we observed that the Warburg effect was present in the BCPAP and TPC1 cells, characterized by low oxygen consumption and high reactive oxygen species production. Overall, these results indicate that both thyroid papillary carcinoma cell lines showed a glycolytic profile. Of note, BCPAP cells presented some relevant differences in cell metabolism compared to TPC1 cells, mainly related to higher mitochondrial-associated HK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Guimarães Coelho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Menezes Cazarin
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Moulin de Andrade
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Panda S, Kar A. Role of a gitogenin-type steroidal saponin (3- O -β- d -glucopyranosyl (1 → 2)-β- d -glucopyranosyl (1 → 4)-β- d -galactopyranoside-25 R ,5α-spirostane-2α,3β-diol), isolated from the leaves of Malvastrum coromandelianum in regulating thyrotoxicosis in rats. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4804-4807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Cazarin JM, Coelho RG, Hecht F, Andrade BM, Carvalho DP. 5'-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Papillary (TPC-1 and BCPAP) Thyroid Cancer Cell Survival, Migration, Invasion, and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Thyroid 2016; 26:933-42. [PMID: 27121619 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC) are associated with a good prognosis and a high survival rate. However, tumor recurrence occurs in approximately 20-30% of DTC patients, reinforcing the importance of identifying new molecular targets for cancer management. It has been shown that the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is over-activated in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). This study aimed to investigate the effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside (AICAR), an AMPK activator, on various aspects of thyroid cancer cell behavior, including cell survival, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in the human thyroid cancer cell lines BCPAP and TPC-1. METHODS BCPAP and TPC-1 cells were cultivated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, and the non-tumor-derived cell line Nthy-ORI was grown in RPMI. Cells were treated or not with AICAR for different periods of time. The cell growth rate, cell cycle phase, apoptosis, cell migration, and invasion were analyzed using transwell inserts, and EMT was quantified by the expression of mesenchymal and epithelial markers. RESULTS AMPK is activated in thyroid cancer cell lines, and AICAR treatment further increased AMPK phosphorylation. After 48 hours of AICAR treatment, the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase decreased, and a G0/G1-phase arrest was induced in both cell lines. AMPK activation effectively induced apoptosis in the BCPAP and TPC-1 cancer cell lines, while no apoptosis induction was observed in Nthy-ORI cells. AICAR also reduced the migration of Nthy-ORI and BCPAP cells by 30% and approximately 60% in TPC-1 cells. AICAR had no effect on cell invasion in Nthy-ORI and TPC-1 cells, but a significant reduction of cell invasion was observed in BCPAP cells. AICAR induced a significant reduction of N-cadherin and no changes in the expression of vimentin or TCF/Zeb1 protein in BCPAP cells. No differences in the expression of EMT markers were found in the AICAR-treated Nthy-ORI cells. A remarkable reduction of vimentin, TCF/Zeb1, and N-cadherin protein expression was detected in the TPC-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased activation of AMPK in PTC cell lines leads to a strong antitumor response, as measured by the inhibition of cell proliferation, cell migration, and induction of cell death. AMPK activation also reverses EMT in TPC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Cazarin
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Coelho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hecht
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Andrade
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Vaisman F, Carvalho DP, Vaisman M. A new appraisal of iodine refractory thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R301-10. [PMID: 26307020 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing all over the world - mostly due to an increase in the detection of small tumors that were previously undetected. A small percentage of these tumors lose the ability to uptake and/or to respond to radioiodine (RAI) therapy, especially in metastatic patients. There are several new therapeutic options that have emerged in the last 5 years to treat RAI refractory thyroid cancer patients, however, it is very important to properly identify RAI refractory patients and to clarify those appropriate for these treatments. In this review, we discuss the RAI refractory definitions and the criteria that have been suggested based on RAI uptake in the post therapy scan, as well as the response after RAI therapy and the possible molecular mechanisms involved in this process. We offer a review of the therapeutic options available at the moment and the therapeutic considerations based on a patient's individualized personal characteristics, primary tumor histology, tumor burden and location and velocity of lesion growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Vaisman
- Endocrinology ServiceNational Cancer Institute, Brazil Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 8° Floor, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20230-130, BrazilLaboratório de Fosiologia Endócrina Doris RosentalInstituto de Biofísica, Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, BrazilEndocrinology ServiceFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, HUCFF, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Endocrinology ServiceNational Cancer Institute, Brazil Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 8° Floor, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20230-130, BrazilLaboratório de Fosiologia Endócrina Doris RosentalInstituto de Biofísica, Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, BrazilEndocrinology ServiceFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, HUCFF, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Mario Vaisman
- Endocrinology ServiceNational Cancer Institute, Brazil Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 8° Floor, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20230-130, BrazilLaboratório de Fosiologia Endócrina Doris RosentalInstituto de Biofísica, Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, BrazilEndocrinology ServiceFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, HUCFF, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
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12
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Becker C, Jick SS, Meier CR, Bodmer M. No evidence for a decreased risk of thyroid cancer in association with use of metformin or other antidiabetic drugs: a case-control study. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:719. [PMID: 26475035 PMCID: PMC4609106 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Use of metformin has been associated with a decreased cancer risk. We aimed to explore whether use of metformin or other antidiabetic drugs is associated with a decreased risk for thyroid cancer. Methods We conducted a case-control analysis (1995 to 2014) using the U.K.-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Cases had a first-time diagnosis of thyroid cancer, six controls per case were matched on age, sex, calendar time, general practice, and number of years of active history in the database prior to the index date. We assessed odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI), adjusted for body mass index (BMI), smoking, and diabetes mellitus. Results In 1229 cases and 7374 matched controls, the risk of thyroid cancer associated with ever use of metformin yielded an adjusted OR of 1.48, 95 % CI 0.86–2.54. The relative risk estimate was highest in long-term (≥30 prescriptions) users of metformin (adjusted OR 1.83, 95 % CI 0.92–3.65), based on a limited number of 26 exposed cases. No such association was found in users of sulfonylurea, insulin, or thiazolidinediones (TZD). Neither a diabetes diagnosis (adjusted OR 1.17, 95 % CI 0.89–1.54), nor diabetes duration >8 years (adjusted OR 1.22, 95 % CI 0.60–2.51) altered the risk of thyroid cancer. Conclusion In our observational study with limited statistical power, neither use of metformin nor of other antidiabetic drugs were associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Becker
- Basel Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 27, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Susan S Jick
- Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University School of Public Health, Lexington, MA, USA.
| | - Christoph R Meier
- Basel Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 27, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University School of Public Health, Lexington, MA, USA. .,Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Bodmer
- Basel Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 27, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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Morani F, Phadngam S, Follo C, Titone R, Aimaretti G, Galetto A, Alabiso O, Isidoro C. PTEN regulates plasma membrane expression of glucose transporter 1 and glucose uptake in thyroid cancer cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:247-58. [PMID: 25125078 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose represents an important source of energy for the cells. Proliferating cancer cells consume elevated quantity of glucose, which is converted into lactate regardless of the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon, known as the Warburg effect, has been proven to be useful for imaging metabolically active tumours in cancer patients by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Glucose is internalised in the cells by glucose transporters (GLUTs) belonging to the GLUT family. GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is the most prevalent isoform in more aggressive and less differentiated thyroid cancer histotypes. In a previous work, we found that loss of expression of PTEN was associated with increased expression of GLUT1 on the plasma membrane (PM) and probability of detecting thyroid incidentalomas by FDG-PET. Herein, we investigated the molecular pathways that govern the expression of GLUT1 on the PM and the glucose uptake in WRO (expressing WT PTEN) and FTC133 (PTEN null) follicular thyroid cancer cells cultured under glucose-depleted conditions. The membrane expression of GLUT1 was enhanced in glucose-deprived cells. Through genetic manipulations of PTEN expression, we could demonstrate that the lack of this oncosuppressor has a dominant effect on the membrane expression of GLUT1 and glucose uptake. We conclude that loss of function of PTEN increases the probability of cancer detection by FDG-PET or other glucose-based imaging diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Morani
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanobioimagingDepartment of Health SciencesUnit of Clinical EndocrinologyUnit of OncologyDepartment of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Suratchanee Phadngam
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanobioimagingDepartment of Health SciencesUnit of Clinical EndocrinologyUnit of OncologyDepartment of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Follo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanobioimagingDepartment of Health SciencesUnit of Clinical EndocrinologyUnit of OncologyDepartment of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rossella Titone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanobioimagingDepartment of Health SciencesUnit of Clinical EndocrinologyUnit of OncologyDepartment of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanobioimagingDepartment of Health SciencesUnit of Clinical EndocrinologyUnit of OncologyDepartment of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galetto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanobioimagingDepartment of Health SciencesUnit of Clinical EndocrinologyUnit of OncologyDepartment of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Oscar Alabiso
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanobioimagingDepartment of Health SciencesUnit of Clinical EndocrinologyUnit of OncologyDepartment of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanobioimagingDepartment of Health SciencesUnit of Clinical EndocrinologyUnit of OncologyDepartment of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Zhuang Y, Chan DK, Haugrud AB, Miskimins WK. Mechanisms by which low glucose enhances the cytotoxicity of metformin to cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108444. [PMID: 25254953 PMCID: PMC4177919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cancer cells exhibit altered sensitivity to metformin treatment. Recent studies suggest these findings may be due in part to the common cell culture practice of utilizing high glucose, and when glucose is lowered, metformin becomes increasingly cytotoxic to cancer cells. In low glucose conditions ranging from 0 to 5 mM, metformin was cytotoxic to breast cancer cell lines MCF7, MDAMB231 and SKBR3, and ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR3, and PA-1. MDAMB231 and SKBR3 were previously shown to be resistant to metformin in normal high glucose medium. When glucose was increased to 10 mM or above, all of these cell lines become less responsive to metformin treatment. Metformin treatment significantly reduced ATP levels in cells incubated in media with low glucose (2.5 mM), high fructose (25 mM) or galactose (25 mM). Reductions in ATP levels were not observed with high glucose (25 mM). This was compensated by enhanced glycolysis through activation of AMPK when oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited by metformin. However, enhanced glycolysis was either diminished or abolished by replacing 25 mM glucose with 2.5 mM glucose, 25 mM fructose or 25 mM galactose. These findings suggest that lowering glucose potentiates metformin induced cell death by reducing metformin stimulated glycolysis. Additionally, under low glucose conditions metformin significantly decreased phosphorylation of AKT and various targets of mTOR, while phospho-AMPK was not significantly altered. Thus inhibition of mTOR signaling appears to be independent of AMPK activation. Further in vivo studies using the 4T1 breast cancer mouse model confirmed that metformin inhibition of tumor growth was enhanced when serum glucose levels were reduced via low carbohydrate ketogenic diets. The data support a model in which metformin treatment of cancer cells in low glucose medium leads to cell death by decreasing ATP production and inhibition of survival signaling pathways. The enhanced cytotoxicity of metformin against cancer cells was observed both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Zhuang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel K. Chan
- Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Allison B. Haugrud
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - W. Keith Miskimins
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
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Morani F, Phadngam S, Follo C, Titone R, Thongrakard V, Galetto A, Alabiso O, Isidoro C. PTEN deficiency and mutant p53 confer glucose-addiction to thyroid cancer cells: impact of glucose depletion on cell proliferation, cell survival, autophagy and cell migration. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:226-39. [PMID: 25221641 PMCID: PMC4162142 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cancer cells oxidize glucose through the glycolytic pathway. Since this metabolism is less profitable in terms of ATP production, cancer cells consume large quantity of glucose, and those that experience insufficient blood supply become glucose-addicted. We have analyzed the response to glucose depletion in WRO and FTC133 follicular thyroid cancer cells, which differ in the expression of two key regulators of the glucose metabolism. WRO cells, which express wild type p53 and PTEN, showed a higher rate of cell proliferation and were much less sensitive to glucose-depletion than FTC133 cells, which are PTEN null and express mutant p53. Glucose depletion slowed-down the autophagy flux in FTC133 cells, not in WRO cells. In a wound-healing assay, WRO cells were shown to migrate faster than FTC133 cells. Glucose depletion slowed down the cell migration rate, and these effects were more evident in FTC133 cells. Genetic silencing of either wild-type PTEN or p53 in WRO cells resulted in increased uptake of glucose, whereas the ectopic expression of PTEN in FTC133 cells resulted in diminished glucose uptake. In conclusion, compared to WRO, FTC133 cells were higher glucose up-taker and consumer. These data do not support the general contention that cancer cells lacking PTEN or expressing the mutant p53R273H are more aggressive and prone to better face glucose depletion. We propose that concurrent PTEN deficiency and mutant p53 leads to a glucose-addiction state that renders the cancer cell more sensitive to glucose restriction. The present observation substantiates the view that glucose-restriction may be an adjuvant strategy to combat these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Morani
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara (Italy)
| | - Suratchanee Phadngam
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara (Italy)
| | - Carlo Follo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara (Italy)
| | - Rossella Titone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara (Italy)
| | - Visa Thongrakard
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara (Italy)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alessandra Galetto
- Unit of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara (Italy)
| | - Oscar Alabiso
- Unit of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara (Italy)
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara (Italy)
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Perspectives of the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway in thyroid cancer. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20130134. [PMID: 27919039 PMCID: PMC3986867 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of non-medullary thyroid malignancies originate from the follicular cell and are classified as papillary or follicular (well-differentiated) thyroid carcinomas, showing an overall favourable prognosis. However, recurrence or persistence of the disease occurs in some cases associated with the presence of loco-regional or distant metastatic lesions that generally become resistant to radioiodine therapy, while glucose uptake and metabolism are increased. Recent advances in the field of tumor progression have shown that CTC (circulating tumour cells) are metabolic and genetically heterogeneous. There is now special interest in unravelling the mechanisms that allow the reminiscence of dormant tumour lesions that might be related to late disease progression and increased risk of recurrence. AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is activated by the depletion in cellular energy levels and allows adaptive changes in cell metabolism that are fundamental for cell survival in a stressful environment; nevertheless, the activation of this kinase also decreases cell proliferation rate and induces tumour cell apoptosis. In the thyroid field, AMPK emerged as a novel important intracellular pathway, since it regulates both iodide and glucose uptakes in normal thyroid cells. Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that the AMPK pathway is highly activated in papillary thyroid carcinomas, although the clinical significance of these findings remains elusive. Herein we review the current knowledge about the role of AMPK activation in thyroid physiology and pathophysiology, with special focus on thyroid cancer. Recurrence or persistence of differentiated thyroid cancer can be associated with resistance to radioiodine therapy, which is associated with higher glucose uptake and metabolism by the remnant lesions. The possible role of AMPK activation in this phenomenon is discussed.
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Abdulrahman RM, Boon MR, Sips HCM, Guigas B, Rensen PCN, Smit JWA, Hovens GCJ. Impact of Metformin and compound C on NIS expression and iodine uptake in vitro and in vivo: a role for CRE in AMPK modulation of thyroid function. Thyroid 2014; 24:78-87. [PMID: 23819433 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a crucial role in energy metabolism, a direct effect of AMPK modulation on thyroid function has only recently been reported, and much of its function in the thyroid is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of AMPK modulation in iodide uptake. Furthermore, we wanted to investigate the potential of the AMPK inhibitor compound C as an enhancer of iodide uptake by thyrocytes. METHODS The in vitro and in vivo effects of AMPK modulation on sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) protein levels and iodide uptake were examined in follicular rat thyroid cell-line cells and C57Bl6/J mice. Activation of AMPK by metformin resulted in a strong reduction of iodide uptake (up to sixfold with 5 mM metformin after 96 h) and NIS protein levels in vitro, whereas AMPK inhibition by compound C not only stimulated iodide uptake but also enhanced NIS protein levels both in vitro (up to sevenfold with 1 μM compound C after 96 h) and in vivo (1.5-fold after daily injections with 20 mg/kg for 4 days). We investigated the regulation of NIS expression by AMPK using a range of promoter constructs consisting of either the NIS promoter or isolated CRE (cAMP response element) and NF-κB elements, which are present within the NIS promoter. RESULTS Metformin reduced NIS promoter activity (0.6-fold of control), whereas compound C stimulated its activity (3.4-fold) after 4 days. This largely coincides with CRE activation (0.6- and 3.0-fold). These experiments show that AMPK exerts its effects on iodide uptake, at least partly, through the CRE element in the NIS promoter. Furthermore, we have used AMPK-alpha1 knockout mice to determine the long-term effects of AMPK inhibition without chemical compounds. These mice have a less active thyroid, as shown by reduced colloid volume and reduced responsiveness to thyrotropin. CONCLUSION NIS expression and iodine uptake in thyrocytes can be modulated by metformin and compound C. These compounds exert their effect by modulation of AMPK, which, in turn, regulates the activation of the CRE element in the NIS promoter. Overall, this suggests that the use of AMPK modulating compounds may be useful for the enhancement of iodide uptake by thyrocytes, which could be useful for the treatment of thyroid cancer patients with radioactive iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa M Abdulrahman
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Vidal AP, Andrade BM, Vaisman F, Cazarin J, Pinto LFR, Breitenbach MMD, Corbo R, Caroli-Bottino A, Soares F, Vaisman M, Carvalho DP. AMP-activated protein kinase signaling is upregulated in papillary thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169:521-8. [PMID: 23904275 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated by the depletion in cellular energy levels and allows adaptive changes in cell metabolism and cell survival. Recently, our group described that AMPK plays an important role in the regulation of iodide and glucose uptake in thyroid cells. However, AMPK signaling pathway in human thyroid carcinomas has not been investigated so far. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression and activity of AMPK in papillary thyroid carcinomas. METHODS We examined total and phosphorylated AMPK (tAMPK and pAMPK) and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (pACC) expressions through imunohistochemistry, using a tissue microarray block composed of 73 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PAP CA) or microcarcinomas (PAP MCA) and six adenoma (AD) samples from patients followed at the Federal University Hospital. The expression levels were compared with the non-neoplastic tissues from the same patient. Two different pathologists analyzed the samples and attributed scores of staining intensity and the proportion of stained cells. A total index was obtained by multiplying the values of intensity and the proportion of stained cells (INTxPROP). RESULTS tAMPK, pAMPK, and pACC showed a predominant cytoplasmic staining in papillary carcinomas, adenomas, and non-neoplastic thyroid tissues. However, the intensity and the proportion of stained cells were higher in carcinomas, so that a significant increase was found in the INTxPROP score both in PAP CA and PAP MCA, when compared with their respective controls. CONCLUSION Our results show unequivocally that AMPK pathway is highly activated in papillary thyroid carcinomas; however, more studies are necessary to understand the pathophysiological significance of AMPK activation in thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Vidal
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhang G, Yang P, Guo P, Miele L, Sarkar FH, Wang Z, Zhou Q. Unraveling the mystery of cancer metabolism in the genesis of tumor-initiating cells and development of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:49-59. [PMID: 23523716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Robust anaerobic metabolism plays a causative role in the origin of cancer cells; however, the oncogenic metabolic genes, factors, pathways, and networks in genesis of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) have not yet been systematically summarized. In addition, the mechanisms of oncogenic metabolism in the genesis of TICs are enigmatic. In this review, we discussed multiple cancer metabolism-related genes (MRGs) that are overexpressed in TICs and are responsible for inducing pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, we summarized that oncogenic metabolic genes and onco-metabolites induce metabolic reprogramming, which switches normal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to cancer anaerobic metabolism, triggers epigenetic, genetic, and environmental alterations, drives the generation of TICs, and boosts the development of cancer. Importantly, cancer metabolism is controlled by positive and negative metabolic regulators. Positive oncogenic metabolic regulators, including key oncogenic metabolic genes, onco-metabolites, hypoxia, and an acidic environment, promote oncogenic metabolic reprogramming and anaerobic metabolism. However, dysfunction of negative metabolic regulators, including defects in p53, PTEN, and LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathways, enhances cancer metabolism. Loss of the metabolic balance results in oncogenic metabolic reprogramming, genesis of TICs, and tumorigenesis. Collectively, this review provides new insight into the role and mechanism of these oncogenic metabolisms in the genesis of TICs and tumorigenesis. Accordingly, targeting key oncogenic genes, onco-metabolites, pathways, networks, and the acidic cancer microenvironment appears to be an attractive strategy for novel anti-tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochuan Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is one of the most widely prescribed antidiabetic medications with a favorable safety profile. In the last decade, several studies have reported a TSH-lowering effect of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE To review literature data on the role of metformin use on thyroid function tests and the course of thyroid cancer. METHODS WE PERFORMED A SEARCH IN THE PUBMED DATABASE USING THE TERMS: 'metformin', 'thyroid', 'TSH', 'diabetes', 'polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)' and 'thyroid cancer'. RESULTS The majority of available evidence suggests that metformin therapy results in a modest reduction of TSH levels in diabetic and/or PCOS patients with thyroid disorder, while thyroid hormone levels remain unaltered. It appears that this effect is independent of thyroid autoimmunity and thyroxine treatment. However, metformin use in subjects with an intact thyroid axis is not associated with a significant change of TSH levels. Concerning thyroid cancer, there is experimental evidence showing antimitogenic properties of metformin in differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer cells. On the other hand, there is also data supporting that metformin administration inhibits iodine uptake by thyroid cells and thus may limit the effectiveness of radioactive iodine treatment. CONCLUSIONS Most studies suggest a TSH suppressive action of metformin in subjects with overt or subclinical thyroid dysfunction, while this is not apparent in euthyroid individuals. It appears that metformin has antimitogenic properties against various thyroid cancer types; however, experimental evidence of reduced efficacy of radioactive iodine treatment following metformin administration may limit its use in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Pappa
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Alevizaki
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Evgenideion Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Schmitz J, Roos C, Zischler H. Primate phylogeny: molecular evidence from retroposons. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 108:26-37. [PMID: 15545713 DOI: 10.1159/000080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In these postgenomic times where aspects of functional genetics and character evolution form a focal point of human-mouse comparative research, primate phylogenetic research gained a widespread interest in evolutionary biology. Nevertheless, it also remains a controversial subject. Despite the surge in available primate sequences and corresponding phylogenetic interpretations, primate origins as well as several branching events in primate divergence are far from settled. The analysis of SINEs - short interspersed elements - as molecular cladistic markers represents a particularly interesting complement to sequence data. The following summarizes and discusses potential applications of this new approach in molecular phylogeny and outlines main results obtained with SINEs in the context of primate evolutionary research. Another molecular cladistic marker linking the tarsier with the anthropoid primates is also presented. This eliminates any possibility of confounding phylogenetic interpretations through lineage sorting phenomena and makes use of a new point of view in settling the phylogenetic relationships of the primate infraorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmitz
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Germany
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