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Interplay of the ubiquitin proteasome system and the innate immune response is essential for the replication of infectious bronchitis virus. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2173-2185. [PMID: 34037855 PMCID: PMC8150628 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the only coronavirus known to infect poultry. The replication and pathogenesis of IBV are poorly understood, mainly because of the unavailability of a robust cell culture system. Here, we report that an active ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is necessary for efficient replication of IBV in Vero cells. Synthesis of IBV-specific RNA as well as viral protein is hampered in the presence of chemical inhibitors specific for the UPS. Like other coronaviruses, IBV encodes a papain-like protease (PLpro) that exhibits in vitro deubiquitinase activity in addition to proteolytically processing the replicase polyprotein. Our results show that the IBV PLpro enzyme inhibits the synthesis of interferon beta (IFNβ) in infected chicken embryonic fibroblast (DF-1) cells and that this activity is enhanced in the presence of melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1). IBV PLpro, when overexpressed in DF-1 cells, deubiquitinates MDA5 and TBK1. Both of these proteins, along with other adapter molecules such as MAVS, IKKε, and IRF3, form a signaling cascade for the synthesis of IFNβ. Ubiquitination of MDA5 and TBK1 is essential for their activation, and their deubiquitination by IBV PLpro renders them unable to participate in antiviral signaling. This study shows for the first time that there is cross-talk between the UPS and the innate immune response during IBV infection and that the deubiquitinase activity of IBV PLpro is involved in its activity as an IFN antagonist. This insight will be useful for designing better antivirals targeting the catalytic activity of the IBV PLpro enzyme.
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2
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Emerging Role of PYHIN Proteins as Antiviral Restriction Factors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121464. [PMID: 33353088 PMCID: PMC7767131 DOI: 10.3390/v12121464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune sensors and restriction factors are cellular proteins that synergize to build an effective first line of defense against viral infections. Innate sensors are usually constitutively expressed and capable of detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to stimulate the immune response. Restriction factors are frequently upregulated by interferons (IFNs) and may inhibit viral pathogens at essentially any stage of their replication cycle. Members of the Pyrin and hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear (HIN) domain (PYHIN) family have initially been recognized as important sensors of foreign nucleic acids and activators of the inflammasome and the IFN response. Accumulating evidence shows, however, that at least three of the four members of the human PYHIN family restrict viral pathogens independently of viral sensing and innate immune activation. In this review, we provide an overview on the role of human PYHIN proteins in the innate antiviral immune defense and on viral countermeasures.
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3
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Yang H, Gao X, Li X, Zhang H, Chen N, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia) hepatopancreas in response to WSSV and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:397-405. [PMID: 30244087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To better study the immune system of shrimp and understand the similarities and differences between the host's immune defense against viral and bacterial infections, this study used a comparative transcriptomics method to systematically analyze the hepatopancreas of the crayfish Procambarus clarkia in response to WSSV and A. hydrophila infection. After assembly, there was an average of 24,404,837 clean reads were obtained after filtering out low-quality reads. Unigenes were annotated by comparing against nr, Swiss-Prot\KEGG\COG\KOG\GO and Pfam databases, and 17,954 unigenes were annotated in at least one database. 2600 and 2073 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hepatopancreas in response to WSSV and A. hydrophila infections were identified respectively. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs were conducted to further explore their functions. The pathways like PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, were the most prominent for immunity-related DEGs in C-/W-Groups, while Endocytosis, Lysozyme, Focal adhesion, Phagosome, Peroxisome, MAPK signaling pathway were observed in C-/A-Groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of nine selected immune-related DEGs were validated by qRT-PCR, substantiating the reliability of RNA-Seq results. This study not only provides effective data support to reveal the different immune defense strategies by P. clarkia to cope with bacterial and WSSV infections, but also to provide new information about the immune system and defense mechanisms of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xixi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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4
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Bernier A, Sagan SM. The Diverse Roles of microRNAs at the Host⁻Virus Interface. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080440. [PMID: 30126238 PMCID: PMC6116274 DOI: 10.3390/v10080440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Through this activity, they are implicated in almost every cellular process investigated to date. Hence, it is not surprising that miRNAs play diverse roles in regulation of viral infections and antiviral responses. Diverse families of DNA and RNA viruses have been shown to take advantage of cellular miRNAs or produce virally encoded miRNAs that alter host or viral gene expression. MiRNA-mediated changes in gene expression have been demonstrated to modulate viral replication, antiviral immune responses, viral latency, and pathogenesis. Interestingly, viruses mediate both canonical and non-canonical interactions with miRNAs to downregulate specific targets or to promote viral genome stability, translation, and/or RNA accumulation. In this review, we focus on recent findings elucidating several key mechanisms employed by diverse virus families, with a focus on miRNAs at the host–virus interface during herpesvirus, polyomavirus, retroviruses, pestivirus, and hepacivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bernier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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5
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Zhao C, Fu H, Sun S, Qiao H, Zhang W, Jin S, Jiang S, Xiong Y, Gong Y. A transcriptome study on Macrobrachium nipponense hepatopancreas experimentally challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200222. [PMID: 29979781 PMCID: PMC6034857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most devastating pathogens of cultured shrimp, responsible for massive loss of its commercial products worldwide. The oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense is an economically important species that is widely farmed in China and adult prawns can be infected by WSSV. However, the molecular mechanisms of the host pathogen interaction remain unknown. There is an urgent need to learn the host pathogen interaction between M. nipponense and WSSV which will be able to offer a solution in controlling the spread of WSSV. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was used in this study to determin the transcriptome differences by the comparison of control and WSSV-challenged moribund samples, control and WSSV-challenged survived samples of hepatopancreas in M. nipponense. A total of 64,049 predicted unigenes were obtained and classified into 63 functional groups. Approximately, 4,311 differential expression genes were identified with 3,308 genes were up-regulated when comparing the survived samples with the control. In the comparison of moribund samples with control, 1,960 differential expression genes were identified with 764 genes were up-regulated. In the contrast of two comparison libraries, 300 mutual DEGs with 95 up-regulated genes and 205 down-regulated genes. All the DEGs were performed GO and KEGG analysis, overall a total of 85 immune-related genes were obtained and these gene were groups into 13 functions and 4 KEGG pathways, such as protease inhibitors, heat shock proteins, oxidative stress, pathogen recognition immune receptors, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and Ubiquitin Proteasome Pathway. Ten genes that valuable in immune responses against WSSV were selected from those DEGs to furture discuss the response of host to WSSV. Results from this study contribute to a better understanding of the immune response of M. nipponense to WSSV, provide information for identifying novel genes in the absence of genome of M. nipponense. Furthermore, large number of transcripts obtained from this study could provide a strong basis for future genomic research on M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyuan Zhao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Hongtuo Fu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shengming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Hui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Shubo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Sufei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, PR China
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Zheng K, Liu Q, Wang S, Ren Z, Kitazato K, Yang D, Wang Y. HSV-1-encoded microRNA miR-H1 targets Ubr1 to promote accumulation of neurodegeneration-associated protein. Virus Genes 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Jonsson-Schmunk K, Schafer SC, Croyle MA. Impact of nanomedicine on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 activity: things to consider during pre-clinical and clinical studies. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Huang R, Zhang J, Zhu G, He J, Xie J. The core ubiquitin system of mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, can be utilized by infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:293-301. [PMID: 28889013 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The process of ubiquitination regulates various cellular processes. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in fish, which is important for the generation of innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, is the target of aquatic viruses to achieve immune evasion. We cloned and characterized three genes, namely, a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (ScE1), a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (ScE2), and a HECT-type ubiquitin ligase (ScE3) of mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. The genes were expressed in all tissues and the highest levels were observed in the blood. In infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV)-infected mandarin fish fry cells, the expression levels of the three genes in vitro were almost identical, and upregulated during the early stage and downregulated at the late stage. In the blood of ISKNV-infected mandarin fish, their expressions in vivo were downregulated equally although peaking at different timepoints, indicating the suppression of UPS by viral infection. Furthermore, these recombinant proteins were determined to function well in ubiquitination assays in vitro. Moreover, ScE1 and ScE2 can be utilized by four RING-type viral E3s (vE3s) that are encoded by ISKNV. The in vitro activity of vE3 was stronger than that of ScE3, suggesting that the fish UPS may be hijacked by ISKNV via E3 activity competition and expression modulation. The present study investigated the function of mandarin fish UPS as well as its response to iridovirus infection, providing insights to better understand the virus-host interactions and the mechanism of ISKNV in evading host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junfeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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9
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Yu L, Zhang X, Wu T, Wang Y, Meng J, Liu Q, Niu X, Wu Y. The papain-like protease of avian infectious bronchitis virus has deubiquitinating activity. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1943-1950. [PMID: 28316013 PMCID: PMC7087251 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLPs) can act as proteases that process virus-encoded large replicase polyproteins and also as deubiquitinating (DUB) enzymes. Like the PLPs of other coronaviruses (CoVs), the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) PLP catalyzes proteolysis of Gly-Gly dipeptide bonds to release mature cleavage products. However, the other functions of the IBV PLP are not well understood. In this study, we found that IBV exhibits strong global DUB activity with significant reductions of the levels of ubiquitin (Ub)-, K48-, and K63-conjugated proteins. The DUB activity exhibited a clear time dependence, with stronger DUB activity in the early stage of viral infection. Furthermore, the IBV replicase-encoded PLP, including the downstream transmembrane (TM) domain, is a DUB enzyme and dramatically reduced the level of Ub-conjugated proteins, while processing both K48- and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. By contrast, PLP did not cause any reduction of haemagglutinin (HA)-Ub-conjugated proteins. In addition, mutations of the catalytic residues of PLP-TM, Cys1274Ser and His1437Lys, reduced DUB activity against Ub-, K48- and K63- conjugated proteins, indicating that the DUB activity of the PLP-TM wild-type protein is not completely dependent on its catalytic activity. Overall, these results demonstrate that the IBV-encoded PLP-TM functions as a DUB enzyme and suggest that IBV may interfere with the activation of host antiviral signaling pathway by degrading polyubiquitin-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianqi Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaosai Niu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Ly HJ, Ikegami T. Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein functions and the similarity to other bunyavirus NSs proteins. Virol J 2016; 13:118. [PMID: 27368371 PMCID: PMC4930582 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that affects both ruminants and humans. The nonstructural (NS) protein, which is a major virulence factor for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is encoded on the S-segment. Through the cullin 1-Skp1-Fbox E3 ligase complex, the NSs protein promotes the degradation of at least two host proteins, the TFIIH p62 and the PKR proteins. NSs protein bridges the Fbox protein with subsequent substrates, and facilitates the transfer of ubiquitin. The SAP30-YY1 complex also bridges the NSs protein with chromatin DNA, affecting cohesion and segregation of chromatin DNA as well as the activation of interferon-β promoter. The presence of NSs filaments in the nucleus induces DNA damage responses and causes cell-cycle arrest, p53 activation, and apoptosis. Despite the fact that NSs proteins have poor amino acid similarity among bunyaviruses, the strategy utilized to hijack host cells are similar. This review will provide and summarize an update of recent findings pertaining to the biological functions of the NSs protein of RVFV as well as the differences from those of other bunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai J Ly
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA. .,The Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA. .,The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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11
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Rao R, Bhassu S, Bing RZY, Alinejad T, Hassan SS, Wang J. A transcriptome study on Macrobrachium rosenbergii hepatopancreas experimentally challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:10-22. [PMID: 26880158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The world production of shrimp such as the Malaysian giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii is seriously affected by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). There is an urgent need to understand the host pathogen interaction between M. rosenbergii and WSSV which will be able to provide a solution in controlling the spread of this infectious disease and lastly save the aquaculture industry. Now, using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), we will be able to capture the response of the M. rosenbergii to the pathogen and have a better understanding of the host defence mechanism. Two cDNA libraries, one of WSSV-challenged M. rosenbergii and a normal control one, were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 platform. After de novo assembly and clustering of the unigenes from both libraries, 63,584 standard unigenes were generated with a mean size of 698bp and an N50 of 1137bp. We successfully annotated 35.31% of all unigenes by using BLASTX program (E-value <10-5) against NCBI non-redundant (Nr), Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway (KEGG) and Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) databases. Gene Ontology (GO) assessment was conducted using BLAST2GO software. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by using the FPKM method showed 8443 host genes were significantly up-regulated whereas 5973 genes were significantly down-regulated. The differentially expressed immune related genes were grouped into 15 animal immune functions. The present study showed that WSSV infection has a significant impact on the transcriptome profile of M. rosenbergii's hepatopancreas, and further enhanced the knowledge of this host-virus interaction. Furthermore, the high number of transcripts generated in this study will provide a platform for future genomic research on freshwater prawns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao
- Animal Genetics and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory and Terra-Aqua Lab, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Subha Bhassu
- Animal Genetics and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory and Terra-Aqua Lab, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Robin Zhu Ya Bing
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, 11th Floor, Main Building, Beishan, Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Tahereh Alinejad
- Animal Genetics and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory and Terra-Aqua Lab, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Building 3, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Jun Wang
- Animal Genetics and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory and Terra-Aqua Lab, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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12
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Laurent-Rolle M, Morrison J, Rajsbaum R, Macleod JML, Pisanelli G, Pham A, Ayllon J, Miorin L, Martinez C, tenOever BR, García-Sastre A. The interferon signaling antagonist function of yellow fever virus NS5 protein is activated by type I interferon. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:314-327. [PMID: 25211074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To successfully establish infection, flaviviruses have to overcome the antiviral state induced by type I interferon (IFN-I). The nonstructural NS5 proteins of several flaviviruses antagonize IFN-I signaling. Here we show that yellow fever virus (YFV) inhibits IFN-I signaling through a unique mechanism that involves binding of YFV NS5 to the IFN-activated transcription factor STAT2 only in cells that have been stimulated with IFN-I. This NS5-STAT2 interaction requires IFN-I-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and the K63-linked polyubiquitination at a lysine in the N-terminal region of YFV NS5. We identified TRIM23 as the E3 ligase that interacts with and polyubiquitinates YFV NS5 to promote its binding to STAT2 and trigger IFN-I signaling inhibition. Our results demonstrate the importance of YFV NS5 in overcoming the antiviral action of IFN-I and offer a unique example of a viral protein that is activated by the same host pathway that it inhibits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maudry Laurent-Rolle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Jesica M Levingston Macleod
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Giuseppe Pisanelli
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Alissa Pham
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Juan Ayllon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Carles Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
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13
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Laurent-Rolle M, Morrison J, Rajsbaum R, Macleod JML, Pisanelli G, Pham A, Ayllon J, Miorin L, Martinez C, tenOever BR, García-Sastre A. The interferon signaling antagonist function of yellow fever virus NS5 protein is activated by type I interferon. Cell Host Microbe 2015. [PMID: 25211074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cho m.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To successfully establish infection, flaviviruses have to overcome the antiviral state induced by type I interferon (IFN-I). The nonstructural NS5 proteins of several flaviviruses antagonize IFN-I signaling. Here we show that yellow fever virus (YFV) inhibits IFN-I signaling through a unique mechanism that involves binding of YFV NS5 to the IFN-activated transcription factor STAT2 only in cells that have been stimulated with IFN-I. This NS5-STAT2 interaction requires IFN-I-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and the K63-linked polyubiquitination at a lysine in the N-terminal region of YFV NS5. We identified TRIM23 as the E3 ligase that interacts with and polyubiquitinates YFV NS5 to promote its binding to STAT2 and trigger IFN-I signaling inhibition. Our results demonstrate the importance of YFV NS5 in overcoming the antiviral action of IFN-I and offer a unique example of a viral protein that is activated by the same host pathway that it inhibits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maudry Laurent-Rolle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Jesica M Levingston Macleod
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Giuseppe Pisanelli
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Alissa Pham
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Juan Ayllon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Carles Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029. USA
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14
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Needham PG, Brodsky JL. How early studies on secreted and membrane protein quality control gave rise to the ER associated degradation (ERAD) pathway: the early history of ERAD. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2447-57. [PMID: 23557783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
All newly synthesized proteins are subject to quality control check-points, which prevent aberrant polypeptides from harming the cell. For proteins that ultimately reside in the cytoplasm, components that also reside in the cytoplasm were known for many years to mediate quality control. Early biochemical and genetic data indicated that misfolded proteins were selected by molecular chaperones and then targeted to the proteasome (in eukaryotes) or to proteasome-like particles (in bacteria) for degradation. What was less clear was how secreted and integral membrane proteins, which in eukaryotes enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), were subject to quality control decisions. In this review, we highlight early studies that ultimately led to the discovery that secreted and integral membrane proteins also utilize several components that constitute the cytoplasmic quality control machinery. This component of the cellular quality control pathway is known as ER associated degradation, or ERAD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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15
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Lu H, Ruan L, Xu X. An immediate-early protein of white spot syndrome virus modulates the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase of shrimp. Virology 2011; 419:84-9. [PMID: 21908012 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
WSSV interacts with integrin during infection of shrimps and modulate the focal adhesion kinase which is known as a regulator of several downstream signaling pathways. Viral protein kinases are thought to be important for virus infection by regulating the host signaling pathways. WSV083 is an immediate-early gene of white spot syndrome virus that contains a Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. So, does WSSV modulate FAK phosphorylation via the WSV083 molecule? In this study, co-transfection of WSV083 and MjFAK genes proceeded in insect cells revealed that the MjFAK phosphorylation and cell adhesion activity could be inhibited by the expression of WSV083. Kinase domain mutants of WSV083 lost its ability of inhibiting FAK phosphorylation. Moreover, silencing of FAK gene through RNAi accelerated the shrimp death rate upon WSSV challenge. These results demonstrate for the first time that modulation of FAK phosphorylation by WSV083 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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16
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Zhou F. Molecular mechanisms of viral immune evasion proteins to inhibit MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 28:376-93. [PMID: 19811316 DOI: 10.1080/08830180903013034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral products inhibit MHC class I antigen processing and presentation via three major pathways: inhibition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression on cells, blockade of peptide trafficking and loading on MHC class I molecules, and inhibition of peptide generation in host cells. Viral products also interfere with IFN-gamma -mediated JAK/STAT signal transduction in cells. These results imply that viral proteins probably inhibit the function of IFN-gamma in MHC class I antigen presentation via inactivation of JAK/STAT signal transduction in host cells. Mechanisms of viral products to inhibit IFN-gamma -mediated MHC class I antigen presentation were summarized in this literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute for Cancer Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia.
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17
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Croyle MA. Long-term virus-induced alterations of CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism: a look at the virology, immunology and molecular biology of a multi-faceted problem. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:1189-211. [PMID: 19732028 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903136748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections are on the rise. Although the first description of CYP expression during virus infection was recorded 50 years ago, mechanistic studies of this phenomenon only began to appear in the last decade due to breakthroughs in molecular biology, genomic and transgenic technology. This review describes the relationship(s) among CYP-mediated drug metabolism, virus infection and the immune response and evaluates in vitro and in vivo models for mechanistic studies. The first studies that assessed CYP expression during infection focused on inflammatory mediators and the innate immune response at early time points. Recent studies assessing virus infection and its effect on hepatic CYP expression noted more long-term effects. An obvious approach toward understanding how viruses affect hepatic CYP3A expression and function would be to assess key regulators of CYP during infection. Improvements in techniques to identify post-translational modifications of CYP and systems that focus on virus-receptor interactions which allow subtraction and addition of immunological and regulatory elements that drive CYP will demonstrate that long-term changes in drug metabolism start from the time the virus enters the circulation, are reinforced by virus binding to cellular targets and further solidified by changes in cellular processes long after the virus is cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Croyle
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, PHR 4.214D, 2409 W University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712-1074, USA.
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18
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Papon L, Oteiza A, Imaizumi T, Kato H, Brocchi E, Lawson TG, Akira S, Mechti N. The viral RNA recognition sensor RIG-I is degraded during encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection. Virology 2009; 393:311-8. [PMID: 19733381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RNA helicase-like receptors MDA-5 but not RIG-I has been shown to be essential for triggering innate immune responses against picornaviruses. However, virus-host co-evolution has selected for viruses capable of replicating despite host cells antiviral defences. In this report, we demonstrate that RIG-I is degraded during encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection. This effect is mediated by both the viral-encoded 3C protease and caspase proteinase. In addition, we show that RIG-I overexpression confers IFN-beta promoter activation during EMCV infection, in MDA-5 knockout (MDA-5(-/-)) mouse embryo fibroblasts. This induction is followed by a strong inhibition reflecting the ability of EMCV to disrupt RIG-I signalling. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that during evolution RIG-I has been involved for triggering innate immune response to picornavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Papon
- Université Montpellier 1, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), F-34095 Montpellier, France
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19
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Hashimoto M, Murata E, Aoki T. Secretory protein with RING finger domain (SPRING) specific to Trypanosoma cruzi is directed, as a ubiquitin ligase related protein, to the nucleus of host cells. Cell Microbiol 2009; 12:19-30. [PMID: 19702650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While some intracellular bacterial and viral proteins secreted into host cell possess ubiquitin ligase (E3) activity for their profit, it has not been reported whether intracellular parasites secrete such molecules. We identified a gene that encodes a protein containing a secretory signal peptide and a RING finger domain in the intracellular protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. This gene was specific to T. cruzi and was designated spring (secretory protein with RING finger domain). An in vitro ubiquitination assay showed that SPRING possessed E3 activity in a RING finger domain-dependent manner. SPRING could utilize human ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E2), UbcH5 and UbcH13. Although SPRING was found to be a secretory protein, the signal peptide-cleaved mature form of SPRING was localized in the nucleus of host cells, indicating that SPRING may function in the host cell nuclei. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified 52 putative SPRING interactors in HeLa cells, suggesting that SPRING affects the stability or function of a number of host proteins. Furthermore, a co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that breast cancer-associated protein 3 interacted with SPRING, as well as being ubiquitinated by SPRING in vitro. These findings are the first to show that this protozoan parasite secretes an ubiquitin ligase-related protein into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneaki Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Functional characterization of Negri bodies (NBs) in rabies virus-infected cells: Evidence that NBs are sites of viral transcription and replication. J Virol 2009; 83:7948-58. [PMID: 19494013 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00554-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus infection induces the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that resemble Negri bodies found in the cytoplasm of some infected nerve cells. We have studied the morphogenesis and the role of these Negri body-like structures (NBLs) during viral infection. The results indicate that these spherical structures (one or two per cell in the initial stage of infection), composed of the viral N and P proteins, grow during the virus cycle before appearing as smaller structures at late stages of infection. We have shown that the microtubule network is not necessary for the formation of these inclusion bodies but is involved in their dynamics. In contrast, the actin network does not play any detectable role in these processes. These inclusion bodies contain Hsp70 and ubiquitinylated proteins, but they are not misfolded protein aggregates. NBLs, in fact, appear to be functional structures involved in the viral life cycle. Specifically, using in situ fluorescent hybridization techniques, we show that all viral RNAs (genome, antigenome, and every mRNA) are located inside the inclusion bodies. Significantly, short-term RNA labeling in the presence of BrUTP strongly suggests that the NBLs are the sites where viral transcription and replication take place.
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21
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Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation has emerged as a key mechanism that regulates immune responses. Much like phosphorylation, ubiquitylation is a reversible covalent modification that regulates the stability, activity and localization of target proteins. As such, ubiquitylation regulates the development of the immune system and many phases of the immune response, including its initiation, propagation and termination. Recent work has shown that several ubiquitin ligases help to prevent the immune system from attacking self tissues. The dysfunction of several ubiquitin ligases has been linked to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay G Bhoj
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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22
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NSs protein of rift valley fever virus induces the specific degradation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. J Virol 2009; 83:4365-75. [PMID: 19211744 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02148-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) continues to cause large outbreaks of acute febrile and often fatal illness among humans and domesticated animals in Africa, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The high pathogenicity of this bunyavirus is mainly due to the viral protein NSs, which was shown to prevent transcriptional induction of the antivirally active type I interferons (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-alpha/beta]). Viruses lacking the NSs gene induce synthesis of IFNs and are therefore attenuated, whereas the noninducing wild-type RVFV strains can only be inhibited by pretreatment with IFN. We demonstrate here in vitro and in vivo that a substantial part of the antiviral activity of IFN against RVFV is due to a double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). PKR-mediated virus inhibition, however, was much more pronounced for the strain Clone 13 with NSs deleted than for the NSs-expressing strain ZH548. In vivo, Clone 13 was nonpathogenic for wild-type (wt) mice but could regain pathogenicity if mice lacked the PKR gene. ZH548, in contrast, killed both wt and PKR knockout mice indiscriminately. ZH548 was largely resistant to the antiviral properties of PKR because RVFV NSs triggered the specific degradation of PKR via the proteasome. The NSs proteins of the related but less virulent sandfly fever Sicilian virus and La Crosse virus, in contrast, had no such anti-PKR activity despite being efficient suppressors of IFN induction. Our data suggest that RVFV NSs has gained an additional anti-IFN function that may explain the extraordinary pathogenicity of this virus.
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23
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Graff JW, Ettayebi K, Hardy ME. Rotavirus NSP1 inhibits NFkappaB activation by inducing proteasome-dependent degradation of beta-TrCP: a novel mechanism of IFN antagonism. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000280. [PMID: 19180189 PMCID: PMC2627925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms by which viruses counter innate host defense responses generally involve inhibition of one or more components of the interferon (IFN) system. Multiple steps in the induction and amplification of IFN signaling are targeted for inhibition by viral proteins, and many of the IFN antagonists have direct or indirect effects on activation of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors. Rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP1 blocks transcription of type I IFNalpha/beta by inducing proteasome-dependent degradation of IFN-regulatory factors 3 (IRF3), IRF5, and IRF7. In this study, we show that rotavirus NSP1 also inhibits activation of NFkappaB and does so by a novel mechanism. Proteasome-mediated degradation of inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaBalpha) is required for NFkappaB activation. Phosphorylated IkappaBalpha is a substrate for polyubiquitination by a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, Skp1/Cul1/F-box, in which the F-box substrate recognition protein is beta-transducin repeat containing protein (beta-TrCP). The data presented show that phosphorylated IkappaBalpha is stable in rotavirus-infected cells because infection induces proteasome-dependent degradation of beta-TrCP. NSP1 expressed in isolation in transiently transfected cells is sufficient to induce this effect. Targeted degradation of an F-box protein of an E3 ligase complex with a prominent role in modulation of innate immune signaling and cell proliferation pathways is a unique mechanism of IFN antagonism and defines a second strategy of immune evasion used by rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W Graff
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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24
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Abstract
Because viruses are obligate parasites, numerous partnerships between measles virus and cellular molecules can be expected. At the entry level, measles virus uses at least two cellular receptors, CD150 and a yet to be identified epithelial receptor to which the virus H protein binds. This dual receptor strategy illuminates the natural infection and inter-human propagation of this lymphotropic virus. The attenuated vaccine strains use CD46 as an additional receptor, which results in a tropism alteration. Surprisingly, the intracellular viral and cellular protein partnership leading to optimal virus life cycle remains mostly a black box, while the interactions between viral proteins that sustain the RNA-dependant RNA polymerase activity (i.e., transcription and replication), the particle assembly and the polarised virus budding are documented. Hsp72 is the only cellular protein that is known to regulate the virus transcription and replication through its interaction with the viral N protein. The viral P protein is phosphorylated by the casein kinase II with undetermined functional consequences. The cellular partnership that controls the intracellular trafficking of viral components, the assembly and/or the budding of measles virus, remains unknown. The virus to cell innate immunity war is better documented. The 5' triphosphate-ended virus leader transcript is recognised by RIG-I, a cellular helicase, and induces the interferon response. Measles virus V protein binds to the MDAS helicase and prevents the MDA5-mediated activation of interferon. By interacting with STAT1 and Jak1, the viral P and V proteins prevent the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) signalling. The virus N protein interacts with eIF3-p40 to inhibit the translation of cellular mRNA. The H protein binds to TLR2, which then transduces an activation signal and CD150 expression in monocytes. The P protein activates the expression of the ubiquitin modifier A20, thus blocking the TLR4-mediated signalling. Few other partnerships between measles virus components and cellular proteins have been postulated or demonstrated, and they need further investigations to understand their physiopathological outcome.
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25
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Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like specific proteases targeted by infectious pathogens: Emerging patterns and molecular principles. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:809-16. [PMID: 18817868 PMCID: PMC7126189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) or ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers is a reversible post-translational modification that regulates the fate and function of proteins. In particular, proteolytic enzymes with Ub/Ubl processing activity appear to be more widespread than originally anticipated. It is therefore not surprising that bacterial and viral pathogens have exploited many ways to interfere with Ub/Ubl conjugation, but also de-conjugation. On one hand, pathogens were shown to manipulate host encoded enzymes. On the other hand, pathogen derived sequences of proteases specific for Ub/Ubls are emerging as a common feature shared by many viruses, bacteria and protozoa, and we are at an early stage of understanding how these proteases contribute to the pathogenesis of infection. Whereas some of these proteases share a common origin with mammalian cell encoded hydrolases with specific properties towards Ub/Ubls, most of them have ancient intrinsic functions, such as processing pathogen protein components, and may have acquired the specificity for Ub/Ubls by interacting with mammalian hosts and their immune system throughout evolution. Since many of these proteases are clearly distinct from their mammalian counterparts, they represent attractive targets for drug design against infectious diseases.
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26
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Sperling KM, Schwantes A, Schnierle BS, Sutter G. The highly conserved orthopoxvirus 68k ankyrin-like protein is part of a cellular SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Virology 2008; 374:234-9. [PMID: 18353424 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 68k ankyrin-like protein (68k-ank) of unknown function is highly conserved among orthopoxviruses and contains ankyrin repeats and an F-box-like domain. We performed a yeast-two-hybrid screen with 68k-ank to find interacting proteins. From a human and a murine cDNA library, 99% of the interaction partners were S-phase kinase-associated protein 1a (Skp1a), a part of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. 68k-ank co-immunoprecipitated with components of the endogenous, mammalian SCF ubiquitin ligase. This interaction was F-box domain dependent and could also be observed in infected cells, indicating that SCF complex formation might be important for the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Sperling
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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27
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Yokota SI, Okabayashi T, Yokosawa N, Fujii N. Measles virus P protein suppresses Toll-like receptor signal through up-regulation of ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20. FASEB J 2007; 22:74-83. [PMID: 17720800 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8976com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 was suppressed in monocytes infected with measles virus, but not in infected epithelial cells. This cell-type-specific suppression of the inflammatory response represents a potential for measles virus to evade host immune system. In the current study, we examined the suppression mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced, namely Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated, activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in measles virus-infected monocytic cells. In the infected cells, LPS treatment failed to induce the formation of active protein kinase complex containing TAK1, TAB2 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), dissociate from TLR complexes containing Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1). Ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20, which is a host negative feedback regulator of NF-kappaB, was dramatically up-regulated in infected monocytic cells, but not in infected epithelial cells. Suppression of A20 expression by siRNA restored LPS-induced signaling in infected cells. Measles virus phosphoprotein (P protein) expression was necessary and sufficient for the induction of A20. P protein interacted indirectly with a negative regulatory motif in the A20 gene promoter, and released the suppression of A20 transcription, independent of the activation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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28
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Chen Z, Rijnbrand R, Jangra RK, Devaraj SG, Qu L, Ma Y, Lemon SM, Li K. Ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of interferon regulatory factor-3 induced by Npro from a cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus. Virology 2007; 366:277-92. [PMID: 17531282 PMCID: PMC2000802 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections is complex and only partly understood. It remains controversial whether interferon is produced in cells infected with cytopathic(cp) BVDVs which do not persist in vivo. We show here that a cpBVDV (NADL strain) does not induce interferon responses in cell culture and blocks induction of interferon-stimulated genes by a super-infecting paramyxovirus. cpBVDV infection causes a marked loss of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), a cellular transcription factor that controls interferon synthesis. This is attributed to expression of Npro, but not its protease activity. Npro interacts with IRF-3, prior to its activation by virus-induced phosphorylation, resulting in polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of IRF-3. Thermal inactivation of the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme prevents Npro-induced IRF-3 loss. These data suggest that inhibition of interferon production is a shared feature of both ncp and cpBVDVs and provide new insights regarding IRF-3 regulation in pestivirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Hepatitis Research, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA.
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